A cay ( or ), also spelled caye or key, is a small, low-elevation, sandy island formed on the surface of coral reefs. Cays occur in tropical environments throughout the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans (including in the Caribbean and on the Great Barrier Reef and Belize Barrier Reef), where they provide habitable and agricultural land for hundreds of thousands of people. Their surrounding reef ecosystems also provide food and building materials for island inhabitants.

Formation and composition

A cay is formed when ocean currents transport loose sediment across the surface of a reef to a depositional node, where the current slows or converges with another current, releasing its sediment load. Gradually, layers of deposited sediment build up on the reef surface (Hopley 1981, Gorlay 1998). Such nodes occur in windward or leeward areas of reef surfaces and sometimes occur around an emergent outcrop of old reef or beach rock.

The island resulting from sediment accumulation is made up almost entirely of biogenic sediment – the skeletal remains of plants and animals – from the surrounding reef ecosystems (Hopley 1982). If the accumulated sediments are predominantly sand, then the island is called a cay; if they are predominantly gravel, the island is called a motu.

Cay sediments are largely composed of calcium carbonate (CaCO₃), primarily of aragonite, calcite, and high magnesium calcite. They are produced by myriad plants (e.g., coralline algae, species of the green algae Halimeda) and animals (e.g., coral, molluscs, foraminifera). Small amounts of silicate sediment are also contributed by sponges and other creatures (Chave 1964, Folk and Robles 1964, Scoffin 1987, Yamano 2000). Over time, soil and vegetation may develop on a cay surface, assisted by the deposition of sea bird guano.

Development and stability

A range of physical, biological and chemical influences determines the ongoing development or erosion of cay environments. These influences include: the extent of reef surface sand accumulations, changes in ocean waves, currents, tides, sea levels and weather conditions, the shape of the underlying reef, the types and abundance of carbonate producing biota and other organisms such as binders, bioeroders and bioturbators (creatures which bind, erode and mix sediments) living in surrounding reef ecosystems (Harney and Fletcher 2003, Hart and Kench 2007).

Significant changes in cays and their surrounding ecosystems can result from natural phenomena such as severe El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycles. Also, tropical cyclones can help build or destroy these islands (Scoffin 1993, Woodroffe 2003).

There is much debate and concern over the future stability of cays in the face of growing human populations and pressures on reef ecosystems, and predicted climate changes and sea level rise (Kench and Cowell 2003, Hart 2003). There is also debate around whether these islands are relict features which effectively stopped expanding two thousand years ago during the late Holocene or, as recent research suggests, they are currently still growing with significant new additions of reef sediments (Woodroffe et al. 2007).

Understanding the potential for change in the sediment sources and supply of cay beaches with environmental change is an important key to predicting their present and future stability. Despite, or perhaps because of all the debate around the future of cays, there is consensus that these island environments are very complex and somewhat fragile.

Examples

thumb|right|200px|Warraber Island, Torres Strait Examples of cays include:

Heron Island, a coral cay on the southern Great Barrier Reef

Warraber Island in central Torres Strait (10°12' S, 142°49' E), Australia, a small ‘vegetated sand cay’ according to the classification schemes of McLean and Stoddart (1978) and Hopley (1982). Approximately 750 by 1500 m wide, this island is situated on the leeward surface of a large 11 km² emergent reef platform. This cay and the surrounding reef flat are Holocene in origin, having formed over an antecedent Pleistocene platform (Woodroffe et al. 2000).

The Florida Keys are composed primarily of exposed ancient coral reefs and oolite beds formed behind reefs. A few of the Florida Keys, such as Sand Key, are "cays" as defined above.

