name	Caligula
title	3rd Emperor of the Roman Empire
reign	16 March AD 37 – 24 January AD 41()
predecessor	Tiberius
successor	Claudius
house	Julio-Claudian Dynasty
full name	Birth to accession: Gaius Julius Caesar GermanicusAs Emperor: Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus
spouse	Junia ClaudillaLivia OrestillaLollia PaulinaMilonia Caesonia
issue	Julia DrusillaTiberius Gemellus (adoptive)
father	Germanicus
mother	Agrippina the Elder
birth date	31 August AD 12
birth place	Antium, Italy
death date	24 January AD 41 (aged 28)
death place	Palatine Hill, Rome
place of burial	Mausoleum of Augustus, Rome }}

Caligula (; 31 August AD 12 – 24 January AD 41), also known as Gaius, was Roman Emperor from 37 to 41. Caligula was a member of the house of rulers conventionally known as the Julio-Claudian dynasty. Caligula's father Germanicus, the nephew and adopted son of emperor Tiberius, was a very successful general and one of Rome's most beloved public figures. The young Gaius earned the nickname Caligula (meaning "little soldier's boot", the diminutive form of ''caliga'', n. hob-nailed military boot) from his father's soldiers while accompanying him during his campaigns in Germania. When Germanicus died at Antioch in 19 AD, his wife Agrippina the Elder returned to Rome with her six children where she became entangled in an increasingly bitter feud with Tiberius. This conflict eventually led to the destruction of her family, with Caligula as the sole male survivor. Unscathed by the deadly intrigues, Caligula accepted the invitation to join the emperor on the island of Capri in 31, where Tiberius himself had withdrawn five years earlier. At the death of Tiberius in 37, Caligula succeeded his great-uncle and adoptive grandfather.

There are few surviving sources on Caligula's reign, although he is described as a noble and moderate ruler during the first two years of his rule. After this, the sources focus upon his cruelty, extravagance, and sexual perversity, presenting him as an insane tyrant. While the reliability of these sources has increasingly been called into question, it is known that during his brief reign, Caligula worked to increase the authority of the emperor. He directed much of his attention to ambitious construction projects and notoriously luxurious dwellings for himself. However, he initiated the construction of two new aqueducts in Rome: the Aqua Claudia and the Anio Novus. During his reign, the empire annexed the Kingdom of Mauretania and made it into a province.

In early 41, Caligula was assassinated as the result of a conspiracy involving officers of the Praetorian Guard, as well as members of the Roman Senate and of the imperial court. The conspirators' attempt to use the opportunity to restore the Roman Republic was thwarted: on the same day the Praetorian Guard declared Caligula's uncle Claudius emperor in his place.

Early life

Family

:''See Julio-Claudian Family Tree.'' Caligula was born in Antium, the third of six surviving children born to Germanicus and Germanicus' second cousin Agrippina the Elder. Gaius's brothers were Nero and Drusus. His sisters were Agrippina the Younger, Julia Drusilla, and Julia Livilla. Gaius was nephew to Claudius (the future emperor).

Agrippina the Elder was the daughter of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and Julia the Elder. She was a granddaughter of Augustus and Scribonia.

Youth and early career

As a boy of just two or three, Gaius accompanied his father, Germanicus, on campaigns in the north of Germania. The soldiers were amused that Gaius was dressed in a miniature soldier's uniform, including boots and armor. He was soon given his nickname ''Caligula'', meaning "little (soldier's) boot" in Latin, after the small boots he wore as part of his uniform. Gaius, though, reportedly grew to dislike this nickname.

Suetonius claims that Germanicus was poisoned in Syria by an agent of Tiberius, who viewed Germanicus as a political rival.

After the death of his father, Caligula lived with his mother until her relations with Tiberius deteriorated. Tiberius would not allow Agrippina to remarry for fear her husband would be a rival. Agrippina and Caligula's brother, Nero, were banished in AD 29 on charges of treason.

The adolescent Caligula was then sent to live first with his great-grandmother (and Tiberius's mother) Livia. Following Livia's death, he was sent to live with his grandmother Antonia. In AD 30, his brother, Drusus Caesar, was imprisoned on charges of treason and his brother Nero died in exile from either starvation or suicide. Suetonius writes that after the banishment of his mother and brothers, Caligula and his sisters were nothing more than prisoners of Tiberius under the close watch of soldiers.

In AD 31, Caligula was remanded to the personal care of Tiberius on Capri, where he lived for six years. To the surprise of many, Caligula was spared by Tiberius. According to historians, Caligula was an excellent natural actor and, recognizing danger, hid all his resentment towards Tiberius. An observer said of Caligula, "Never was there a better servant or a worse master!" After he became Emperor, Caligula claimed to have planned to kill Tiberius with a dagger in order to avenge his mother and brother: however, having brought the weapon into Tiberius's bedroom he did not kill the Emperor but instead threw the dagger down on the floor. Supposedly Tiberius knew of this but never dared to do anything about it. Suetonius claims that Caligula was already cruel and vicious: he writes that, when Tiberius brought Caligula to Capri, his purpose was to allow Caligula to live in order that he "...prove the ruin of himself and of all men, and that he was rearing a viper for the Roman People and a Phaëton for the world."

In AD 33, Tiberius gave Caligula an honorary quaestorship, a position he held until his rise to Emperor. Meanwhile, both Caligula's mother and his brother Drusus died in prison. Caligula was briefly married to Junia Claudilla in 33, though she died in childbirth the following year. Caligula spent time befriending the Praetorian Prefect, Naevius Sutorius Macro, an important ally. Macro spoke well of Caligula to Tiberius, attempting to quell any ill will or suspicion the emperor felt towards Caligula.

In AD 35, Caligula was named joint heir to Tiberius's estate along with Tiberius Gemellus.

Emperor

Early reign

When Tiberius died on 16 March AD 37, his estate and the titles of the Principate were left to Caligula and Tiberius's own grandson, Gemellus, who were to serve as joint heirs. Although Tiberius was 77 and on his death bed, some ancient historians still conjecture that he was murdered. Tacitus writes that the Praetorian Prefect, Macro, smothered Tiberius with a pillow to hasten Caligula's accession, much to the joy of the Roman people, while Suetonius writes that Caligula may have carried out the killing, though this is not recorded by any other ancient historian. Both Philo, who wrote during Tiberius's reign, and Josephus record Tiberius as dying a natural death. Backed by Macro, Caligula had Tiberius' will nullified with regards to Gemellus on grounds of insanity, but otherwise carried out Tiberius' wishes.

Caligula accepted the powers of the Principate as conferred by the Senate and entered Rome on 28 March amid a crowd that hailed him as "our baby" and "our star," among other nicknames. Caligula is described as the first emperor who was admired by everyone in "all the world, from the rising to the setting sun." Caligula was loved by many for being the beloved son of the popular Germanicus, and because he was not Tiberius. It was said by Suetonius that over 160,000 animals were sacrificed during three months of public rejoicing to usher in the new reign. Philo describes the first seven months of Caligula's reign as completely blissful.

Caligula's first acts were said to be generous in spirit, though many were political in nature. To gain support, he granted bonuses to those in the military including the Praetorian Guard, city troops and the army outside Italy. He destroyed Tiberius's treason papers, declared that treason trials were a thing of the past and recalled those who had been sent into exile. He helped those who had been harmed by the Imperial tax system, banished certain sexual deviants, and put on lavish spectacles for the public, such as gladiator battles. Caligula collected and brought back the bones of his mother and of his brothers and deposited their remains in the tomb of Augustus. He had his cousin and adopted son Tiberius Gemellus executed – an act that outraged Caligula's and Gemellus's mutual grandmother Antonia Minor. She is said to have committed suicide, although Suetonius hints that Caligula actually poisoned her. He had his father in law Marcus Silanus and his brother-in-law Marcus Lepidus executed as well. His uncle Claudius was spared only because Caligula kept him as a laughing stock. His favorite sister Julia Drusilla died in AD 38 of a fever: his other two sisters, Livilla and Agrippina the Younger, were exiled. He hated the fact that he was the grandson of Agrippa, and slandered Augustus by repeating a falsehood that his mother was actually the result of an incestuous relationship between Augustus and his daughter Julia the Elder.

Public reform

In AD 38, Caligula focused his attention on political and public reform. He published the accounts of public funds, which had not been made public during the reign of Tiberius. He aided those who lost property in fires, abolished certain taxes, and gave out prizes to the public at gymnastic events. He allowed new members into the equestrian and senatorial orders.

Perhaps most significantly, he restored the practice of democratic elections. Cassius Dio said that this act "though delighting the rabble, grieved the sensible, who stopped to reflect, that if the offices should fall once more into the hands of the many ... many disasters would result".

During the same year, though, Caligula was criticized for executing people without full trials and for forcing his helper Macro to commit suicide.

Financial crisis and famine

According to Cassius Dio, a financial crisis emerged in AD 39. Suetonius places the beginning of this crisis in 38. Caligula's political payments for support, generosity and extravagance had exhausted the state's treasury. Ancient historians state that Caligula began falsely accusing, fining and even killing individuals for the purpose of seizing their estates. A number of other desperate measures by Caligula are described by historians. In order to gain funds, Caligula asked the public to lend the state money. Caligula levied taxes on lawsuits, marriage and prostitution. Caligula began auctioning the lives of the gladiators at shows. Wills that left items to Tiberius were reinterpreted to leave the items instead to Caligula. Centurions who had acquired property during plundering were forced to turn over spoils to the state. The current and past highway commissioners were accused of incompetence and embezzlement and forced to repay money. According to Suetonius, in the first year of Caligula's reign he squandered 2,700,000,000 sesterces that Tiberius had amassed. His nephew Nero Caesar both envied and admired the fact that Gaius had run through the vast wealth Tiberius had left him in so short a time.

A brief famine of an unknown size occurred, perhaps caused by this financial crisis, but according to Suetonius a result of Caligula's seizure of public carriages, according to Seneca because grain imports were disturbed by Caligula using boats for a pontoon bridge.

Construction

Despite financial difficulties, Caligula embarked on a number of construction projects during his reign. Some were for the public good, while others were for himself.

Josephus describes as Caligula's greatest contribution to have improved the harbours at Rhegium and Sicily, thereby allowing grain imports from Egypt to increase. These improvements may have been made in response to the famine.

