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Radio Data System

Radio Dimensione Suono, an Italian radio station

Random dot stereogram, a form of 3-D image

SAP Rapid Deployment Solutions, from SAP AG

Rate-determining step, the slowest step of a chemical reaction

Rajolibanda Diversion Scheme - An Irrigation project in Mahbubunagar district, AP, India

RDS-37

Realistic disaster scenario

Red dot sight, type of firearm reflector sight that uses a red light emitting diode to generate a red aiming dot

Reddish South railway station, England has the National Rail station code RDS

Reflectance Difference Spectroscopy

Reliable Datagram Sockets, a computer network protocol used in Oracle RAC clusters

Remote Data Services, a deprecated component of Microsoft Data Access Components

Remote Desktop Services, Microsoft's mechanism for remote access to applications and data on a remote computer over a network (formerly Terminal Services)

Resolver Discovery Service (see RFC 2276)

Research Defence Society

Réseau des sports, a French-language television network in Canada

Respiratory distress syndrome

Retinal Degeneration, Slow, another name for the human gene Peripherin 2

Reward Deficiency Syndrome, a term coined by neuro-scientist Dr Kenneth Blum upon discovering the addiction gene (see Reward Deficiency Syndrome Gene Discovery)

:*Ken Blum the neuro-scientist behind Psychogenetics & Nutrigenomics

Romania Data Systems, an ISP in Romania

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:*RDS Arena a stadium within the grounds of the Royal Dublin Society and home to Leinster Rugby

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''RDS'', a song by Alastair Galbraith

de:RDS fr:RDS is:RDS it:RDS nl:RDS ja:RDS pl:RDS ru:RDS

Coordinates	41°52′55″N87°37′40″N
Name	Julio César Chávez
Realname	Julio César Chávez González
Nickname	''J.C.El César del Boxeo (The Caesar of Boxing)El Gran Campeón Mexicano (The Great Mexican Champion)Mr. KO''
Weight	Light MiddleweightWelterweightLight welterweightLightweightSuper Featherweight
Nationality	Mexican
Birth date	July 12, 1962
Birth place	Obregón, Sonora, Mexico
Home	Culican, Sinaloa, Mexico
Style	Orthodox
Total	115
Wins	107
Ko	89
Losses	6
Draws	2
No contests	0 }}

Julio César Chávez (born on July 12, 1962 in Ciudad Obregón, Sonora, Mexico) is a retired Mexican professional boxer.

He is a six-time world champion in three weight divisions, and for several years he was considered the best pound-for-pound boxer in the world. In a career that spanned over twenty-five years, Chávez won six world titles in three weight divisions: WBC Super Featherweight in 1984, WBA Lightweight in 1987, WBC Lightweight in 1988, WBC Super Lightweight in 1989, IBF Light Welterweight in 1990, and WBC Super Lightweight in 1994.

Julio César Chávez was known for his outstanding punching power, devastating body attack, remarkable strong chin and the relentless stalking of his opponents. He ranks #24 on ESPN's ''50 Greatest Boxers Of All Time''. On December 7, 2010, he was inducted in the prestigious International Boxing Hall of Fame for the Class of 2011. He's the father of undefeated prospect Omar Chávez and current WBC Middleweight Champion, Julio César Chávez, Jr.

Biography

Early years

Julio César Chávez was born on July 12, 1962 in Obregón, Sonora, Mexico. His father, Rodolfo Chavez, worked for the railroad, and Julio grew up in an abandoned railroad car with his five sisters and four brothers. He began boxing as an amateur at the age of sixteen and then he moved to Culiacán to pursue a professional career. Chávez came from a poor family and became a boxer for money, he stated: "I saw my mom working ironing and washing peoples clothes, and I promised her I would give her a house someday and she would never have that job again."

Early career and Super Featherweight title

Chávez made his professional debut at age 17. In his 12th fight, on March 4, 1981, Chávez faced Miguel Ruiz in Culiacán, Sinaloa. At the end of the first round, Chavez landed a blow that knocked out Ruiz. Delivered as the bell sounded, the blow was ruled a disqualification in the ring and Ruiz was declared the winner. The next day, however, after further review, the Mexican boxing commission reversed the result and proclaimed Chávez the winner.

Chávez won his first championship, the vacant WBC super featherweight title, on September 13, 1984, by knocking out fellow Mexican Mario "Azabache" Martínez at the Grand Olympic Auditorium in Los Angeles, California. Martínez had been the betting favorite in the bout. On April 19, 1985, Chávez defended his title against number one ranked contender Ruben Castillo (63-4-2) by knocking him out in the sixth round. On July 7, 1985, Chavez defeated future champion Roger Mayweather via a second round knock out. On August 3, 1986, Chavez won a twelve round majority decision over former WBA and future IBF Super Featherweight champion Rocky Lockridge in Monte Carlo, Monaco. In his next bout, he defeated former champion Juan Laporte by a twelve round unanimous decision. On March 18, 1987, he defeated number one ranked challenger Francisco Tomas Da Cruz (27-1-0) by third round knockout. He successfully defended his WBC Super Featherweight title a total of nine times.

Stepping up to Lightweight

On November 21, 1987, Chávez moved up to the lightweight division and faced WBA lightweight champion Edwin Rosario. Prior to the bout, there were concerns about how Chávez would handle the move up in weight against the hard punching Puerto Rican. Chávez commented, "Everything I've accomplished as champion, and the nine title defenses, would be thrown away with a loss to Rosario." The two fighters nearly exchanged blows during a press conference after Rosario threatened to send Chávez back to Mexico in a coffin. Chávez would ultimately give a career defining performance as he defeated Rosario by an eleventh round TKO to win the title. HBO Punchstat showed Rosario landing 263 of 731 punches thrown in the fight (36%) and Chavez 450 of 743 (61%). After the bout, Sports Illustrated ran the headline, ''"Time To Hail César: WBA lightweight champion César Chávez of Mexico may be the world's best fighter."'''

On April 16, 1988, Chávez defeated number one ranked contender Rodolfo Aguilar (20-0-1) by sixth round technical knockout. On June 4, 1988, he successfully defended his title against former two-time champion Rafael Limón by scoring a seventh round TKO. Later that year, he unified the WBA and WBC belts by a technical decision win over champion José Luis Ramírez. An accidental head-butt opened a cut on Ramírez's forehead and the doctor halted the fight, sending the decision to the judges' scorecards at that point in the fight. Chávez, ahead on all scorecards, was declared the winner. He was also awarded the Ring lightweight title after the victory. Chavez vacated his WBA and WBC lightweight titles in order to move up to the super lightweight division.

Stepping up to Super Lightweight

In his next bout, he won the WBC super lightweight title by defeating Roger Mayweather for a second time. Mayweather did not come out of his corner after the tenth round, giving Chavez the TKO win. In 1989, Chávez defeated future champion Sammy Fuentes by tenth round TKO. In his next bout, he handed Alberto de las Mercedes Cortes (44-0) his first career loss by scoring a third round knockout.