Tobacco Caye, Dangriga, Belize

Prickly Pear Cays

See also

Quay

Archipelago

References

Category:Islands

de:Cay el:Κη es:Cayo fr:Cayes he:קי hi:प्रवाली ja:キー (島) nds:Cay pt:Cayo simple:Cay sv:Cay vi:Cồn (đảo)

Name	Jan Hammer
Background	non_vocal_instrumentalist
Birth name	Jan Hammer
Birth date	April 17, 1948
Instrument	Keyboards, Drums
Genre	Jazz fusion, Synthpop, Pop rock
Occupation	Musician, Songwriter, Producer
Years active	1968–present
Associated acts	Mahavishnu Orchestra, Jan Hammer Group, Jeff Beck, Al Di Meola, Mick Jagger, Carlos Santana, Stanley Clarke, Neal Schon, Steve Lukather, Elvin Jones
Website	http://www.janhammer.com }}

Jan Hammer () (born 17 April 1948, in Prague, then Czechoslovakia, today the Czech Republic) is a composer, pianist and keyboardist. He is probably best known for playing keyboards with the Mahavishnu Orchestra in the early 70s, as well as his "Miami Vice Theme" and "Crockett's Theme", from the popular 1980s US television program, ''Miami Vice''.

Hammer has collaborated with some of the era's most influential jazz and rock musicians such as Jeff Beck, Al Di Meola, Mick Jagger, Carlos Santana, Stanley Clarke, Neal Schon, Steve Lukather, and Elvin Jones among many others. He has composed and produced at least 14 original motion picture soundtracks, the music for 90 episodes of Miami Vice and 20 episodes of the popular British television series ''Chancer''.

His compositions have won him several Grammy awards.

Biography

Early life

Jan Hammer was born in Prague, then capital of Czechoslovakia (now the Czech Republic). His mother was a well-known Czech singer named Vlasta Průchová, and his father was a doctor who worked his way through school playing vibes and bass. Hammer began playing the piano at the age of four and his formal instruction started two years later. He aspired to follow his father into medicine until a family friend convinced him to develop his musical talents instead. Hammer formed a jazz trio in high school, performing and recording throughout Eastern Europe at the age of fourteen. Upon entrance to the Prague Academy of Musical Arts, he completed many compulsory classes including harmony, counterpoint, music history, and classical composition.

When the Soviet Union invaded Czechoslovakia in 1968, Hammer's studies at the Academy were cut short, and he moved to the United States and resolved to become a citizen after receiving a scholarship at Berklee College of Music in Boston.

Upon completion of his studies, Hammer spent a year touring with Sarah Vaughan, recorded with Elvin Jones and Jeremy Steig, then moved to Lower Manhattan and joined the original lineup of the Mahavishnu Orchestra with guitarist John McLaughlin, violinist Jerry Goodman, bassist Rick Laird, and drummer Billy Cobham in 1971. A successful jazz fusion band, they performed some 530 shows before their farewell concert on December 30, 1973. Hammer was one of the early pioneers who played the Mini Moog synthesizer in a touring group.

After recording albums with Goodman and John Abercrombie (ECM session ''Timeless'' with Jack DeJohnette) in 1974, Hammer's solo career began with the release of ''The First Seven Days'' (1975). He produced and recorded the album at Red Gate Studio, which he'd built in his upstate New York farmhouse and which has been the location of his recordings ever since.

The Jan Hammer Group was formed in 1976 and supported ''The First Seven Days'' on tour, receiving good reviews from both jazz and rock critics. The group turned out three LPs the following year: their own ''Oh, Yeah?'' and, with Jeff Beck, the RIAA platinum ''Wired'' (with Jan's "Blue Wind"), and ''Jeff Beck with the Jan Hammer Group Live'', a chronicle of their 100-show tour together, certified gold. One final album by the group followed in 1977, ''Melodies''.

Hammer composed music for Czech fairy-tale Šíleně smutná princezna (The Incredibly Sad Princess).

1970s and 80s

Hammer returned to solo work with the release of ''Black Sheep'' in 1978. He then formed a new band, known as "Hammer". Also in 1978, he wrote and performed on three songs for Jeff Beck's next album, ''There and Back'' which was released in 1980. One of the album tracks, "Star Cycle," went on to become the theme for the British television series ''The Tube''.

The '80s arrived with concurrent (though highly contrasting) projects with two of today's most respected guitarists. In 1977 with Al Di Meola, Hammer recorded Elegant Gypsy. ''Casino'', ''Splendido Hotel'' and Electric Rendezvous followed. He then joined Di Meola for a tour chronicled the same year on ''Tour De Force - Live''; and finally appeared throughout ''Scenario'', utilizing his new Fairlight CMI digital synthesizer and contributing to more than half of the album's compositions.

