Coordinates	16°48′″N96°09′″N
Name	Compagnie des Montres Longines
Logo
Type	Member of the Swatch group
Foundation	1832
Location city	Saint-Imier
Location country	Switzerland
Location
Locations
Key people	Walter von Känel, President
Industry	Watch manufacturing
Products	Wristwatches, timing devices/systems
Revenue	€70.3 million (2009)
Num employees	340 (2009)
Parent	The Swatch Group Ltd.
Slogan	Elegance is an attitude
Homepage	http://www.longines.com
Intl	}}

Longines () is a Swiss luxury watchmaker based in Saint-Imier, Switzerland. The company was originally founded by Auguste Agassiz in 1832 and it currently holds the oldest registered logo for a watch company (a winged hourglass). Longines is currently owned by the Swatch Group.

Longines is known for its 'Aviators' watches. One director of Longines was a friend of Charles Lindbergh; after his transatlantic flight, Lindbergh designed a pilot watch to help with air navigation. The watch was built to his specifications, and is still produced today.

Famous aviators, explorers and pioneers have consulted Longines. Longines provided timers used at the first modern day Olympics in 1892. In 1899, Longines went to the North Pole with Arctic Louis Amédée de Savoie. It was the first to use automatic timekeeping for the Federal Gymnastics, at Basel in 1912. Today, Longines remains a widely recognized name in sport watches and chronographs.

Foundation

Based in Saint-Imier since 1832, the ''Compagnie des Montres Longines Francillon S.A.'' was among the world’s leading watch companies. In 2007, Longines had its 175th anniversary. The brand evolved from a ''comptoir'' to a full-fledged manufacturing operation and then back down to an ''établisseur'' today, since the early 1980s, as a Swatch Group company.

The Longines’ story began in 1832, when Auguste Agassiz, brother of naturalist Louis Agassiz, found a job in the hamlet of Saint-Imier, joining Comptoir Horloger Raiguel Jeune (a trader of watch parts), in 1833 taking over the business when he and two of his associates set up a company named Comptoir Raiguel Jeue & Cie. The venture was run on the then-prevailing business model based on piecework by people making or processing watch parts in their own homes for the account of a jobber who delivered the blanks, or rough parts, and picked up and paid for the finished ones. The company soon found ways to market its timepieces in distant markets, not least in the Americas.

History

Agassiz & Compagnie

In 1847 Agassiz became the sole owner of the company which he renamed ''Agassiz & Compagnie''. In 1852, his nephew Ernest Francillon joined the company. During the 1850s, Francillon took over the business from his ailing uncle, focusing on increasing and improving the production of standard watch designs.

Ancienne Maison Auguste Agassiz, Ernest Francillon, successeur

In 1862 Francillon renamed the venture ''Ancienne Maison Auguste Agassiz, Ernest Francillon, successeur,'' adding his own name to his uncle’s, but acknowledging the latter’s pioneering role. As he took over day-to-day management, Francillon looked for ways of improving and streamlining production, then parceled out to a number of different sites. His idea was to gather everything under one roof, in keeping with his vision of a factory where mechanical manufacturing and assembly methods would enable him to make and finish watches in one integrated process.

Les Longines

From this perspective, in 1866, Francillon purchased two adjoining plots of land at a place locally known as Les Longines (meaning "long and narrow fields" in the local dialect) on the right bank of the River Suze in the Saint-Imier valley. Here he built a factory, to gather the entire production under one roof. By 1867, Francillon had convinced some of his pieceworkers to transfer their activities to his newly built factory and hired a young kinsman, the engineer Jacques David, to help him devise the tools and machines which he needed to improve the manufacturing processes. Despite various setbacks, the Longines factory’s prosperous growth vindicated Francillon’s bold vision. Mechanization of the production processes was successfully implemented thanks to Jacques David’s talent at conceiving and building machines that seconded watchmakers in their tasks and improved the quality of their work.

The Philadelphia Universal Exhibition of 1876

Convinced of the merit of mechanical production, Jacques David traveled to the Philadelphia Universal Exhibition of 1876 and returned to write a report that triggered a wide-ranging debate within the Swiss watch industry of his day.

''Manufacture'' Longines

The first in-house Longines movement was created in 1867. Francillon was the first watchmaker to introduce the winding crown. (All watches before that were wound with a key.) The same year Ernest Francillon returned from the World's Fair in Paris with a bronze medal for this watch. From the 1870s on, Longines’ industrial options proved judicious and the company grew steadily until the first third of the 20th century. The buildings themselves regularly had to be adapted to the needs of a flourishing enterprise which, by 1911, employed over 1,100 people and sold its timepieces worldwide.

Worldwide acclaim

Over the years, the company’s various technical research projects earned so much acclaim abroad that Longines could claim the title of “leading prize winner” at international exhibitions up to the Barcelona Exhibition of 1929. It garnered ten Grands Prix (Antwerp 1885, Paris 1889, Brussels 1897, Paris 1900, Milan 1906, Bern 1914, Genoa 1914, Paris 1925, Philadelphia 1926 and Barcelona 1929). In 1969, Longines’ corporate tradition of technical innovation yielded the first cybernetic quartz electronic wristwatch ever designed by a watch manufacturer’s in-house research facilities.

The Winged Clepsydra

In 1880, on 19 July, the Longines brand and logo were registered at the Swiss Federal Office of Intellectual Property, now the World Intellectual Property Organization. The company had by 1867 already adopted its Winged Hourglass symbol both as a mark of quality and as a defence against counterfeiting.

Sports timing

Longines gradually built a special relationship with the world of sport. Present in Athens in 1896, the company has been closely associated with the worldwide development of sport, timing Olympic Games fourteen times, beginning with Oslo in 1952. Its partnership drove the company to devise a variety of inventions and developments enabling it to determine and display winning times.

Gymnastics

After the great success of wristwatches at the beginning of the 20th century, the Longines factory underwent a massive reorganization of methods of production during the 1920s and 30s. In 1912 Longines began a close partnership with gymnastics as the official timekeeper for the 1912 Swiss Federal Gymnastics Meet in Basel. The result of this partnership was the introduction of automatic timing. In 1912 at the Swiss Federal Gymnastics Meet, it introduced the “broken wire” automatic timing system.

Equestrian sports

In 1952, its ''Photogines'' was the first device to visualize the finish line as it measured times. By 1960, the Contifort combined moving images and timing functions. These and other inventive developments contributed to Longines’ sporting credentials. Longines started equestrian timekeeping in 1926 at the Concours Hippique International in Geneva. It has since then officiated at more than one hundred national and international show-jumping competitions in Europe and in North America, providing timing services at competitions including World Championships, European Championships, and Olympic Games along with many CSIO meets as well as, more recently, Arab League competitions.

Skiing

Longines started in skiing in 1933, and returned to it in 2006, becoming official timekeeper for the FIS’s 2006-2007 Alpine World Cup competitions.

Tour de France

In addition to the Olympic Games, Longines has timed 31 Tours de France.

Formula One racing

Longines' mastery of advanced technologies moved it also to approach Formula One racing, an experience that ultimately led to a partnership with Ferrari of Italy.

Aeronautics

Official supplier since 1919 to the International Aeronautics Federation (FAI), Longines has provided the watches required to set and then certify numerous world flight records – not least Charles Lindbergh’s 1927 first nonstop solo crossing of the North Atlantic. Instruments designed and built by Longines have thus helped world explorers and trailblazers of the skies. Thus, in 1927 Longines timed Lindbergh's transatlantic flight, which lasted 33 hours and 30 minutes. In the middle of the 20th century Longines was part of the rise of women's aviation, with Amelia Earhart who was another famous wearer of the brand. This period also marked the appearance of the first in-house self-winding watches and the company won several prestigious awards. Among those awards there were four Diamonds-International Academy Awards and the Prix d'Honneur of Lausanne. In the mid 1930s Longines patented the flyback chronograph.

The 1970s

In the 1970s Longines experienced a breakthrough in development and production. In 1972, Longines was the first world watch maker to introduce a LCD-display watch on the consumer market. There were advances in performance of the watches and their appearance continued to change. In 1980s there were a series of ultra-thin designs following another world record of Longines in 1979 - the thinnest quartz watch called the Feuille d'Or - it was just 1.98 mm thick.

The 1980s

In 1982 the factory issued watches advertising its new partnership with the Ferrari Formula One Team. In 1984 they introduced the Conquest VHP (Very High Precision) caliber - the first thermocompensated quartz movement. It set new accuracy standards with a variance of only +/-12 seconds a year. Thermocompensation uses a highly sensitive thermometer to measure surrounding temperatures and slightly adjust the frequency of the quartz oscillator to compensate for adverse effects on timekeeping caused by temperature fluctuation.