Caligula completed the temple of Augustus and the theatre of Pompey and began an amphitheatre beside the Saepta. He had the imperial palace expanded. He began the aqueducts Aqua Claudia and Anio Novus, which Pliny the Elder considered engineering marvels. He built a large racetrack known as the ''circus of Gaius and Nero'' and had an Egyptian obelisk (now known as the Vatican Obelisk) transported by sea and erected in the middle of Rome. At Syracuse, he repaired the city walls and the temples of the gods. He had new roads built and pushed to keep roads in good condition. He had planned to rebuild the palace of Polycrates at Samos, to finish the temple of Didymaean Apollo at Ephesus and to found a city high up in the Alps. He planned to dig a canal through the Isthmus in Greece and sent a chief centurion to survey the work. In 39, Caligula performed a spectacular stunt by ordering a temporary floating bridge to be built using ships as pontoons, stretching for over two miles from the resort of Baiae to the neighboring port of Puteoli. It was said that the bridge was to rival that of Persian King Xerxes' crossing of the Hellespont. Caligula, a man who could not swim, then proceeded to ride his favorite horse, Incitatus, across, wearing the breastplate of Alexander the Great. This act was in defiance of a prediction by Tiberius's soothsayer Thrasyllus of Mendes that Caligula had "no more chance of becoming emperor than of riding a horse across the Bay of Baiae".

Caligula had two large ships constructed for himself, which were recovered from the bottom of Lake Nemi during the dictatorship of Benito Mussolini. The ships are among the largest vessels in the ancient world. The smaller ship was designed as a temple dedicated to Diana. The larger ship was essentially an elaborate floating palace that counted marble floors and plumbing among its amenities. Thirteen years after being raised, the ships were burned during an attack in the Second World War, and almost nothing remains of the hulls, though many archeological treasures remain intact in the museum at Lake Nemi.

Feud with the Senate

In AD 39, relations between Caligula and the Roman Senate deteriorated. The subject of their disagreement is unknown. A number of factors, though, aggravated this feud. The Senate had become accustomed to ruling without an emperor between the departure of Tiberius for Capri in AD 26 and Caligula's accession. Additionally, Tiberius's treason trials had eliminated a number of pro-Julian senators such as Asinius Gallus. Suetonius reports that other senators were degraded by being forced to wait on him and run beside his chariot.

Soon after his break with the Senate, Caligula was met with a number of additional conspiracies against him. A conspiracy involving his brother-in-law was foiled in late 39. Soon afterwards, the governor of Germany, Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Gaetulicus, was executed for connections to a conspiracy.

Western expansion

In AD 40, Caligula expanded the Roman Empire into Mauretania and made a significant attempt at expanding into Britannia – even challenging Neptune in his campaign. The conquest of Britannia was fully realized by his successors.

Mauretania was a client kingdom of Rome ruled by Ptolemy of Mauretania. Caligula invited Ptolemy to Rome and then had him suddenly executed. Mauretania was annexed by Caligula and divided into two provinces. This annexation of Mauretania led to a rebellion of some magnitude that was put down under Claudius. Details on these events are unclear. Cassius Dio had written an entire chapter on the annexation of Mauretania by Caligula, but it is now lost.

There seemed to be a northern campaign to Britannia that was aborted. This campaign is derided by ancient historians with accounts of Gauls dressed up as Germanic tribesmen at his triumph and Roman troops ordered to collect seashells as "spoils of the sea". The few primary sources disagree on what precisely occurred. Modern historians have put forward numerous theories in an attempt to explain these actions. This trip to the English Channel could have merely been a training and scouting mission. The mission may have been to accept the surrender of the British chieftain Adminius. "Seashells", or ''conchae'' in Latin, may be a metaphor for something else such as female genitalia (perhaps the troops visited brothels) or boats (perhaps they captured several small British boats).

Claims of divinity

thumb|upright|Ruins of the temple of Castor and Pollux in the Forum Romanum. Ancient resources as well as recent archaeological evidence suggest that, at one point, Caligula had the palace extended to annex this structure.When several kings came to Rome to pay their respects to him and argued about their nobility of descent, he cried out "Let there be one Lord, one King". In AD 40, Caligula began implementing very controversial policies that introduced religion into his political role. Caligula began appearing in public dressed as various gods and demigods such as Hercules, Mercury, Venus and Apollo. Reportedly, he began referring to himself as a god when meeting with politicians and he was referred to as Jupiter on occasion in public documents. A sacred precinct was set apart for his worship at Miletus in the province of Asia and two temples were erected for worship of him in Rome. The Temple of Castor and Pollux on the Forum was linked directly to the Imperial residence on the Palatine and dedicated to Caligula. He would appear here on occasion and present himself as a god to the public. Caligula had the heads removed from various statues of gods and replaced with his own in various temples. It is said that he wished to be worshipped as ''Neos Helios'', the New Sun. Indeed, he was represented as a sun god on Egyptian coins.

Caligula's religious policy was a departure from that of his predecessors. According to Cassius Dio, living Emperors could be worshipped as divine in the east and dead Emperors could be worshipped as divine in Rome. Augustus had the public worship his spirit on occasion, but Dio describes this as an extreme act that emperors generally shied away from. Caligula took things a step further and had those in Rome, including Senators, worship him as a physical living god.

Eastern policy

Caligula needed to quell several riots and conspiracies in the eastern territories during his reign. Aiding him in his actions was his good friend, Herod Agrippa, who became governor of the territories of Batanaea and Trachonitis after Caligula became emperor in AD 37.

The cause of tensions in the east was complicated, involving the spread of Greek culture, Roman law and the rights of Jews.

Caligula did not trust the prefect of Egypt, Aulus Avilius Flaccus. Flaccus had been loyal to Tiberius, had conspired against Caligula's mother and had connections with Egyptian separatists. In 38, Caligula sent Agrippa to Alexandria unannounced to check on Flaccus. According to Philo, the visit was met with jeers from the Greek population who saw Agrippa as the king of the Jews. Flaccus tried to placate both the Greek population and Caligula by having statues of the emperor placed in Jewish synagogues. As a result, riots broke out in the city. Caligula responded by removing Flaccus from his position and executing him.

In 39, Agrippa accused Herod Antipas, the tetrarch of Galilee and Perea, of planning a rebellion against Roman rule with the help of Parthia. Herod Antipas confessed and Caligula exiled him. Agrippa was rewarded with his territories.

Riots again erupted in Alexandria in AD 40 between Jews and Greeks. Jews were accused of not honoring the emperor. Disputes occurred in the city of Jamnia. Jews were angered by the erection of a clay altar and destroyed it. In response, Caligula ordered the erection of a statue of himself in the Jewish Temple of Jerusalem, a demand in conflict with Jewish monotheism. In this context, Philo wrote that Caligula "regarded the Jews with most especial suspicion, as if they were the only persons who cherished wishes opposed to his".

The governor of Syria, Publius Petronius, fearing civil war if the order were carried out, delayed implementing it for nearly a year. Agrippa finally convinced Caligula to reverse the order.

Scandals

Surviving sources present a number of stories about Caligula that illustrate cruelty and insanity.

The contemporary sources, Philo of Alexandria and Seneca the Younger, describe an insane emperor who was self-absorbed, angry, killed on a whim, and who indulged in too much spending and sex. He is accused of sleeping with other men's wives and bragging about it, killing for mere amusement, deliberately wasting money on his bridge, causing starvation, and wanting a statue of himself erected in the Temple of Jerusalem for his worship. Once at some games at which he was presiding, he ordered his guards to throw an entire section of the crowd into the arena during intermission to be eaten by animals because there were no criminals to be prosecuted and he was bored.

While repeating the earlier stories, the later sources of Suetonius and Cassius Dio provide additional tales of insanity. They accuse Caligula of incest with his sisters, Agrippina the Younger, Drusilla and Livilla, and say he prostituted them to other men. They state he sent troops on illogical military exercises, turned the palace into a brothel, and most famously, planned or promised to make his horse, Incitatus, a consul, and actually appointed him a priest.

The validity of these accounts is debatable. In Roman political culture, insanity and sexual perversity were often presented hand-in-hand with poor government.

Assassination and aftermath

Caligula's actions as emperor were described as being especially harsh to the Senate, the nobility and the equestrian order. According to Josephus, these actions led to several failed conspiracies against Caligula. Eventually, a successful murder was planned by officers within the Praetorian Guard led by Cassius Chaerea. The plot is described as having been planned by three men, but many in the Senate, army and equestrian order were said to have been informed of it and involved in it.

According to Josephus, Chaerea had political motivations for the assassination. Suetonius sees the motive in Caligula calling Chaerea derogatory names. Caligula considered Chaerea effeminate because of a weak voice and for not being firm with tax collection. Caligula would mock Chaerea with watchwords like "Priapus" and "Venus".

On 24 January 41, Chaerea and other guardsmen accosted Caligula while he was addressing an acting troupe of young men during a series of games and dramatics held for the Divine Augustus. Details on the events vary somewhat from source to source, but they agree that Chaerea was first to stab Caligula, followed by a number of conspirators. Suetonius records that Caligula's death was similar to that of Julius Caesar. He states that both the elder Gaius Julius Caesar (Julius Caesar) and the younger Gaius Julius Caesar (Caligula) were stabbed 30 times by conspirators led by a man named Cassius (Cassius Longinus and Cassius Chaerea). The cryptoporticus (underground corridor) where this event would have taken place was discovered beneath the imperial palaces on the Palatine Hill. By the time Caligula's loyal Germanic guard responded, the emperor was already dead. The Germanic guard, stricken with grief and rage, responded with a rampaging attack on the assassins, conspirators, innocent senators and bystanders alike.

The Senate attempted to use Caligula's death as an opportunity to restore the Republic. Chaerea attempted to convince the military to support the Senate. The military, though, remained loyal to the office of the emperor. The grieving Roman people assembled and demanded that Caligula's murderers be brought to justice. Uncomfortable with lingering imperial support, the assassins sought out and stabbed Caligula's wife, Caesonia, and killed their young daughter, Julia Drusilla, by smashing her head against a wall. They were unable to reach Caligula's uncle, Claudius, who was spirited out of the city, after being found by a soldier , to a nearby Praetorian camp. Claudius became emperor after procuring the support of the Praetorian guard and ordered the execution of Chaerea and any other known conspirators involved in the death of Caligula. According to Suetonius, Caligula's body was placed under turf until it was burned and entombed by his sisters. He was buried within the Mausoleum of Augustus; in 410 during the Sack of Rome the tomb's ashes were scattered.

