The TOPS-20 operating system by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) was the second proprietary OS for the PDP-10 mainframe computer. TOPS-20 began in 1969 as the TENEX operating system of Bolt, Beranek and Newman (BBN). TOPS-20 is almost entirely unrelated to the similarly named TOPS-10, but it was shipped with the PA1050 TOPS-10 Monitor Calls emulation facility which allowed most, but not all, TOPS-10 executables to run unchanged. As a matter of policy, DEC did not update PA1050 to support later TOPS-10 additions except where required by DEC software. TOPS-20 was preferred by most PDP-10 users over TOPS-10 (at least by those who were not ITS or WAITS partisans).^{[citation needed]}

TENEX[link]

In the 1960s, BBN was involved in a number of LISP-based artificial intelligence projects for DARPA, many of which had very large (for the era) memory requirements. One solution to this problem was to add paging software to the LISP language, allowing it to write out unused portions of memory to disk for later recall if needed. One such system had been developed for the PDP-1 at MIT by Daniel Murphy before he joined BBN. Early DEC machines were based on an 18-bit word, allowing addresses to encode for a 262-kword memory. The machines were based on expensive core memory and included nowhere near the required amount. The pager used the otherwise unused bits of the address to store a key into a table of blocks on a magnetic drum that acted as the pager's backing store, and the software would fetch the pages if needed and then re-write the address to point to the proper area of RAM.

In 1964 DEC announced the PDP-6. DEC was still heavily involved with MIT's AI Lab, and many feature requests from the LISP hackers were moved into this machine. BBN became interested in buying one for their AI work when they became available, but wanted DEC to add a hardware version of Murphy's pager directly into the system. With such an addition, every program on the system would have paging support invisibly, making it much easier to do any sort of programming on the machine. DEC was initially interested, but soon (1966) announced they were in fact dropping the PDP-6 and concentrating solely on their smaller 18-bit and new 16-bit lines. The PDP-6 was expensive and complex, and had not sold well for these reasons.

It was not long until it became clear that DEC was once again entering the 36-bit business with what would become the PDP-10. BBN started talks with DEC to get a paging subsystem in the new machine, then known by its CPU name, the KA-10. DEC was not terribly interested. However, one development of these talks was the inclusion of two dual memory areas, allowing all programs to be divided into a protected (exec in DEC-speak) portion and a user portion. Additionally, DEC was firm on keeping the cost of the machine as low as possible, including only 16K words of core and placing registers in RAM, resulting in a considerable performance decrease.

BBN nevertheless went ahead with its purchase of several PDP-10s, and decided to build their own hardware pager. During this period a debate began on what operating system to run on the new machines. Strong arguments were made for the continued use of TOPS-10, in order to keep their existing software running with minimum effort. This would require a re-write of TOPS to support the paging system, and this seemed like a major problem. At the same time, TOPS did not support a number of features the developers wanted. In the end they decided to make a new system, but include an emulation library that would allow it to run existing TOPS-10 software with minor effort.

The developer team – amongst them Daniel Murphy and Daniel G. Bobrow – chose the name TENEX (TEN-EXtended) for the new system. It included a full virtual memory system—that is, not only could programs access a full 262kwords of memory, every program could do so at the same time. The pager system would handle mapping as it would always, copying data to and from the backing store as needed. The only change needed was for the pager to be able to hold several sets of mappings between RAM and store, one for each program using the system. The pager also held access time information in order to tune performance. The resulting pager was fairly complex, filling a full-height 19" rackmount chassis.

One notable feature of TENEX was its user-oriented command line interpreter. Unlike typical systems of the era, TENEX deliberately used long command names and even included noise words to further expand the commands for clarity. For instance, Unix uses ls to print a list of files in a directory, whereas TENEX used DIRECTORY (OF FILES). "DIRECTORY" was the command word, "(OF FILES)" was noise added to make the purpose of the command clearer. Users did not want to type these long commands, so TENEX used an escape recognition system that would expand partial command words into completed words or phrases. For instance, the user could type DIR and the escape key, at which point TENEX would replace DIR with the full command. The same feature worked with file names, which took some effort on the part of the interpreter, and the system allowed for long file names with human-readable descriptions. TENEX also included a help system that could be invoked by typing the question mark (?), which would print out a list of possible matching commands and then return the user to the command line with the question mark removed.

TENEX became fairly popular in the small PDP-10 market, and the external pager hardware developed into a small business of its own. In early 1970 DEC started work on an upgrade to the PDP-10 processor, the KI-10. BBN once again attempted to get DEC to support a full hardware paging system, but instead DEC decided on a much simpler system. This plan eventually backfired; by this point TENEX was one of the most popular PDP-10 operating systems, and it would not run on the new machines. Known as the DECsystem-10 in the marketplace, the normal operating system was TOPS-10.

TOPS-20[link]

Learning from this mistake, the DEC sales manager in charge of the PDP-10 line managed to purchase the rights to TENEX from BBN and set up a project to port it to the new machine. At around this time Murphy moved from BBN to DEC as well, helping on the porting project. Most of the work centered on emulating the BBN pager hardware in a combination of software and the KI-10's simpler hardware. The speed of the KI-10 compared to the PDP-6 made this possible. Additionally the porting effort required a number of new device drivers to support the newer backing store devices being used.

Just as the new TENEX was shipping, DEC started work on the KL-10, intended to be a low-cost version of the KI-10. While this was going on, Stanford University AI programmers, many of them MIT alumni, were working on their own project to build a PDP-10 that was ten times faster than the original KA-10. The project evolved into the Foonly line of computers. DEC visited them and many of their ideas were then folded into the KL-10 project. The same year IBM also announced their own machine with virtual memory, making it a standard requirement for any computer. In the end the KL integrated a number of major changes to the system, but did not end up being any lower in cost. From the start, the new DECSYSTEM-20 would run a version of TENEX as its default operating system.

Extensions for the new machine were limited, but difficult. The main upgrade was the addition of extended addressing, which allowed the machine to support a 23-bit address space. The extra addressing bits were "added" by the pager hardware, which was now implemented in microcode. The extra bits allowed multiple pages to be mapped into the same physical hardware, which also allowed the system to support a wider range of RAM without it being "obvious". For backward compatibility, the machine included instructions that could generate 18-bit addresses on demand.