Thirty million watches

On 19 February 2001 Longines produced the 30 millionth watch at their factory. In 2002 the brand celebrated the 170th year of the flying hourglass logo.

Baseball scoreboard clocks

The Longines name was once conspicuously displayed above the analog clocks topping many scoreboards in stadiums, baseball parks and arenas, in the days before the time of day was kept digitally. Three notable examples were the clock towards the right top of the main scoreboard at Shea Stadium, which was removed at the end of the 1979 season and replaced with a digital clock, the scoreboard clock at Yankee Stadium before the stadium was remodeled during the early 1970s, and the scoreboard at Crosley Field in Cincinnati, Ohio. So nostalgic were Cincinnati fans for the latter, a replica was installed atop the main scoreboard when a new ballpark, Great American Ballpark, was built there to replace Crosley's "cookie cutter" successor, Riverfront Stadium. The Longines logo was given much publicity in a photograph of Pittsburgh Pirates second baseman Bill Mazeroski's 1960 World Series-winning home run in the bottom of the ninth-inning, was hit directly above a Longines sign at Pittsburgh's Forbes Field. While many of these originals have been removed, some still remain, including one at the University of Kansas's Allen Fieldhouse which is in full working order on the west wall above the basketball court.

Notes

External links

Official site

The Swatch Group

Thermocompensation: Methods and Movements

Longines' VHP movement - a different ETA quartz

Category:Companies established in 1832 Category:Watch brands Category:The Swatch Group Category:Watch manufacturing companies of Switzerland Category:Luxury brands

de:Longines es:Longines fr:Longines nl:Longines ja:ロンジン pl:Longines (zegarki) pt:Longines ru:Longines sv:Longines wuu:琅琴表 zh:浪琴錶

Coordinates	16°48′″N96°09′″N
Birth date	November 01, 1973
Birth place	Mangalore, Karnataka, India
Birthname	Aishwarya Rai
Othername	Aishwarya Rai Bachchan
Residence	Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Spouse	Abhishek Bachchan (2007–present)
Occupation	actor, model
Yearsactive	1991–present
Signature	}}

Aishwarya Rai Bachchan (''née'' Aishwarya Rai, , pronounced əjɕʋərjaː rəj; born 1973) is an Indian film actress. She worked as a model before starting her acting career, and ultimately won the Miss World pageant in 1994. Rai has acted in over 40 films in Hindi, English, Tamil, Telugu, and Bengali.

Often cited by the media as the "most beautiful woman in the world", Rai made her acting debut in Mani Ratnam's Tamil film ''Iruvar'' (1997), and had her first commercial success in the Tamil movie ''Jeans'' (1998). She gained the attention of Bollywood through the film ''Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam'' (1999), directed by Sanjay Leela Bhansali. Her performance won her the Filmfare Best Actress Award. In 2002 she appeared in Bhansali's ''Devdas'', for which she won her second Filmfare Best Actress Award.

After a setback in her career during 2003–2005, she appeared in ''Dhoom 2'' (2006), which was her biggest commercial success in India. She later appeared in films like ''Guru'' (2007), ''Jodhaa Akbar'' (2008), and ''Enthiran'' (2010), which were commercially and critically successful. Rai has established herself as one of the leading contemporary actresses in Bollywood.

Rai's off-screen roles include duties as brand ambassador for various charity organisations and campaigns. She is married to fellow actor Abhishek Bachchan. In 2009 she was honoured with Padma Shri, the fourth-highest civilian award given by the Government of India.

Early life

Rai was born into a Tulu-speaking Bunt family in Mangalore, Karnataka. Her father, Krishnaraj, was a marine biologist, while her mother, Brindya, is a housewife. She has one elder brother, Aditya Rai, who is an engineer in the merchant navy. He co-produced one of her movies, ''Dil Ka Rishta'' (2003).

The family moved to Mumbai, where Rai attended the Arya Vidya Mandir High School. Rai did her intermediate schooling at Jai Hind College for a year, and then joined DG Ruparel College in Matunga, securing 90 percent in the HSC exams. She trained in classical dance and music for five years during her teens. Her favourite subject was zoology, so she initially considered a career in medicine. With plans to become an architect, she enrolled at Raheja College, but later gave up her education to pursue a career in modelling.

Modelling career

One of her earliest modelling assignment was, when she was in the ninth grade, for Camlin Pencils. One of her professors at Jai Hind College took pictures of her which were published in a fashion magazine. In 1991 Rai took part in the Ford Supermodel Contest and also appeared in ''Vogue Magazine''. She has been on the cover of ''Vogue'' three times.

Rai became popular after appearing in a Pepsi commercial with actor Aamir Khan. She modelled for Longines watches, Coca-Cola, Lakmé Cosmetics, Casio pager, Philips, Palmolive, Lux, and Fuji films. She continued to model while pursuing her studies in architecture. She was named the official brand ambassador for De Beers diamonds in India.

In the 1994 ''Miss India'' contest, she won second place, behind Sushmita Sen, and was crowned ''Miss India World''. She went on to win the ''Miss World'' title the same year, where she also won the ''Miss Photogenic'' award. After winning the pageant, she gave up her studies and spent one year reigning as Miss World in London. Rai continued to pursue a career as a model until she became an actress.

Film career

Early career (1997–98)

Rai made her acting debut in Mani Ratnam's Tamil biopic film ''Iruvar'' (1997), where she worked alongside Mohanlal. The film was a critical success and won many awards, including Best Film award at the Belgrade International Film Festival, and two National Film Awards. Rai appeared in dual roles, one of which was a depiction of political leader and former actress J. Jayalalithaa. Rai made her Bollywood debut in the film in ''Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya'', opposite Bobby Deol, which released the same year; the film was unsuccessful at the box office. Her third project, ''Jeans'' (1998), a high-budget Tamil film directed by S. Shankar, was a commercial success. The film included the song "Poovukkul", written by Vairamuthu, in which Rai's character is compared to the seven wonders of the world and described as the eighth. The film was India's official entry to the Academy Awards in that year.

Career (1999–2002)

In 1999 Rai starred in Sanjay Leela Bhansali's ''Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam'', opposite Salman Khan and Ajay Devgan. The film had Rai playing Nandini, who is forced to marry Devgan despite being in love with another man (Khan). Her husband tries to help her locate her previous love, and his caring attention eventually wins her over. Rai's portrayal won her critical acclaim, with a review on Rediff.com stating, "Aishwarya looks beautiful as usual ... This film will most likely draw her accolades from all over, may be even get her recognised as an actress the way Manisha Koirala did in ''Khamoshi''. In many scenes, there is no trace of makeup and she looks very fresh". The film was her first box office success in Bollywood, and earned her a Filmfare Best Actress Award.

In the same year she appeared in Subhash Ghai's ''Taal'', in which she played Mansi, a young village woman who becomes a big pop star after being hurt by her lover, played by Akshay Khanna. The film was an average grosser in India but was a big success outside India, especially in the United States, where it became the first Indian film in the top 20 on ''Variety's'' box office list. Her performance was praised, with a reviewer from Rediff.com writing, "After being praised for her looks and acting talent in ''Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam'', Aishwarya has excelled in ''Taal''. She looks ethereal and unlike the former film, has a very sober and soft role. Though she looks pained and tragic in most of the film, she does a good job of a woman who is very protective of her father and one who doesn't think twice before rejecting a lover who has insulted her father." She received another Best Actress nomination from the Filmfare Awards for her work in the film.

In 2000 she appeared in Mansoor Khan's ''Josh'' alongside Shahrukh Khan and Chandrachur Singh, in which she plays a Catholic named Shirley who falls in love with the sibling of her brother's enemy. The film was a commercial success. Later that year she appeared in Satish Kaushik's ''Hamara Dil Aapke Paas Hai'', opposite Anil Kapoor. It was a moderate success, and her performance earned her a Filmfare Best Actress Award nomination. Later that year she played a supporting role in Aditya Chopra's ''Mohabbatein'', alongside Amitabh Bachchan and Shahrukh Khan. The second-highest grosser of the year, the film was a major commercial success, and earned her a Filmfare Best Supporting Actress Award nomination. Later that year, she starred in the Tamil film ''Kandukondain Kandukondain'', alongside Mammooty, Ajith Kumar, and Tabu. Rai plays Tabu's younger sibling, a dreamer at heart, whose hopes come crashing down when she discovers she's been cheated by her lover. Directed by Rajiv Menon, the movie was a successful venture commercially.

In 2002 Rai appeared alongside Shahrukh Khan and Madhuri Dixit in Sanjay Leela Bhansali's ''Devdas'', an adaptation of Sharat Chandra Chattopadhyay's novel of the same name. She played the role of Paro (Parvati), the love interest of the protagonist, played by Khan. The film received a special screening at the 2002 Cannes Film Festival. It became the highest-grossing film of the year in India and overseas, earning a revenue of Rs domestically. ''Devdas'' won numerous awards, including 10 Filmfare Awards, and Rai received her second Filmfare Best Actress Award for her performance.