At the same time, the duo known as Schon & Hammer, with the mega-platinum band Journey's guitarist Neal Schon, recorded ''Untold Passion'' in 1981 and ''Here to Stay'' in 1982.

Despite his active schedule, Hammer took the stage with Jeff Beck in December 1983 for the nine U.S. benefit concerts that raised money for Ronnie Lane's A.R.M.S. (Action Research into Multiple Sclerosis), featuring Jimmy Page, Eric Clapton, Joe Cocker and a host of others. Into 1984, his various talents were employed on recordings as diverse as James Young's (Styx) first solo album, ''City Slicker'' for which he co-wrote and produced; John Abercrombie's ''Night''; Mick Jagger's first solo album, ''She's the Boss''; and Jeff Beck's ''Flash'' which included Hammer's song "Escape", winner of the 1985 Grammy award for "Best Rock Instrumental Performance".

Miami Vice and successes

Hammer's original scores for three major motion pictures complement a long list of credits for documentaries, "made-for-TV" movies in the U.S., commercials, and station identifications. But his greatest challenge came in the fall of 1984, when the producers of ''Miami Vice'' enlisted him to commence the rigorous weekly schedule of scoring the series.

The popular success of his music on the series was evident after just one season when, on November 2, 1985, the ''Miami Vice Soundtrack'' hit number one on the ''Billboard'' Top Pop album charts. The album achieved quadruple-platinum status with U.S. sales of more than four million copies.

At the Grammy awards in February 1986, "Miami Vice Theme" earned Hammer two awards; one for "Best Pop Instrumental Performance" and one for "Best Instrumental Composition". He also earned Emmy award nominations in 1985 and 1986, for "Outstanding Achievement in Musical Composition". At the end of 1986, Hammer won Keyboard Magazine's poll as "Best Studio Synthesist" for a second consecutive year. He had previously won the "Best Lead Synthesist" honor for seven years, at which time he was inducted into the Keyboard Hall of Fame.

In 1988, Hammer bowed out of full-time musical chores for ''Miami Vice.''

The first project to spring from the new Red Gate was Hammer's original soundtrack for ''Clinton and Nadine'' for HBO Films.

Hammer's next two assignments contributed greatly to his next album. First, at the end of the summer, he was commissioned to compose and perform a theme entitled "The Runner" for a major series of television advertisements in England that starred Bob Geldof. Second, Hammer composed and performed the theme music for the top-rated new bi-weekly pan-European television series, ''Eurocops'', which premiered in seven countries that November.

''Snapshots'' was the first full album from the new Red Gate studio in 1989, with Hammer composing, performing and producing every track. The promo video for "Too Much to Lose," the album's first European single, featured Jeff Beck, David Gilmour of Pink Floyd, and Ringo Starr.

The 90s

The '90s saw a renewed focus on scoring, starting with ''I Come in Peace'' (a.k.a. "Dark Angel", composed in 89 but released in 1990), ''Curiosity Kills'' and all twenty episodes of the British television series, ''Chancer'', several episodes of HBO's ''Tales from the Crypt''; a television spot for Amnesty International, featuring Czech president Václav Havel, two pilots for NBC, ''Knight Rider 2000'' and ''News at 12'', ''The Taking of Beverly Hills'' (Columbia Pictures) and New Line Cinema's ''Sunset Heat''.

Hammer's next project was as composer and performer of the original score for the Miramar Productions video album, ''Beyond the Mind's Eye''.

1994 was dominated by Hammer's recording of ''Drive'', his first full-fledged album of original new non-soundtrack material under his name in several years. He was reunited with longtime partner Jeff Beck on "Underground", reminiscent of their collaborations of the past.

In 1995, Hammer returned to his scoring and soundtrack work. He began with the one hour Universal drama ''Vanishing Son'', then went on to compose the theme and score for 13 episodes of the series. He composed and performed the original music for two feature films, both released in 1996: ''A Modern Affair'' and ''In the Kingdom of the Blind the Man with One Eye Is King''. Hammer wrapped up the year scoring ''Beastmaster III: The Eye of Braxus''.