Chávez vs Taylor

On March 17, 1990, he faced Meldrick Taylor, the undefeated IBF Junior Welterweight champion, in a title unification fight. While Taylor won the early rounds, Chávez rallied in the later rounds, scoring a knockdown with seconds remaining in the fight. Although Taylor rose at the referee's count of six, he did not respond coherently to referee Richard Steele's questions, continued to hold the ropes all along, and Steele stopped the fight with only two seconds remaining. Many boxing fans and members of the media were outraged that Steele would stop a match that Taylor was winning with only two seconds left, while others felt that Steele was justified in stopping the fight given Taylor's condition and the fact that he was unable to respond to Steele before the conclusion of the match. Steele defended his decision by saying that his concern is protecting a fighter, regardless of how much time is left in the round or the fight. As Steele put it, "I stopped it because Meldrick had took a lot of good shots, a lot of hard shots, and it was time for it to stop. You know, I'm not the timekeeper, and I don't care about the time. When I see a man that has had enough, I'm stopping the fight." ''The Ring'' named it the "Fight of the Year" for 1990, and later the "Fight of the Decade" for the 1990s. While many hoped for an immediate rematch, Taylor moved up in weight in his next bout and the fighters did not meet again until 1994 when Chávez dominated and then knocked out a faded Taylor in eight rounds.

After unifying the titles, Chávez engaged in a busy series of title defenses and non-title fights. On December 8, 1990, he defeated the WBC mandatory challenger Kyung-Duk Ahn (29-1) by third round knockout. On March 18, 1991, he defeated WBC number four ranked fighter John Duplessis (34-1) by fourth round TKO. On September 14, 1991, Chávez won a twelve round unanimous decision over former champion Lonnie Smith. April 10, 1992, he scored a TKO victory over number one ranked contender Angel Hernandez (37-0-2, 22 KOs) in the fifth round. Later that year, he defeated Frankie Mitchell (29-1) by fourth round TKO.

Chávez vs Camacho

On September 12, 1992, Chávez faced WBO light welterweight champion Hector "Macho" Camacho (41-1-0, 18 KOs) in a highly anticipated bout. Chavez dominated Camacho en route to a unanimous decision win. The final scores were 117-111, 119-110 and 120-107 for Chávez. After the fight, on his arrival to Mexico, the President Carlos Salinas de Gortari sent the special car for the Pope to take him from the airport to the President's house. Chavez was already known as a folk hero in Mexico.

Chávez vs. Haugen

His 1993 fight with Greg Haugen featured trash talk from Haugen, who derided Chavez's 82-fight unbeaten streak as consisting mostly of "Tijuana taxi drivers that my mother could have knocked out" and insisting that "There aren't 130,000 Mexicans who can afford tickets" to see the fight in Estadio Azteca. Chavez responded by saying, "I really hate him bad. When he looks at me, I want to vomit. I am going to give him the worst beating of his life; I am going to make him swallow the words that came out of his dirty mouth." Haugen was proven wrong on both counts: 132,274 showed up to set a record for fight attendance, and they watched Chávez drop Haugen quickly and then back off with the apparent intention of punishing him for his prefight remarks. However, the referee had seen enough by the fifth round and stopped it for a TKO victory for Chávez. After the fight, Chávez commented to Haugen; "Now you know I don't fight with taxi drivers", and a bloodied Haugen sportingly responded, "They must have been tough taxi drivers.". Later that year, Chávez scored a sixth-round TKO victory over number one ranked contender Terrence Alli.

Draw with Whitaker and first career loss

After a division record twenty consecutive defenses of his light welterweight title, Chávez (87-0) moved up one more weight division to challenge Pernell Whitaker (32-1) for his WBC welterweight title in September 1993. The result of the fight was a controversial majority draw, allowing Chávez to remain undefeated. Various members of the American media, including The Ring magazine and Sports Illustrated were critical of the decision, and Sports Illustrated put Pernell Whitaker on the cover of its next magazine with a one word title, "Robbed!". Chávez stated after the fight: "I felt I was forcing the fight ... he just kept holding me too much, he was throwing too many low blows too." There was no rematch.

Chavez continued defending his light welterweight title and on December 18, 1993, he defeated British Commonwealth light welterweight champion Andy Holligan (21-0-0) by fifth round TKO. Chávez faced Frankie Randall in January 1994, in a fight that most expected him to win easily. Instead, Randall knocked him down for the first time in his career and went on to win a split decision, and Chávez lost the title to Randall. Chávez blamed his loss on referee Richard Steele, who deducted two points from Chávez for low blows, which effected the difference on the scorecards. The WBC ordered an immediate rematch and Chávez regained the title on a split technical decision in May, 1994. The fight was fiercely contested when they collided heads, opening a large cut over Chávez's eyebrow in the seventh round. Chávez came back strong and showed he was the stronger boxer, after the head cut, the referee called for the doctor who then instructed for the fight to be stopped. Under WBC rules, Randall was deducted one point, and that gave Chávez the technical victory on the score cards. The two would face one another in a rubber match ten years later in which Julio César Chávez would win.

Chavez then faced Meldrick Taylor in a rematch, four years after their historic first fight. Chavez defeated him in the 8th round knockout that sent Taylor from one side of the ring to the other. In his next bout, Chavez defeated three-time champion Tony Lopez. In 1995, he defeated former and future super lightweight champion Giovanni Parisi. Later that year, he defended his title against number one ranked challenger David Kamau, despite suffering a cut in the opening round. Prior to the bout, Chavez indicated that he was considering retirement, "I've had a lot of problems with my arms, with my knees. I really don't want to extend myself much longer," Chavez said. "After so many years of working out, it all builds up. I am not giving what I used to be able to give. I will fight De La Hoya for a lot of money, and then retire."

Chávez vs. De La Hoya

On June 7, 1996, Chávez faced Oscar De La Hoya. A large gash appeared over the right eye of Chávez within the first minute of the first round, leading many to assume what Chávez later confirmed—that the cut occurred earlier in training and was re-opened in the bout. Heavy blood flow prompted the referee to stop the fight in the fourth round. Until their eventual rematch in 1998, Chavez would always state that De La Hoya had not defeated him, but that a gash that he had suffered in training was the real cause of the stoppage of the fight. In his next bout, Chavez defeated former champion Joey Gamache in his 100th career bout.

A year after De La Hoya moved up to welterweight in 1997, Chávez fought Miguel Ángel González for the vacant WBC super lightweight title. That fight ended in a draw. In a rematch with De La Hoya for the WBC welterweight belt in September 1998, De La Hoya won by 8th round TKO. About De La Hoya, Chávez recently stated: "I have nothing against him, even though he beat me twice. I have no resentment towards him...De la Hoya was younger than me during our fight, and I was on my way out of boxing. If Oscar didn’t fight me, he would not have been anything in boxing". Chavez spoke about his sparring session with De La Hoya six years before their first fight and stated: "I sparred with him and dropped him in the second round with a right hand. De la Hoya was a kid...that day after training he stayed and we went out to dinner, I gave him some $300-$400 from my pocket to help him out."