The first in-house code name for the operating system was VIROS (VIRtual memory Operating System); when customers started asking questions, the name was changed to SNARK so that DEC could truthfully deny that there was any project called VIROS. When the name SNARK became known, the name was briefly reversed to become KRANS; this was quickly abandoned when someone objected that "krans" meant "funeral wreath" in Swedish (though it simply means "wreath"; this part of the story may be apocryphal).

Ultimately DEC picked TOPS-20 as the name of the operating system, and it was as TOPS-20 that it was marketed. The hacker community, mindful of its origins, quickly dubbed it TWENEX (a contraction of "twenty TENEX"), even though by this point very little of the original TENEX code remained (analogously to the differences between AT&T V7 Unix and BSD). DEC people cringed when they heard "TWENEX", but the term caught on nevertheless (the written abbreviation "20x" was also used).

TWENEX was successful and very popular; in fact, there was a period in the early 1980s when it commanded as fervent a culture of partisans as Unix or ITS - but DEC's decision to scrap all the internal rivals to the VAX architecture and its VMS OS killed the DEC-20 and put an end to TWENEX's brief period of popularity. DEC attempted to convince TOPS-20 users to convert to VMS, but instead, by the late 1980s, most of the TOPS-20 users had migrated to Unix.

Sources[link]

• Some text in this article was taken from The Jargon File entry on "TWENEX", which is in the public domain.

References[link]

• Daniel G. Bobrow, Jerry D. Burchfiel, Daniel L. Murphy, Raymond S. Tomlinson, TENEX, A Paged Time Sharing System for the PDP-10 (Communications of the ACM, Vol. 15, pages 135–143, March 1972)

Further reading[link]

• Storage Organization and Management in TENEX. Daniel L. Murphy. AFIPS Proceedings, 1972 FJCC.
• Implementation of TENEX on the KI10. Daniel L. Murphy. TENEX Panel Session, NCC 1974.
• Origins and Development of TOPS-20. Daniel L. Murphy, 1989.

External links[link]

• Origins and Development of TOPS-20 is an excellent longer history
• Panda Programming TOPS-20 Home Page maintains a mailing list for TOPS-20 news
• Panda TOPS-20 distribution
• SDF Public Access TWENEX

Thierry Henry

Henry with the New York Red Bulls
Personal information
Full name	Thierry Daniel Henry[1]
Date of birth	(1977-08-17) 17 August 1977 (age 34)[1]
Place of birth	Les Ulis, Essonne, France
Height	1.88 m (6 ft 2 in)
Playing position	Striker
Club information
Current club	New York Red Bulls
Number	14
Youth career
1983–1989	CO Les Ulis
1989–1990	US Palaiseau
1990–1992	Viry-Châtillon
1992	Clairefontaine
1992–1994	Monaco
Senior career*
Years	Team	Apps†	(Gls)†
1994–1999	Monaco	105	(20)
1999	Juventus	16	(3)
1999–2007	Arsenal	254	(174)
2007–2010	Barcelona	80	(35)
2010–	New York Red Bulls	46	(25)
2012	→ Arsenal (loan)	4	(1)
National team‡
1997	France U20	5	(3)
1997–2010	France	123	(51)
* Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of 20:50, 30 May 2012 (UTC). † Appearances (Goals). ‡ National team caps and goals correct as of 16:56, 11 February 2012 (UTC)

Thierry Daniel Henry (French pronunciation: [tjɛʁi ɑ̃ʁi]; born 17 August 1977) is a French footballer who plays as a striker for New York Red Bulls in Major League Soccer.

Henry was born in Les Ulis, Essonne (a suburb of Paris) where he played for an array of local sides as a youngster and showed great promise as a goal-scorer. He was spotted by AS Monaco in 1990 and signed instantly, making his professional debut in 1994. Good form led to an international call-up in 1998, after which he signed for the Serie A defending champions Juventus. He had a disappointing season playing on the wing, before joining Arsenal for £11 million in 1999.

It was at Arsenal that Henry made his name as a world-class footballer. Despite initially struggling in the Premier League, he emerged as Arsenal's top goal-scorer for almost every season of his tenure there. Under long-time mentor and coach Arsène Wenger, Henry became a prolific striker and Arsenal's all-time leading scorer with 228 goals in all competitions. The Frenchman won two league titles and three FA Cups with the Gunners; he was nominated for the FIFA World Player of the Year twice, was named the PFA Players' Player of the Year twice, and the FWA Footballer of the Year three times. Henry spent his final two seasons with Arsenal as club captain, leading them to the 2006 UEFA Champions League Final.

In June 2007, after eight years with Arsenal, he transferred to Barcelona for a fee of €24 million. His first honours with the Catalan club came in 2009 when they won the La Liga, Copa del Rey and Champions League treble. He went on to achieve an unprecedented sextuple by also winning the Supercopa de España, the UEFA Super Cup and the FIFA Club World Cup. In total, Henry has been named in the UEFA Team of the Year five times. In 2010, he joined the New York Red Bulls of the Major League Soccer, and won the Eastern Conference title with them in 2010. He returned to Arsenal on loan for two months in 2012.

Henry enjoyed similar success with the French national team, having won the 1998 FIFA World Cup, UEFA Euro 2000 and 2003 FIFA Confederations Cup. In October 2007, he surpassed Michel Platini's record to become France's top goal-scorer of all time. Henry retired from international football after the 2010 FIFA World Cup. Off the pitch, Henry is an active spokesperson against racism in football, partially due to his own experiences. He married English model Nicole Merry in 2003 and had a daughter with her, but they divorced in 2007. Henry was also one of the top commercially marketed footballers; he was ranked ninth in the world in 2006.