In 1996, Hammer's scoring assignments included the NBC Movie of the Week, ''The Babysitter’s Seduction'', ''The Secret Agent Club'', and ''The Corporate Ladder''.

Also in 1996 (and through 2000) Hammer was commissioned to compose all the original music for TV Nova, the first commercial television network in Eastern Europe, based in the Czech Republic. He composed everything—including themes for 23 original shows produced by the network, 50 separate station ID’s, the music for all of the network’s special broadcasts, plus the music for all the news, sports and weather programs.

In 1997, Hammer also composed the hard-driving rock soundtrack for the new CD-ROM game, Outlaw Racers (MegaMedia). His next project was the theme and original music score for the pilot and the series of ''Prince Street''.

Hammer started off 1999 by writing, performing and producing a tune, "Even Odds" for Jeff Beck’s latest album ''Who Else!'' (Epic). Also, 1999 saw the release of ''The Lost Trident Sessions'', the third (and last) studio album from his former group, the Mahavishnu Orchestra. The album was recorded in 1973 just prior to the band's breakup.

2000 to Present

Jan Hammer produced the original score for ''Cocaine Cowboys'', a 2006 documentary depicting the infamous Miami drug trade scene of the 1980s. Hammer's soundtrack of the film was released in 2007.

Also in the fall of 2004 Hammer released the album ''The Best of Miami Vice'' on the Reality label in the U.S. ''The Best of Miami Vice'' contains newly recorded versions of "Miami Vice Theme" and "Crockett’s Theme", as well as one bonus track never before released on CD.

In February 2005, after years of anticipation, Universal Studios Home Entertainment finally released the first season of ''Miami Vice'' on three double-sided DVDs. One of the package’s discs contained bonus material, including an extensive interview and archival footage of Hammer creating music for the show back in 1985.

To coincide with the release of the DVD, Reality Records released a newly recorded version of "Crockett’s Theme" to AC (Adult Contemporary) radio in America.

In 2006 Hammer was asked to collaborate with the singer/rapper TQ for a brand new version of his song "Crockett's Theme". The result of their work was ''The Jan Hammer Project Featuring TQ (Terrance Quaites): Crockett's Theme''. A CD single of this new version climbed up the charts in Europe, hitting #1 on the iTunes Europe download list.

Discography

As leader

! Album
The Jan Hammer Trio	''Maliny Maliny'' (aka ''Make Love'')	(1968)	MPS Records
Jerry Goodman & Jan Hammer	''Like Children''	(1974)	Nemperor / Sony
Jan Hammer	The First Seven Days (album)>''The First Seven Days ''	(1975)	Nemperor / Sony
Jan Hammer Group	Oh Yeah? (album)>''Oh Yeah?''	(1976)	Nemperor / Sony
Jan Hammer Group	''Jeff Beck with the Jan Hammer Group Live''	(1977)	Epic
Jan Hammer Group	''Melodies''	(1977)	Nemperor / Sony
Hammer	''Black Sheep''	(1978)	Elektra / Asylum
Hammer	''Hammer''	(1979)	Elektra / Asylum
Neal Schon & Jan Hammer	''Untold Passion''	(1981)	Columbia
Neal Schon & Jan Hammer	Here to Stay (Schon & Hammer album)>Here to Stay''	(1983)	Columbia
Jan Hammer	''Miami Vice''	(1985)	MCA
Jan Hammer	''The Early Years''	(1986)	Nemperor / Sony
Jan Hammer	''Escape from Television''	(1987)	MCA
Jan Hammer	''Snapshots''	(1989)	MCA
Jan Hammer	''Police Quest 3 Soundtrack (PC game)''	(1991)	Sierra
Jan Hammer	''BEYOND The Mind's Eye''	(1992)	Miramar / MCA
Jan Hammer	''Drive''	(1994)	Miramar
Jan Hammer	''Snaphots 1.2''	(2000)	One Way
Jan Hammer	''Miami Vice: The Complete Collection''	(2002)	One Way
Jan Hammer	''The First Seven Days''	(Remastered) (2003)	Columbia/Legacy
Jan Hammer	''The Best of Miami Vice''	(2004)	Reality Records
Jan Hammer	''Black Sheep/Hammer'' (2 CD Set)	(2005)	Wounded Bird Records
Jan Hammer Project (Featuring TQ)	"Crockett's Theme"	(2006)	LuckySong/Sony/BMG
Jan Hammer	"Cocaine Cowboys" Soundtrack	(2007)	Red Gate Records
Jan Hammer Group	"Live In New York"	(2008)	Red Gate Records