Retirement and farewell fights

Chavez won his first two bouts in 1999 before losing to unheralded Willy Wise via 10 round unanimous decision. In 2000, at the age of 38, Chávez challenged light welterweight champion Kostya Tszyu. Chavez lost the bout via 6th round TKO. After a 2001 victory over Terry Thomas in Ciudad Juárez, Mexico, Chávez retired. However, on November 24, 2003, he came out of retirement to avenge his earlier loss to Willy Wise, knocking Wise out in two rounds in Tijuana, Mexico. In April 2004, Chávez went back into the ring, for what he again claimed would be his last appearance. In that fight, nicknamed ''Adiós, México, Gracias'' (''Good-bye, Mexico, Thank you''), he beat his former conqueror, Frankie Randall, by a ten round decision. On May 28, 2005, Chávez once again stepped into a boxing ring, outpointing Ivan Robinson in ten rounds at the Staples Center. On September 17, 2005, at the U.S. Airways Center in Phoenix, Arizona, Chávez suffered a TKO loss to little-known Grover Wiley in the 115th bout of his career, retiring in his corner before the start of the 5th round, after injuring his right hand. After the bout, Chávez told his promoter, Bob Arum, that this time he was definitely retiring from boxing.

Nowadays, Chávez lives in Mexico and works for the network TV Azteca as a boxing narrator. He owns businesses, gas stations, and properties in Mexico and the United States. He has three sons, Cristian Chavez, Julio Jr. and Omar, Last two both professional boxers and undefeated until today.

Energy Drink

Chavez has led his name to a popular brand of energy drink, "Energia De Campeones" which translates to, "Energy of Champions." The 16 oz drink, containing 80 mg of caffeine along with ample amounts of vitamin b3, b5, b6, b12 and taurine, is produced by Julio Cesar Chavez Bebidas, LLC, 1300 S. Country Club Drive, Suite 105, Mesa, AZ, 85280. (Source: www.juliochavez.net)

Career in review

Considered one of the greatest fighters in history, Chávez won six world titles in three weight divisions: WBC Super Featherweight (1984), WBA Lightweight (1987), WBC Lightweight (1988), WBC Super Lightweight (1989), IBF Light Welterweight (1990), and WBC Super Lightweight (1994). He was also awarded the Ring Lightweight title in 1988. World champions whom Chávez defeated include Jose Luis Ramírez, Rafael Limón, Rocky Lockridge, Meldrick Taylor, Roger Mayweather, Lonnie Smith, Sammy Fuentes, Héctor "Macho" Camacho, Juan Laporte, Edwin Rosario, Greg Haugen, Tony López, Giovanni Parisi, Joey Gamache, and Frankie Randall, who had taken the WBC light welterweight belt from Chávez just four months earlier. He lost to only two champions: Oscar De La Hoya and Kostya Tszyu. He was held to a draw by two others: Pernell Whitaker and Miguel Ángel González.

Chávez finally retired in his twenty-fifth year as a professional boxer with a record of 107 wins, 6 losses and 2 draws, with 89 knockouts, and a reputation as one of the best boxers of all time. He holds records for most successful consecutive defenses of world titles (27), most title fights (37), most title-fight victories (31), and he is tied with Joe Louis for most title defenses won by knockout (21). Chávez also has the longest undefeated streak in boxing history, 13 years. His record was 89-0-1 going into his first loss to Frankie Randall and had an 87 fight win streak until his draw with Whitaker. He was ranked #50 on Ring Magazine's list of "100 greatest punchers of all time". As an in-fighter or swarmer, Julio César Chávez was renowned specially for his devastating left hook and his ability to take a punch due his extremly strong chin. In 2002, ''The Ring'' ranked Chávez as the 18th greatest fighter of the last 80 years. On December 7, 2010, his induction to the International Boxing Hall of Fame was announced.

