{{taxobox |name = Tulip |image = Tulip - floriade canberra.jpg |image_caption = Cultivated tulip – Floriade 2005, Canberra |regnum = Plantae |unranked_divisio = Angiosperms |cotyledons_classis = Monocots |ordo = Liliales |familia = Liliaceae |subfamilia = Lilioideae |genus = ''Tulipa'' |subdivision_ranks = Species |subdivision = See text |}}

The tulip is a perennial, bulbous plant with showy flowers in the genus ''Tulipa'', which comprises 109 species and belongs to the family Liliaceae. The genus's native range extends from as far west as Southern Europe, North Africa, Anatolia, and Iran to the Northwest of China. The tulip's centre of diversity is in the Pamir, Hindu Kush, and Tien Shan mountains. A number of species and many hybrid cultivars are grown in gardens, as potted plants, or to display as fresh-cut flowers. Most cultivars of tulip are derived from ''Tulipa gesneriana''.

Description

Tulips are spring-blooming perennials that grow from bulbs. Depending on the species, tulip plants can grow as short as or as high as . The tulip's large flowers usually bloom on scapes or subscapose stems that lack bracts. Most tulips produce only one flower per stem, but a few species bear multiple flowers on their scapes (e.g. Tulipa turkestanica). The showy, generally cup- or star-shaped tulip flower has three petals and three sepals, which are often termed tepals because they are nearly identical. These six tepals are often marked near the bases with darker colorings. Tulip flowers come in a wide variety of colors, except pure blue (several tulips with "blue" in the name have a faint violet hue).

The flowers have six distinct, basifixed stamens with filaments shorter than the tepals. Each stigma of the flower has three distinct lobes, and the ovaries are superior, with three chambers. The tulip's fruit is a capsule with a leathery covering and an ellipsoid to subglobose shape. Each capsule contains numerous flat, disc-shaped seeds in two rows per chamber. These light to dark brown seeds have very thin seed coats and endosperm that does not normally fill the entire seed.

Tulip stems have few leaves, with larger species tending to have multiple leaves. Plants typically have 2 to 6 leaves, with some species having up to 12. The tulip's leaf is strap-shaped, with a waxy coating, and leaves are alternately arranged on the stem. These fleshy blades are often bluish green in color.

Origin of the name

Although tulips are often associated with The Netherlands, commercial cultivation of the flower began in the Ottoman Empire. The tulip, or ''lale'' (from Persian لاله, ''lâleh'') as it is also called in Iran and Turkey, is a flower indigenous to a vast area encompassing arid parts of Africa, Asia, and Europe. The word ''tulip'', which earlier appeared in English in forms such as ''tulipa'' or ''tulipant'', entered the language by way of French ''tulipe'' and its obsolete form ''tulipan'' or by way of Modern Latin ''tulīpa'', from Ottoman Turkish ''tülbend'' ("muslin" or "gauze"), and is ultimately derived from Persian ''dulband'' ("turban").

Cultivation

Tulips are indigenous to mountainous areas with temperate climates and need a period of cool dormancy, known as vernalization. They thrive in climates with long, cool springs and dry summers. Although perennials, tulip bulbs are often imported to warm-winter areas of the world from cold-winter areas, and are planted in the fall to be treated as annuals.

Tulip bulbs are typically planted around late summer and fall, in well-drained soils, normally from to deep, depending on the type planted. In parts of the world that do not have long cool springs and dry summers, the bulbs are often planted up to deep. This provides some insulation from the heat of summer, and tends to encourage the plants to regenerate one large, floriferous bulb each year, instead of many smaller, non-blooming ones. This can extend the life of a tulip plant in warmer-winter areas by a few years, but it does not stave off degradation in bulb size and the eventual death of the plant due to the lack of vernalization.

Propagation

Tulips can be propagated through bulb offsets, seeds or micropropagation. Offsets and tissue culture methods are means of asexual propagation for producing genetic clones of the parent plant, which maintains cultivar genetic integrity. Seed-raised plants show greater genetic variation, and seeds are most often used to propagate species and subspecies or to create new hybrids. Many tulip species can cross-pollinate with each other, and when wild tulip populations overlap geographically with other tulip species or subspecies, they often hybridize and create genetically mixed populations. On the other hand, most commercial tulip cultivars are complex hybrids, and actually sterile. Those hybrid plants that do produce seeds most often have offspring dissimilar to the parents.