Early years[link]

Henry is of Antillean heritage:^[2] his father, Antoine, is from Guadeloupe (La Désirade island), and his mother, Maryse, is from Martinique. He was born and raised in Les Ulis suburb of Paris which, despite sometimes being seen as a tough neighbourhood, provided good footballing facilities.^[3][4] As a seven-year-old, Henry showed great potential, prompting Claude Chezelle to recruit him to the local club CO Les Ulis. His father pressured him to attend training, although the youngster was not particularly drawn to football.^[1] He joined US Palaiseau in 1989, but after a year his father fell out with the club, so Henry moved to ES Viry-Châtillon and played there for two years.^[2] US Palaiseau coach Jean-Marie Panza, Henry's future mentor, followed him there.^[3]

Club career[link]

Monaco (1992–1999) and Juventus (1999)[link]

In 1990, Monaco sent scout Arnold Catalano to watch Henry, then at the age of 13 in a match.^[5] Henry scored all six goals as his side won 6–0. Catalano asked him to join Monaco without even attending a trial first. Catalano requested that Henry complete a course at the elite Clairefontaine academy, and despite the director's reluctance to admit Henry due to his poor school results, he was allowed to complete the course and joined Arsène Wenger's Monaco as a youth player.^[1] Subsequently, Henry signed professional forms with Monaco, and made his professional debut on 31 August 1994, in a 2–0 loss against Nice.^[5] Although Wenger suspected that Henry should be deployed as a striker, he put Henry on the left wing because he believed that his pace, natural ball control and skill would be more effective against full-backs than centre-backs.^[2]

After a tentative start to his Monaco career, Henry was named the French Young Footballer of the Year in 1996, and in the 1996–97 season, his solid performances helped the club win the Ligue 1 title.^[1][6] During the 1997–98 season, he was instrumental in leading his club to the UEFA Champions League semi-final, setting a French record by scoring seven goals in the competition.^[2][7] By his third season, he had received his first cap for the national team, and was part of the winning team in the 1998 FIFA World Cup.^[2] He continued to impress at his tenure with Monaco, and in his five seasons with the French club, the young winger scored 20 league goals in 105 appearances.^[6]

Henry left Monaco in January 1999, one year before his friend and teammate David Trezeguet, and moved to Italian Serie A club Juventus for £10.5 million.^[1] He played on the wing,^[8] but he was ineffective against the Serie A defensive discipline in a position uncharacteristic for him, and scored just three goals in 16 appearances.^[9]

Arsenal (1999–2007)[link]

Henry was made captain following the departure of fellow Frenchman Patrick Vieira to Juventus in 2005

Unsettled in Italy, Henry transferred from Juventus on 3 August 1999 to Arsenal for an estimated fee of £11 million, reuniting with his former manager Arsène Wenger.^[10][11] It was at Arsenal that Henry made his name as a world-class footballer,^[12] and although his transfer was not without controversy, Wenger was convinced he was worth the transfer fee.^[2] Brought in as a replacement for fellow French forward Nicolas Anelka, Henry was immediately moulded into a striker by Wenger, a move that would pay rich dividends in years to come. However, doubts were raised about his ability to adapt to the quick and physical English game when he failed to score in his first eight games.^[3] After several difficult months in England, Henry even conceded that he had to "be re-taught everything about the art of striking."^[3] These doubts were dispelled when he ended his first season at Arsenal with an impressive goal tally of 26.^[13] Arsenal finished second in the league behind Manchester United, and lost in the UEFA Cup Final against Turkish side Galatasaray.^[2]

Coming off the back of a victorious UEFA Euro 2000 campaign with the national team, Henry was ready to make an impact in the 2000–01 season. Despite recording fewer goals and assists than his first season, Henry's second season with Arsenal proved to be a breakthrough, as he became the club's top goalscorer.^[14] Armed with one of the league's best attacks, Arsenal closed in quickly on perennial rivals Manchester United for the league title. Henry remained frustrated, however, by the fact that he had yet to help the club win honours, and frequently expressed his desire to establish Arsenal as a powerhouse.^[2]

Success finally arrived during the 2001–02 season. Arsenal finished seven points above Liverpool to win the league title, and defeated Chelsea 2–0 in the FA Cup Final.^[2] Henry became the league's top goal-scorer and netted 32 goals in all competitions as he led Arsenal to a double and his first silverware with the club.^[1][14] There was much expectation that Henry would replicate his club form for France during the 2002 FIFA World Cup, but the defending champions suffered a shock exit at the group stage.^[2]

2002–03 proved to be another productive season for Henry, as he scored 32 goals in all competitions while contributing 23 assists—remarkable returns for a striker.^[14] In doing so, he led Arsenal to another FA Cup triumph (where he was man-of-the-match in the Final),^[15] although Arsenal failed to retain their Premier League crown.^[16] Throughout the season, he competed with Manchester United's Ruud van Nistelrooy for the league scoring title, but the latter edged Henry to the title by a goal.^[2] Nonetheless, Henry was named both the PFA Players' Player of the Year and FWA Footballer of the Year.^[17][18] His rising status as one of the world's best footballers was affirmed when he emerged runner-up for the 2003 FIFA World Player of the Year award.^[12]

Henry in a game against Charlton Athletic in 2006

Entering the 2003–04 season, Arsenal were determined to reclaim the Premier League crown. Henry was again instrumental in Arsenal's exceptionally successful campaign; together with the likes of Dennis Bergkamp, Patrick Vieira and Robert Pirès, Henry ensured that the Gunners became the first team in more than a century to go through the entire domestic league season unbeaten, claiming the league title in the process.^[19] Apart from being named for the second year running as the PFA Players' Player of the Year and FWA Footballer of the Year,^[17][18] Henry emerged once again as the runner-up for 2004 FIFA World Player of the Year award.^[12] With 39 goals scored in all competitions, the Frenchman led the league in goals scored and won the European Golden Boot.^[1][20] However, as was the case in 2002, Henry was unable to lead the national side to honours during UEFA Euro 2004.^[2]

This dip in success was compounded when Arsenal failed again to secure back-to-back league titles when they lost out to Chelsea in the 2004–05 season, although Arsenal did win the FA Cup (the Final of which Henry missed through injury).^[6] Henry maintained his reputation as one of Europe's most feared strikers as he led the league in scoring,^[1] and with 31 goals in all competitions,^[21] he was the co-recipient (with Diego Forlán) of the European Golden Boot, and is currently the only player to have officially won the award twice in a row (Ally McCoist also had two Golden Boots in a row, but both were deemed unofficial).^[20] The unexpected departure of compatriot Vieira in mid-2005 led to Henry being awarded club captaincy, a role which many felt was not naturally suited for him; the captaincy is more commonly given to defenders or midfielders, who are better-placed on the pitch to read the game.^[1] Along with being chief goal-scorer, he was responsible for leading a very young team which had yet to gel fully.^[22]