Professional setback (2003–05)

In 2003 she acted in Rituparno Ghosh's Bengali film ''Chokher Bali'', an adaptation of Rabindranath Tagore's novel of the same name. She portrays the character of a young woman called Binodini, who is left on her own when her sickly husband dies soon after they are married. The film was critically acclaimed and did well at the box office. That year she appeared in the Bollywood film ''Dil Ka Rishta'', with Arjun Rampal, and Rohan Sippy's ''Kuch Na Kaho'', alongside Abhishek Bachchan, neither of which fared well at the box office.

In 2004 she appeared alongside Martin Henderson in ''Bride and Prejudice'', Gurinder Chadha's Bollywood-style English adaptation of Jane Austen's ''Pride and Prejudice''. She played Lalita Bakshi, the film's version of Austen's character Elizabeth Bennet. Based on 131 reviews, the film has a rating of 64 percent at the review website Rotten Tomatoes. She played a negative role for the first time in Rajkumar Santoshi's ''Khakee'', which also featured Amitabh Bachchan, Akshay Kumar, Ajay Devgan, and Jayapradha. The film was a box office success. In the same year she worked with director Rituparno Ghosh for the second time, in ''Raincoat'', where she starred alongside Ajay Devgan. The film was highly acclaimed by critics, with Rai receiving rave reviews for her performance.

In 2005 she appeared in ''Shabd'', a film based on a love triangle, alongside Sanjay Dutt and Zayed Khan. The film was unsuccessful at the box office; it received average reviews from critics. Her next release was Paul Mayeda Berges's ''The Mistress of Spices'', based on the novel of the same name by Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni, in which she starred alongside Dylan McDermott. The film received negative reviews from critics, and was a commercial failure. The same year she made a special appearance in a hugely popular seven-minute dance sequence for the song "Kajra Re", with Amitabh Bachchan and Abhishek Bachchan, in Shaad Ali's ''Bunty Aur Babli''.

Recent work (2006–present)

In 2006 Rai portrayed the title role in J P Dutta's ''Umrao Jaan'', the story of a courtesan and poetess from 19th-century Lucknow. The movie is the second adaptation of the Urdu novel ''Umrao Jaan Ada'' (1905), by Mirza Hadi Ruswa. Rai's work received mixed reviews, and the film was a critical and commercial failure. Critics particularly felt the new version is poor when compared to the acclaimed 1981 version by Muzaffar Ali, which starred Rekha in the title role. BBC critic Poonam Joshi wrote, "While only Aishwarya could emulate the grace and poise of Rekha, she doesn't quite capture the intensity of Umrao's abiding melancholy", commenting that "her incandescent beauty and artistry... does indeed keep the audience watching, though not necessarily emotionally engaged." Later that year she appeared as a master thief, Sunheri, in the Yash Raj Films production of ''Dhoom 2'', directed by Sanjay Gadhvi. The ensemble cast included Hrithik Roshan, Abhishek Bachchan, Bipasha Basu, and Uday Chopra. The movie was a blockbuster, and became the highest grossing film of the year in India, earning revenues of over Rs domestically. A controversy arose regarding a scene containing a kiss between her and Hrithik Roshan. Rai's performance received mostly negative reviews, with a reviewer on Rediff.com writing, "Ash's character too is all gloss and no depth. You seldom feel any tension in her behaviour and expressions as she accompanies the master thief on potentially dangerous missions. Sunehri enters the film nearly 50 minutes after its opening in a disguise. In no time, she is wearing the flimsiest of clothes. Once she opens her mouth—and she does it two minutes after appearing in the film—she spoils the image. There is no sensuality any more, and half an hour later, one wonders what made the master thief fall for her." Nonetheless, her performance earned her a sixth nomination for Filmfare Best Actress Award.

In 2007 she appeared in Mani Ratnam's ''Guru'' as Sujata. Speculated to be based on the life of Indian businessman Dhirubhai Ambani, it is a rag to riches story about an ambitious small-town man who ends up as the owner of the biggest corporation in India. The film premièred at the Elgin Theatre in Toronto, Canada, the first Indian film to have a mainstream international premiere in that country. The film was critically acclaimed, and performed well at the box office. Critical reception for Rai was mixed. While Nikhat Kazmi from ''The Times of India'' wrote that she is "just okay, and fails to register the growth in her character", Rediff.com's Raja Sen described it as "arguably her finest performance, visible especially when she takes over the film's climax." Rai received her seventh Filmfare nomination for Best Actress for her performance. In the same year she starred alongside Naveen Andrews and Miranda Richardson in Jag Mundhra's British film ''Provoked'', as Kiranjit Ahluwalia, an Non-resident Indian woman who kills her abusive husband after facing severe domestic violence. Rai received mostly positive reviews for her portrayal. It was screened in the Marché du Film Cannes Film Market during the 2006 Cannes Film Festival. Ahluwalia sat next to Rai during the screening, reportedly holding her hand and sobbing during the most violent scenes. In the same year Rai appeared as a warrior from Kerala named Mira in Doug Lefler's epic film ''The Last Legion'', alongside Sir Ben Kingsley, Colin Firth, and Thomas Sangster. The film was a critical failure.

In 2008 Rai starred alongside Hrithik Roshan in Ashutosh Gowariker's historical drama ''Jodhaa Akbar''. The story is a partly fictionalised account of the life of Muslim Mughal emperor Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar, played by Roshan, and his Hindu wife Jodha Bai, played by Rai. The film was a critical and commercial success, earning revenues of over Rs domestically. Rai's performance in the film was praised by critics, with Rajeev Masand writing, "Aishwarya Rai is wonderfully restrained and uses her eyes expertly to communicate so much, making this one of her finest outings on screen". She earned her eighth nomination for Best Actress at the Filmfare Awards for her performance. Later that year she co-starred with husband Abhishek Bachchan and father-in-law Amitabh Bachchan in Ram Gopal Verma's ''Sarkar Raj'', a sequel to his previous film, ''Sarkar''. She plays the CEO of a major power company that is proposing a new power plant in rural Maharashtra. The film was a critical and commercial success.

In 2009 she appeared in Harald Zwart's spy comedy film ''The Pink Panther 2'', playing the role of criminology expert Sonia Solandres. Like its predecessor, the sequel received negative reviews from critics, and did a moderate business of $34,590,360 at the U.S box office. In 2010 she collaborated with Mani Ratnam for a bilingual project, two films featuring Rai portraying a character based on the goddess Sita. The films were shot simultaneously, with Rai's role being one of the only roles which were played by the same performer in both versions. Upon release, the project received mixed reviews. Though both her portrayals of Ragini were praised, the Hindi version—''Raavan'', alongside Abhishek Bachchan—failed commercially, whilst the Tamil version—''Raavanan''—was successful. The Hindi version of the film got decent reviews in various US media, including the ''New York Times'' and ''Los Angeles Times'', with the former saying, "Raavan has Bollywood glamour aplenty, with the lovely if occasionally dramatically challenged Aishwarya Rai Bachchan", and the latter describing Rai as a scene-stealer.

Rai paired with Rajinikanth in the science fiction Tamil film ''Enthiran'' (2010), directed by S. Shankar. The film—the most expensive ever made in India—was released worldwide in 2010, and is the highest-grossing Indian film when all its versions are totalled. She appeared in Vipul Shah's ''Action Replayy'' opposite Akshay Kumar, which received mixed reviews from critics. Rai's final release in 2010 was ''Guzaarish'', her third collaboration with director Sanjay Leela Bhansali and actor Hrithik Roshan. The film tells the story of Ethan Mascarenhas (Roshan), a former magician who has been quadriplegic for twelve years; after years of struggle he files an appeal to the court for euthanasia. Rai played Ethan's strict, devoted, and supportive nurse Sophie D'Souza. The film opened to positive reviews, and Rai's portrayal was praised. According to Nikhat Kazmi, "Aishwarya is a stunning picture of fire and grace, walking away with certain scenes by her sheer vitality." In 2011 she received her ninth nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Actress. As of May 2011, she is set to appear in Rajkumar Santoshi's next film, ''Ladies and Gentlemen'', along with Abhishek Bachchan, and in Madhur Bhandarkar's next directorial venture, ''Heroine''. The shooting of both films was postponed, due to Rai's pregnancy. She will not appear in ''Heroine'', which is going forward with Kareena Kapoor.