Legacy

Historiography

The history of Caligula's reign is extremely problematic as only two sources contemporary with Caligula have survived — the works of Philo and Seneca. Philo's works, ''On the Embassy to Gaius'' and ''Flaccus'', give some details on Caligula's early reign, but mostly focus on events surrounding the Jewish population in Judea and Egypt with whom he sympathizes. Seneca's various works give mostly scattered anecdotes on Caligula's personality. Seneca was almost put to death by Caligula in 39 likely due to his associations with conspirators.

At one time, there were detailed contemporaneous histories on Caligula, but they are now lost. Additionally, the historians who wrote them are described as biased, either overly critical or praising of Caligula. Nonetheless, these lost primary sources, along with the works of Seneca and Philo, were the basis of surviving secondary and tertiary histories on Caligula written by the next generations of historians. A few of the contemporaneous historians are known by name. Fabius Rusticus and Cluvius Rufus both wrote condemning histories on Caligula that are now lost. Fabius Rusticus was a friend of Seneca who was known for historical embellishment and misrepresentation. Cluvius Rufus was a senator involved in the assassination of Caligula. Caligula's sister, Agrippina the Younger, wrote an autobiography that certainly included a detailed explanation of Caligula's reign, but it too is lost. Agrippina was banished by Caligula for her connection to Marcus Lepidus, who conspired against Caligula. The inheritance of Nero, Agrippina's son and the future emperor, was seized by Caligula. Gaetulicus, a poet, produced a number of flattering writings about Caligula, but they too are lost.

The bulk of what is known of Caligula comes from Suetonius and Cassius Dio. Suetonius wrote his history on Caligula 80 years after his death, while Cassius Dio wrote his history over 180 years after Caligula's death. Cassius Dio's work is invaluable because it alone gives a loose chronology of Caligula's reign.

A handful of other sources add a limited perspective on Caligula. Josephus gives a detailed description of Caligula's assassination. Tacitus provides some information on Caligula's life under Tiberius. In a now lost portion of his ''Annals'', Tacitus gave a detailed history of Caligula. Pliny the Elder's ''Natural History'' has a few brief references to Caligula.

There are few surviving sources on Caligula and no surviving source paints Caligula in a favorable light. The paucity of sources has resulted in significant gaps in the reign of Caligula. Little is written on the first two years of Caligula's reign. Additionally, there are only limited details on later significant events, such as the annexation of Mauretania, Caligula's military actions in Britannia, and his feud with the Roman Senate.

Health

All surviving sources, except Pliny the Elder, characterize Caligula as insane. However it is not known whether they are speaking figuratively or literally. Additionally, given Caligula's unpopularity among the surviving sources, it is difficult to separate fact from fiction. Recent sources are divided in attempting to ascribe a medical reason for Caligula's behavior, citing as possibilities encephalitis, epilepsy or meningitis. The question of whether or not Caligula was insane remains unanswered.

Philo of Alexandria, Josephus and Seneca state Caligula was insane, but describe this madness as a personality trait that came through experience. Seneca states that Caligula became arrogant, angry and insulting once becoming emperor and uses his personality flaws as examples his readers can learn from. According to Josephus, power made Caligula incredibly conceited and led him to think he was a god. Philo of Alexandria reports that Caligula became ruthless after nearly dying of his illness in 39. Juvenal reports he was given a magic potion that drove him insane.

Suetonius said that Caligula suffered from "falling sickness", or epilepsy, when he was young. Modern historians have theorized that Caligula lived with a daily fear of seizures. Despite swimming being a part of imperial education, Caligula could not swim. Epileptics are encouraged not to swim in open waters because unexpected fitting in such difficult rescue circumstances can be fatal. Additionally, Caligula reportedly talked to the full moon. Epilepsy was long associated with the moon.

Some modern historians think that Caligula suffered from hyperthyroidism. This diagnosis is mainly attributed to Caligula's irritability and his "stare" as described by Pliny the Elder.

Rediscovery of burial site?

On 17 January 2011, police in Nemi, Italy, announced that they believed they had discovered the site of Caligula's burial, after arresting a thief caught smuggling a statue which they believed to be of the emperor. The claim has been met with skepticism by professional historian Mary Beard.

Ancestry

In popular culture

''Caligula'', by French author Albert Camus, is a play in which Caligula returns after deserting the palace for three days and three nights following the death of his beloved sister, Drusilla. The young emperor then uses his unfettered power to 'bring the impossible into the realm of the likely'.

In the novel ''I, Claudius'' by English writer Robert Graves, Caligula is presented as being a murderous sociopath from his childhood, who became clinically insane early in his reign. At the age of only seven, he drove his father Germanicus to despair and death by secretly terrorizing him. Graves's Caligula commits incest with all three of his sisters and is implied to have murdered Drusilla.

The Smiths song Heaven Knows I'm Miserable Now refers to Caligula.

American actor Jay Robinson famously portrayed a sinister and scene-stealing Caligula in two epic films of the 1950s, ''The Robe'' (1953) and its sequel ''Demetrius and the Gladiators'' (1954).

Caligula has been played by Ralph Bates in the 1968 ITV television series ''The Caesars''; John Hurt in the 1976 BBC television series ''I, Claudius''; John McEnery in the 1985 miniseries ''A.D.''; Szabolcs Hajdu in the 1996 film ''Caligula''; and John Simm in the 2004 miniseries ''Imperium Nerone''. In Muriel Spark's 1976 novel ''The Takeover'' the eccentric Hubert Mallindaine believes himself to be a direct descendant of Caligula.

In 1978, British comic 2000AD ran a Judge Dredd comic strip featuring Chief Judge Cal, loosely based on the real life Roman emperor.

A feature-length historical film ''Caligula'' was completed in 1979, in which Malcolm McDowell played the lead role. The film alienated audiences with extremely explicit sex and violence and received extremely negative reviews. Emlyn Williams was cast as Caligula in the never-completed 1937 film ''I, Claudius'', and Courtney Love appeared as Caligula in a fake trailer for ''Gore Vidal's Caligula'', ostensibly a remake of the 1979 film, but actually a parodic short film by conceptual artist Francesco Vezzoli.

The play ''The Reckoning of Kit and Little Boots'' by Nat Cassidy, examines the lives of the Elizabethan playwright Christopher Marlowe and Caligula, with the fictional conceit that Marlowe was working on a play about Caligula around the time of his own murder. It emphasizes the similarities between the two characters—both stabbed to death at 29, both in part as a result to their controversial perspectives on religion. The play focuses on Caligula's love for his sister Drusilla, and his deep-rooted loathing for Tiberius. It received its world premiere in New York City in June 2008.

In 2011 Avatar Press started publishing a comic book Caligula written by horror comic writer David Lapham

References

Notes

Bibliography

;Primary sources

Cassius Dio, ''Roman History'', Book 59

Josephus, ''Antiquities of the Jews'', (trans. W.Whiston), Books XVIII–XIX

Philo of Alexandria, (trans. C.D.Yonge, London, H. G. Bohn, 1854–1890):

*''On the Embassy to Gaius''

*''Flaccus''

Seneca the Younger

*''On Firmness''

*''On Anger''

*''To Marcia, On Consolation''

*''On Tranquility of Mind''

*''On the Shortness of Life''

*''To Polybius, On Consolation''

*''To Helvia, On Consolation''

*''On Benefits''

*''On the Terrors of Death'' (Epistle IV)

*''On Taking One's Own Life'' (Epistle LXXVII)

*''On the Value of Advice'' (Epistle XCIV)

Suetonius, ''The Lives of Twelve Caesars'', Life of Caligula

Tacitus, ''Annals'', Book 6

;Secondary material

External links

Biography from De Imperatoribus Romanis

Biography of Gaius Caligula

Straight Dope article

Caligula

A chronological account of his reign

Caligula at BBC History

Category:12 births Category:1st-century Roman emperors Category:41 crimes Category:41 deaths Category:Assassinated heads of state Category:Capri Category:Deaths by stabbing Category:Julio-Claudian Dynasty Category:People from the Province of Rome Category:Roman emperors murdered by the Praetorian Guard Category:Roman emperors to suffer posthumous denigration or damnatio memoriae Category:Deaths by stabbing

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name	Jay Robinson
birth date	April 14, 1930
birth place	New York City, New YorkUnited States
occupation	Film, television actor
yearsactive	1953-present
spouse	(her death) }}

Jay Robinson (born April 14, 1930) is an American actor specialising in character roles. He was born in New York City, New York.

Career

Robinson began his acting career in summer stock theatre and repertory companies, and eventually made his way to the Broadway stage, where he appeared in Shakespeare's ''As You Like It'' and ''Much Ado About Nothing''.

Robinson's first film role was as the insane Emperor Caligula in ''The Robe'' (1953), which he reprised in ''Demetrius and the Gladiators'' (1954). This was followed by roles in ''The Virgin Queen'' (1955) starring Bette Davis, ''My Man Godfrey'' (1957) with David Niven and June Allyson and ''Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Sex* (*But Were Afraid to Ask)'' (1972), the Woody Allen comedy and ''Bram Stoker's Dracula''.

He was also featured on two Folkways albums of Shakespeare: ''Othello: William Shakespeare'' and ''William Shakespeare: King Richard III'', which were both released in 1964.

Although Robinson is perhaps most well known to American audiences as the host and narrator for the Discovery Channel special (and later series) ''Beyond Bizarre'', his many television guest spots include ''Star Trek: The Original Series'' ("Elaan of Troyius"), the soap opera ''Days of our Lives'' (Monty, the homeless drunk), ''Planet of the Apes'' and the late 1970s title role in Sid & Marty Krofft's ''Dr. Shrinker'', prominently featured on ''The Krofft Supershow''. He also guest-starred as Cassius Thorne in the ''Buck Rogers in the 25th Century'' episode "Planet of the Amazon Women". He also appeared in two episodes of the situation comedy ''Bewitched'' with Elizabeth Montgomery.He also appeared in a episode of Tales of the Gold Monkey as the Governor in "Last Chance Louie", and as the Maitre d on episode 2x02 "The Playwright" of ''The Nanny'' .