Growing salable tulips from offsets requires a year or more of growth before plants are large enough to flower. Tulips grown from seeds often need five to eight years of growth before plants are flowering size. Commercial growers usually harvest the tulip bulbs in late summer and grade them into sizes; bulbs large enough to flower are sorted and sold, while smaller bulbs are sorted into sizes and replanted, for sale in the future. Holland is the world's main producer of commercially sold tulip plants, producing as many as 3 billion bulbs annually, the majority for export.

Introduction to Western Europe

Although it is unknown who first brought the tulip to Northwestern Europe, the most widely accepted story is that it was Oghier Ghislain de Busbecq, an ambassador for Ferdinand I of Germany to Suleyman the Magnificent of the Ottoman Empire. He remarked in a letter that he saw "an abundance of flowers everywhere; Narcissus, hyacinths and those in Turkish called Lale, much to our astonishment because it was almost midwinter, a season unfriendly to flowers." However, in 1559, an account by Conrad Gessner described tulips flowering in Augsburg, Bavaria in the garden of Councillor Herwart. Due to the nature of the tulip's growing cycle, tulip bulbs are generally removed from the ground in June and must be replanted by September to endure the winter. While possible, it is doubtful that Busbecq could successfully have had the tulip bulbs harvested, shipped to Germany, and replanted between his first sighting of them in March 1558 and Gessner's description the following year. As a result, Busbecq's account of the supposed first sighting of tulips by a European is possibly spurious.

Carolus Clusius planted tulips at the Imperial Botanical Gardens of Vienna in 1573 and later at the Leiden University's newly established Hortus Botanicus, where he was appointed director. There he planted some of his tulip bulbs in late 1593. As a result, 1594 is considered the official date of the tulip's first flowering in The Netherlands, despite reports of the flowers being cultivated in private gardens in Antwerp and Amsterdam two or three decades earlier. These tulips at Leiden would eventually lead to both Tulip mania and the commercial tulip industry in Holland.

Another account of the origin of the tulip in Western Europe is of Lopo Vaz de Sampaio, governor of the Portuguese possessions in India. After attempting to usurp power from the rightful governor, Sampaio was forced to return to Portugal in disgrace. Supposedly, he took tulip bulbs back to Portugal with him from Sri Lanka. This story does not hold up to scrutiny though because tulips do not occur in Sri Lanka and the island itself is far from the route Sampaio's ships would have likely taken.

Regardless of how the flower originally arrived in Europe, its popularity soared quickly. Carolus Clusius is largely responsible for the spread of tulip bulbs in the final years of the sixteenth century. He finished writing the first major work on tulips in 1592, and he made note of the variations in colour that help make the tulip so admired. While occupying a chair as a faculty member in the school of medicine at the University of Leiden, Clusius planted both a teaching garden and private plot of his ownwith tulip bulbs. In 1596 and 1598, Clusius suffered thefts from his garden, with over a hundred bulbs stolen in a single raid.

Between 1634 and 1637, the early enthusiasm for the new flowers triggered a speculative frenzy now known as the tulip mania. Tulips would become so expensive that they were treated as a form of currency. Around this time, the ceramic tulipiere was devised for the display of cut flowers stem by stem (bouquets displayed in vases were rare until the 19th century, although such vases and bouquets, usually including tulips, often appeared in Dutch still-life painting). To this day, tulips are associated with The Netherlands, and the cultivated forms of the tulip are often called "Dutch tulips." In addition to the tulip industry and tulip festivals, The Netherlands has the world's largest permanent display of tulips at Keukenhof, although the display is only open to the public seasonally.

Introduction to the United States

It is believed the first tulips in the United States were grown near Spring Pond at the Fay Estate in Lynn and Salem, Massachusetts. From 1847 to 1865, a historic land owner named Richard Sullivan Fay, Esq., one of Lynn's wealthiest men, would settle on located partly in present-day Lynn and partly in present-day Salem. While there, Mr. Fay imported many different trees and plants from all parts of the world and planted them among the meadows of the Fay Estate.