After the retirement of Dennis Bergkamp, Henry regularly partnered Robin van Persie up front in the Arsenal attack

The 2005–06 season proved to be one of remarkable personal achievements for Henry. On 17 October 2005, Henry became the club's top goal-scorer of all time;^[23] two goals against Sparta Prague in the Champions League meant he broke Ian Wright's record of 185 goals.^[24] On 1 February 2006, he scored a goal against West Ham United, bringing his league goal tally up to 151, breaking Arsenal legend Cliff Bastin's league goals record.^[25] Henry scored his 100th league goal at Highbury, a feat unparalleled in the history of the club, and a unique achievement in the Premier League.^[26] He completed the season as the league's top goal-scorer,^[1] and for the third time in his career, he was voted the FWA Footballer of the Year.^[6]

Nevertheless, Arsenal failed to win the league title again, but hopes of a trophy were revived when Arsenal reached the 2006 UEFA Champions League Final. The Gunners eventually lost 2–1 to Barcelona, and Arsenal's inability to win the Premier League for two consecutive seasons combined with the relative inexperience of the Arsenal squad caused much speculation that Henry would leave for another club. However, he declared his love for the club and accepted a four-year contract, and said he would stay at Arsenal for life.^[18] Arsenal vice-chairman David Dein later claimed the club had turned down two bids of £50 million from Spanish clubs for Henry before the signing of the new contract.^[27] Had the transfer materialized, it would have surpassed the then world record £47 million paid for Zinédine Zidane.^[27]

Henry's 2006–07 season was marred by injuries.^[28] Although he scored 10 goals in 17 domestic appearances for Arsenal, Henry's season was cut short in February. Having missed games due to hamstring, foot, and back problems, he was deemed fit enough to come on as a late substitute against PSV in a Champions League match,^[29] but began limping shortly after coming on. Scans the next day revealed that he would need at least three months to heal from new groin and stomach injuries, missing the rest of the 2006–07 season.^[30] Wenger attributed Henry's injuries to a protracted 2005–06 campaign, and reiterated that Henry was keen on staying with the Gunners to rebuild for the 2007–08 season.^[28]

Barcelona (2007–2010)[link]

Henry in Barcelona colours

On 25 June 2007, in an unexpected turn of events, Henry was transferred to Barcelona for €24 million. He signed a four-year deal for a reported €6.8 (£4.6) million per season.^[31] It was revealed that the contract included a release clause of €125 (£84.9) million.^[32] Henry cited the departure of Dein and continued uncertainty over Wenger's future as reasons for leaving,^[33][34] and maintained that "I always said that if I ever left Arsenal it would be to play for Barcelona."^[35] Despite their captain's departure, Arsenal got off to an impressive start for the 2007–08 campaign, and Henry admitted that his presence in the team might have been more of a hindrance than a help. He stated: "Because of my seniority, the fact that I was captain and my habit of screaming for the ball, they would sometimes give it to me even when I was not in the best position. So in that sense it was good for the team that I moved on."^[36] Henry left Arsenal as the club's leading all-time league goal-scorer with 174 goals and leading all-time goal-scorer in Europe with 42 goals;^[1] in July 2008, Arsenal fans voted him as Arsenal's greatest player ever in Arsenal.com's Gunners' Greatest 50 Players poll.^[37]

Henry takes on Rio Ferdinand inside the Manchester United penalty area during the 2009 UEFA Champions League Final.

At Barcelona, Henry was given the number 14 jersey, the same as he had worn at Arsenal. He scored his first goal for his new club on 19 September 2007 in a 3–0 Champions League group stage win over Lyon,^[38] and he recorded his first hat-trick for Barça in a league match against Levante ten days later.^[39] But with Henry mostly deployed on the wing throughout the season, he was unable to reproduce the goal-scoring form he achieved with Arsenal. He expressed dissatisfaction with the move to Barcelona in the initial year, amidst widespread speculation of a return to the Premier League. In an interview with Garth Crooks on BBC Football Focus, Henry described missing life "back home" and even "the English press".^[40] However, Henry concluded his debut season as the club's top scorer with 19 goals in addition to nine league assists, second behind Lionel Messi's 10.

Henry went on to surpass this tally in a more integrated 2008–09 campaign, winning the first trophy of his Barcelona career on 13 May 2009 when Barcelona defeated Athletic Bilbao in the Copa del Rey final. Barcelona won the league and Champions League soon after, completing a treble for the Frenchman, who had combined with Lionel Messi and Samuel Eto'o to score 100 goals between them that season. The trio was also the most prolific trio in Spanish league history, scoring 72 goals and surpassing the 66 goals of Real Madrid's Ferenc Puskás, Alfredo Di Stéfano and Luis del Sol of the 1960–61 season. Later in 2009, Henry helped Barcelona win an unprecedented sextuple, consisting of the aforementioned treble, the Supercopa de España, the UEFA Super Cup, and the FIFA Club World Cup.^[41]

The following season, the emergence of Pedro Rodríguez meant that Henry only started 15 league games.^[14] Before the La Liga season ended, and with a year still left on his contract, club president Joan Laporta stated on 5 May 2010 that Henry "may go away in the summer transfer window if that's what he wants".^[42] After Henry returned from the 2010 FIFA World Cup, Barcelona confirmed that they had agreed to the sale of Henry to an unnamed club, with the player still to agree terms with the new club.^[43]

New York Red Bulls (2010–present)[link]