Social work

In 1999 Rai participated in a world tour called the ''Magnificent Five'', along with Aamir Khan, Rani Mukerji, Akshaye Khanna, and Twinkle Khanna. In the same year, she was appointed as Longines Ambassador of Elegance. In 2003 she became the first Indian actress to be a jury member at the Cannes Film Festival. In 2003 she became a global brand ambassador of L'Oreal, alongside Andie Macdowell, Eva Longoria, and Penelope Cruz. Rai is the brand ambassador for The Eye Bank Association of India's nationwide campaign to promote eye donation in India. In 2005 she became a brand ambassador for Pulse Polio, a campaign established by the Government of India in 1994 to eradicate polio in India. In the same year, Rai was appointed spokesperson for the International Year of Microcredit, raising awareness of the main goals and priorities of the United Nations' poverty alleviation efforts.

In February 2005 Rai performed alongside other Bollywood stars at the ''HELP! Telethon Concert'', an event to raise money for the victims of the 2004 tsunami earthquake. Along with other members of the Bachchan family, she laid the foundation of a special school for underprivileged girls in Daulatpur village in Uttar Pradesh in 2008. Construction is being funded by the Bachchan family, and the school will be named after Rai. She appeared along with various other Bollywood actors at the closing ceremony of the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne. The performance showcased Indian culture as a lead-up to India hosting the 2010 Commonwealth Games.

In 2009 Rai was appointed as the first Goodwill Ambassador of Smile Train, an international charity that provides free Cleft lip and palate surgery to children in need. Her work with Smile Train will focus not only on India, but on 76 different developing countries around the world.

Personal life

In 1999 Aishwarya began dating Bollywood actor Salman Khan; their relationship was often reported in the media until the couple separated in 2001. Rai cited "abuse (verbal, physical and emotional), infidelity and indignity" on the part of Khan as reasons for ending the relationship. In a 2009 ''Times of India'' article, Khan denied ever beating her: "It's not true that I hit a woman."

Rai is married to actor Abhishek Bachchan, they met in 1997. Their engagement was announced on 2007 and later confirmed by his father, Amitabh Bachchan. The couple married on 2007 according to traditional Hindu rites of the Bunt community, to which she belongs. Token North Indian and Bengali ceremonies were also performed. The wedding took place in a private ceremony at the Bachchan residence, "Prateeksha", in Juhu, Mumbai. They have been described as a supercouple in the Indian media. Rai is very close to her family and lived with them in Bandra, Mumbai, until her marriage. Rai is Hindu and deeply religious.

Rai gave birth to a baby girl on 16 November 2011.

Awards and honours

Aishwarya Rai is a two-time winner of the Filmfare Best Actress Award, and has been nominated for Filmfare Awards eleven times. She has won numerous times at the International Indian Film Academy Awards, Star Screen Awards, Zee Cine Awards, and others. In 2009 Rai was awarded the Padma Shri, the fourth-highest Indian civilian award, for her contributions to Indian cinema. In 2001 Forbes named Rai among the top five Indian movie stars. In a reader poll conducted by UK's ''Hello!'' magazine, she was voted "the most attractive woman of 2003". In the same year, Rai appeared in ''Rolling Stone'' magazine's annual "Hot List". In 2004 she was chosen by ''TIME'' magazine as one of the world's most influential people, and appeared on the cover of its 2003 Asia edition. In October 2004 a wax figure of Rai was put on display in London's Madame Tussaud's wax museum. She was the sixth Indian and the second Bollywood personality—after her father-in-law, Amitabh Bachchan—to get this honour. In 2007 the same figure was displayed at Madame Tussaud's Museum in Times Square in New York.

In 2005 she was the subject of a ''60 Minutes'' profile on , which said that "at least according to thousands of Web sites, Internet polls and even Julia Roberts", she was "the world's most beautiful woman". The same year, a tulip in the Netherlands was named "''Aishwarya Rai''" after her. Also in 2005, Mattel released a limited edition of Barbie dolls of Aishwarya Rai in the United Kingdom. The British magazine ''Maxim'' ranked Rai first on their list of "Hottest Women of India".

Rai appeared on such shows as ''Late Show with David Letterman'', and was the first Bollywood personality to appear on ''Oprah's'' "Women Across the Globe" segment. In 2005 Harpers and Queen's list of "Most Beautiful Women in The World" ranked her ninth. In May 2006 Aishwarya was featured in ''People Magazine'' as one of the "World's Most Beautiful People". The UK magazine ''Eastern Eye'' ranked her third in the list of "Asia's Sexiest Women" in 2006, and she was ranked eighth in 2009. In 2008 American television channel E!: Entertainment listed Aishwarya's eyes as the sexiest on their Sexiest Body Parts list. In 2009 she made appearances on Martha Stewart's show ''Martha'' and on the ''The Tyra Banks Show''. In the same year Forbes listed Rai at 387th out of 1,411 actors on their list of the most bankable stars in Hollywood. She is the highest-ranked Indian actor on the list.

In 2009, Rai refused to accept the second-highest Order Of France, ''Ordre des Arts et des Lettres'', as her father was suffering from a serious illness, and she wanted her whole family to attend the award ceremony. She is the fourth Indian actor—after Sivaji Ganesan, Nandita Das, and Shahrukh Khan—to be chosen for the award. Amitabh Bachchan was chosen for another Order Of France, the Legion of Honour. In June 2009 she was declared the ''Female Star of The Decade'' at the tenth International Indian Film Academy Awards, held in Macau. In December 2010 she was declared the "Actress of the Decade" at the BIG Star Entertainment Awards. In March 2011 Rai was honoured by Karnataka Chief Minister B. S. Yeddyurappa at World Kannada Meet (Vishwa Kannada Sammelana) for her contributions to the arts. Later that month she was presented with the "Decade of Global Achievement Honour" by FICCI. She attended the 83rd Academy Awards, along with her husband, Abhishek.

Filmography

scope="col"	Year	Title	Language	Role	Notes
1997	''Iruvar''		Pushpa / Kalpana
1997	''Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya''		Ashi Kapoor
1998		Tamil	Madhumita	Dubbed into Telugu and Hindi with the same title
1999	''Aa Ab Laut Chalen''	Hindi	Pooja
1999	''Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam''	Hindi	Nandini	Filmfare Best Actress Award
1999	''Ravoyi Chandamama''			Special appearance
1999		Hindi	Mansi
2000		Hindi	Champakali	Guest appearance
2000	''Kandukondain Kandukondain''	Tamil	Meenakshi Bala	Dubbed into Telugu as ''Priyuralu Pilichindi''
2000		Hindi	Shirley
2000	''Hamara Dil Aapke Paas Hai''	Hindi	Preeti Virat	Nominated—Filmfare Best Actress Award
2000	''Dhaai Akshar Prem Ke''	Hindi	Sahiba Grewal
scope="row">2000	''Mohabbatein''	Hindi	Megha	Nominated—Filmfare Best Supporting Actress Award
2001		Hindi	Sonia
2002	''Hum Tumhare Hain Sanam''	Hindi	Suman	Guest appearance
2002		Hindi	Komal Rastogi
scope="row">2002	''23 March 1931: Shaheed''	Hindi		Special appearance
2002		Hindi	Parvati (Paro)	Filmfare Best Actress Award
2002		Hindi	Herself	Special appearance in song "Ishq Kamina"
2003			Binodhini
2003	''Dil Ka Rishta''	Hindi	Tia Sharma
2003	''Kuch Naa Kaho''	Hindi	Namrata Shrivastav
2004	''Bride & Prejudice''	English	Lalita Bakshi	Dubbed into Hindi as ''Balle Balle Amritsar to LA''
2004	''Khakee''	Hindi	Mahalakshmi
2004	''Kyun...! Ho Gaya Na''	Hindi	Diya Malhotra
2004		Hindi	Neerja	Nominated—Filmfare Best Actress Award
2005		Hindi	Antara Vashist/Tammana
2005	''Bunty Aur Babli''	Hindi		Special appearance in the song "Kajra Re"
2005		English	Tilo
2006		Hindi	Umrao Jaan
2006	''Dhoom 2''	Hindi	Sunehri	Nominated—Filmfare Best Actress Award
2007		Hindi	Sujata	Nominated—Filmfare Best Actress AwardDubbed into 2007		English	[[Kiranjit Ahluwalia">Tamil language
2007		English	[[Kiranjit Ahluwalia	Dubbed into Hindi with the same title
2007	''The Last Legion''	English	Mira
2008	''Jodhaa Akbar''	Hindi	Mariam-uz-Zamani>Jodhaa Bai	Nominated—Filmfare Best Actress AwardDubbed into 2008	''[[Sarkar Raj">Tamil language
2008	''[[Sarkar Raj''	Hindi	Anita Rajan
2009	''The Pink Panther 2''	English	Sonia Solandres	Dubbed into French as ''La Pantera Rosa 2''
2010	''Raavan''	Hindi	Ragini Sharma
2010	''Raavanan''	Tamil	Ragini Subramaniam
2010	''Enthiran''	Tamil	Sana
2010	''Action Replayy''	Hindi	Mala
2010	''Guzaarish''	Hindi	Sofia D'Souza	Nominated—Filmfare Best Actress Award