Diseases

''Botrytis tulipae'' is a major fungal disease affecting tulips, causing cell death and eventually the rotting of the plant. Other pathogens include anthracnose, bacterial soft rot, blight caused by ''Sclerotium rolfsii'', bulb nematodes, other rots including blue molds, black molds and mushy rot.

Variegated varieties admired during the Dutch tulipomania gained their delicately feathered patterns from an infection with the tulip breaking virus, a mosaic virus that was carried by the green peach aphid, ''Myzus persicae''. These aphids were common in European gardens of the seventeenth century. While the virus produces fantastically colourful flowers, it also causes weakened plants prone to decline.

Today the virus is almost eradicated from tulip growers' fields. Tulips that are affected by mosaic virus are called "broken tulips"; while such tulips can occasionally revert to a plain or solid colouring, they will remain infected with the virus. While some modern varieties also display multicoloured patterns, the patterns result from breeding selection for a genetic mutation. In these tulips, natural variation in the upper and lower layers of pigment in the flower are responsible for the patterns.

In art and culture

During the Ottoman Empire, the tulip became very popular in Ottoman territories and was seen as a symbol of abundance and indulgence. In fact, the era during which the Ottoman Empire was wealthiest is often called the Tulip era or ''Lale Devri'' in Turkish.

In classic and modern Persian literature, special attention has been given to these beautiful flowers, and in recent times, tulips have featured in the poems of Simin Behbahani. However, the tulip was a topic for Persian poets as far back as the thirteenth century. Musharrifu'd-din Saadi, in his poem ''Gulistan'', described a visionary, garden paradise with 'The murmur of a cool stream / bird song, ripe fruit in plenty / bright multicoloured tulips and fragrant roses...'

''The Black Tulip'' is the title of a historical romance by the French author Alexandre Dumas, père. The story takes place in the Dutch city of Haarlem, where a reward is offered to the first grower who can produce a truly black tulip.

Today, Tulip festivals are held around the world, including in The Netherlands, Spalding, England. Every spring, there are several tulip festivals in North America, including the Tulip Time Festival in Holland, Michigan, the Skagit Valley Tulip Festival in Skagit Valley, Washington, the Tulip Time Festival in Orange City and Pella, Iowa, and the Canadian Tulip Festival in Ottawa, Canada. Tulips are now also popular in Australia and several festivals are held in September and October, during the Southern Hemisphere's spring.

Classification

In horticulture, tulips are divided up into fifteen groups (Divisions) mostly based on flower morphology and plant size.

Div. 1: Single early – with cup-shaped single flowers, no larger than 8 cm across (3 inches). They bloom early to mid season. Growing 15 to 45 cm tall.

Div. 2: Double early – with fully double flowers, bowl shaped to 8 cm across. Plants typically grow from 30–40 cm tall.

Div. 3: Triumph – single, cup shaped flowers up to 6 cm wide. Plants grow 35–60 cm tall and bloom mid to late season.

Div. 4: Darwin hybrid – single flowers are ovoid in shape and up to 8 cm wide. Plants grow 50–70 cm tall and bloom mid to late season. This group should not be confused with older Darwin tulips, which belong in the Single Late Group below.

Div. 5: Single late – cup or goblet-shaded flowers up to 8 cm wide, some plants produce multi-flowering stems. Plants grow 45–75 cm tall and bloom late season.

Div. 6: Lily-flowered

Div. 7: Fringed (Crispa)

Div. 8: Viridiflora

Div. 9: Rembrandt

Div. 10: Parrot

Div. 11: Double late

Div. 12: Kaufmanniana

Div. 13: Fosteriana (Emperor)

Div. 14: Griegii

Div. 15: Species (Botanical)

Div. 16: Multiflowering – not an official division, these tulips belong in the first 15 divisions but are often listed separately because they have multiple blooms per bulb.