Professional boxing record

|- |align="center" colspan=7|107 Wins (86 knockouts, 21 decisions), 6 Losses (4 knockouts, 2 decision), 2 Draws |- | align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Res. | align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Opponent | align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Type | align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Round | align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Date | align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Location | align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Notes |-align=center |Loss ||align=left| Grover Wiley | || 4 || 2005-09-17 |align=left| America West Arena, Phoenix, Arizona |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Ivan Robinson | || 6 || 2005-05-28 |align=left| Staples Center, Los Angeles, California |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Frankie Randall | || 10 || 2004-05-22 |align=left| Plaza de Toros, Mexico City, Distrito Federal |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Willy Wise | || 2 || 2003-11-22 |align=left| Centro de Espectaculos Alamar, Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Terry Thomas | || 2 || 2001-11-24 |align=left| Plaza De Toros Monumental, Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Loss ||align=left| Kostya Tszyu | || 6 || 2000-07-29 |align=left| Veteran's Memorial Coliseum, Phoenix, Arizona |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Buck Smith | || 3 || 1999-12-18 |align=left| Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Loss ||align=left| Willy Wise | || 10 || 1999-10-02 |align=left| Hilton Hotel, Las Vegas, Nevada |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Marty Jakubowski ||| 4 || 1999-07-10 |align=left| Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Verdell Smith | || 4 || 1999-04-01 |align=left| Don Haskins Convention Center, El Paso, Texas |align=left| |- align=center |Loss ||align=left| Oscar De La Hoya | || 8 || 1998-09-18 |align=left| Thomas & Mack Center, Las Vegas, Nevada |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Ken Sigurani | || 3 || 1998-06-25 |align=left| Foxwoods Resort, Mashantucket, Connecticut |align=left| |- align=center |style="background:#abcdef;"|Draw ||align=left| Miguel Angel Gonzalez | || 12 || 1998-03-07 |align=left| Plaza de Toros, Mexico City, Distrito Federal |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Larry LaCoursiere | || 10 || 1997-06-28 |align=left| MGM Grand, Las Vegas, Nevada |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Tony Martin | || 10 || 1997-03-29 |align=left| Hilton Hotel, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Joey Gamache | || 8 || 1996-10-12 |align=left| Arrowhead Pond, Anaheim, California |align=left| |- align=center |Loss ||align=left| Oscar De La Hoya | || 4 || 1996-06-07 |align=left| Caesars Palace, Las Vegas, Nevada |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Scott Walker | || 2 || 1996-02-09 |align=left| Caesars Palace, Las Vegas, Nevada |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| David Kamau | || 12 || 1995-09-16 |align=left| Mirage Hotel & Casino, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Craig Houk | || 1 || 1995-07-29 |align=left| Horizon, Rosemont, Illinois, United States |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Giovanni Parisi | || 12 || 1995-04-08 |align=left| Caesars Palace, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Tony Lopez | || 10 || 1994-12-10 |align=left| Estadio de Beisbol, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Meldrick Taylor | || 8 || 1994-09-17 |align=left| MGM Grand, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Frankie Randall | || 8 || 1994-05-07 |align=left| MGM Grand, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States |align=left| |- align=center |Loss ||align=left| Frankie Randall | || 12 || 1994-01-29 |align=left| MGM Grand, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Andy Holligan | || 5 || 1993-12-18 |align=left| Estadio Cuauhtemoc, Puebla, Puebla, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Mike Powell | || 4 || 1993-10-30 |align=left| Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |style="background:#abcdef;"|Draw ||align=left| Pernell Whitaker | || 12 || 1993-09-10 |align=left| Alamodome, San Antonio, Texas, United States |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Terrence Alli | || 6 || 1993-05-08 |align=left| Thomas & Mack Center, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Silvio Walter Rojas | || 3 || 1993-04-10 |align=left| Auditorio Benito Juarez, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Greg Haugen | || 5 || 1993-02-20 |align=left| Estadio Azteca, Mexico City, Distrito Federal, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Marty Jakubowski ||| 6 || 1992-12-13 |align=left| Mirage Hotel & Casino, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Bruce Pearson ||| 3 || 1992-10-31 |align=left| Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Hector Camacho | || 12 || 1992-09-12 |align=left| Thomas & Mack Center, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Frankie Mitchell | || 4 || 1992-08-01 |align=left| Hilton Hotel, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Angel Hernandez | || 5 || 1992-04-10 |align=left| El Toreo, Mexico City, Distrito Federal, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Juan Soberanes | || 4 || 1992-03-13 |align=left| La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Ignacio Perdomo | || 7 || 1991-12-13 |align=left| Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Jorge Alberto Melian | || 4 || 1991-11-12 |align=left| Mexico City, Distrito Federal, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Lonnie Smith | || 12 || 1991-09-14 |align=left| Mirage Hotel & Casino, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Tommy Small | || 4 || 1991-04-26 |align=left| Estadio General Angel Flores, Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| John Duplessis | || 4 || 1991-03-18 |align=left| Mirage Hotel & Casino, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Kyung-Duk Ahn | || 3 || 1990-12-08 |align=left| Convention Center, Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Jaime Balboa | || 4 || 1990-11-08 |align=left| Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Russell Mosley | || 3 || 1990-08-18 |align=left| Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Akwei Addo | || 2 || 1990-07-05 |align=left| Madrid, Comunidad de Madrid, Spain |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Meldrick Taylor | || 12 || 1990-03-17 |align=left| Hilton Hotel, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Alberto de las Mercedes Cortes | || 3 || 1989-12-16 |align=left| Palacio de Deporte, Mexico City, Distrito Federal, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Sammy Fuentes | || 10 || 1989-11-18 |align=left| Caesars Palace, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Ramon Aramburu | || 3 || 1989-10-27 |align=left| Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Rodolfo Batta | || 1 || 1989-10-09 |align=left| Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Kenny Vice | || 3 || 1989-07-30 |align=left| Convention Center, Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Roger Mayweather | || 11 || 1989-05-13 |align=left| Great Western Forum, Inglewood, California, United States |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Jose Luis Ramirez | || 11 || 1988-10-29 |align=left| Hilton Hotel, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Vernon Buchanan ||| 3 || 1988-08-01 |align=left| Great Western Forum, Inglewood, California, United States |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Rafael Limon ||| 7 || 1988-06-04 |align=left| Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Rodolfo Aguilar | || 6 || 1988-04-16 |align=left| Hilton Hotel, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Nicky Perez ||| 3 || 1988-03-05 |align=left| Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Edwin Rosario ||| 11 || 1987-11-21 |align=left| Hilton Hotel, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Danilo Cabrera | || 12|| 1987-08-21 |align=left| Caliente Racetrack, Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Francisco Tomas Da Cruz | || 3 || 1987-04-18 |align=left| Nîmes, Gard, France |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Juan Laporte | || 12 || 1986-12-12 |align=left| Madison Square Garden, New York, New York, United States |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Rocky Lockridge | || 12 || 1986-08-03 |align=left| Stade Louis II, Monte Carlo, Monaco |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Refugio Rojas | || 7 || 1986-06-13 |align=left| Madison Square Garden, New York, New York, United States |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Faustino Martires Barrios ||| 5 || 1986-05-15 |align=left| Stade Pierre De Coubertin, Bercy, France |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Roberto Collins Lindo | || 2 || 1986-03-22 |align=left| Riviera Hotel & Casino, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Jeff Bumpus | || 5 || 1985-12-19 |align=left| Olympic Auditorium, Los Angeles, California, United States |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Dwight Pratchett | || 12 || 1985-09-21 |align=left| Riviera Hotel & Casino, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Roger Mayweather | || 2 || 1985-07-07 |align=left| Riviera Hotel & Casino, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Ruben Castillo | || 6 || 1985-04-19 |align=left| Forum, Inglewood, California, United States |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Manuel Hernandez ||| 3 || 1985-01-01 |align=left| Mexico City, Distrito Federal, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Mario Martinez ||| 8 || 1984-09-13 |align=left| Olympic Auditorium, Los Angeles, California, United States |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Delfino Mendoza | || 3 || 1984-06-13 |align=left| Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Ramon Avitia | || 6 || 1984-05-04 |align=left| Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Armando Flores | || 3 || 1983-09-01 |align=left| Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Adriano Arreola | || 10 || 1983-07-16 |align=left| Olympic Auditorium, Los Angeles, California, United States |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Benny Abarca | || 5 || 1983-12-30 |align=left| Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Romero Sandoval | || 2 || 1983-06-15 |align=left| Olympic Auditorium, Los Angeles, California, United States |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Javier Fragoso | || 4 || 1983-05-01 |align=left| Roberto Clemente Coliseum, San Juan, Puerto Rico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Ernesto Herrera | || 4 || 1983-04-04 |align=left| Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Othoniel Lopez | || 4 || 1983-02-25 |align=left| Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Jerry Lewis | || 6 || 1982-12-11 |align=left| Memorial Auditorium, Sacramento, California, United States |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Jerry Lewis | || 5 || 1982-10-23 |align=left| Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Jose Resendez | || 6 || 1982-09-28 |align=left| Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Santos Rodriguez ||| 8 || 1982-08-20 |align=left| Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Gustavo Salgado | || 2 || 1982-07-19 |align=left| Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Juan Carlos Alvarado ||| 3 || 1982-05-08 |align=left| Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Benny Abarca ||| 10|| 1982-04-26 |align=left| Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Johnny Jensen | || 3 || 1982-03-11 |align=left| Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Carlos Bryant ||| 2 || 1982-02-19 |align=left| Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Ramon Peraza | || 1 || 1982-02-04 |align=left| Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Jesús García ||| 2 || 1982-01-29 |align=left| Guamuchil, Sinaloa, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Ramon Luque ||| 1 || 1982-01-12 |align=left| Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Manuel Vasquez ||| 7 || 1981-12-17 |align=left| Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Jose Angel Medina ||| 6 || 1981-10-19 |align=left| Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Jorge Ramirez | || 2 || 1981-09-25 |align=left| Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Daniel Felizardo | || 3 || 1981-08-31 |align=left| Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Jesus Cuate Lara | || 2 || 1981-08-07 |align=left| Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Daniel Martinez | || 1 || 1981-07-27 |align=left| Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Bobby Fernandez | || 3 || 1981-07-10 |align=left| Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Fidel Navarro | || 1 || 1981-06-26 |align=left| Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Victor Gamez | || 1 || 1981-06-05 |align=left| Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Eduardo Lalo Acosta | || 2 || 1981-05-08 |align=left| Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Miguel Ruiz | || 1 || 1981-03-04 |align=left| Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Julio Gaxiola | || 4 || 1981-02-02 |align=left| Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Roberto Flores | || 3 || 1980-12-15 |align=left| Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Andres Felix | || 2 || 1980-11-26 |align=left| Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Jesus Martinez | || 1 || 1980-10-13 |align=left| Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Jesus Cuate Lara ||| 10 || 1980-09-22 |align=left| Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Miguel Cebrero | || 10 || 1980-09-05 |align=left| Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Tito Geraldo ||| 6 || 1980-07-18 |align=left| Guamuchil, Sinaloa, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Roberto Garcia | || 6 || 1980-05-20 |align=left| Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Ramon Flores | || 3 || 1980-04-08 |align=left| Navojoa, Sonora, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Fidencio Cebreros | || 6 || 1980-03-03 |align=left| Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Andres Felix | || 6 || 1980-02-05 |align=left| Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico |align=left| |}