He also appeared in "Born Again," the movie adaptation of the book of the same title, about Watergate figure, Charles W. Colson. Robinson played Colson's attorney. Dean Jones starred as Colson.

His distinctive voice is often confused with that of actor and voice-over artist Tony Jay.

Personal life

Robinson has married twice: Pauline Flowers from 1960 until her death in 2002, and Gloria Casas since 2004.

External links

Internet Accuracy Project profile

Robinson Discography at Smithsonian Folkways

Category:1930 births Category:Actors from New York City Category:American film actors Category:American television actors Category:Living people Category:People from New York City

it:Jay Robinson

name	Tinto Brass
birth name	Giovanni Brass
birth date	March 26, 1933
birth place	Milan, Italy
occupation	Film director
yearsactive	1963–today
spouse	Carla Cipriani (until 2006)
website	http://www.tintobrass.it/ }}

Giovanni Brass (born 26 March 1933), better known as Tinto Brass, is an Italian filmmaker. He is noted especially for his work in the erotic genre, with films such as ''Così fan tutte'' (released under the English title ''All Ladies Do It''), ''Paprika'', ''Monella'' (''Frivolous Lola'') and ''Trasgredire''. On Sunday, 18 April 2010, he suffered an intracranial hemorrhage.

Life

His nickname ''Tintoretto'' (later shortened to Tinto) was given by his grandfather Italico Brass, a renowned Gorizian painter of Austrian (German) descent. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s he created many avant-garde films, including ''Nerosubianco'', ''L'urlo'', and ''La Vacanza''. However, he is best known for his erotic epics, ''Salon Kitty'', ''The Key'', ''Senso '45'' and ''Caligula''. The latter film was a collaboration with celebrated author Gore Vidal, Franco Rossellini and ''Penthouse magazine'' publisher Bob Guccione. However, many consider ''Caligula'' not to be a true Tinto Brass film since post-production was not handled by Brass. The director demanded that his name be stricken from the credits after Guccione inserted hardcore sex scenes and recut much of the film's story and theme structure. Despite this, the film contains many of Brass' trademarks and remains his most widely viewed work (and the highest-grossing Italian film released in the United States). Well into his seventies, he continued to make films.

In 1972, he was a member of the jury at the 22nd Berlin International Film Festival.

He is an atheist.

Style

Brass' films follow an impressionistic style – they tend not to show immense landscapes, but bits and pieces of the scenery and peripheral characters and objects through pans and zooms, thus imitating how the viewer might see the events if they were actually present. This also gives the films an extraordinarily rapid pace. He often uses a television-like multicam method of shooting, with at least three cameras running at once, each focusing on something else.

There are many other directorial trademarks throughout his films. From 1976's ''Salon Kitty'' onwards, mirrors play a large part in the set design. Sometimes he even goes as far as to begin a scene with a mirror shot, then pan over to the action being reflected, giving a disorienting feeling. His erotic films – especially ''The Key'', ''Miranda'' and ''All Ladies Do It'' – often accentuate women's buttocks and hairy armpits, almost to the point of fetishizing those particular physical features.

Brass' films in the 1980s and early 1990s had mainly been adaptations of famous erotic literary works, namely ''The Key'' (''La chiave''), ''The Mistress of the Inn'' (''Miranda''), the novel ''Le lettere da Capri'' by Mario Soldati (''Capriccio''), ''Fanny Hill'' (''Paprika''), and the novel ''L'uomo che guarda'' by Alberto Moravia (''The Voyeur''), while 2002 film ''Senso '45'' is an adaptation of ''Senso'', previously filmed by Luchino Visconti.

He almost always works in a cameo for his friend Osiride Pevarello and, in the recent years, himself as well.

Filmography

''In capo al mondo'' or ''Chi lavora è perduto'' (1963)

''Ça ira - Il fiume della rivolta'' (1964)

''La mia signora'' (1964)

''Il disco volante'' (1964)

''Yankee'' (1966)

''Col cuore in gola'' (1967)

''L'urlo'' (1968)

''Nerosubianco'' (1969)

''Dropout'' (1970)

''La vacanza'' (1971)

''Salon Kitty'' (1975)

''Caligula'' (1979)

''Action'' (1980)

''La Chiave'' (1983)

''Miranda'' (1985)

''Capriccio'' (1987)

''Snack Bar Budapest'' (1988)

''Paprika'' (1991)

''Così fan tutte'' (1992)

''The Voyeur'' (1994)

''Fermo posta Tinto Brass'' (1995)

''Monella'' (1997)

''Trasgredire'' (2000)

''Senso '45'' (2002)

''Fallo!'' (aka ''Do It!'') (2003)

''Monamour'' (2005)

''Chi ha ucciso Caligola?'' (preproduction)

References

External links

Official Web Site

Tinto Brass Movies

Tinto Brass at ERTX

Tinto Brass Films

Art of Tinto Brass

Category:1933 births Category:Living people Category:People from Milan Category:Italian film directors Category:Italian film editors Category:Italian people of Austrian descent Category:Italian atheists

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birth date	July 26, 1945
birth name	Helen Lydia Mironoff
birth place	Chiswick, London, England
occupation	Actor
years active	1965–present
spouse	Taylor Hackford(1997–present)
partner	Taylor Hackford(1986–1997)
website	Official site }}

Dame Helen Mirren, DBE (born 26 July 1945) is an English actor. She has won an Academy Award for Best Actress, four SAG Awards, four BAFTAs, three Golden Globes, four Emmy Awards, and two Cannes Film Festival Best Actress Awards.

Early life and family

Mirren was born Helen Lydia Mironoff in Queen Charlotte's Hospital, Chiswick, West London. Her father, Vasiliy Petrovich Mironov (1913–1980), was of Russian origin, and her mother, Kitty (née Kathleen Alexandrina Eva Matilda Rogers; 1909–1996), was English. Mirren's paternal grandfather, Colonel Pyotr Vasilievich Mironov, was in the Tsarist Army and fought in the 1904 Russo-Japanese War. He later became a diplomat, and was negotiating an arms deal in Britain, when he and his family were stranded during the Russian Revolution. The former diplomat became a London cab driver to support his family.

His son, Helen Mirren's father, changed the family name to the Scottish-sounding Mirren in the 1950s and became known as Basil Mirren. He played the viola with the London Philharmonic before World War II, and later drove a cab and was a driving-test examiner, before becoming a civil servant with the Ministry of Transport. Mirren's mother was from West Ham, East London, and was the 13th of 14 children born to a butcher whose father had been the butcher to Queen Victoria. Mirren considers her upbringing to have been "very anti-monarchist".

The first house she remembers living in was in Westcliff-on-Sea, Essex, when she was two or three years old, after the birth of her younger brother, who was named Peter Basil after his grandfather and great-great-grandfather. Mirren was the second of three children, born two years after her older sister Katherine ("Kate"; born 1942). She later lived in Leigh-on-Sea.

Education

Mirren attended St Bernard's High School for Girls in Southend-on-Sea, where she acted in school productions, and subsequently a teaching college, the New College of Speech and Drama in London, "housed within Anna Pavlova's old home, Ivy House" on the North End Road – which leads from Golders Green to Hampstead, N. London. At age eighteen, she auditioned for the National Youth Theatre and was accepted. By the time she was 20, she was Cleopatra in the NYT production of ''Antony and Cleopatra'' at the Old Vic, which led to her signing with the agent Al Parker.

Theatre

Early years

Her work for the NYT led to Mirren joining the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC), playing Castiza in Trevor Nunn's 1966 staging of ''The Revenger's Tragedy'', Diana in ''All's Well That Ends Well'' in 1967, Cressida in ''Troilus and Cressida'' and Phebe in ''As You Like It'' in 1968, Julia in ''The Two Gentlemen of Verona'' in 1970, and Tatiana in Gorky's ''Enemies'' at the Aldwych and the title role in ''Miss Julie'' at The Other Place in 1971. She also appeared in four productions, directed by Braham Murray for Century Theatre at the University Theatre in Manchester between 1965 and 1967.

In 1970 Director/producer John Goldschmidt made the documentary film ''Doing Her Own Thing'' about Mirren at the Royal Shakespeare Company. The film was made for ATV and shown on the ITV Network in the UK.

In 1972–73 Mirren worked with Peter Brook's International Centre for Theatre Research, and joined the group's tour in North Africa and the US which created ''The Conference of the Birds''. Returning to the RSC she played Lady Macbeth at Stratford in 1974 and at the Aldwych Theatre in 1975.

As reported by Sally Beauman in her 1982 history of the RSC, Mirren, while appearing in Nunn's ''Macbeth'' (1974) and in a highly publicised letter to ''The Guardian'' newspaper, attacked both the National Theatre and the RSC for their lavish production expenditure, declaring it "unnecessary and destructive to the art of the Theatre," and adding, "The realms of truth, emotion and imagination reached for in acting a great play have become more and more remote, often totally unreachable across an abyss of costume and technicalities..." There were no discernible repercussions for this rebuke of the RSC.

West End and RSC

At the Royal Court in September 1975 she notably played rock star Maggie in ''Teeth 'n' Smiles'', a musical play by David Hare, which was revived at Wyndham's Theatre in May 1976 winning her the Plays & Players Best Actress award, voted by the London critics.

From November 1975 Mirren played in West End repertory with the Lyric Theatre Company as Nina in ''The Seagull'' and Ella in Ben Travers' new farce ''The Bed Before Yesterday'' ("Mirren is stirringly voluptuous as the Harlowesque good-time girl": Michael Billington, ''The Guardian'', 10 December 1975). At the RSC in Stratford in 1977, and at the Aldwych the following year, she played a steely Queen Margaret in Terry Hands' production of the three parts of ''Henry VI'', while 1979 saw her 'bursting with grace' with an acclaimed performance as Isabella in Peter Gill's otherwise unexceptional production of ''Measure for Measure'' at Riverside Studios.

In 1981 she returned to the Royal Court for the London premiere of Brian Friel's ''Faith Healer''. In the same year she also received acclaim for her performance in the title role of John Webster's ''The Duchess of Malfi'', a production of Manchester's Royal Exchange Theatre which transferred to The Roundhouse in Chalk Farm, London. Reviewing her portrayal for ''The Sunday Telegraph'', Francis King wrote: "Miss Mirren never leaves it in doubt that even in her absences, this ardent, beautiful woman is the most important character of the story."