See also

List of Indian film actresses

References

Further reading

External links

}}

Category:1973 births Category:Living people Category:Femina Miss India winners Category:Filmfare Awards winners Category:Indian female models Category:Indian film actors Category:Indian Hindus Category:Mangaloreans Category:Miss World 1994 delegates Category:Miss World winners Category:Officiers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres Category:People from Mangalore Category:People from Mumbai Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri Category:Tulu people Category:University of Mumbai alumni Category:Tamil film actors

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Coordinates	16°48′″N96°09′″N
name	Kate Winslet
birth name	Kate Elizabeth Winslet
birth date	October 05, 1975
birth place	Reading, Berkshire, England
occupation	Actress, singer
years active	1991–present
spouse
relatives	Anna Winslet, Beth Winslet (sisters) }}

Kate Elizabeth Winslet (born 5 October 1975) is an English actress and occasional singer. She has received multiple awards and nominations. She was the youngest person to accrue six Academy Award nominations, and won the Academy Award for Best Actress for ''The Reader'' (2008). She has won awards from the Screen Actors Guild, British Academy of Film and Television Arts, and the Hollywood Foreign Press Association among others, and has been nominated twice for an Emmy Award for television acting, winning once for her role as ''Mildred Pierce'' in the 2011 mini-series of the same name.

Brought up in Berkshire, Winslet studied drama from childhood, and began her career in British television in 1991. She made her film debut in ''Heavenly Creatures'' (1994), for which she received her first notable critical praise. She achieved recognition for her subsequent work in a supporting role in ''Sense and Sensibility'' (1995) and for her leading role in ''Titanic'' (1997), the highest grossing film at the time, and, as of 2011, the highest grossing film of Winslet's career.

Since 2000, Winslet's performances have continued to draw positive comments from film critics, and she has been nominated for various awards for her work in such films as ''Quills'' (2000), ''Iris'' (2001), ''Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind'' (2004), ''Finding Neverland'' (2004), ''Little Children'' (2006), ''The Reader'' (2008) and ''Revolutionary Road'' (2008). Her performance in the latter prompted ''New York'' magazine critic David Edelstein to describe her as "the best English-speaking film actress of her generation". The romantic comedy ''The Holiday'' and the animated film ''Flushed Away'' (both 2006) were among the biggest commercial successes of her career.

Winslet was awarded a Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album for Children in 2000. She has been included as a vocalist on some soundtracks of works she has performed in, and the single "What If" from the soundtrack for ''Christmas Carol: The Movie'' (2001), was a hit single in several European countries. Winslet has two children with her former husbands: a daughter with Jim Threapleton and a son with Sam Mendes.

Early life

Born in Reading, Berkshire, Winslet is the second of four children born to Sally Anne (née Bridges), a barmaid, and Roger John Winslet, a swimming pool contractor. Her parents were "jobbing actors", which led Winslet to comment that she "didn't have a privileged upbringing" and that their daily life was "very hand to mouth". Her maternal grandparents, Linda (née Plumb) and Archibald Oliver Bridges, founded and operated the Reading Repertory Theatre, and her uncle, Robert Bridges, appeared in the original West End production of ''Oliver!''. Her older sister, Anna, and younger sister, Beth, are also actresses. Her younger brother, Joss, is the only sibling who did not pursue an acting career.

Winslet began studying drama at the age of 11 at the Redroofs Theatre School, a co-educational independent school in Maidenhead, Berkshire, where she was head girl. At the age of 12, Winslet appeared in a television advertisement directed by filmmaker Tim Pope for Sugar Puffs cereal. Pope said her naturalism was "there from the start".

Career

1991–1997

Winslet's career began on television, with a co-starring role in the BBC children's science fiction serial ''Dark Season''. This role was followed by appearances in the made-for-TV movie ''Anglo-Saxon Attitudes'' in 1992, the sitcom ''Get Back'', and an episode of the medical drama ''Casualty'' in 1993.

In 1992, Winslet attended a casting call for Peter Jackson's ''Heavenly Creatures'' in London. Winslet auditioned for the part of Juliet Hulme, a teenager who assists in the murder of the mother of her best friend, Pauline Parker (played by Melanie Lynskey). She won the role over 175 other girls. The film included Winslet's singing debut, and her a cappella version of "Sono Andati", an aria from ''La Bohème'', was featured on the film's soundtrack. The film was released to favourable reviews in 1994 and won Jackson and partner Fran Walsh a nomination for an Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay. Winslet was awarded an Empire Award and a London Film Critics' Circle Award for British Actress of the Year for her performance. ''The Washington Post'' writer Desson Thomson commented: "As Juliet, Winslet is a bright-eyed ball of fire, lighting up every scene she’s in. She's offset perfectly by Lynskey, whose quietly smoldering Pauline completes the delicate, dangerous partnership." Speaking about her experience on a film set as an absolute beginner, Winslet noted: "With ''Heavenly Creatures'', all I knew I had to do was completely become that person. In a way it was quite nice doing [the film] and not knowing a bloody thing."

The following year, Winslet auditioned for the small but pivotal role of Lucy Steele in the adaptation of Jane Austen's ''Sense and Sensibility'', featuring Emma Thompson, Hugh Grant, and Alan Rickman. She was instead cast in the second leading role of Marianne Dashwood. Director Ang Lee admitted he was initially worried about the way Winslet had attacked her role in ''Heavenly Creatures'' and thus required her to exercise t'ai chi, read Austen-era Gothic novels and poetry, and work with a piano teacher to fit the grace of the role. Budgeted at US$16.5 million ($}} million in current year dollars) the film became a financial and critical success, resulting in a worldwide box office total of US$135 million ($}} million) and various awards for Winslet, winning her both a BAFTA and a Screen Actors' Guild Award, and nominations for both an Academy Award and a Golden Globe.

In 1996, Winslet starred in both ''Jude'' and ''Hamlet''. In Michael Winterbottom's ''Jude'', based on the Victorian novel ''Jude the Obscure'' by Thomas Hardy, she played Sue Bridehead, a young woman with suffragette leanings who falls in love with her cousin, played by Christopher Eccleston. Acclaimed among critics, it was not a success at the box office, barely grossing US$2 million ($}} million) worldwide. Richard Corliss of ''Time'' magazine said "Winslet is worthy of [...] the camera's scrupulous adoration. She's perfect, a modernist ahead of her time [...] and ''Jude'' is a handsome showcase for her gifts." Winslet played Ophelia, Hamlet's drowned lover, in Kenneth Branagh's all star-cast film version of William Shakespeare's ''Hamlet''. The film garnered largely positive reviews and earned Winslet her second Empire Award.

In mid-1996, Winslet began filming James Cameron's ''Titanic'' (1997), alongside Leonardo DiCaprio. Cast as the sensitive seventeen-year-old Rose DeWitt Bukater, a fictional first-class socialite who survives the 1912 sinking of the RMS ''Titanic'', Winslet's experience was emotionally demanding. "''Titanic'' was totally different and nothing could have prepared me for it. ... We were really scared about the whole adventure. ... Jim [Cameron] is a perfectionist, a real genius at making movies. But there was all this bad press before it came out, and that was really upsetting." Against expectations, the film went on to become the highest-grossing film of all time, grossing more than US$1.843 billion ($}} billion) in box-office receipts worldwide, and transformed Winslet into a commercial movie star. Subsequently, she was nominated for most of the high-profile awards, winning a European Film Award.

1998–2003

Shot prior to the release of ''Titanic'', ''Hideous Kinky'', a low-budget hippie romance, was Winslet's sole film of 1998. Winslet had rejected offers to play the leading roles in ''Shakespeare in Love'' (1998) and ''Anna and the King'' (1999) in favour of the role of a young English mother named Julia who moves with her daughters from London to Morocco hoping to start a new life. The film garnered generally mixed reviews and received only limited distribution, resulting in a worldwide gross of US$5 million ($}} million). Despite the success of ''Titanic'', the next film Winslet opted to star in was ''Holy Smoke!'' (1999), featuring Harvey Keitel, another low-budget project—much to the chagrin of her agents, who felt "miserable" about her preference of arthouse movies. Feeling pressured, Winslet has said she "never saw ''Titanic'' as a springboard for bigger films or bigger pay cheques", knowing that "it could have been that, but would have destroyed [her]." The same year, she voiced Brigid in the computer animated film ''Faeries''.