As sideman

With the Mahavishnu Orchestra (Columbia):

		! Album
John McLaughlin with The Mahavishnu Orchestra	''The Inner Mounting Flame'' (1971)
The Mahavishnu Orchestra	''Birds of Fire'' (1972)
The Mahavishnu Orchestra	''Between Nothingness and Eternity'' (1973)
The Mahavishnu Orchestra	''The Best of The Mahavishnu Orchestra'' (1980)
The Mahavishnu Orchestra	''The Lost Trident Sessions'' (recorded 1973, released 1999)

With Jeff Beck (Epic):

		! Album
Jeff Beck	Wired (Jeff Beck album)>Wired'' (1976)
Jeff Beck	Jeff Beck With the Jan Hammer Group Live>Jeff Beck with the Jan Hammer Group Live'' (1977)
Jeff Beck	There and Back (Jeff Beck album)>There and Back'' (1980)
Jeff Beck	Flash (Jeff Beck album)>Flash'' (1985)
Jeff Beck	''Beckology'' (1991)
Jeff Beck	''The Best of Beck'' (1995)
Jeff Beck	''Who Else!'' (1999)

With Al Di Meola (Columbia):

! Album
Al Di Meola	''Elegant Gypsy'' (1977)
Al Di Meola	''Splendido Hotel'' (1980)
Al Di Meola	''Electric Rendezvous'' (1982)
Al Di Meola	''Tour De Force - Live'' (1982)
Al Di Meola	Scenario (album)>Scenario'' (1984)
Al Di Meola	''The Electric Anthology'' (1995)
Al Di Meola	''This Is Jazz Volume 31'' (1997)
Al Di Meola	''Anthology'' (2000)

With Carlos Santana (Columbia):

Love Devotion Surrender (1973) - Drums

With Stanley Clarke (Nemperor):

''Stanley Clarke (1973) - Keyboards

With Billy Cobham (Atlantic):

''Spectrum'' (1973) - Keyboards

With Lenny White (Nemperor):

''Big City (1977) - Keyboards

With John Abercrombie (ECM):

''Timeless'' - Keyboards

Night (1984) - Keyboards

With The Freelance Hellraiser (Sony/BMG):

Waiting For Clearance (2006) - Keyboards

With Tommy Bolin (Atlantic):

''Teaser'' (1975) - Keyboards, Drums

From The Archives Vol. 1 (1996) - Keyboards

With Elvin Jones (Blue Note):

''Merry-Go-Round'' (session December 16, 1971) - Piano

''Mr. Jones'' (sessions July 12 & 13, 1972) - Piano

The Prime Element (sessions July 24–26, 1973) - Keyboards

With Elvin Jones (P.M.):

On the Mountain (1975) - Keyboards

With Glen Moore (Elektra):

Introducing Glen Moore (1978) - Drums

With Joni Mitchell (Asylum):

Mingus (1979) - Mini Moog

With Tony Williams (Columbia):

The Joy of Flying (1979) - Keyboards

With Mick Jagger (Columbia):

''She's the Boss'' (1985) - Keyboards

With James Young (Passport):

City Slicker (1985) - Keyboards, Drums

With Clarence Clemons (Columbia):

An Evening With Mr. C (1989) - Keyboards, Drums

With Steve Lukather (Columbia):

''Lukather'' (1989) - Keyboards

With Charlie Mariano (MPS):

Helen 12 Trees (1976) - Keyboards

References

External links

Jan Hammer Interview - Mahavishnu, Miami Vice and More

Unofficial Jan Hammer website *New*

Unofficial Jan Hammer website (est. 1995)