Her performance as Moll Cutpurse in ''The Roaring Girl'' at the Royal Shakespeare Theatre in January 1983, and at the Barbican Theatre April 1983), "swaggered through the action with radiant singularity of purpose, filling in areas of light and shade that even Thomas Middleton and Thomas Dekker omitted." – Michael Coveney, ''Financial Times'', April 1983.

After a relatively barren sojourn in the Hollywood Hills, she returned to England at the beginning of 1989 to co-star with Bob Peck at the Young Vic in the London premiere of the Arthur Miller double-bill, ''Two Way Mirror'', performances which prompted Miller to remark: "What is so good about English actors is that they are not afraid of the open expression of large emotions" (interview by Sheridan Morley: ''The Times'' 11 January 1989). In ''Elegy for a Lady'' she played the svelte proprietress of a classy boutique, while as the blonde hooker in ''Some Kind of Love Story'' she was "clad in a Freudian slip and shifting easily from waif-like vulnerability to sexual aggression, giving the role a breathy Monroesque quality" (Michael Billington, ''The Guardian'').

Broadway debut

A further stage breakthrough came in 1994, in an Yvonne Arnaud Theatre production bound for the West End, when Bill Bryden cast her as Natalya Petrovna in Ivan Turgenev's ''A Month in the Country''. Her co-stars were John Hurt as her aimless lover Rakitin and Joseph Fiennes in only his second professional stage appearance as the cocksure young tutor Belyaev. "Instead of a bored Natalya fretting the summer away in dull frocks, Mirren, dazzlingly gowned, is a woman almost wilfully allowing her heart's desire for her son's young tutor to rule her head and wreak domestic havoc....Creamy shoulders bared, she feels free to launch into a gloriously enchanted, dreamily comic self-confession of love." (John Thaxter, Richmond & Twickenham Times, 4 March 1994).

Mirren was twice nominated for Broadway's Tony Award as Best Actress (Play): in 1995 for her Broadway debut in ''A Month in the Country'', now directed by Scott Ellis ("Miss Mirren's performance is bigger and more animated than the one she gave last year in an entirely different London production", Vincent Canby in the NY Times, 26 April 1995). Then again in 2002 for August Strindberg's ''Dance of Death'', co-starring with Sir Ian McKellen, their fraught rehearsal period coinciding with the terrorist attacks on New York on September 11, 2001 (as recorded in her ''In the Frame'' autobiography, September 2007).

National Theatre

Mirren had an unhappy experience at the National Theatre in 1998 when she played Cleopatra to Alan Rickman's Antony. In 2000 Nicholas Hytner, who had worked with Mirren on the film version of ''The Madness of King George'', cast her as Lady Torrance in his revival of Tennessee Williams' ''Orpheus Descending'' at the Donmar Warehouse in London. Michael Billington, reviewing for ''The Guardian'', described her performance as "an exemplary study of an immigrant woman who has acquired a patina of resilient toughness but who slowly acknowledges her sensuality."

At the National Theatre in November 2003 she again won praise playing Christine Mannon ("defiantly cool, camp and skittish", ''Evening Standard''; "glows with mature sexual allure", ''Daily Telegraph'') in a revival of Eugene O'Neill's ''Mourning Becomes Electra'' directed by Howard Davies.

“This production was one of the best experiences of my professional life, The play was four and a half hours long, and I have never known that kind of response from an audience ... It was the serendipity of a beautifully cast play, with great design and direction, It will be hard to be in anything better.” (''In the Frame'', September 2007).

She played the tragic title role in Jean Racine's ''Phèdre'' at the National in 2009, in a production directed by Nicholas Hytner. The production was also staged at the amphitheater of Epidaurus on 11 and 12 July 2009.

Selected stage credits

Cleopatra, ''Anthony and Cleopatra'', Old Vic Theatre, London, 1965

Cathleen, ''Long Day's Journey Into Night'', Century Theatre, Manchester,England 1965

Kitty, ''Charley's Aunt'', Century Theatre, Manchester, 1967

Nerissa, ''The Merchant of Venice'', Century Theatre,Manchester, 1967

Castiza, ''The Revenger's Tragedy'', Royal Shakespeare Company, Stratford-upon-Avon, England, 1967

Diana, ''All's Well That Ends Well'', Royal Shakespeare Company, Stratford-upon-Avon, 1967

Cressida, ''Troilus and Cressida'', Royal Shakespeare Company, Aldwych Theatre, London, 1968

Hero, ''Much Ado about Nothing'', Aldwych Theatre, 1968–1969

Win-the-Fight Littlewit, ''Bartholomew Fair'', Aldwych Theatre, 1969

Lady Anne, ''Richard III'', Royal Shakespeare Company, Stratford-upon-Avon, 1970

Ophelia, ''Hamlet'', Royal Shakespeare Company, Stratford-upon-Avon, 1970

Julia, ''The Two Gentlemen of Verona'', Royal Shakespeare Company, Stratford-upon-Avon, 1970

Tatyana, ''Enemies'', Royal Shakespeare Company, Aldwych Theatre, 1971

Harriet, ''The Man of Mode'', Royal Shakespeare Company, Aldwych Theatre, 1971

Title role, ''Miss Julie'', Royal Shakespeare Company, Aldwych Theatre, 1971

Elayne, ''The Balcony'', Royal Shakespeare Company, Aldwych Theatre, 1971

Isabella, ''Measure for Measure'', Riverside Studios Theatre, London,1974

Lady Macbeth, ''Macbeth'', Royal Shakespeare Company, Stratford-upon-Avon, 1974, then Aldwych Theatre, 1975

Maggie, ''Teeth 'n' Smiles'', Royal Court Theatre, London, 1975, thenWyndham's Theatre, London, 1976

Nina, ''The Seagull'', Lyric Theatre, London, 1975

Ella, ''The Bed before Yesterday'', Lyric Theatre, 1975

Queen Margaret, ''Henry VI, Parts I, II and III'', Royal Shakespeare Company, Stratford-upon-Avon, 1977, then Aldwych Theatre, 1978

Title role, ''The Duchess of Malfi'', Royal Exchange Theatre, Manchester, England, 1980, then Mound House Theatre, London, 1981

Grace, ''Faith Healer'', Royal Court Theatre, 1981

Cleopatra, ''Antony and Cleopatra'', Pit Theatre, London, 1983

Moll Cutpurse, ''The Roaring Girl'', Barbican Theatre, London, 1983

Marjorie, ''Extremities'', Duchess Theatre, London, 1984

''Madame Bovary'', 1987

Angela, "Some Kind of Love Story," and dying woman, "Elegy for a Lady," in ''Two-Way Mirror'' (double-bill), Young Vic Theatre, *London, 1989

''Sex Please We're Italian'', 1991

Natalya Petrovna, ''A Month in the Country'', London, 1994, then Criterion Theatre, New York City, 1995

''Antony and Cleopatra'', Royal National Theatre, London, 1998

''Collected Stories'', London, 1999

Lady Torrance, ''Orpheus Descending'', Donmar Warehouse, London, 2000

Alice, ''Dance of Death'', Broadhurst Theatre, New York City, 2001–2002

''Mourning Becomes Electra'', Lyttelton Stage, Royal National Theatre, 2003

''Phedre'', National Theatre, 2009

Also appeared as Susie Monmican, The Silver Lassie; in ''Woman in Mind'', Los Angeles.

Film

Mirren has also appeared in a large number of films throughout her career. Some of her earlier film roles include ''Age of Consent'', ''O Lucky Man!'', ''Caligula'', ''Excalibur'', ''2010'', ''The Long Good Friday'', ''White Nights'', ''When the Whales Came'' and ''The Mosquito Coast''. She appeared in ''Some Mother's Son'', ''Painted Lady'', ''The Prince of Egypt'' and ''The Madness of King George''. One of her other film roles was in Peter Greenaway's ''The Cook, The Thief, His Wife and Her Lover'', as the eponymous thief's wife, opposite Michael Gambon. Her favourite film is ''Teaching Mrs. Tingle'', in which she plays sadistic History teacher, Mrs Eve Tingle.

Mirren continued her successful film career when she starred more recently in ''Gosford Park'' with Maggie Smith and ''Calendar Girls'' where she starred with Julie Walters. Other more recent appearances include ''The Clearing'', ''Pride'', ''Raising Helen'', and ''Shadowboxer''. Mirren also provided the voice for the supercomputer "Deep Thought" in the film adaptation of Douglas Adams' ''The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy''. During her career, she has portrayed three British queens in different films and television series: Elizabeth I in the television series ''Elizabeth I'' (2005), Elizabeth II in ''The Queen'' (2006), and Queen Charlotte, the wife of George III, in ''The Madness of King George'' (1994). She is the only actress ever to have portrayed both Queens Elizabeth on the screen.

Mirren's title role of ''The Queen'' earned her numerous acting awards including a BAFTA, a Golden Globe, and an Academy Award, among many others. During her acceptance speech at the Academy Award ceremony, she praised and thanked Elizabeth II and stated that she had maintained her dignity and weathered many storms during her reign as Queen. Mirren later appeared in supporting roles in the films ''National Treasure 2: Book of Secrets'', ''Inkheart'', ''State of Play'', and ''The Last Station'', for which she was nominated for an Oscar.

In preparation for her role as a retired Israeli Mossad agent in the film ''The Debt'', Mirren reportedly immersed herself in studies of Hebrew language, Jewish history, and Holocaust writing, including the life of Simon Wiesenthal, while in Israel in 2009 for the filming of some of the movie's scenes. The film is a remake of a 2007 Israeli film of the same name (Hebrew: Ha-khov).

Television

Mirren is known for her role as detective Jane Tennison in the widely viewed ''Prime Suspect'', a multiple award-winning television drama that was noted for its high quality and popularity. Her portrayal of Tennison won her three consecutive BAFTA awards for Best Actress between 1992 and 1994.