Henry facing Phil Jones in the 2011 MLS All-Star Game

In July 2010, Henry signed a multi-year contract with Major League Soccer (MLS) club New York Red Bulls for the 2010 season as its second designated player.^[44] He made his full MLS debut on 31 July in a 2–2 draw against Houston Dynamo, assisting both goals to Juan Pablo Angel. His first MLS goal came on 28 August in a 2–0 victory against San Jose Earthquakes. The Red Bulls eventually topped the MLS Eastern Conference by one point over Columbus Crew^[45] before losing 3–2 on aggregate against San Jose Earthquakes in the quarterfinals of the 2010 MLS Cup Playoffs.^[46] The next season, the Red Bulls were 10th overall in the league,^[47] and bowed out in the Conference Semi-finals of the 2011 MLS Cup Playoffs.^[48]

Henry on loan to Arsenal

After training with Arsenal during the MLS off-season, Henry re-signed for the club on a two-month loan deal on 6 January 2012. This was to provide cover for Gervinho and Marouane Chamakh, who were unavailable due to their participation in the 2012 Africa Cup of Nations.^[49] Henry made his second Arsenal debut as a substitute against Leeds United in the FA Cup third round and scored the only goal.^[50] In his last league game on loan, he scored the winning goal in stoppage time in a 2–1 win against Sunderland.^[51] On 17 February 2012, Henry returned to Red Bulls to prepare for the 2012 season.

On 31 March 2012, Henry scored his first MLS hat-trick in a 5–2 Red Bulls win over Montreal Impact.^[52]

International career[link]

Henry enjoyed a successful career with the France national team, winning the first of his 123 caps in June 1997, when his good form for Monaco was rewarded with a call-up to the Under-20 French national team, where he played in the 1997 FIFA World Youth Championship alongside future teammates William Gallas and David Trézéguet.^[1] Within four months, France head coach Aimé Jacquet called Henry up to the senior team. The 20-year-old made his senior international debut on 11 October 1997 in a 2–1 win against South Africa.^[53] Jacquet was so impressed with Henry that he took him to the 1998 FIFA World Cup. Although Henry was a largely unknown quantity at international level, he ended the tournament as France's top scorer with three goals.^[54] He was scheduled to appear as a substitute in the final, where France beat Brazil 3–0, but Marcel Desailly's sending off forced a defensive change instead. In 1998, he was made Chevalier (Knight) of the Légion d'honneur, France's highest decoration.^[55]

Henry was a member of France's UEFA Euro 2000 squad, again scoring three goals in the tournament, including the equaliser against Portugal in the semi-final, and finishing as the country's top scorer.^[56] France later won the game in extra time following a converted penalty kick by Zinédine Zidane. France went on to defeat Italy in extra-time in the Final, earning Henry his second major international medal.^[57] During the tournament, Henry was voted man-of-the-match in three games, including the final against Italy.^[58]

The 2002 FIFA World Cup featured a stunning early exit for both Henry and France as the defending champions were eliminated in the group stage after failing to score a goal in all three games.^[1] France lost their first match in group play and Henry was red carded for a dangerous sliding challenge in their next match against Uruguay.^[2] In that game, France played to a 0–0 draw, but Henry was forced to miss the final match due to suspension; France lost 2–0 to Denmark.^[2]

Henry returned to form for his country at the 2003 FIFA Confederations Cup. Despite playing without team stalwarts Zidane and Patrick Vieira, France won, in large part owing to Henry's outstanding play, for which he was named Man of the Match by FIFA's Technical Study Group in three of France's five matches.^[1] In the final, he scored the golden goal in extra time to lift the title for the host country after a 1–0 victory over Cameroon.^[1] Henry was awarded both the adidas Golden Ball as the outstanding player of the competition and the adidas Golden Shoe as the tournament's top goal-scorer with four goals.^[1]

In UEFA Euro 2004, Henry played in all of France's matches and scored two goals.^[6] France beat England in the group stages but lost to the eventual winners Greece 1–0 in the quarter-finals.^[59] During the 2006 FIFA World Cup Henry remained as one of the automatic starters in the squad. He played as a lone striker, but despite an indifferent start to the tournament, became one of the top players of the World Cup. He scored three goals, including the winning goal from Zidane's free kick against defending champions Brazil.^[1] However, France subsequently lost to Italy on penalties (5–3) in the final. Henry did not take part in the penalty shoot-out, having been substituted in extra time after his legs had cramped.^[60] Henry was one of 10 nominees for the Golden Ball award for Player of the Tournament, an award which was ultimately presented to his teammate, Zidane^[61] and was named a starting striker on the 2006 FIFPro World XI team.^[62]

On 13 October 2007, Henry scored his 41st goal against the Faroe Islands, joining Michel Platini as the country's top goal-scorer of all time.^[36] Four days later at the Stade de la Beaujoire, he scored a late double against Lithuania, thereby setting a new record as France's top goal-scorer.^[63] On 3 June 2008, Henry made his 100th appearance for national team in match against Colombia, becoming the sixth French player ever to reach that milestone.^[64]

Henry missed the opening game of France's short-lived UEFA Euro 2008 campaign, where they were eliminated in the group stages after being grouped together with Italy, the Netherlands and Romania.^[65] He scored France's only goal in the competition in a 4–1 loss to the Netherlands.^[66]

The French team struggled during the 2010 FIFA World Cup qualifiers and finished second in their group behind Serbia. During the play-offs against the Republic of Ireland, Henry was involved in a controversy in the second leg of the game at the Stade de France on 18 November 2009. With the aggregate score tied at 1–1 and the game in extra time, he used his hand twice to control the ball before delivering a cross to William Gallas who scored the winner.^[67] This sparked a barrage of criticism against the Frenchman, while national team coach Raymond Domenech and Arsenal manager Arsène Wenger defended him.^[68][69] The Football Association of Ireland lodged a formal complaint with FIFA, seeking a replay of the game, which FIFA declined.^[70] Henry said that he contemplated retiring from international football after the reactions to the incident,^[71] but maintained that he was not a "cheat"; hours after FIFA had ruled out a replay, he stated that "the fairest solution would be to replay the game".^[72] FIFA President Sepp Blatter described the incident as "blatant unfair play" and announced an inquiry into how such incidents could be avoided in future, and added that the incident would be investigated by the Disciplinary Committee.^[73] Blatter also said Henry told him that his family had been threatened in the aftermath of the incident.^[74] In January 2010, FIFA announced that there was no legal basis to sanction Henry.^[75]