Awards and achievements

|- |- |- |- |- |- |-

See also

List of lightweight boxing champions

List of WBC world champions

Notable boxing families

List of boxing triple champions

References

External links

Julio César Chávez Official Site

Category:People from Culiacán Category:People from Sinaloa Category:Sports figures from Sonora Category:People from Sonora Category:People from Ciudad Obregón Category:Mexican boxers Category:World Boxing Council Champions Category:World Boxing Association Champions Category:International Boxing Federation Champions Category:International Boxing Hall of Fame inductees Category:Welterweight boxers Category:Light-welterweight boxers Category:Light-welterweight boxers Category:Lightweight boxers Category:Super-featherweight boxers Category:1962 births Category:Living people bg:Хулио Сезар Чавес de:Julio César Chávez es:Julio César Chávez fr:Julio César Chávez it:Julio César Chávez lv:Hulio Sesars Čavess ja:フリオ・セサール・チャベス pt:Julio César Chávez ru:Чавес, Хулио Сесар sv:Julio César Chávez th:คูลีโอ เซซาร์ ชาเบซ

Coordinates	41°52′55″N87°37′40″N
name	César Chávez
birth date	March 31, 1927
birth place	Yuma, Arizona, United States
death date	April 23, 1993
death place	San Luis, Arizona, United States
occupation	Farm worker, labor leader, and civil rights activist.
parents	Librado Chávez (father)Juana Estrada Chávez (mother)
children	}}

César Estrada Chávez (; March 31, 1927 – April 23, 1993) was an American farm worker, labor leader, and civil rights activist who, with Dolores Huerta, co-founded the National Farm Workers Association, which later became the United Farm Workers (UFW).

A Mexican American, Chávez became the best known Latino civil rights activist, and was strongly promoted by the American labor movement, which was eager to enroll Hispanic members. His public-relations approach to unionism and aggressive but nonviolent tactics made the farm workers' struggle a moral cause with nationwide support. By the late 1970s, his tactics had forced growers to recognize the UFW as the bargaining agent for 50,000 field workers in California and Florida. However, by the mid-1980s membership in the UFW had dwindled to around 15,000.

Chavez was a charismatic, gifted speaker who inspired Latinos to band together and devote themselves to the farmworkers' movement. Claiming as his models Emiliano Zapata, Gandhi, Nehru, and Martin Luther King, he called on his people to "Make a solemn promise: to enjoy our rightful part of the riches of this land, to throw off the yoke of being considered as agricultural implements or slaves. We are free men and we demand justice."

After his death he became a major historical icon for the Latino community, and for liberals generally, symbolizing militant support for workers and for Hispanic power based on grass roots organizing and his slogan "Sí, se puede" (Spanish for "Yes, it is possible" or, roughly, "Yes, it can be done"). His supporters say his work led to numerous improvements for union laborers. His birthday has become César Chávez Day, a state holiday in eight US states. Many parks, cultural centers, libraries, schools, and streets have been named in his honor in cities across the United States.

Early life

César Estrada Chávez was born on March 31, 1927 in Yuma, Arizona, in a Mexican-American family of six children. He had two brothers, Richard (1929-2011) and Librado, and two sisters, Rita and Vicki. He was named after his grandfather, Cesario. Chávez grew up in a small adobe home, the same home in which he was born. His family owned a grocery store and a ranch, but their land was lost during the Great Depression. Chávez experienced injustice early in life; his home was taken away after his father had agreed to clear eighty acres of land in exchange for the deed to the house, an agreement which was subsequently broken. Later when Cesar's father attempted to purchase the house, he could not pay the interest on the loan and the house was sold to its original owner. His family then moved to California to become migrant farm workers.

The Chávez family faced many hardships in California. The family would pick peas and lettuce in the winter, cherries and beans in the spring, corn and grapes in the summer, and cotton in the fall. Working conditions for migrant workers were poor and often unsafe, and their wages were low. Cesar's family frequently lacked access to such basic needs as clean water or toilets. Because a large number of migrant workers were Mexican-American, they also often faced prejudice, and their children had to skip school to earn wages to help support the family. When César was a teenager, he and his older sister Rita would help other farm workers and neighbors by driving those unable to drive to the hospital to see a doctor.

Although he was a bright student, Chávez faced difficulty in school due to prejudice. His family spoke only Spanish at home, and his teachers forbade him from speaking the language at school. At one time, Chávez was hit on the knuckles with a ruler for violating this rule. Also at school, he constantly faced hearing racial slurs. In 1942, he graduated from eighth grade. He did not want his mother to have to work in the fields, so he never attended high school, instead dropping out to become a full-time migrant farm worker. In 1944 he joined the United States Navy at the age of seventeen and served for two years. Serving on a ship, he was seasick most of the time. Chávez had hoped that he would learn skills in the Navy that would help him later when he returned to civilian life. However he soon discovered to his dismay that Mexican-Americans in the Navy at that time could only work as deckhands or painters. Later, Chávez described his experience in the military as “the two worst years of my life.” When Chávez returned home from his service in the military, he married his high school sweetheart, Helen Favela. The couple moved to San Jose, California, where they would have seven children: Fernando, Linda (1951–2000), Paul, Eloise, Sylvia and Anthony.

Activism

Chávez worked in the fields until 1952, when he became an organizer for the Community Service Organization (CSO), a Latino civil rights group. He was hired and trained by Fred Ross as an organizer targeting police brutality. Chávez urged Mexican Americans to register and vote, and he traveled throughout California and made speeches in support of workers' rights. He later became CSO's national director in 1958.

In 1962 Chávez left the CSO and co-founded the National Farm Workers Association (NFWA) with Dolores Huerta. It was later called the United Farm Workers (UFW).

When Filipino American farm workers initiated the Delano grape strike on September 8, 1965, to protest for higher wages, Chávez eagerly supported them. Six months later, Chávez and the NFWA led a strike of California grape pickers on the historic farmworkers march from Delano to the California state capitol in Sacramento for similar goals. The UFW encouraged all Americans to boycott table grapes as a show of support. The strike lasted five years and attracted national attention. In March 1966, the US Senate Committee on Labor and Public Welfare's Subcommittee on Migratory Labor held hearings in California on the strike. During the hearings, subcommittee member Robert F. Kennedy expressed his support for the striking workers.

These activities led to similar movements in Southern Texas in 1966, where the UFW supported fruit workers in Starr County, Texas, and led a march to Austin, in support of UFW farm workers' rights. In the Midwest, César Chávez's movement inspired the founding of two Midwestern independent unions: Obreros Unidos in Wisconsin in 1966, and the Farm Labor Organizing Committee (FLOC) in Ohio in 1967. Former UFW organizers would also found the Texas Farm Workers Union in 1975.