Some of Mirren's other television performances include ''Cousin Bette'' (1971); ''As You Like It'' (1979); ''Blue Remembered Hills'' (1979); ''The Twilight Zone'' episode "Dead Woman's Shoes" (1985); ''Losing Chase'' (1996); ''The Passion of Ayn Rand'' (1999), where her performance won her both the Emmy and the Golden Globe; ''Door to Door'' (2002); and ''The Roman Spring of Mrs. Stone'' (2003). In 1976, she appeared with Laurence Olivier, Alan Bates and Malcolm McDowell in a production of Harold Pinter's ''The Collection'' as part of the ''Laurence Olivier Presents'' series. She also played Elizabeth I in 2005, in the television serial ''Elizabeth I'', for Channel 4 and HBO, for which she received an Emmy Award. Mirren won another Emmy Award on 16 September 2007 for her role in ''Prime Suspect: The Final Act'' on PBS in the same category as in 2006.

Mirren hosted ''Saturday Night Live'' on 9 April 2011.

Awards and recognition

Film awards

In 1984, Mirren won Best Actress for her role in the film ''Cal'' at the Cannes Film Festival and the 1985 Evening Standard British Film Awards. In 1994 and 2001, she was nominated for the Best Supporting Actress Academy Award for her roles in ''The Madness of King George'' and ''Gosford Park'', respectively. In 1995, she had also been awarded for Best Actress once again in Cannes for playing Queen Charlotte in ''The Madness of King George''. In 2002, she received the SAG Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture for ''Gosford Park''. Mirren is the first female actress to be nominated for three acting performances at the Golden Globe Awards in the same year. She won the Golden Globe for Best Actress in a Leading Role in the movie drama category for Stephen Frears' ''The Queen'' in 2006 (along with two nominations in the Actress in a Mini-series or TV Movie category for ''Elizabeth I'', and ''Prime Suspect: Final Act''). She won both Golden Globes for ''The Queen'' and ''Elizabeth I'' and also won two SAG awards the same year for the same roles. Mirren is the third actor to win two Golden Globes in the same year, and the first ever to win for both leading roles in TV and film in the same year. She is one of only three actresses (the first was Liza Minnelli in 1973 and then decades later Helen Hunt) to win a Golden Globe, an Oscar and an Emmy for performances given in the same year.

Along with the Golden Globe, Mirren's acclaimed performance in ''The Queen'' won her the 2007 Academy Award for Best Actress. She also received Best Actress awards from the Venice Film Festival, Broadcast Film Critics, National Board of Review, Satellite Awards, Screen Actors Guild and a BAFTA, as well as critics awards from all over the world. Entertainment Weekly recently ranked her Number 2 for Entertainer of the Year for 2006 and also won the award for best actress in film at the new Greatest Britons Awards for her role in ''The Queen''. In 2007, Mirren became an Honorary Patron of the University Philosophical Society at Trinity College Dublin.

She won the Best Actress award at the 2009 Rome International Film Festival for her performance as Tolstoy's wife in ''The Last Station''.

Academy Award nominations

Best Actress

* '''2006 – ''The Queen''

* 2009 – ''The Last Station''

Best Supporting Actress

* 1994 – ''The Madness of King George''

* 2001 – ''Gosford Park''

Television awards

Mirren won a Golden Globe for Best Actress in a Leading Role in a Mini-series or TV Movie in 1997 for her role in ''Losing Chase''. She received two nominations in the Actress in a Mini-series or TV Movie category for ''Elizabeth I'', and ''Prime Suspect: The Final Act'', where she only won the Golden Globe for her title role performance in ''Elizabeth I''. In that same year she won an SAG award for that same role. Mirren also won an Emmy for her role in ''Elizabeth I'' in category Lead Actress in a Mini-Series or a Movie in 2006. She had previously won an Emmy twice before, in that same category, in 1996 for her role in ''Prime Suspect: Scent of Darkness'' and in 1999 for ''The Passion of Ayn Rand''.

At the end of a triumphant year of awards for her acclaimed movie performance as Queen Elizabeth II in ''The Queen'', Dame Helen also collected a 2007 Emmy Television award as Best Actress in a Mini-Series for her performance as Detective Superintendent Jane Tennison in ''Prime Suspect: The Final Act''. She now has four Emmy awards. This seventh, and apparently concluding instalment, of the ''Prime Suspect'' saga portrayed Tennison as an alcoholic destined for retirement. It was screened in the US on the public service network PBS.

Emmy Awards

Awards won are indicated by bold lettering.

Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or Movie

1993 – ''Prime Suspect 2''

1994 – ''Prime Suspect 3''

1996 – ''''Prime Suspect 4'': "Scent of Darkness"''

1997 – ''Prime Suspect 5: Errors of Judgment''

1999 – ''The Passion of Ayn Rand''

2003 – ''The Roman Spring of Mrs. Stone''

2004 – ''Prime Suspect 6: The Last Witness''

2006 – ''Elizabeth I''

2007 – ''Prime Suspect: The Final Act''

Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or Movie

2003 – ''Door to Door''

Critics' Circle Award for Distinguished Service to the Arts

Each year, since 1988, The Critics' Circle has presented an award for Distinguished Service to the Arts voted for by all members of the Circle embracing: Dance, Drama, Film, Music, Visual Arts and Architecture. At a celebratory luncheon, on 10 April 2007 in the National Theatre's Terrace Restaurant, the award for 2006 was presented to Dame Helen Mirren. As David Gritten, chairman of the Film section made clear, the decision to make the award was voted on in November 2006, well in advance of the awards hubbub that surrounded her performance in ''The Queen''. Accepting the award, an engraved crystal rose bowl, Mirren described it as the most useful she has ever received, while reflecting poignantly that this now "might be the last award I will win in my life. It has been a most incredible year. You do the work and then....." Previous recipients include Peter Hall (1988), Judi Dench (1997) and Ian McKellen (2003).

Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire

On 5 December 2003, she was invested as a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE). When she received the honour, Mirren commented that Prince Charles was "very graceful" but forgot to give her half of the award. Another person had to remind him to give Mirren the star. She also said that she felt wary about accepting the award and had to be persuaded by fellow comrades to accept the DBE. In 1996, she had declined appointment as a Commander of the order (CBE).

Personal life

Mirren married American director Taylor Hackford (her partner since 1986) on 31 December 1997, his 53rd birthday. The ceremony took place at the Ardersier Parish Church near Inverness in the Scottish Highlands. The couple had met on the set of ''White Nights''. It is her first marriage, and his third (he has two children from his previous marriages). Mirren has no children and says she has "no maternal instinct whatsoever."

In the August 2011 issue of Esquire magazine, Mirren said, "I am quite spiritual. I believed in fairies when I was a child. I still do sort of believe in the fairies. And the leprechauns. But I don't believe in God."

Mirren's autobiography, ''In the Frame: My Life in Words and Pictures'', was published in the UK by Weidenfeld and Nicolson in September 2007. Reviewing for ''The Stage'', John Thaxter wrote: "Sumptuously illustrated, at first sight it looks like another of those photo albums of the stars. But between the pictures there are almost 200 pages of densely printed text, an unusually frank story of her private and professional life, mainly in the theatre, the words clearly Mirren's own, delivered with forthright candour."

In 1990, Mirren stated in an interview that she is an atheist.

In a ''GQ'' interview in 2008, Mirren stated she had been date raped as a student and had often taken cocaine at parties during the 1980s. She stopped using the drug after reading that Klaus Barbie made a living from cocaine dealing.

On 11 May 2010, Mirren attended the unveiling of her waxwork at Madame Tussauds London. The figure reportedly cost £150,000 to make and took four months to complete.

Controversy

In July 2010, during the Anglo-American BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill, Mirren declared herself to be "embarrassed and mortified at being British" had England defeated the US at football during the 2010 FIFA World Cup. "I was so relieved it was a draw because, you know, if Britain had beaten America, what with BP, which to my mind stands for bloody p***-poor."

This provoked an angry response in the UK, where British tabloid ''The Daily Mail'' accused her of being disloyal and cynically playing up to her American audience.

References in pop culture

The Mars Volta on their 2008 album The Bedlam in Goliath have a song called "Ilyena" that is named after Mirren. Mars Volta lyricist/singer Cedric Bixler-Zavala has stated an affinity for Mirren.

Filmography

+Film and television credits	! Year	! Title	! Role	Notes
1967	''Herostratus''
1968	''''	Hermia
1969	''Red Hot Shot''
1969		Cora Ryan
1972	''Miss Julie''	Miss Julie
1972	''Savage Messiah''	Gosh Boyle
1973	''O Lucky Man!''	Patricia
1975	''Caesar and Claretta''	Claretta Petacci
1976	''Hamlet''	Ophelia (character)
1979	''''	Joanne
1979		[[Caesonia
1980	''Hussy''	Beaty
1980	''''	Alice Rage
1980	''''	Victoria
1981		Morgana
1984		Marcella
1984		Tanya Kirbuk
1984		Princess Amelia	TV series: 1 episode
1985	''Heavenly Pursuits''	Ruth Chancellor
1985	''Coming Through''	Frieda von Richtofen Weekley
1985		Galina Ivanova
1986	''''	Mother Fox
1988		Lydia Neuman
1989	''When the Whales Came''	Clemmie Jenkins
1989	''''	Georgina Spica
1990	''Bethune: The Making of a Hero''	Frances Penny Bethune
1990	''''	Caroline
1991		Jane Tennison	TV series
1991		Lilia Herriton
1993	''''	Annie Marsh
1993		Geruth
1994	''''
1995	''''	Snow Queen	(voice)
1996	''Some Mother's Son''	Kathleen Quigley	Also Associate Producer
1992	''Losing Chase''	Chase Phillips	TV
1997	''Critical Care''	Stella
1998	''Sidoglio Smithee''
1998	''''	The Queen	(voice)
1999	''''	Ayn Rand
1999	''Teaching Mrs. Tingle''	Mrs. Eve Tingle
2000	''Greenfingers''	Georgina Woodhouse
2001	''''	Doctor
2001		The Boss
2001	''Happy Birthday''	Distinguished Woman	Also Director
2001		Amy
2001	''Gosford Park''	Mrs. Wilson
2003	''''	Karen Stone	TV
2003	''Calendar Girls''	Chris Harper
2004	''''	Eileen Hayes
2004	''Raising Helen''	Dominique
2005	''''	Deep Thought	(voice)
2005
2005	''Shadowboxer''	Rose
2006	''''	Queen Elizabeth II
2007	''National Treasure: Book of Secrets''	Emily Appleton
2008		Elinor Loredan
2009		Cameron Lynne
2009	''''
2010	''Love Ranch''	Grace Bontempo
2010	''''
2010		Ida
2010		Victoria
2010	''Legend of the Guardians: The Owls of Ga'Hoole''	Nyra	(voice)
2011		Lillian Hobson
2011	''''	Rachel Singer

Further reading

''Command Performance'', a profile of Helen Mirren written by John Lahr in The New Yorker magazine, 2 October 2006

''In the Frame: My Life in Words and Pictures'' (autobiography) by Helen Mirren, Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 2007 ISBN 978-0-297-85197-4.