In 2000, Winslet appeared in the period piece ''Quills'' with Geoffrey Rush and Joaquin Phoenix, a film inspired by the life and work of the Marquis de Sade. The actress served as somewhat of a "patron saint" of the film for being the first big name to back it, accepting the role of a chambermaid in the asylum and the courier of The Marquis' manuscripts to the underground publishers. Well-received by critics, the film garnered numerous accolades for Winslet, including nominations for SAG and Satellite Awards. The film was a modest arthouse success, averaging US$27,709 ($}}) per screen its debut weekend, and eventually grossing US$18 million ($}} million) internationally.

In 2001's ''Enigma'', Winslet played a young woman who finds herself falling for a brilliant young World War II code breaker, played by Dougray Scott. It was her first war film, and Winslet regarded "making ''Enigma'' a brilliant experience" as she was five months pregnant at the time of the shoot, forcing some tricky camera work from the director Michael Apted. Generally well-received, Winslet was awarded a British Independent Film Award for her performance, and A. O. Scott of ''The New York Times'' described Winslet as "more crush-worthy than ever." In the same year she appeared in Richard Eyre's critically acclaimed film ''Iris'', portraying novelist Iris Murdoch. Winslet shared her role with Judi Dench, with both actresses portraying Murdoch at different phases of her life. Subsequently, each of them was nominated for an Academy Award the following year, earning Winslet her third nomination. Also in 2001, she voiced the character Belle in the animated motion picture ''Christmas Carol: The Movie'', based on the Charles Dickens classic novel. For the film, Winslet recorded the song "What If", which was released in November 2001 as a single with proceeds donated to two of Winslet's favourite charities, the N.S.P.C.C. and the Sargeant Cancer Foundation for Children. A Europe-wide top ten hit, it reached number one in Austria, Belgium and Ireland, number six on the UK Singles Chart, and won the 2002 OGAE Song Contest.

Her next film role was in the 2003 drama ''The Life of David Gale'', in which she played an ambitious journalist who interviews a death-sentenced professor, played by Kevin Spacey, in his final weeks before execution. The film underperformed at international box offices, garnering only half of its US$ 50,000,000 budget, and generating mostly critical reviews, with Roger Ebert of the ''Chicago Sun-Times'' calling it a "silly movie."

2004–2006

Following ''The Life of David Gale'', Winslet appeared with Jim Carrey in ''Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind'' (2004), a neosurrealistic indie-drama by French director Michel Gondry. In the film, she played the role of Clementine Kruczynski, a chatty, spontaneous and somewhat neurotic woman, who decides to have all memories of her ex-boyfriend erased from her mind. The role was a departure from her previous roles, with Winslet revealing in an interview with ''Variety'' that she was initially upended about her casting in the film: "This was not the type of thing I was being offered [...] I was just thrilled that there was something he had seen in me, in spite of the corsets, that he thought was going to work for Clementine.” The film was a critical and financial success. Winslet received rave reviews for her Academy Award-nominated performance, which Peter Travers of ''Rolling Stone'' described as "electrifying and bruisingly vulnerable."

Her final film in 2004 was ''Finding Neverland''. The story of the production focused on Scottish writer J. M. Barrie (Johnny Depp) and his platonic relationship with Sylvia Llewelyn Davies (Winslet), whose sons inspired him to pen the classic play ''Peter Pan, or The Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up''. During promotion of the film, Winslet noted of her portrayal "It was very important for me in playing Sylvia that I was already a mother myself, because I don’t think I could have played that part if I didn’t know what it felt like to be a parent and have those responsibilities and that amount of love that you give to a child [...] and I've always got a baby somewhere, or both of them, all over my face." The film received favourable reviews and proved to be an international success, becoming Winslet's highest-grossing film since ''Titanic'' with a total of $118 million worldwide.

In 2005, Winslet appeared in an episode of BBC's comedy series ''Extras'' as a satirical version of herself. While dressed as a nun, she was portrayed giving phone sex tips to the romantically challenged character of Maggie. Her performance in the episode led to her first nomination for an Emmy Award. In ''Romance & Cigarettes'' (2005), a musical romantic comedy written and directed by John Turturro, she played the character Tula, described by Winslet as "a slut, someone who’s essentially foulmouthed and has bad manners and really doesn’t know how to dress." Hand-picked by Turturro, who was impressed with her display of dancing ability in ''Holy Smoke!'', Winslet was praised for her performance, which included her interpretation of Connie Francis's "Scapricciatiello (Do You Love Me Like You Kiss Me)". Derek Elley of ''Variety'' wrote: "Onscreen less, but blessed with the showiest role, filthiest one-liners, [and] a perfect Lancashire accent that's comical enough in the Gotham setting Winslet throws herself into the role with an infectious gusto."

After declining an invitation to appear in Woody Allen's film ''Match Point'' (2005), Winslet stated that she wanted to be able to spend more time with her children. She began 2006 with ''All the King's Men'', featuring Sean Penn and Jude Law. Winslet played the role of Anne Stanton, the childhood sweetheart of Jack Burden (Law). The film was critically and financially unsuccessful. Todd McCarthy of ''Variety'' summed it up as "overstuffed and fatally miscast [...] Absent any point of engagement to become involved in the characters, the film feels stillborn and is unlikely to stir public excitement, even in an election year."

Winslet fared far better when she joined the cast of Todd Field's ''Little Children'', playing Sarah Pierce, a bored housewife who has a torrid affair with a married neighbour, played by Patrick Wilson. Both her performance and the film received rave reviews; A. O. Scott of ''The New York Times'' wrote: "In too many recent movies intelligence is woefully undervalued, and it is this quality—even more than its considerable beauty—that distinguishes ''Little Children'' from its peers. The result is a film that is challenging, accessible and hard to stop thinking about. Ms. Winslet, as fine an actress as any working in movies today, registers every flicker of Sarah’s pride, self-doubt and desire, inspiring a mixture of recognition, pity and concern that amounts, by the end of the movie, to something like love. That Ms. Winslet is so lovable makes the deficit of love in Sarah’s life all the more painful." For her work in the film, she was honoured with a Britannia Award for British Artist of the Year from BAFTA/LA, a Los Angeles-based offshoot of the BAFTA Awards. and nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress, and at 31, became the youngest actress to ever garner five Oscar nominations.

She followed ''Little Children'' with a role in Nancy Meyers' romantic comedy ''The Holiday'', also starring Cameron Diaz, Jude Law and Jack Black. In it she played Iris, a British woman who temporarily exchanges homes with an American woman (Diaz). Released to a mixed reception by critics, the film became Winslet's biggest commercial success in nine years, grossing more than US$205 million worldwide. Also in 2006, Winslet provided her voice for several smaller projects. In the CG-animated ''Flushed Away'', she voiced Rita, a scavenging sewer rat who helps Roddy (Hugh Jackman) escape from the city of Ratropolis and return to his luxurious Kensington origins. A critical and commercial success, the film collected US$177,665,672 at international box offices.

2007–present

In 2007, Winslet reunited with Leonardo DiCaprio to film ''Revolutionary Road'' (2008), directed by her husband at the time, Sam Mendes. Winslet had suggested that both should work with her on a film adaptation of the 1961 novel of the same name by Richard Yates after reading the script by Justin Haythe. Resulting in both "a blessing and an added pressure" on-set, the reunion was her first experience working with Mendes. Portraying a couple in a failing marriage in the 1950s, DiCaprio and Winslet watched period videos promoting life in the suburbs to prepare themselves for the film, which earned them favorable reviews. In his review of the film, David Edelstein of ''New York magazine'' stated that "[t]here isn’t a banal moment in Winslet’s performance—not a gesture, not a word. Is Winslet now the best English-speaking film actress of her generation? I think so." Winslet was awarded a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress for her performance, her seventh nomination from the Golden Globes.

Also released in late 2008, the film competed against Winslet's other project, a film adaptation of Bernhard Schlink's 1995 novel ''The Reader'', directed by Stephen Daldry and featuring Ralph Fiennes and David Kross in supporting roles. Originally the first choice for her role, she was initially not able to take on the role due to a scheduling conflict with ''Revolutionary Road'', and Nicole Kidman replaced her. A month after filming began, however, Kidman left the film due to her pregnancy before filming of her had begun, enabling Winslet to rejoin the film. Employing a German accent, Winslet portrayed a former Nazi concentration camp guard who has an affair with a teenager (Kross) who, as an adult, witnesses her war crimes trial. She later said the role was difficult for her, as she was naturally unable "to sympathise with an SS guard." Because the film required full frontal nudity, a merkin was made for her. In an interview for ''Allure'' she related how she refused to use it: "Guys, I am going to have to draw the line at a pubic wig,..." While the film garnered mixed reviews in general, Winslet received favorable reviews for her performance. The following year, she earned her sixth Academy Award nomination and went on to win the Best Actress award, the BAFTA Award for Best Actress, a Screen Actors' Guild Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress, and a Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actress.