They may also be classified by their flowering season:

Early flowering: Single Early Tulips, Double Early Tulips, Greigii Tulips, Kaufmanniana Tulips, Fosteriana Tulips, Species Tulips

Mid-season flowering: Darwin Hybrid Tulips, Triumph Tulips, Parrot Tulips

Late season flowering: Single Late Tulips, Double Late Tulips, Viridiflora Tulips, Lily-flowering Tulips, Fringed Tulips, Rembrandt Tulips

Selected species

''Tulipa acuminata'' (Horned Tulip)

''Tulipa agenensis'' (Eyed Tulip)

''Tulipa aleppensis'' (Aleppo Tulip)

''Tulipa armena''

''Tulipa aucheriana''

''Tulipa batalinii''

''Tulipa bakeri''

''Tulipa biflora''

''Tulipa borszczowii''

''Tulipa botschantzevae'' (Botschantzeva's tulip)

''Tulipa butkovii''

''Tulipa carinata''

''Tulipa celsiana''

''Tulipa clusiana'' (Lady Tulip)

''Tulipa cretica''

''Tulipa cypria''

''Tulipa dasystemon''

''Tulipa didieri''

''Tulipa dubia''

''Tulipa edulis''

''Tulipa ferganica''

''Tulipa gesneriana''

''Tulipa goulimyi''

''Tulipa greigii''

''Tulipa grengiolensis''

''Tulipa heterophylla''

''Tulipa hoogiana''

''Tulipa humilis''

''Tulipa hungarica''

''Tulipa iliensis''

''Tulipa ingens''

''Tulipa julia''

''Tulipa kaufmanniana'' (Waterlily Tulip)

''Tulipa kolpakowskiana''

''Tulipa korolkowii'' Regel

''Tulipa kurdica''

''Tulipa kuschkensis''

''Tulipa lanata''

''Tulipa latifolia''

''Tulipa lehmanniana''

''Tulipa linifolia'' (Bokhara Tulip)

''Tulipa marjolettii''

''Tulipa mauritania''

''Tulipa micheliana''

''Tulipa mongolica''

''Tulipa montana''

''Tulipa orphanidea'' (Orange Wild Tulip)

''Tulipa ostrowskiana''

''Tulipa platystigma''

''Tulipa polychroma''

''Tulipa praecox''

''Tulipa praestans''

''Tulipa primulina''

''Tulipa pulchella''

''Tulipa retroflexa''

''Tulipa rhodopea''

''Tulipa saxatilis''

''Tulipa sharonensis''

''Tulipa splendens''

''Tulipa sprengeri'' Baker

''Tulipa stapfii''

''Tulipa subpraestans''

''Tulipa sylvestris'' (Wild Tulip)

''Tulipa systola''

''Tulipa taihangshanica''

''Tulipa tarda''

''Tulipa tetraphylla''

''Tulipa tschimganica''

''Tulipa tubergeniana''

''Tulipa turkestanica''

''Tulipa undulatifolia''

''Tulipa urumiensis''

''Tulipa urumoffii''

''Tulipa violacea''

''Tulipa whittalli''

''Tulipa zenaidae'' (Zenaida's tulip)

Gallery

See also

Tulip period

Tulip mania

Botschantzeva, Zinaida Petrovna

References

Further reading

Blunt, Wilfrid. ''Tulipomania''

Clusius, Carolus. ''A Treatise on Tulips''

Dash, Mike. ''Tulipomania''

King, Michael. ''Gardening with Tulips''

Pavord, Anna. ''The Tulip''

Pollan, Michael. ''The Botany of Desire''

External links

Canadian National Capital Commission: The Gift of Tulips

elegant-tulip-bulbs.com: Information about 3700 tulip names

Category:Persian loanwords Category:Flowers Category:Garden plants Category:Tulipa Category:Liliales genera