*Rather than writing an autobiography Helen Mirren was commissioned by Alan Samson at Orion Books to write about her life in a series of chapters based on pictures from her extensive personal collection of photography and memorabilia. Edited by Chris Worwood, with whom she worked on the Award-winning HBO series ''Elizabeth'', the book covers every aspect of her life from her aristocratic Russian heritage to her days with Peter Hall's RSC company to her Academy Award for ''The Queen''.

References

External links

Official website

Helen Mirren at the MBC Encyclopedia of Television

Helen Mirren Biography at Tiscali

The Helen Mirren Appreciation Society, official fan club

Arifa Akbar, "Helen Mirren: The good, the bad and The Queen", (interview), ''The Independent'' (London), 27 May 2007

Kevin Maher, ''Dame Helen Mirren: I'm an Essex Girl'' (interview), ''The Times'' (London), 12 February 2010

Morley Safer profile of Helen Mirren on ''CBS'' ''60 Minutes'', 7 January 2007

Category:1945 births Category:Living people Category:20th-century actors Category:21st-century actors Category:Actors from Essex Category:Actresses awarded British damehoods Category:Alumni of Middlesex University Category:Audio book narrators Category:BAFTA winners (people) Category:Best Actress Academy Award winners Category:Best Drama Actress Golden Globe (film) winners Category:Best Miniseries or Television Movie Actress Golden Globe winners Category:Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire Category:Emmy Award winners Category:English atheists Category:English film actors Category:English people of Russian descent Category:English radio actors Category:English stage actors Category:English television actors Category:English voice actors Category:European Film Award for Best Actress winners Category:Golden Orange Honorary Award winners Category:Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Screen Actors Guild Award winners Category:Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role Screen Actors Guild Award winners Category:Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie Screen Actors Guild Award winners Category:People from Westcliff-on-Sea Category:Royal National Theatre Company members Category:Royal Shakespeare Company members

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birth date	June 13, 1943
birth name	Malcolm John Taylor
birth place	Horsforth, West Yorkshire, England, United Kingdom
occupation	Actor
years active	1968–present
spouses-	Margot Bennett (1975–1980)Mary Steenburgen(1980–1990)Kelley kuhr(2001-present)}}

Malcolm McDowell (born 13 June 1943) is an English actor with a career spanning over forty years.

McDowell is principally known for his roles in the controversial films ''If....'', ''O Lucky Man!'', ''A Clockwork Orange'' and ''Caligula''. His versatility as an actor has led to his presence in many films and television series of different genres, including ''Tank Girl'', ''Star Trek Generations'', the TV serial ''Our Friends in the North'', ''Entourage'', ''Heroes'', ''Metalocalypse'', the animated film ''Bolt'' and the 2007 remake of ''Halloween'' and the 2009 sequel ''Halloween II''. He is also well known for his narration of the seminal 1982 documentary ''The Compleat Beatles''.

Early life

McDowell was born Malcolm John Taylor in Horsforth, then in the West Riding of Yorkshire, now a part of the City of Leeds, the son of Edna (née McDowell), a hotelier, and Charles Taylor, a pub owner. However, six weeks after McDowell was born, his family relocated to the east coast of Yorkshire (in Bridlington) because his father was in the Royal Air Force. McDowell trained as an actor at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art.

Career

McDowell began his professional life serving drinks in his parents' pub and then as a coffee salesman (the latter job providing inspiration for the movie ''O Lucky Man!''). While enrolled in Cannock House School, he began taking acting classes, and eventually secured work as an extra with the Royal Shakespeare Company. McDowell made his screen debut as school rebel Mick Travis in ''If....'' (1968) by British director Lindsay Anderson. This was followed by ''Figures in a Landscape'' (1970) and ''The Raging Moon'' (1971). His performance in ''If....'' caught the attention of Stanley Kubrick, who cast McDowell as the lead in ''A Clockwork Orange'', adapted from the novel of the same name by Anthony Burgess. He won great acclaim (nominated for a Golden Globe and an award by the New York Film Critics Circle in the category of Best Actor) for his role as Alex, a young sociopath brainwashed by an authoritarian British government.

McDowell worked with Anderson again for ''O Lucky Man!'' (1973), which was based on his own idea, and ''Britannia Hospital'' (1982). McDowell regularly turned up on British television productions in the 1970s in adaptations of theatre classics, one example being with Laurence Olivier in ''The Collection'' (1976), as part of the series ''Laurence Olivier Presents'', as Olivier's younger lover. He starred in ''Aces High'' (1975) and co-starred in ''Voyage of the Damned'' (1976), and as Dornford Yates' gentleman hero Richard Chandos in ''She Fell Among Thieves'' (1977). He made his Hollywood debut as H.G. Wells in ''Time After Time'' (1979).

McDowell mainly portrayed antagonists in the late 1970s and 1980s, including the title character in ''Caligula'' (1979). He later remarked upon his career playing film villains: "I suppose I'm primarily known for that but in fact, that would only be half of my career if I was to tot it all up."

In his biography ''Anthony Burgess: A Life'', author Roger Lewis commented on McDowell's later career; "his pretty-boy looks faded and he was condemned to playing villains in straight-to-video movies that turn up on Channel 5."

McDowell also appeared in the 1983 action film ''Blue Thunder'' as F.E. Cochrane, and the 1982 remake of ''Cat People''. In 1983, he starred in ''Get Crazy'' as Reggie Wanker, a parody of Mick Jagger. Also in 1983, McDowell starred as The Wolf (Reginald von Lupen) in ''Faerie Tale Theatre'''s rendition of "Little Red Riding Hood" (his wife at that time, Mary Steenburgen, played Little Red Riding Hood). In 1984, he narrated the documentary ''The Compleat Beatles''.

McDowell is well known in ''Star Trek'' circles as "the man who killed Captain Kirk" in the 1994 film ''Star Trek Generations'', in which he played the mad scientist Dr. Tolian Soran. McDowell has also appeared in several computer games, most notably as Admiral Tolwyn in the ''Wing Commander'' series of computer games. His appearance in ''Wing Commander III'' marked the series transition from 2D pre-rendered cutscenes to live-action cutscenes. His appearance in ''Wing Commander IV'' was during the final days of video game live action cutscenes.

In 1995, McDowell co-starred with actress and artist Lori Petty in the action/science fiction/comedy film ''Tank Girl''. Here, he played the villain Dr. Kesslee, the evil director of the global Water and Power Company, whose main goal in the story was to control the planet's entire water supply on a future desert-like, post-apocalyptic Earth.

McDowell played himself in Robert Altman's ''The Player'', in which he chastises protagonist Griffin Mill (Tim Robbins) for badmouthing him behind his back. He worked with Altman once again in 2003 for ''The Company'' as Mr. A. the fictional director of the Joffrey Ballet of Chicago. His character was based on real-life director Gerald Arpino.

In the 2003 film ''I'll Sleep When I'm Dead'', he played a straight married man who rapes a young drug dealer to "teach him a lesson". The film also starred Clive Owen as the victim's older brother.

In 2006, McDowell portrayed radio mogul Jonas Slaughter on ''Law & Order: Criminal Intent'', In 2007, he portrayed the wealthy, conspiratorial villain Mr. Linderman during the first season of the NBC hit series ''Heroes'', a role he reprised in the third season premiere. He has starred in ''Jerry Was a Man'', which has appeared as an episode of ''Masters of Science Fiction'', on ABC and Sky. He also portrayed Terrence McQuewick on ''Entourage'' and Julian Hodge on ''Monk''.

McDowell appeared as Dr. Sam Loomis in Rob Zombie's 2007 remake of the horror film ''Halloween'', and its sequel ''Halloween II''. He also played Desmond LaRochette in Robert Whitlow's ''The List'', and Irish patriarch Enda Doyle in 2008's ''Red Roses and Petrol''. His next film is Canadian vampire comedy rock and roll movie ''Suck'' with director and actor Rob Stefaniuk and the upcoming Alex Wright film ''Two Wolves''. In December 2009 McDowell made an appearance in the music video "Snuff" by the band Slipknot. He appears, uncredited, as Lombardi, the curator, in the 2010 film ''The Book of Eli''. McDowell portrayed Satan in the upcoming comedy drama thriller ''Suing the Devil''. He will appear in the upcoming film ''Silent Hill: Revelation 3D'' as Leonard Wolf, the insane co-leader of a cult.

Voice acting

McDowell was the featured narrator in the documentary, ''The Compleat Beatles'' released in 1982.

McDowell has lent his voice to Lord Maliss in ''Happily Ever After'', the Superman villain Metallo in ''Superman: The Animated Series'', Mad Mod in ''Teen Titans'', Merlyn in DC Showcase: Green Arrow, Arkady Duvall (son of Ra's Al Ghul) in ''Batman: The Animated Series'', the narrator of an episode of ''South Park'' - wherein he is introduced as "A British Person" - and as the voice of a Death Star commander in a ''Robot Chicken'' episode parodying ''Star Wars''. He is also a regular on the second season of the Adult Swim cartoon ''Metalocalypse'' as Vater Orlaag and other characters. McDowell also voiced Dr. Calico in Disney's ''Bolt''.

In 2006-07, he contributed spoken word to two Pink Floyd tribute albums produced by Billy Sherwood: ''Back Against the Wall'', and ''Return to the Dark Side of the Moon''. In 2008, McDowell began a recurring role as Grandpa Fletcher on ''Phineas and Ferb''. He also narrated the award-winning documentary ''Blue Gold: World Water Wars''.

McDowell reprised his role of Metallo in the video game ''Superman: Shadow of Apokolips'' and an episode of ''Justice League Unlimited''. He also provided his voice for the character President John Henry Eden in the video game ''Fallout 3'', Rupert Pelham in the game ''WET'', King ''Solomon'' in the Word of Promise Audio Bible, and the ''CEO'' of Stahl Arms in ''Killzone 3'', Jorhan Stahl. He also voiced Daedalus in ''God of War III''.