Henry did not feature in the starting line-up for France at the 2010 FIFA World Cup. France drew in their first game against Uruguay, and lost 2–0 in their second against Mexico. The team was thrown into disarray when Nicolas Anelka was expelled from the team, and captain Patrice Evra led a team protest by refusing to train.^[76] In the final group game against host-nation South Africa in which Henry came on as a second-half substitute, France lost 2–1 and were eliminated from the tournament. He then announced his retirement from international football, having won 123 caps and scored 51 goals for Les Bleus.^[77]

Style of play[link]

Henry was the first-choice free kick taker for Arsenal

Although Henry played up front as a striker during his youth,^[3] he spent his time at Monaco and Juventus playing on the wing. When Henry joined Arsenal in 1999, Wenger immediately changed this, switching Henry to his childhood position, often pairing him with Dutch veteran Dennis Bergkamp.^[8] During the 2004–05 season, Wenger switched Arsenal's formation to 4–5–1.^[78] This change forced Henry to adapt again to fit into the Arsenal team, and he played many games as a lone striker.^[8] Still, Henry remained Arsenal's main offensive threat, on many occasions conjuring spectacular goals. Wenger once said of his fellow Frenchman: "Thierry Henry could take ball in the middle of park and score a goal that no one else in the world could score".^[79]

One of the reasons cited for Henry's impressive play up front is his ability to calmly score from one-on-ones.^[80] This, combined with his exceptional pace, means that he can get in behind defenders regularly enough to score.^[3][81] When up front, Henry is occasionally known to move out wide to the left wing position,^[82][83] something which enables him to contribute heavily in assists: between 2002–03 and 2004–05, the striker managed almost 50 assists in total and this was attributed to his unselfish play and creativity.^[23] Henry would also drift offside to fool the defence then run back onside before the ball is played and beat the offside trap, although he never provided Arsenal a distinct aerial threat.^[84] Given his versatility in being able to operate as both a winger and a striker, the Frenchman is not a prototypical "out-and-out striker", but he has emerged consistently as one of Europe's most prolific strikers.^[2] In set pieces, Henry was the first-choice penalty and free kick taker for Arsenal, having scored regularly from those positions.^[85]

Awards and honours[link]

Club[link]

Monaco

• Ligue 1 (1): 1996–97
• Trophée des champions (1): 1997

Arsenal

• Premier League (2): 2001–02, 2003–04
• FA Cup (3): 2002, 2003, 2005
• FA Community Shield (2): 2002, 2004

Barcelona

• La Liga (2): 2008–09, 2009–10
• Copa del Rey (1): 2008-09
• Supercopa de España (1): 2009
• UEFA Champions League (1): 2008-09
• UEFA Super Cup (1): 2009
• FIFA Club World Cup (1): 2009

New York Red Bulls

• MLS Eastern Conference (1): 2010

National[link]

France

• FIFA World Cup

Winner: France 1998

Runners-up: Germany 2006

• UEFA European Football Championship

Winner: Belgium & Netherlands 2000

• FIFA Confederations Cup

Winner: France 2003

• King Hassan II International Cup Tournament

Winner: Morocco 2000

Individual[link]

Henry has received many plaudits and awards in his football career. He was runner-up for the 2003 and 2004 FIFA World Player of the Year awards;^[12] in those two seasons, he also won back-to-back PFA Players' Player of the Year titles.^[17] Henry is the only player ever to have won the FWA Footballer of the Year three times (2003, 2004, 2006),^[18] and the French Player of the Year on a record four occasions. Henry was voted into the Premier League Overseas Team of the Decade in the 10 Seasons Awards poll in 2003,^[86] and in 2004 he was named by football legend Pelé as one of the top 125 greatest living footballers.^[87]

In terms of goal-scoring awards, Henry was the European Golden Boot winner in 2004 and 2005 (sharing it with Villarreal's Diego Forlán in 2005) and is the first ever player to retain the award.^[20] Henry was also the top goal-scorer in the Premier League for a record four seasons (2002, 2004, 2005, 2006).^[1] In 2006, he became the first player to score more than 20 goals in the league for five consecutive seasons (2002 to 2006).^[88] Henry is currently third in the list of all-time Premier League goal-scorers, behind Alan Shearer and Andy Cole. Given his accomplishments, France's all-time goal-scorer was in his prime regarded by many coaches, footballers and pundits as one of the best footballers in the world.^{[14][89][90][91]} In November 2007, he was ranked 33rd on the Association of Football Statisticians' compendium for "Greatest Ever Footballers".^[92] Arsenal fans honoured their former player in 2008, declaring Henry the greatest Arsenal player.^[37] In two other 2008 surveys, Henry emerged as the favourite Premier League player of all time among 32,000 people surveyed in the Barclays 2008 Global Fan Report.^[93][94] In 2009, Henry was voted the best Premier League player of the 2000s.^[95] On 10 December 2011, Arsenal unveiled a bronze statue of Henry at the Emirates Stadium as part of its 125th anniversary celebrations.^[96]

A summary of Henry's individual awards is as follows:

• UNFP Ligue 1 Young Player of the Year (1): 1996–97
• PFA Players' Player of the Year (2): 2002–03, 2003–04
• PFA Team of the Year (6): 2000-01, 2001-02, 2002-03, 2003-04, 2004-05, 2005-06
• FWA Footballer of the Year (3): 2002–03, 2003–04, 2005–06
• Premier League Golden Boot (4): 2001–02, 2003–04, 2004–05, 2005–06.
• Golden Boot Landmark Award 10 (1): 2004–05
• Golden Boot Landmark Award 20 (1): 2004–05
• Premier League Player of the Month (4): April 2000, September 2002, January 2004, April 2004
• Goal of the Season (1): 2002–03
• UEFA Team of the Year (5): 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006
• MLS Best XI (1): 2011
• MLS Player of the Month (1): March 2012
• Onze d'Or (2): 2003, 2006
• European Golden Boot (2): 2003-04, 2004-05
• French Player of the Year (5): 2000, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006
• IFFHS World's Top Goal Scorer of the Year (1): 2003
• FIFA FIFPro World XI (1): 2006
• FIFA World Cup All-Star Team (1): Germany 2006
• FIFA Confederations Cup Golden Ball (1): France 2003
• FIFA Confederations Cup Golden Shoe (1): France 2003
• UEFA European Football Championship Team of the Tournament (1): 2000
• FIFA 100 : 2004
• Time 100 Heroes & Pioneers no.16 : 2007
• English Football Hall of Fame : 2008
• Premier League 10 Seasons Awards (1992–93 – 2001–02)
  • Overseas Team of the Decade
• Premier League 20 Seasons Awards
  • Fantasy Team (Panel choice)
  • Fantasy Team (Public choice)
• Légion d'Honneur : 1998