ar:تولب az:Dağlaləsi zh-min-nan:Ut-kim-hiong be:Цюльпан bo:ཡུས་ཅིན་མེ་ཏོག bs:Tulipan bg:Лале ca:Tulipa cs:Tulipán cy:Tiwlip da:Tulipan de:Tulpen el:Τουλίπα es:Tulipa eo:Tulipo eu:Tulipa fa:لاله fr:Tulipe gl:Tulipán gu:ટ્યૂલિપ ko:튤립 haw:Puahōlani hi:ट्यूलिप hsb:Tulpa hr:Tulipan io:Tulipo id:Tulip it:Tulipa he:צבעוני jv:Kembang Tulip csb:Tëlpa kk:Сепкілгүл ht:Tilip la:Tulipa lv:Tulpes lt:Tulpė hu:Tulipán mk:Лале ml:റ്റുലിപ്‌ ms:Bunga tulip mn:Алтанзул цэцэг nl:Tulp ja:チューリップ no:Tulipanslekta pnb:گل لالہ pl:Tulipan pt:Tulipa ro:Lalea ru:Тюльпан sco:Tulpie sq:Tulipani simple:Tulip sk:Tulipán sl:Tulipan sr:Лала fi:Tulppaanit sv:Tulpansläktet te:తులిప్ th:ทิวลิป ti:ቱሊፕ tr:Lale uk:Тюльпан ur:گل لالہ vi:Tulip diq:Gagıro bat-smg:Tolpė zh:郁金香

Coordinates	12°58′0″N77°34′0″N
name	Jesca Hoop
background	solo_singer
born	1976
origin	California, United States
instrument	Guitar, vocals
genre	Folk, jazz, blues, pop, experimental
occupation	Musician
associated acts	Tom Waits, The Ditty Bops, Guy Garvey
website
notable instruments	}}

Jesca Ada Hoop is an American singer-songwriter and guitarist from Northern California, who writes and performs in diverse musical styles, under the initial encouragement and guidance of her former employer, musician Tom Waits.

Biography

Hoop was born in Northern California to Mormon parents. She grew up singing traditional folk tunes in four part harmony. She broke away from her background, becoming a homesteader in the wilderness areas of Northern California and Wyoming. She also worked in the remote mountains of Arizona with a rehabilitation program for children.

As a nanny for Tom Waits and Kathleen Brennan's three children, Hoop gained musical experience. Waits says, "Her music is like going swimming in a lake at night." The Los Angeles Times considered Hoop one of ten Southern California artists that are "new and notable in 2007."

Her contact with Tom Waits led to her initial exposure through Nic Harcourt at the Southern California radio station KCRW in 2003, with a six-minute demo recorded on a four track recorder. Since then, Hoop has shared the stage with many acts. In 2007 she toured with Polyphonic Spree and Matt Pond PA. In 2008 she toured with Elbow and Mark Knopfler, and then in 2009 toured with Greg Laswell, Elbow and Andrew Bird. Jesca headlined a tour of the UK and Ireland in February 2010, and France in March 2010. She also headlined her own tour of the UK in summer 2010, starting in Leeds on May 1.

Hoop announced in September 2008 that she would be releasing an album titled, ''Kismet Acoustic'', in October 2008, featuring one new song and four acoustic versions of tracks from her debut CD.

In July 2009, Hoop announced that she had finished recording her second album, entitled ''Hunting My Dress'', after moving to Manchester, England, on Guy Garvey's encouragement three months earlier. In September she posted the opening track to the record online and on November 30, 2009 the record became available in the UK and Ireland, with the US release in July 2010.

In June 2010, she contributed the song "Angel Mom" to the Enough Project and Downtown Records' Raise Hope for Congo compilation. Proceeds from the compilation fund efforts to make the protection and empowerment of Congo’s women a priority, as well as inspire individuals around the world to raise their voice for peace in Congo.

Hoop toured with The Eels for their US tour in the autumn of 2010 and their July 2011 UK tour.

Discography

''Silverscreen Demos'' (November 23, 2004)

''Kismet'' (September 18, 2007)

''Kismet Acoustic EP'' (October 24, 2008)

''Hunting My Dress'' (November 30, 2009^UK)

''Snowglobe EP'' (January 26, 2011^UK)

References

External links

Official site

MySpace page

KCRW In-Studio Sessions: Dec. 2004, Sep. 2007, Nov. 2007

Category:American composers Category:American folk singers Category:American female singers Category:American singers Category:American singer-songwriters Category:Musicians from California Category:Writers from California Category:Living people Category:1976 births Category:American folk musicians Category:Experimental musicians Category:Klezmer musicians

he:ג'סקה הופ