Unofficial Jan Hammer website in finnish

Interview Jan Hammer, 07.08.2006

Interview - Discusses his guitar sound experimentations

Category:1948 births Category:Living people Category:Berklee College of Music alumni Category:Czech expatriates Category:Czech musicians Category:Grammy Award winners Category:Miami Vice Category:Naturalized citizens of the United States Category:People from Prague Category:The Mahavishnu Orchestra members

ar:يان هامر cs:Jan Hammer da:Jan Hammer de:Jan Hammer es:Jan Hammer fr:Jan Hammer it:Jan Hammer nl:Jan Hammer ja:ヤン・ハマー no:Jan Hammer pl:Jan Hammer pt:Jan Hammer ru:Хаммер, Ян sq:Jan Hammer fi:Jan Hammer sv:Jan Hammer

name	David Cay Johnston
birth date	December 24, 1948
birth place	San Francisco
education	San Francisco State University (No degree awarded)Michigan State University (No degree awarded)University of Chicago (No degree awarded)
occupation	Journalist
spouse	Jennifer Leonard
credits	''Perfectly Legal'' }}

David Cay Johnston (born December 24, 1948) is an investigative journalist and author, a specialist in economics and tax issues, and winner of the 2001 Pulitzer Prize for Beat Reporting.

Since 2009 he has been a Distinguished Visiting Lecturer who teaches the tax, property and regulatory law of the ancient world at Syracuse University College of Law and Whitman School of Management.' In July 2011 he became a columnist for Reuters, writing, and producing video commentaries, on worldwide issues of tax, accounting, economics, public finance and business.

Reporting

In 1968, at age 19, Johnston began his career at the ''San Jose Mercury News''. In 1973, he left the ''Mercury News'' to study at the University of Chicago under a five-month fellowship. He then took a position as an investigative reporter at the ''Detroit Free Press'' in its Lansing bureau from 1973 to 1976 and later worked as a reporter for the ''Los Angeles Times'' from 1976 to 1988. Johnston then worked as a reporter at ''The Philadelphia Inquirer'' from 1988 to 1995. He joined ''The New York Times'' in February 1995.

As a reporter Johnston investigated Los Angeles Police Department political spying and other abuses, the hotelier Barron Hilton, misuse of charitable funds at United Way, news manipulation at WJIM-TV in Lansing, Michigan, and Donald Trump's net worth. He once hunted down a killer whom the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department failed to catch, resulting in an innocent man winning acquittal at his fifth trial.

From February 1995 to April 2008, he was the tax reporter with ''The New York Times.'' For the next three years, until joining Reuters, he wrote "Johnston's Take," a column on tax policy for the nonprofit journal Tax Notes and its sister website tax.com, published by Tax Analysts.Tax Analysts press release In 2009 he briefly wrote, "By The Numbers," a column for ''The Nation''.

Johnston received the 2001 Pulitzer Prize for Beat Reporting "for his penetrating and enterprising reporting that exposed loopholes and inequities in the U.S. tax code, which was instrumental in bringing about reforms." He was a Pulitzer finalist in 2003 "for his stories that displayed exquisite command of complicated U.S. tax laws and of how corporations and individuals twist them to their advantage." He was also a finalist in 2000 "for his lucid coverage of problems resulting from the reorganization of the Internal Revenue Service."

Like columnist Steven Pearlstein, Johnston has won praise for his writings even though he has no degree in economics. Johnston studied economics at the University of Chicago graduate school and six other colleges, earning the equivalent of six years of college credits but no awarded degree, because he took upper level and graduate level courses almost exclusively, and did not stay at any one school long enough.

Johnston has been critical of news media coverage of the 2008 $700 billion bailout of Wall Street. In a letter to American journalist and blogger Jim Romenesko, Johnston wrote, "In covering the proposed $700 billion bailout of Wall Street don't repeat the failed lapdog practices that so damaged our reputations in the rush to war in Iraq and the adoption of the Patriot Act. Don't assume that Congress must act instantly, as so many news stories state as if it was an immutable fact. Don't assume there is a case just because officials say there is." Johnston has been cited favorably by Glenn Greenwald as well as other bailout critics. On September 26, 2008, Johnston said: "If you look around, you'll notice that banks are still making ordinary loans to ordinary businesses. Your mailbox is still full of proposals to sell you credit cards and extend you debt. The Internet still has ads for these very toxic mortgages that are at the heart of this. They're being advertised all over the Internet."..."And my point is not to argue that there is or is not a crisis, but that journalists need to begin not by questioning around the edges but by going to the core question. Is this the least expensive way to do this? Are there market solutions that might be applied?"