Career statistics[link]

Club[link]

As of 30 May 2012^{[1][6][97][98]}

¹Henry originally had two Premier League goals accredited to his name, but the seventh goal in Arsenal's 7–1 win over Blackburn Rovers was given as an own goal to Scott Dann. This takes his club figure down to 228 goals, and his overall figure down to 331 goals.^[101]

International[link]

As of 23 December 2011.^{[102][103][104][105]}

Note

International goals[link]

Under–20[link]

Scores and results list France U–20's goal tally first.

#	Date	Venue	Opponent	Score	Result	Competition
1.	19 June 1997	Sarawak Stadium, Kuching	South Korea	1–0	4–2	1997 World Youth Championship
2.				3–0
3.	22 June 1997	Sarawak Stadium, Kuching	South Africa	3–1	4–2	1997 World Youth Championship

Senior team[link]

Scores and results list France's goal tally first.

#	Date	Venue	Opponent	Score	Result	Competition
1.	12 June 1998	Stade Vélodrome, Marseille	South Africa	3–0	3–0	1998 FIFA World Cup
2.	18 June 1998	Stade de France, Saint-Denis	Saudi Arabia	1–0	4–0	1998 FIFA World Cup
3.				3–0
4.	29 March 2000	Hampden Park, Glasgow	Scotland	1–0	2–0	Friendly
5.	6 June 2000	Stade Mohamed V, Casablanca	Morocco	1–0	5–1	Friendly
6.	11 June 2000	Jan Breydel Stadium, Bruges	Denmark	2–0	3–0	UEFA Euro 2000
7.	16 June 2000	Jan Breydel Stadium, Bruges	Czech Republic	1–0	2–1	UEFA Euro 2000
8.	28 June 2000	King Baudouin Stadium, Brussels	Portugal	1–1	2–1	UEFA Euro 2000
9.	24 March 2001	Stade de France, Saint-Denis	Japan	2–0	5–0	Friendly
10.	25 April 2001	Stade de France, Saint-Denis	Portugal	3–0	4–0	Friendly
11.	6 October 2001	Stade de France, Saint-Denis	Algeria	3–0	4–1	Friendly
12.	27 March 2002	Stade de France, Saint-Denis	Scotland	3–0	5–0	Friendly
13.	16 October 2002	Ta' Qali National Stadium, Valletta	Malta	1–0	4–0	UEFA Euro 2004 qualifier
14.				2–0
15.	29 March 2003	Stade Félix-Bollaert, Lens	Malta	2–0	6–0	Friendly
16.				3–0
17.	30 April 2003	Stade de France, Saint-Denis	Egypt	1–0	5–0	Friendly
18.				2–0
19.	18 June 2003	Stade de Gerland, Lyon	Colombia	1–0	1–0	2003 FIFA Confederations Cup
20.	22 June 2003	Stade de France, Saint-Denis	New Zealand	2–0	5–0	2003 FIFA Confederations Cup
21.	26 June 2003	Stade de France, Saint-Denis	Turkey	1–0	3–2	2003 FIFA Confederations Cup
22.	29 June 2003	Stade de France, Saint-Denis	Cameroon	1–0	1–0	2003 FIFA Confederations Cup
23.	6 September 2003	Stade de France, Saint-Denis	Cyprus	4–0	5–0	UEFA Euro 2004 qualifier
24.	11 October 2003	Stade de France, Saint-Denis	Israel	1–0	3–0	UEFA Euro 2004 qualifier
25.	15 November 2003	Veltins-Arena, Gelsenkirchen	Germany	1–0	3–0	Friendly
26.	21 June 2004	Estádio Cidade de Coimbra, Coimbra	Switzerland	2–1	3–1	UEFA Euro 2004
27.				3–1
28.	13 October 2004	GSP Stadium, Nicosia	Cyprus	2–0	2–0	2006 FIFA World Cup qualifier
29.	17 August 2005	Stade de la Mosson, Montpellier	Côte d'Ivoire	3–0	3–0	Friendly
30.	7 September 2005	Lansdowne Road, Dublin	Republic of Ireland	1–0	1–0	2006 FIFA World Cup qualifier
31.	9 November 2005	Stade d'Honneur de Dillon, Fort-de-France	Costa Rica	3–2	3–2	Friendly
32.	31 May 2006	Stade Félix-Bollaert, Lens	Slovenia	1–0	2–0	Friendly
33.	7 June 2006	Stade Geoffroy-Guichard, Saint-Étienne	China PR	3–1	3–1	Friendly
34.	18 June 2006	Zentralstadion, Leipzig	South Korea	1–0	1–1	2006 FIFA World Cup
35.	23 June 2006	FIFA WM Stadion Köln, Cologne	Togo	2–0	2–0	2006 FIFA World Cup
36.	1 July 2006	FIFA WM-Stadion Frankfurt, Frankfurt	Brazil	1–0	1–0	2006 FIFA World Cup
37.	6 September 2006	Stade de France, Saint-Denis	Italy	2–0	3–1	UEFA Euro 2008 qualifier
38.	11 October 2006	Stade Auguste Bonal, Montbéliard	Faroe Islands	2–0	5–0	UEFA Euro 2008 qualifier
39.	15 November 2006	Stade de France, Saint-Denis	Greece	1–0	1–0	Friendly
40.	22 August 2007	Štadión Antona Malatinského, Trnava	Slovenia	1–0	1–0	Friendly
41.	13 October 2007	Tórsvøllur, Tórshavn	Faroe Islands	2–0	6–0	UEFA Euro 2008 qualifier
42.	17 October 2007	Stade de la Beaujoire, Nantes	Lithuania	1–0	2–0	UEFA Euro 2008 qualifier
43.				2–0
44.	21 November 2007	Olimpiysky National Sports Complex, Kiev	Ukraine	1–1	2–2	UEFA Euro 2008 qualifier
45.	13 June 2008	Stade de Suisse, Bern	Netherlands	1–2	1–4	UEFA Euro 2008
46.	10 September 2008	Stade de France, Saint-Denis	Serbia	1–0	2–1	2010 FIFA World Cup qualifier
47.	14 October 2008	Stade de France, Saint-Denis	Tunisia	1–1	3–1	Friendly
48.				2–1
49.	5 September 2009	Stade de France, Saint-Denis	Romania	1–0	1–1	2010 FIFA World Cup qualifier
50.	9 September 2009	Stadion FK Crvena Zvezda, Belgrade	Serbia	1–1	1–1	2010 FIFA World Cup qualifier
51.	14 October 2009	Stade de France, Saint-Denis	Austria	2–0	3–1	2010 FIFA World Cup qualifier