In the early 1970s, the UFW organized strikes and boycotts—including the Salad Bowl strike, the largest farm worker strike in U.S. history—to protest for, and later win, higher wages for those farm workers who were working for grape and lettuce growers. The union also won passage of the California Agricultural Labor Relations Act, which gave collective bargaining rights to farm workers. During the 1980s, Chávez led a boycott to protest the use of toxic pesticides on grapes. Bumper stickers reading "NO GRAPES" and "UVAS NO" (the translation in Spanish) were widespread. He again fasted to draw public attention. UFW organizers believed that a reduction in produce sales by 15% was sufficient to wipe out the profit margin of the boycotted product. These strikes and boycotts generally ended with the signing of bargaining agreements.

Chávez undertook a number of ''spiritual fasts'', regarding the act as “a personal spiritual transformation”. In 1968, he fasted for 25 days, promoting the principle of nonviolence. In 1970, Chávez began a fast of ‘thanksgiving and hope’ to prepare for pre-arranged civil disobedience by farm workers. Also in 1972, he fasted in response to Arizona’s passage of legislation that prohibited boycotts and strikes by farm workers during the harvest seasons.

Immigration

The UFW during Chávez's tenure was committed to restricting immigration. Chávez and Dolores Huerta, cofounder and president of the UFW, fought the Bracero Program that existed from 1942 to 1964. Their opposition stemmed from their belief that the program undermined US workers and exploited the migrant workers. Since the Bracero program ensured a constant supply of cheap immigrant labor for growers, immigrants could not protest any infringement of their rights, lest they be fired and replaced. Their efforts contributed to Congress ending the Bracero Program in 1964. In 1973, the UFW was one of the first labor unions to oppose proposed employer sanctions that would have prohibited hiring undocumented immigrants. Later during the 1980s, while Chávez was still working alongside Huerta, he was key in getting the amnesty provisions into the 1986 federal immigration act.

On a few occasions, concerns that undocumented migrant labor would undermine UFW strike campaigns led to a number of controversial events, which the UFW describes as anti-strikebreaking events, but which have also been interpreted as being anti-immigrant. In 1969, Chávez and members of the UFW marched through the Imperial and Coachella Valleys to the border of Mexico to protest growers' use of undocumented immigrants as strikebreakers. Joining him on the march were both Reverend Ralph Abernathy and US Senator Walter Mondale. In its early years, Chávez and the UFW went so far as to report undocumented immigrants who served as strikebreaking replacement workers, as well as those who refused to unionize, to the Immigration and Naturalization Service.

In 1973, the United Farm Workers set up a "wet line" along the United States-Mexico border to prevent Mexican immigrants from entering the United States illegally and potentially undermining the UFW's unionization efforts. During one such event in which Chávez was not involved, some UFW members, under the guidance of Chávez's cousin Manuel, physically attacked the strikebreakers, after attempts to peacefully persuade them not to cross the border failed.

Education

Later in life, Chávez focused on his education. The walls of his office in Keene, California (United Farm Worker headquarters) were lined with hundreds of books ranging in subject from philosophy, economics, cooperatives, and unions, to biographies of Gandhi and the Kennedy family. Chávez was a vegan because he believed in animal rights and also for his health.

César Chávez Day

César Chávez's birthday, March 31, is celebrated in California as a state holiday, intended to promote service to the community in honor of Chávez's life and work. Many, but not all, state government offices, community colleges, and libraries are closed. Only two public school districts in San Jose observe the day with no school. Texas also recognizes the day, and it is an optional holiday in Arizona and Colorado.

Legacy

He is buried at the National Chavez Center, on the headquarters campus of the United Farm Workers of America (UFW), at 29700 Woodford-Tehachapi Road in the Keene community of unincorporated Kern County, Kern County. There is a portrait of him in the National Portrait Gallery in Washington, DC.

In 1973, college professors in Mount Angel, Oregon established the first four-year Mexican-American college in the United States. They chose César Chávez as their symbolic figurehead, naming the college Colegio Cesar Chavez. In the book ''Colegio Cesar Chavez, 1973-1983: A Chicano Struggle for Educational Self-Determination'' author Carlos Maldonado writes that Chávez visited the campus twice, joining in public demonstrations in support of the college. Though Colegio Cesar Chavez closed in 1983, it remains a recognized part of Oregon history. On its website the Oregon Historical Society writes, "Structured as a 'college-without-walls,' more than 100 students took classes in Chicano Studies, early childhood development, and adult education. Significant financial and administrative problems caused Colegio to close in 1983. Its history represents the success of a grassroots movement." The Colegio has been described as having been a symbol of the Latino presence in Oregon.

In 1992, Chávez was awarded the Pacem in Terris Award. It was named after a 1963 encyclical letter by Pope John XXIII that calls upon all people of good will to secure peace among all nations. Pacem in Terris is Latin for "Peace on Earth."

Chávez died on April 23, 1993, of unspecified natural causes in a rental apartment in San Luis, Arizona. Shortly after his death, his widow, Helen Chávez, donated his black nylon union jacket to the National Museum of American History, a branch of the Smithsonian.

On September 8, 1994, Chávez was presented, posthumously, with the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Bill Clinton. The award was received by his widow, Helen Chávez.

The California cities of Long Beach, Modesto, Sacramento, San Diego, Berkeley, and San Jose, California have renamed parks after him, as well as the City of Seattle, Washington. In Amarillo, Texas a bowling alley has been renamed in his memory. In Los Angeles, César E. Chávez Avenue, originally two separate streets (Macy Street west of the Los Angeles River and Brooklyn Avenue east of the river), extends from Sunset Boulevard and runs through East Los Angeles and Monterey Park. In San Francisco, César Chávez Street, originally named Army Street, is named in his memory. At San Francisco State University the student center is also named after him. The University of California, Berkeley, has a César E. Chávez Student Center, which lies across Lower Sproul Plaza from the Martin Luther King, Jr., Student Union. California State University San Marcos's Chavez Plaza includes a statue to Chávez. In 2007, The University of Texas at Austin unveiled its own César Chávez Statue on campus. Fresno named an adult school, where a majority percent of students' parents or themselves are, or have been, field workers, after Chávez. In Austin, Texas, one of the central thoroughfares was changed to César Chávez Boulevard. In Ogden, Utah, a four-block section of 30th Street was renamed Cesar Chavez Street. In Oakland, there is a library named after him and his birthday, March 31, is a district holiday in remembrance of him. On July 8, 2009, the city of Portland, Oregon, changed the name of 39th Avenue to Cesar Chavez Boulevard. In 2003, the United States Postal Service honored him with a postage stamp. The largest flatland park in Phoenix Arizona is named after Chavez. The park features Cesar Chavez Branch Library and a life-sized statue of Chavez by artist Zarco Guerrero. In April, 2010, the city of Dallas, Texas changed street signage along the downtown street-grade portion of Central Expressway, renaming it for Chávez; part of the street passes adjacent to the downtown Dallas Farmers Market complex. El Paso has a controlled-access highway, the portion of Texas Loop 375 running beside the Rio Grande, called the Cesar Chavez Border Highway; also in El Paso, the alternative junior-senior high school in the Ysleta Independent School District is named for Chavez. Las Cruces, New Mexico has an elementary school named for Cesar Chavez as well.