Books

Johnston is the author of best-selling books on tax and economic policy, the most recently published of which is ''Free Lunch: How the Wealthiest Americans Enrich Themselves at Government Expense and Stick You With The Bill'', about hidden subsidies, rigged markets, and corporate socialism. It follows his earlier book ''Perfectly Legal: The Covert Campaign to Rig Our Tax System to Benefit the Super Rich—and Cheat Everybody Else'', a ''New York Times'' bestseller on the U.S. tax system that won the Investigative Reporters and Editors 2003 Book of the Year award.

Johnston's first book, the 1992 ''Temples of Chance: How America Inc. Bought Out Murder Inc. to Win Control of the Casino Business'' is an account of how the junk-bond kings usurped mob control of the casino industry in the 1980s. The book discusses corruption in the industry and the role of the federal and state governments in that corruption.

Personal Life

Johnston is married to Jennifer Leonard, who is president and executive director of the Rochester Area Community Foundation. They live in Brighton, New York, a suburb of Rochester. He has eight children and five grandchildren.

Writings

''Perfectly Legal: The Covert Campaign to Rig Our Tax System to Benefit the Super-Rich–and Cheat Everybody Else'' (2003) ISBN 1-59184-019-8

''Free Lunch: How the Wealthiest Americans Enrich Themselves at Government Expense and Stick You With The Bill'' (2007) ISBN 978-1591841913

''Temples of Chance: How America Inc. Bought Out Murder Inc. to Win Control of the Casino Business'' (1992) ISBN 978-0385419208

References

External links

''Free Lunch'' author bio

''Perfectly Legal'' author bio

''New York Times'' articles by David Cay Johnston

List of ''New York Times'' articles by David Cay Johnston

Audio recording of Johnston speaking on the subject matter of ''Free Lunch''

Interview on ''Bill Moyers Journal'', January 18, 2008

''Hype and Fear in the News'', ''The New Republic'' The Plank blog, September 30, 2008

''Fiscal Therapy'', ''Mother Jones'', January-February 2009

''Who’s Undercutting Obama?'', ''Columbia Journalism Review'', January 29, 2009

Interview on ''Democracy Now!'', February 2, 2009

David Cay Johnston Slams Obama-GOP Tax Deal - video report by ''Democracy Now!''

Category:1948 births Category:Living people Category:American investigative journalists Category:American newspaper reporters and correspondents Category:Detroit Free Press people Category:Los Angeles Times people Category:The New York Times writers Category:People from Rochester, New York Category:The Philadelphia Inquirer people Category:Pulitzer Prize for Beat Reporting winners

de:David Cay Johnston fr:David Cay Johnston

name	Carlos Lehder
image name	Carlitoslehder.png
nationality	Colombian
birth name	Carlos Enrique Lehder Rivas
birth date	September 7, 1949
birth place	Armenia, Colombia
charge	Drug trafficking
conviction status	In prison
occupation	Drug Dealer
children	}}

Carlos Enrique Lehder Rivas or simply Carlos Lehder (born September 7, 1949) is a German-Colombian drug dealer currently imprisoned in the United States, having been co-founder of the Medellín Cartel.

Born in Armenia, Colombia, Lehder eventually ran a cocaine transport empire on Norman's Cay island, off the Florida coast in the central Bahamas. Lehder was allegedly also active in the Quintín Lamé Movement, an indigenous guerrilla organization tied to the Colombian 19th of April Movement and FARC insurgencies. Lehder was also a founding member of Muerte a Secuestradores, a paramilitary group whose focus was to retaliate against the kidnappings of cartel members and their families. He was one of the most important operators therein, and is considered to be one of the most important Colombian drug kingpins to be successfully prosecuted in the United States.