In 2011, Winslet headlined in the HBO miniseries ''Mildred Pierce'', a small screen adaptation of James M. Cain's 1941 novel of the same name, directed by Todd Haynes. Co-starring Guy Pearce and Evan Rachel Wood, she portrayed a self-sacrificing mother during the Great Depression who finds herself separated from her husband and falling in love with a new man, all the while trying to earn her narcissistic daughter's love and respect. Broadcast to moderate ratings, the five-part series earned generally favourable reviews, with Salon.com calling it a "quiet, heartbreaking masterpiece". Winslet won an Emmy Award a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Miniseries or Television Film and a Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie for her performance.

Also in 2011, Winslet appeared in Steven Soderbergh's disaster film ''Contagion'', featuring an ensemble cast consisting of Marion Cotillard, Matt Damon, Gwyneth Paltrow and Jude Law. The thriller follows the rapid progress of a lethal indirect contact transmission virus that kills within days. Winslet portrayed an Epidemic Intelligence Service officer who becomes infected with the disease over the course of her investigation. Winslet's other 2011 project, Roman Polanski's ''Carnage'', premiered at the 68th Venice Film Festival. An adaptation of the play ''God of Carnage'' by French playwright Yasmina Reza, the black comedy follows two sets of parents who meet up to talk after their children have been in a fight that day at school. Jodie Foster, John C. Reilly and Christoph Waltz co-star. For her performance Winslet received a second nomination by the Hollywood Foreign Press that year.

In June 2011, it was announced that Winslet has been cast alongside Josh Brolin in Jason Reitman's adaptation of Joyce Maynard's 2009 novel ''Labor Day''.

Personal life

While on the set of ''Dark Season'', Winslet met actor and writer Stephen Tredre, with whom she had a four-and-a-half-year relationship. Winslet and Tredre remained close after their separation in 1995. He died of bone cancer during the opening week of ''Titanic'', causing her to miss the film's Los Angeles premiere to attend his funeral in London. She and ''Titanic'' co-star Leonardo DiCaprio have remained close friends since the filming.

On 22 November 1998, Winslet married director Jim Threapleton, whom she met while on the set of ''Hideous Kinky'' in 1997. They have a daughter, Mia Honey Threapleton, who was born on 12 October 2000 in London. Winslet and Threapleton divorced on 13 December 2001.

Following her separation from Threapleton, Winslet began a relationship with director Sam Mendes, and she married him on 24 May 2003 on the island of Anguilla. Their son, Joe Alfie Winslet Mendes, was born on 22 December 2003 in New York City. Winslet and Mendes announced their separation in March 2010 and are divorced.

Mendes was scheduled to fly on American Airlines Flight 77, which was hijacked on 11 September 2001 and subsequently crashed into the Pentagon. In October 2001, Winslet was on a flight with her daughter, Mia, when a passenger who claimed to be a terrorist stood up and shouted, "We are all going to die". As a result of these incidents, Winslet and Mendes never flew together on the same aircraft, as they feared leaving their children parentless.

Winslet's weight fluctuations over the years have been well documented by the media. She has been outspoken about her refusal to allow Hollywood to dictate her weight. In February 2003, the British edition of ''GQ'' magazine published photographs of Winslet that had been digitally altered to make her look dramatically thinner. Winslet issued a statement that the alterations were made without her consent, saying, "I just didn't want people to think I was a hypocrite and that I'd suddenly lost 30 lbs or whatever". ''GQ'' subsequently issued an apology. She won a libel suit in 2009 against the British tabloid ''The Daily Mail'' after it printed that she had lied about her exercise regime. Winslet stated that she had requested an apology to demonstrate her commitment to the views that she has always expressed regarding women's body issues, namely that women should accept their appearance with pride.

Winslet narrated the documentary ''A Mother's Courage: Talking Back to Autism'', which was generally released on September 24, 2010, after airing on HBO in April of the same year. Her involvement in the documentary led to her founding the non-profit organisation, the Golden Hat Foundation, whose mission is to eliminate barriers for people with autism. In 2011, Winslet received the Yo Dona award for Best Humanitarian Work for her work with the Golden Hat.

Awards and nominations

Winslet won an Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in ''The Reader'' (2008). She won two Golden Globe Awards in the same year: Best Actress (Drama) for ''Revolutionary Road'' and Best Supporting Actress for ''The Reader''. She has won two BAFTA Awards: Best Actress for ''The Reader'', and Best Supporting Actress for ''Sense and Sensibility'' (1995). She has earned a total of six Academy Award nominations, nine Golden Globe nominations, and seven BAFTA nominations.

She has received numerous awards from other organisations, including the Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actress for ''Iris'' (2001) and the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role for ''Sense and Sensibility'' and ''The Reader''. ''Premiere'' magazine named her portrayal of Clementine Kruczynski in ''Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind'' (2004) as the 81st greatest film performance of all time.

Academy Award nomination milestones

Winslet was 26 when she received her third Academy Award nomination, for ''Iris'', just missing the mark of Natalie Wood, who received her third nomination at age 25. She set the mark as the youngest actor to receive five nominations, at age 31, for ''Little Children'' (2006). She surpassed Bette Davis, who was 33 when she received her fifth nomination for her performance in ''The Little Foxes'' (1941). With her Best Actress nomination for ''The Reader'', Winslet became the youngest actor to receive six Oscar nominations. At age 33, Winslet passed the mark Davis, one year older, set with ''Now, Voyager'' (1942).

Winslet received Academy Award nominations as the younger versions of the characters played by fellow nominees Gloria Stuart, as Rose, in ''Titanic'' (1997) and Judi Dench, as Iris Murdoch, in ''Iris''. These are the only instances of the younger and older versions of a character in the same film both yielding Academy Award nominations, thus making Winslet the only actor to twice share an Oscar nomination with another for portraying the same character.

When she was not nominated for her work in ''Revolutionary Road'', Winslet became only the second actress to win a Golden Globe for Best Actress (Drama) without getting an Oscar nomination for the same performance (Shirley MacLaine was the first for ''Madame Sousatzka'' [1988], and she won the Golden Globe in a three-way tie). Academy rules allow an actor to receive no more than one nomination in a given category; as the Academy nominating process determined that Winslet's work in ''The Reader'' would be considered a lead performance—unlike the Golden Globes, which considered it a supporting performance—she could not also receive a Best Actress nomination for ''Revolutionary Road''.

Awards for other work

In 2000, Winslet won a Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album for Children for ''Listen To the Storyteller''. She was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series for playing herself in a 2005 episode of ''Extras''. At the 2011 Primetime Emmy Awards, Winslet won the Best Actress in Miniseries or TV Movie award for her role as the titular character in Mildred Pierce.