McDowell portrays the role of "Caiaphas" in "The Truth & Life Dramatized audio New Testament Bible," a 22-hour, celebrity-voiced, fully-dramatized audio New Testament which uses the RSV-CE translation.

McDowell is the host of "Fangoria's Dreadtime Stories" a monthly-series of fully-dramatized radio dramas with a mystery, horror, sci-fi and dark humor theme. Written by top writers of today, including Dennis Etchison and Max Allan Collins, these stories are creepy, cutting edge and not for the faint of heart. The series is produced by Carl Amari, who also produces The Twilight Zone radio dramas. The executive producer is Thomas DeFeo (CEO of Fangoria magazine) with Chris Roe as the associate producer. Original music for each episode is by Chris Alexander, an established composer and Fangoria editor-in-chief. Each month a new episode is available for free streaming worldwide at Fangoria's website www.fangoria.com All episodes, current and past, are available for digital download. The radio drama scripts, which are used by McDowell and the supporting actors, are also available to print in PDF at the Fangoria website for free.

Personal life

McDowell was married to extra Margot Bennett from 1975-80. He then married Mary Steenburgen, whom he had first met while filming ''Time After Time'', and they had two children together: Lily Amanda (born 21 January 1981) and Charles Malcolm (born 10 July 1983), before ending in 1990. In 1991, McDowell married Kelley Kuhr with a 20 year age gap, with whom he has three children: Beckett Taylor McDowell (born 29 January 2004), Finnian Anderson McDowell (born 23 December 2006), and Seamus Hudson McDowell (born 7 January 2009). He currently resides in Ojai, California. He is the uncle of actor Alexander Siddig, who appeared in ''Star Trek: Deep Space Nine'', ''Kingdom of Heaven'', ''Syriana'', ''24'', and the current fourth (2011) season of the UK and BBC America hit series ''Primeval''. He and his nephew both appeared in the movie ''Doomsday'' by director Neil Marshall.

Filmography, Voice-overs and TV work

''if....'' (1968)

''Figures in a Landscape'' (1970)

''The Raging Moon'' (1971)

''A Clockwork Orange'' (1971)

''O Lucky Man!''- also writer (1973)

''["Once"]-(1974)

''Royal Flash'' (1975)

''Voyage of the Damned'' (1976)

''Aces High'' (1976)

''Laurence Olivier Presents'': ''The Collection'' (TV) (1976)

''Caligula'' (1979)

''The Passage'' (1979)

''Time After Time'' (1979)

''Look Back in Anger'' (1980)

''Britannia Hospital'' (1982)

''Cat People'' (1982)

''Blue Thunder'' (1983)

''Cross Creek'' (1983)

''Faerie Tale Theatre's Little Red Riding Hood'' (TV) (1983)

''Get Crazy'' (1983)

''The Compleat Beatles'' (1984)

''Merlin and the Sword'' (TV) (1985)

''Gulag'' (TV) (1985)

''The Caller'' (1987)

''Buy & Cell'' (1987)

''Sunset'' (1988)

''Mortacci'' (1989)

''II Maestro'' (1989)

''Jezebel's Kiss'' (1990)

''Schweitzer'' (1990)

''Class of 1999'' (1990)

''Moon 44'' (1990)

''Disturbed'' (1990).

''The Assassin of the Tsar'' (1991)

''Tales from the Crypt'' (episode ''The Reluctant Vampire'')(TV)(1991)

''The Player'' (1992)

''Chain of Desire'' (1992)

''Vent d'est'' (1993)

''Happily Ever After'' (voice) (1993)

''Night Train to Venice'' (1993)

''Bopha!'' (1993)

''Wing Commander III: Heart of the Tiger'' (VG) (1994)

''The Man Who Wouldn't Die'' (TV) (1994)

''Cyborg 3: The Recycler'' (1994)

''Star Trek Generations'' (1994)

''In The Eye of the Snake'' (1994)

''Dangerous Indescretion'' (1994)

''Milk Money'' (1994)

''Spider-Man'' (TV) (voice)(1994)

''Exquisite Tenderness'' (1995)

''Tank Girl'' (1995)

''Fist of the North Star'' (1995)

''The Great War and the Shaping of the 20th Century'' (TV) (voice) (1996)

''Ringer'' (1996)

''Wing Commander IV: The Price of Freedom'' (VG) (1996)

''Our Friends in the North'' (TV) (1996)

''The Little Riders'' (TV) (1996)

''Where Truth Lies'' (1996)

''Wing Commander Academy'' (TV) (voice) (1996)

''Pearl'' (TV) (1996–1997)

''Superman: The Animated Series'' (TV) (voice) (1996–2000)

''Kids of the Round Table'' (1995)

''Asylum'' (1997)

''2103: The Deadly Wake'' (1997)

''Hugo Pool'' (1997)

''Mr. Magoo'' (1997)

''Lexx'' (TV, episode ''Giga Shadow'') (1997)

''Fantasy Island'' (TV) (1998–1999)

''The Fairy King of Ar'' (1998)

''The Gardener'' (1998) (Also known as ''Garden of Evil'' and as ''Silent Screams'')

''Fatal Pursuit'' (1998)

''The First 9½ Weeks'' (1998)

''Can of Worms'' (TV) (voice) (1999)

''Southern Cross'' (1999)

''Love Lies Bleeding'' (1999)

''My Life So Far'' (1999)

''Y2K'' (1999) (Also known as ''Terminal Countdown'')

''The David Cassidy Story'' (TV) (2000)

''Gangster No. 1'' (2000)

''Island of the Dead'' (2000)

''St. Patrick: The Irish Legend'' (TV) (2000)

''South Park'' (episode ''Pip'') (TV) (2000)

''The Barber'' (2001) (Also known as ''Le Barbier'')

''Pact with the Devil'' (2001)

''Stanley Kubrick: A Life in Pictures'' (2001)

''Just Visiting'' (2001)

''Princess of Thieves'' (TV) (2001)

''The Void'' (2001)

''Firestarter 2: Rekindled'' (TV) (2002)

''I Spy'' (2002)

''Between Strangers'' (2002)

''Shadow Realm'' (TV) (2002)

''Superman: Shadow of Apokolips'' (VG) (voice) (2002)

''Tempo'' (2003)

''The Company'' (2003)

''Inhabited'' (2003)

''I'll Sleep When I'm Dead'' (2003)

''Hidalgo'' (2004)

''Evilenko'' (2004)

''Bobby Jones: A Stroke of Genius'' (2004)

''Tempesta'' (2004)

''Pinocchio 3000'' (voice) (2004)

''Chalkzone'' (TV) (voice) (2004)

''In Good Company'' (2004)

''Rag Tale'' (2005)

''Dinotopia: Quest for the Ruby Sunstone'' (voice) (2005)

''Mirror Wars: Reflection One'' (2005)

''The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy'' (TV) (voice) (2005)

''Cut Off'' (2006)

''Bye Bye Benjamin'' (2006)

''Spooks'' (TV) (2006)

''Monk (TV) (2006)

''The Curse of King Tut's Tomb'' (TV) (2006)

''Entourage'' (TV) (2005–2006, 2009)

''The List'' (2007)

''Exitz'' (2007)

''Robot Chicken: Star Wars'' (TV) (2007)

''Halloween'' (2007)

''Heroes'' (TV) (2007, 2008)

''War and Peace'' (TV) (2007)

''Metalocalypse'' (TV) (voice) (2007–Present)

''Phineas and Ferb'' (TV) (voice) (2007–2009)

''Red Roses and Petrol'' (2008)

''Doomsday'' (2008)

''Delgo'' (voice) (2008)

''Coco Chanel'' (TV) (2008)

''Fallout 3'' (VG) (voice) (2008)

''Bolt'' (voice) (2008)

''The Evening Journey'' (2008)

''Blue Gold: World Water Wars'' (2008)

''Bolt'' (VG) (voice) (2009)

''Super Rhino'' (short) (voice) (2009)

''Command & Conquer: Red Alert 3 – Uprising'' (VG) (2009)

''Halloween II'' (2009)

''Suck'' (2009)

''Wet'' (VG) (2009)

''Snuff'' (Music video) by Slipknot (2009)

''The Book of Eli'' (2010)

''CSI: Miami'' (TV series) (2010)

''Barry Munday'' (2010)

''Pound of Flesh'' (2010)

''Golf in the Kingdom'' (2010)

''LEGO Hero Factory'' (TV series) (voice) (2010-2011)

''Easy A'' (2010)

''Santiago Files'' (narrator) (2010)

''God of War III'' (VG) (2010)

''Green Arrow'' (voice) (2010)

''The Mentalist'' (TV series) (2010)

''Franklin & Bash'' (TV series)

''Killzone 3'' (VG) (2011)

''Psych'' (2011)

''Suing the Devil'' (2011)

''Silent Hill: Revelation 3D'' (TBA)

References

External links

An in-depth interview with Malcolm McDowell covering his entire career from HoboTrashcan.com

Interactive video talk by McDowell on the British "Free Cinema" movement of the 50s, made for the British Film Institute

"What if..." - ''The Guardian'', 24 April 2004. In-depth profile and interview.

"O Lucky Man! Malcolm McDowell's journey from coffee salesman to movie star" - ''The Times'', 17 May 2008

"Audiobook read by Malcolm McDowell" - ''The Bobbything'', 2010

Category:1943 births Category:Living people Category:English film actors Category:English stage actors Category:English television actors Category:English voice actors Category:English expatriates in the United States Category:People from Bridlington Category:People from Horsforth

an:Malcolm McDowell ca:Malcolm McDowell cs:Malcolm McDowell cy:Malcolm McDowell da:Malcolm McDowell de:Malcolm McDowell es:Malcolm McDowell eu:Malcolm McDowell fr:Malcolm McDowell it:Malcolm McDowell he:מלקולם מקדואל lv:Malkolms Makdauels nl:Malcolm McDowell ja:マルコム・マクダウェル no:Malcolm McDowell pl:Malcolm McDowell pt:Malcolm McDowell ro:Malcolm McDowell ru:Макдауэлл, Малкольм simple:Malcolm McDowell sr:Малком Макдауел sh:Malcolm McDowell fi:Malcolm McDowell sv:Malcolm McDowell tr:Malcolm McDowell