In 2004, the National Chavez Center was opened on the UFW national headquarters campus in Keene by the Cesar E. Chavez Foundation. It currently consists of a visitor center, memorial garden and his grave site. When it is fully completed, the site will include a museum and conference center to explore and share Chávez's work.

In 2005, a César Chávez commemorative meeting was held in San Antonio, honoring his work on behalf of immigrant farmworkers and other immigrants. Chavez High School in Houston is named in his honor, as is Cesar E. Chavez High School in Delano, California. In Davis, California; Santa Fe, New Mexico; Bakersfield, California and Madison, Wisconsin there are elementary schools named after him in his honor. In Davis, California, there is also an apartment complex named after Chávez which caters specifically to low-income residents and people with physical and mental disabilities. In Racine, Wisconsin, there is a community center named The Cesar Chavez Community Center also in his honor. In Grand Rapids, Michigan, the business loop of I-196 Highway is named "Cesar E Chavez Blvd." The (AFSC) American Friends Service Committee nominated him three times for the Nobel Peace Prize.

On December 6, 2006, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and First Lady Maria Shriver inducted César Chávez into the California Hall of Fame located at The California Museum for History, Women, and the Arts.

César Chávez's eldest son, Fernando Chávez, and grandson, Anthony Chávez, each tour the country, speaking about his legacy.

Chávez was referenced by Stevie Wonder in the song "Black Man," from the album Songs in the Key of Life, and by Tom Morello in the song "Union Song," from the album One Man Revolution.

On May 18, 2011, Navy Secretary Ray Mabus announced the Navy would be naming the last of 14 Lewis and Clark-class cargo ships after Cesar Chavez.

Timeline

ImageSize = width:750 height:700 PlotArea = left:50 right:0 bottom:10 top:10

DateFormat = yyyy Period = from:1927 till:1996 TimeAxis = orientation:vertical ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:3 start:1927 ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:1 start:1927

PlotData= color:red mark:(line, pink) align:left fontsize:M shift:(25,0) # shift text to right side of bar at:1927 text:March 31, César Estrada Chávez born near Yuma, Arizona. at:1942 text:Chavez Begins as a farm worker at:1944 text:Chavez begins his military service in the US Navy, which lasts 2 years. at:1946 text:Chavez joins the National Agricultural Workers Union, his first. at:1948 text:He and his family join the National Farm Workers Labor Union. at:1952 text:Cesar Chavez is recruited for Saul Alinsky's Community Service Organization,~ an activist group that fought racial and economic discrimination against Chicano residents. from:1958 till:1959 text:Chávez organizes strikes, marches, and a boycott of merchants~ in Oxnard to protest local unemployment. at:1962 text:Leaves The CSO and moves to Delano where he founds the Farm Workers Association. at:1965 shift:(25,-5) text: The NFWA and Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee start the grape boycott. at:1966 shift:(25,8) text:In March, Chávez marches with 75 others from Delano to the capital, Sacramento, 340 miles~ to bring attention to the plight of farmworkers. at:1968 text:In February, Chavez begins his historic 25 day fast. at:1969 text:UFW declares National Grape Boycott Day. at:1970 text:In December, Chávez imprisoned for challenging injunction against the boycott. at:1973 text:UFW celebrates first convention in Fresno. at:1975 text:California Supreme Court declares the short-handled hoe an Unsafe Hand Tool thus banned by California law at:1977 text:An agreement was reached that gave the UFW the sole right to organize farm workers. at:1984 text:Chávez announces a new grape boycott, this time focused on pesticides. at:1988 text:Chávez fasts for 36 days to protest pesticide use at:1993 text:April 23, after a fast of several days, Chávez dies in his sleep of unknown cause. at:1994 text:Chávez posthumously receives the US Medal of Freedom from President Clinton. at:1996 text:Made a memorial of his history.

See also

List of places named after César Chávez

Sí se puede

Union Organizer

References

References and Further reading

Bardacke, Frank. "Cesar's Ghost: Decline and Fall of the U.F.W.", ''The Nation'' (July 26, 1993) online version

Bruns, Roger. ''Cesar Chavez: A Biography'' (2005) excerpt and text search

Burt, Kenneth C. ''"The Search for a Civic Voice: California Latino Politics," (2007).

Dalton, Frederick John. ''The Moral Vision of Cesar Chavez'' (2003) excerpt and text search

Daniel, Cletus E. "Cesar Chavez and the Unionization of California Farm Workers." ed. Dubofsky, Melvyn and Warren Van Tine. Labor Leaders in America. University of IL: 1987.

Etulain, Richard W. ''Cesar Chavez: A Brief Biography with Documents'' (2002), 138pp; by a leading historian. excerpt and text search

Ferriss, Susan, and Ricardo Sandoval, eds. ''The Fight in the Fields: Cesar Chavez and the Farmworkers Movement'' (1998) excerpt and text search

Griswold del Castillo, Richard, and Richard A. Garcia. ''Cesar Chavez: A Triumph of Spirit'' (1995). highly favorable treatment

Hammerback, John C., and Richard J. Jensen. ''The Rhetorical Career of Cesar Chavez.'' (1998).

Jacob, Amanda ''César Chávez Dominates Face'' Sayville: Mandy Publishers, 2005.

Jensen, Richard J., Thomas R. Burkholder, and John C. Hammerback. "Martyrs for a Just Cause: The Eulogies of Cesar Chavez," ''Western Journal of Communication,'' Vol. 67, 2003 online edition

Johnson, Andrea Shan. "Mixed Up in the Making: Martin Luther King, Jr., Cesar Chavez, and the Images of Their Movements." PhD dissertation U. of Missouri, Columbia 2006. 503 pp. DAI 2007 67(11): 4312-A. DA3242742 Fulltext: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses

LaBotz, Dan. ''Cesar Chavez and La Causa'' (2005), short scholarly biography

León, Luis D. "Cesar Chavez in American Religious Politics: Mapping the New Global Spiritual Line." ''American Quarterly'' 2007 59(3): 857–881. Issn: 0003-0678 Fulltext: Project Muse

Levy, Jacques E. and Cesar Chavez. ''César Chávez: Autobiography of La Causa''. (1975). ISBN 0-393-07494-3

Matthiessen, Peter. ''Sal Si Puedes (Escape If You Can): Cesar Chavez and the New American Revolution,'' (2nd ed. 2000) excerpt and text search

Meister, Dick and Anne Loftis. ''A Long Time Coming: The Struggle to Unionize America's Farm Workers,'' (1977).

Orosco, Jose-Antonio. ''Cesar Chavez and the Common Sense of Nonviolence'' (2008)

Prouty, Marco G. ''César Chávez, the Catholic Bishops, and the Farmworkers' Struggle for Social Justice'' (University of Arizona Press; 185 pages; 2006). Analyzes the church's changing role from mediator to Chávez supporter in the farmworkers' strike that polarized central California's Catholic community from 1965 to 1970; draws on previously untapped archives of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops.