In the 2001 movie ''Blow'', the character Diego Delgado was based on him. Lehder is of mixed German-Colombian descent, his father a German engineer and mother a Colombian schoolteacher. The family owned a semi-legitimate used car business in the Medellin area in which Carlos got his start as a criminal by supplying it with stolen American cars.

Early activities and prison

Lehder started out as a stolen car dealer, a marijuana dealer, and a smuggler of stolen cars between the US and Canada. While serving a sentence for car theft in federal prison in Danbury, Connecticut, Lehder decided that, upon his release, he would take advantage of the burgeoning market for cocaine in the United States and enlisted his bunkmate, former marijuana dealer George Jung, as a future partner. While in prison, he set out to learn as much information as possible that could be useful to him in the cocaine business. Lehder would sometimes even spend hours questioning fellow inmates on money laundering and smuggling. George Jung allegedly said that Lehder kept countless files and constantly took notes.

Lehder's ultimate scheme was to revolutionize the cocaine trade by transporting the drug to the United States using small aircraft. Previously, drug dealers had to rely on human "mules" to smuggle the drug in suitcases on regular commercial flights. In Lehder's vision, much greater quantities could be transported directly by small private aircraft, with far less risk of interception.

Starting his empire

After their releases (both were paroled), Lehder and Jung built up a small stream of money through simple, traditional drug smuggling - they enlisted two American girls to take a paid vacation to Antigua, receive cocaine, and carry it back with them to the US in their suitcases. Repeating this process several times, they soon had enough money for an airplane.

Using a small plane and a professional pilot, which were stolen not paid for, they began to fly cocaine into the United States via the Bahamas, increasing their financial resources and building connections and trust with Colombian suppliers while spreading money around among Bahamian government officials for political and judicial protection. Their unconventional method of drug-smuggling began to gain credibility.

It was this rapidly growing network that became known as the Medellín Cartel. The partnership of Lehder and Jung handled transport and distribution, while Colombian drug lord Pablo Escobar handled production and supply. Other elements of the cartel, such as the Ochoa family, helped deal with political matters in Colombia. Ruthless violence was as integral to the process as cocaine itself.

Norman's Cay

In the late 1970s, the Lehder-Jung partnership began to diverge, due to some combination of Lehder's megalomania, and Lehder's secret scheming to secure a personal Bahamian island as a complete all-purpose headquarters for his operations.

That island was Norman's Cay, which at that point consisted of a marina, a yacht club, approximately 100 private homes, and an air strip. In 1978, Lehder began buying up property and harassing and threatening the island's residents. At one point, a yacht was found drifting off the coast with the corpse of one of its owners aboard. He is estimated to have spent $4.5 million on the island in total.

As Lehder chased away the local population and began to assume total control of the island, Norman's Cay became Lehder's lawless private fiefdom. By this time, George Jung had been forced out of the operation, and international criminal financier Robert Vesco had allegedly become a partner. Jung used his prior connections to take up a more modest line of independent smuggling for Escobar, and stayed out of Lehder's way.

From 1978 through 1982, the Cay was the Caribbean's main drug smuggling hub and a tropical hideaway and playground for Lehder and associates. Cocaine was flown in from Colombia by jet and then reloaded into the small aircraft that then distributed it to locations in Georgia, Florida, and the Carolinas.

Popular culture

Carlos Lehder is portrayed as Diego Delgado in the movie Blow (film), a good friend and business partner, later nemesis of main character George Jung.

See also

Cocaine Cowboys

Cali Cartel

Norte del Valle Cartel

Jorge Luis Ochoa Vázquez

José Gonzalo Rodríguez Gacha

References

Category:Medellín Cartel traffickers Category:Missing people Category:1949 births Category:Colombian mob bosses Category:Colombian people of German descent Category:Colombian drug traffickers Category:Colombian people imprisoned abroad Category:Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by the United States federal government Category:Colombian prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment Category:Fugitives wanted on organised crime charges Category:Living people

de:Carlos Lehder Rivas es:Carlos Lehder fr:Carlos Lehder it:Carlos Lehder nl:Carlos Lehder pt:Carlos Lehder