Career totals[link]

Outside football[link]

Personal and family life[link]

Henry married English model Nicole Merry, real name Claire, on 5 July 2003.^[3] The ceremony was held at Highclere Castle, and on 27 May 2005 the couple celebrated the birth of their first child, Téa.^[107] Henry dedicated his first goal since Téa's birth to her by holding his fingers in a "T" shape and kissing them after scoring in a match against Newcastle United.^[108] When Henry was still at Arsenal, he also purchased a home in Hampstead, North London.^[3] However, shortly after his transfer to Barcelona, it was announced that Henry and his wife would divorce; the decree nisi was granted in September 2007.^[109] Their separation concluded in December 2008 when Henry paid Merry a divorce settlement close to her requested sum of £10 million.^[110]

As a fan of the National Basketball Association (NBA), Henry is often seen with his friend Tony Parker at games when not playing football. Henry stated in an interview that he admires basketball, as it is similar to football in pace and excitement.^[111] Having made regular trips to the NBA Finals in the past, he went to watch Parker and the San Antonio Spurs in the 2007 NBA Finals;^[112] and in the 2001 NBA Finals, he went to Philadelphia to help with French television coverage of the Finals as well as to watch Allen Iverson, whom he named as one of his favourite players.^[111]

Social causes[link]

UNICEF[link]

Henry is a member of the UNICEF-FIFA squad, where together with other professional footballers he appeared in a series of TV spots seen by hundreds of millions of fans around the world during the 2002 and 2006 FIFA World Cups. In these spots, the players promote football as a game that must be played on behalf of children.^[54]

Stand Up Speak Up[link]

Having been subjected to racism in the past, Henry is an active spokesperson against racism in football. The most prominent incident of racism against Henry was during a training session with the Spanish national team in 2004,^[113][114] when a Spanish TV crew caught coach Luis Aragonés referring to Henry as "black shit" to José Antonio Reyes, Henry's team mate at Arsenal.^[108] The incident caused an uproar in the British media, and there were calls for Aragonés to be sacked.^[115] Henry and Nike started the Stand Up Speak Up campaign against racism in football as a result of the incident.^[116] Subsequently, in 2007, Time featured him as one of the "Heroes & Pioneers" on "The Time 100" list.^[117]

Other work[link]

Along with 45 other football players, Henry took part in FIFA's "Live for Love United" in 2002. The single was released in tandem with the 2002 FIFA World Cup and its proceeds went towards AIDS research. Henry also supports the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation and Cystic Fibrosis Trust.^[118]

Endorsements[link]

In 2006, Henry was valued as the ninth most commercially marketable footballer in the world,^[119] as well as being the eighth richest Premier League player, with £21 million.^[120]

Renault[link]

Henry featured in the Renault Clio advertisements in which he popularised the term va-va-voom, meaning "life" or "passion". His romantic interest in the commercial was his then-girlfriend, later his wife (now divorced), Claire Merry. "Va-va-voom" was subsequently added to the Concise Oxford English Dictionary.^[121]

Nike[link]

In 2004, Henry signed with sportswear giant Nike. In one of the advertisements, Henry pits his wits against football stars such as Claude Makélélé, Edgar Davids and Freddie Ljungberg in locations such as his bedroom and living room. The advertisement was partly inspired by Henry himself, who revealed that he always has a football nearby, even at home.^[122] Henry was also featured in Nike's "Secret Tournament" advertisement along with 24 superstar football players including Ljungberg, Ronaldinho, and Francesco Totti. In tandem with the 2006 FIFA World Cup, Henry also featured in Nike's Joga Bonito campaign, Portuguese for "beautiful game".^[123]

Reebok[link]

Henry's deal with Nike ended after the 2006 FIFA World Cup, when he signed a deal with Reebok to appear in their "I Am What I Am" campaign.^[124] As part of Reebok Entertainment's "Framed" series, Henry was the star of a half-hour episode that detailed the making of a commercial about Henry directed by Spanish actress Paz Vega.^[125]

Puma[link]

In 2011 Henry switched to Puma boots,^[126] first wearing the brand in the 2011 MLS All Star game against Manchester United, before announcing a multi-year partnership for Puma to be his performance and lifestyle footwear and apparel sponsor. His first official game with Puma was in the Emirates Cup against former club Arsenal.

Gillette[link]

In February 2007, Henry was named as one of the three ambassadors of Gillette's "Champions Program," which purported to feature three of the "best-known, most widely respected and successful athletes competing today" and also showcased Roger Federer and Tiger Woods in a series of television commercials.^[20] For reasons of recognition, Derek Jeter appears in Henry's place in the advertisements broadcast in North America.^[127] In reaction to the handball controversy following the France-Ireland 2010 FIFA World Cup qualifier, Gillette faced a boycott and accusations of doctoring French versions of their Champions poster, but subsequently released a statement backing Henry.^[128]

Pepsi[link]

Henry was part of Pepsi's "Dare For More" campaign in 2005, alongside the likes of David Beckham and Ronaldinho.^[129]

Notes and references[link]