Ross, Fred. ''Conquering Goliath : César Chávez at the Beginning''. Keene, California: United Farm Workers: Distributed by El Taller Grafico, 1989. ISBN 0-9625298-0-X

Soto, Gary. ''César Chávez: a Hero for Everyone.'' New York: Aladdin, 2003. ISBN 0-689-85923-6 and ISBN 0-689-85922-8 (pbk.)

Taylor, Ronald B. ''Chavez and the Farm Workers'' (1975) online edition

External links

"The Story of César Chávez" United Farmworker's official biography of Chávez

César E. Chávez Chronology County of Los Angeles Public Library

Five Part Series on César Chávez ''Los Angeles Times'', Kids' Reading Room Classic, October 2000

The Fight in the Fields: Cesar Chavez and the Farmworker's Struggle ''PBS'' Documentary

Farmworker Movement Documentation Project

''New York Times'' obituary, April 24, 1993

Walter P. Reuther Library – ''President Clinton presents Helen Chavez with the Presidential Medal of Freedom, 1994''

Category:1927 births Category:1993 deaths Category:People from Yuma, Arizona Category:Agriculture and forestry trade unions Category:American anti–illegal immigration activists Category:American labor leaders Category:American vegans Category:Christian vegans Category:Disease-related deaths in Arizona Category:Labor relations in California Category:Activists for Hispanic and Latino American civil rights Category:Mexican-American history Category:American people of Mexican descent Category:Nonviolence advocates Category:People from Oxnard, California Category:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients Category:Roman Catholic activists Category:United States Navy sailors Category:United States presidential candidates, 1976 Category:American labor unionists

ca:César Chávez de:César Chávez es:César Chávez fa:سزار چاوز fr:César Chávez nl:César Chávez no:César Chávez pl:César Chávez ru:Чавес, Сесар Эстрада simple:César Chávez sv:César Chávez tl:Cesar Chavez

Coordinates	41°52′55″N87°37′40″N
{{infobox boxer|name	Frankie Randall
Realname	Frankie Billy Randall
Nickname	The Surgeon
Weight	WelterweightLight Welterweight
Height	5 ft 9 in (175 cm)
Reach	72 in (183 cm)
Nationality	American
Birth date	September 25, 1961
Birth place	Birmingham, Alabama, USA
Home town	Birmingham, Alabama, USA
Style	Orthodox
Total	77
Wins	58
Ko	42
Losses	18
Draws	1
No contests	0 }}

Frankie Billy Randall (born September 25, 1961 in Birmingham, Alabama) is a three-time world champion boxer, who is best known as the man who handed Mexican legend Julio César Chávez his first professional defeat.

Pro career

Known as "The Surgeon", Randall, who was born in Birmingham, Alabama and grew up in Morristown, Tennessee, turned pro in 1981 after a lengthy career as an amateur boxer. He started slowly, winning his pro debut in June of that year, but was inactive in 1982 and did not fight again until February 1983.

Once his career started in earnest, Randall stayed busy, fighting and winning 23 times between 1983 and June 1985, when he fought former and future champ Edwin Rosario and lost a unanimous decision over 10 rounds. The loss probably cost him a chance to fight for the WBC lightweight title later that year. It didn't seem like much at the time, but Randall ended up waiting years for another shot.

On July 4, 1986, Randall drew with Freddie Pendleton for the USBA regional lightweight title, then watched Pendleton get a title shot instead of him even though Randall had previously defeated him. Then, in October 1987, he was knocked out by Mexican lightweight champion Primo Ramos for the NABF regional belt.

Randall then signed with promoter Don King and spent the next six and a half years fighting on the undercards of various championship fights promoted by King. But he also won all 17 of those fights, and on January 30, 1993, earned another title shot when he knocked out Rosario in the seventh round of a rematch.

Title Shot against Julio César Chávez

That shot came on January 29, 1994 against the legendary champion Julio César Chávez, in the grand opening of the MGM Grand Hotel in Las Vegas. Chávez came into the fight with an 90-0-1 record and was an 18-to-1 favorite to beat the 32-year-old challenger.

Randall felt differently, though. In a 2004 interview, he said "The moment that Don King informed that I was fighting Julio Cesar Chávez, I knew that I was going to be the first to beat him."

Randall knew the Mexican legend was a slow starter who often lost the first few rounds of a fight, only to come back and dominate. In this fight, Randall indeed won the early rounds, but kept the pressure on in the middle of the fight and began to build a large lead on the scorecards. Chávez then rallied, and by the 10th round, Randall held only a narrow lead. With the championship on the line, Randall took the fight to Chávez, compelling the champion to slow him down with an illegal low blow that cost Chávez a point. Then, in the 11th round, Randall knocked Chávez down for the first time in his career.

Minutes later, the fight ended and Randall had made boxing history, as well as claiming Chávez' WBC light welterweight championship on a split decision.

Chavez disputed the decision and demanded a rematch. Chávez blamed his loss on referee Richard Steele, who deducted two points from Chávez for low blows, making the ultimate difference on the scorecards.

The press stated that Chavez was not one hundred per cent of his capacities, claiming a supposed drug use and alcoholism by the Mexican legend, Randall's victory was discredited on numerous occasions.

Rematch with Chavez

Chávez got a rematch on May 7 of the same year and regained the title from Randall on an eight-round split decision . Chávez was injured due to an accidental clash of heads, and under WBC rules, this cost Randall a point on the scorecards. That deduction was the difference between keeping the title on a split draw, or losing.

On September 17, he was given a shot at the WBA version of the light welterweight title owned by Juan Martin Coggi. He beat Coggi, defended his title twice, then lost a rematch to Coggi in January 1996 in the same manner he'd lost to Chávez—a four-round decision in a fight ended early by a clash of heads.

Seven months later, Randall regained the WBA title, beating Coggi by unanimous decision in Buenos Aires, Argentina. But he lost it in his first defense, against Khalid Rahilou on January 11, 1997.

After taking 18 months off, Randall came back in an attempt to become a four-time world champ. He won a pair of tune-up fights, then faced contender Oba Carr in February 1999 for a chance to fight for a welterweight title. But Carr beat him on a 10-round unanimous decision.

The loss to Carr was the end of Randall's time as a contender, but he's continued to fight with mixed results over the years since.

Third fight against Chavez

On May 22, 2004, Randall got back into the news when old rival Chávez chose him for his last fight before going into retirement. In what was described in the media as an entertaining fight, Randall lost a 10-round decision to Chávez in Mexico City.

Retirement

He announced his retirement on January 1, 2005 after losing a fight to light-middleweight Mexican Marco Antonio Rubio. He continued to fight after the announcement though, and lost a bout the following month to Mauro Lucero, and another bout later in the year. Randall's final career record is 58 wins, 18 losses and one draw, with 42 wins by way of knockout.

See also

List of WBC world champions

{{s-ttl| title = WBA Light Welterweight Champion | years = September 17, 1994 – January 13, 1996 }} {{s-ttl| title = WBA Light Welterweight Champion | years = August 16, 1996 – January 11, 1997 }}

References

External links

Category:1961 births Category:American boxers Category:Living people Category:World Boxing Association Champions Category:World Boxing Council Champions

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