Filmography

! Year	! Title	! Role	Notes
1991	''Dark Season''	Reet
1992		Eleanor Sweet	(TV series)
1994	''Heavenly Creatures''	Juliet Hulme	Empire Award for Best British ActressLondon Film Critics Circle Award for British Actress of the YearNew Zealand Film and TV Award for Best Foreign Performer
1995	''''	Princess Sarah
1995		Marianne Dashwood	BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role[[Evening Standard British Film Awards
1996		Sue Bridehead	[[Evening Standard British Film Awards
1996
1997		Rose DeWitt Bukater	Blockbuster Entertainment Award for Favorite Actress – DramaEmpire Award for Best British ActressEuropean Film Awards Jameson Audience/People's Choice Award for Best British ActressGolden Camera for Best International ActressNominated—Academy Award for Best ActressNominated—Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture DramaNominated—London Film Critics Circle Award for British Actress of the YearNominated—MTV Movie Award for Best PerformanceNominated—MTV Movie Award for Best Kiss (shared with Leonardo DiCaprio)Nominated—MTV Movie Award for Best On-Screen Duo (shared with Leonardo DiCaprio)Nominated—Online Film Critics Society Award for Best ActressNominated—European Film Awards – Outstanding Achievement in World CinemaNominated—Satellite Award for Best Actress - Motion Picture DramaNominated—Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading RoleNominated—Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture
1998		Julia
1999		Brigid
1999	''Holy Smoke!''	Ruth Barron
2000	''Quills''	Madeleine 'Maddy' LeClerc	Empire Award for Best ActressEvening Standard British Film Award for Best Actress (also for ''Enigma'' and ''Iris'')Nominated—Blockbuster Entertainment Award for Favorite Actress – DramaNominated—Las Vegas Film Critics Society Award for Best Supporting ActressNominated—London Film Critics Circle Award for British Actress of the YearNominated—Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actress - Motion Picture DramaNominated—Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role
2001		Hester Wallace	Empire Award for Best British ActressEvening Standard British Film Award for Best Actress (also for ''Iris'' and ''Quills'')Nominated—British Independent Film Award for Best Actress
2001	''Christmas Carol: The Movie''	Belle	(voice)
2001		Young Iris Murdoch	Empire Award for Best British ActressEvening Standard British Film Award for Best Actress (also for ''Enigma'' and ''Quills'')European Film Awards – Jameson Audience/People's Choice Award for Best British ActressLos Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting ActressNominated—Academy Award for Best Supporting ActressNominated—BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting RoleNominated—Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion PictureNominated—Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actress - Motion Picture
2003	''''	Bitsey Bloom
2004	''Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind''	Clementine Kruczynski	Empire Award for Best British ActressInternational Cinephile Society Award for Best ActressLas Vegas Film Critics Society Award for Best Actress (also for ''Finding Neverland'')London Film Critics Circle Award for British Actress of the Year (tied with Eva Birthistle for ''Ae Fond Kiss...'')Online Film Critics Society Award for Best ActressSanta Barbara International Film Festival Award for Outstanding Performance (also for ''Finding Neverland'')Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Award for Best EnsembleNominated—Academy Award for Best ActressNominated—BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading RoleNominated—Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best ActressNominated—Dallas-Fort Worth Film Critics Association Award for Best ActressNominated—Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or ComedyNominated—People's Choice Awards – Favorite Leading LadyNominated—People's Choice Awards – Favorite On-Screen Chemistry (shared with Jim Carrey)Nominated—Satellite Award for Best Actress - Motion Picture Musical or ComedyNominated—Saturn Award for Best ActressNominated—Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role
2004	''Finding Neverland''	Sylvia Llewelyn Davies	Las Vegas Film Critics Society Award for Best Actress (also for ''Eternal Sunshine'')Santa Barbara International Film Festival Award for Outstanding Performance (also for ''Eternal Sunshine'')Nominated—Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting ActressNominated—Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion PictureNominated—BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading RoleNominated—Teen Choice Awards – Choice Movie Actress – Motion Picture Drama
2005	''Romance & Cigarettes''	Tula
2006		Anne Stanton
2006		Sarah Pierce	The Britannia Award for British Artist of the YearGotham Awards – Tribute AwardPalm Springs International Film Festival – Desert Palm Achievement AwardNominated—Academy Award for Best ActressNominated—Alliance of Women Film Journalists Award for Best Actress in a Dramatic PerformanceNominated—BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading RoleNominated—Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best ActressNominated—Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best ActressNominated—Dallas-Fort Worth Film Critics Association Award for Best ActressNominated—Empire Award for Best ActressNominated—Golden Globe Award for Best Actress - Motion Picture DramaNominated—London Film Critics Circle Award for British Actress of the YearNominated—Online Film Critics Society Award for Best ActressNominated—Satellite Award for Best Actress - Motion Picture DramaNominated—Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role
2006	''Flushed Away	Rita	(voice)
2006	''''	Iris Simpkins
2006	''Deep Sea 3D''	Narrator	(voice)
2008	''''	Narrator	(voice)
2008	''''	Hanna Schmitz	Academy Award for Best ActressBAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading RoleBroadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting ActressChicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting ActressEuropean Film Award for Best ActressGolden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress - Motion PictureLas Vegas Film Critics Society Award for Best Actress (also for ''Revolutionary Road'')London Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress (also for ''Revolutionary Road'')Robert Award for Best ActressSan Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best ActressScreen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting RoleSt. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress (also for ''Revolutionary Road'')Vancouver Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress (also for ''Revolutionary Road'')Nominated—Alliance of Women Film Journalists Award for Outstanding Achievement by a Woman in the Film Industry (also for ''Revolutionary Road'')Nominated—Evening Standard British Film Award for Best Actress (also for ''Revolutionary Road'')Nominated—London Film Critics Circle Award for British Actress of the Year (also for ''Revolutionary Road'')Nominated—MTV Movie Award for Best PerformanceNominated—Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Supporting ActressNominated—Satellite Award for Best Actress - Motion Picture Drama
2008		April Wheeler	Alliance of Women Film Journalists Award for Best ActressDetroit Film Critics Society Award for Best ActressGolden Globe Award for Best Actress - Motion Picture DramaLas Vegas Film Critics Society Award for Best Actress (also for ''The Reader'')London Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress (also for ''The Reader'')Palm Springs International Film Festival – Best Cast PerformanceSt. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress (also for ''The Reader'')Vancouver Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress (also for ''The Reader'')Santa Barbara International Film Festival – Montevito AwardNominated—Alliance of Women Film Journalists Award for Outstanding Achievement by a Woman in the Film Industry (also for ''The Reader'')Nominated—BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading RoleNominated—Dallas-Fort Worth Film Critics Association Award for Best ActressNominated—Evening Standard British Film Award for Best Actress (also for ''The Reader'')Nominated—Houston Film Critics Society Award for Best Actress in a Leading RoleNominated—London Film Critics Circle Award for British Actress of the Year (also for ''The Reader'')Nominated—Online Film Critics Society Award for Best ActressNominated—Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role
2011		Mildred Pierce Beragon	HBO mini-seriesGolden Globe Award for Best Actress – Miniseries or Television FilmPrimetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or a MovieSatellite Award for Best Actress – Miniseries or Television FilmScreen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie
2011		Dr. Erin Mears
2011		Nancy Cowan	Boston Society of Film Critics
2012	''[[Movie 43	Juliet Hulme	Post-production

References

External links

Kate Winslet at Emmys.com

Category:1975 births Category:Living people Category:Actors from Berkshire Category:People from Reading, Berkshire Category:English expatriates in the United States Category:English film actors Category:English stage actors Category:English television actors Category:English voice actors Category:European Film Award for Best Actress winners Category:Grammy Award winners Category:BAFTA winners (people) Category:Best British Actress Empire Award winners Category:Best Drama Actress Golden Globe (film) winners Category:Best Miniseries or Television Movie Actress Golden Globe winners Category:Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe (film) winners Category:Best Actress Academy Award winners Category:Evening Standard Award for Best Actress Category:Emmy Award winners Category:Best Supporting Actress BAFTA Award winners Category:People educated at Redroofs Theatre School

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Coordinates	16°48′″N96°09′″N
School tradition	Austrian School
Color	firebrick
Name	Henry Stuart Hazlitt
Birth date	November 28, 1894
Death date	July 09, 1993
Nationality	American
Field	economicsliterary criticismphilosophy
Influences	Benjamin Anderson, Frédéric Bastiat, David Hume, William James, H.L. Mencken, Ludwig von Mises, Herbert Spencer, Philip Wicksteed
Opposed	Alvin Hansen, John Maynard Keynes, Karl Marx, Thorstein Veblen
Influenced	Steve Forbes, Milton Friedman, Ron Paul, Ayn Rand, George Reisman, Murray Rothbard, Peter Schiff, Thomas Sowell, Walter E. Williams
Contributions	}}

Henry Stuart Hazlitt (November 28, 1894 – July 9, 1993) was an American economist, philosopher, literary critic and journalist for such publications as ''The Wall Street Journal'', ''The Nation'', ''The American Mercury'', ''Newsweek'', and ''The New York Times''.

Biography

A great-great-great nephew of British essayist William Hazlitt, Henry Hazlitt was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and raised in Brooklyn, New York. He grew up in relative poverty, his father having died when Hazlitt was an infant. His early heroes were Herbert Spencer and William James, and his first ambition was for an academic career in psychology and philosophy. He attended New York's tuition-free City College, but left after only a short time in order to support his twice-widowed mother.

Hazlitt started his career at ''The Wall Street Journal'' as secretary to the managing editor when he was still a teenager, and his interest in the field of economics began while working there. His studies led him to ''The Common Sense of Political Economy'' by Philip Wicksteed which, he later said, was his first "tremendous influence" in the subject. Hazlitt published his first book, ''Thinking as a Science'', at the age of 21. During World War I, he served in the Army Air Service in Texas, after which he returned to New York, residing at Washington Square Park for many years.

In the early 1920s, he was financial editor of '' The New York Evening Mail'', and it was during this period, Hazlitt reported, that his understanding of economics was further refined by frequent discussions with former Harvard economics professor Benjamin Anderson who was then working for Chase National Bank in Manhattan. Later, when the publisher W. W. Norton suggested he write an official biography of their author Bertrand Russell, Hazlitt spent "a good deal of time," as he described it, with the famous philosopher both in New York City and London. Lord Russell "so admired the young journalist's talent" that he had agreed with Norton's proposal, but the project ended after nearly two years of work when Russell declared his intention to write his own autobiography.

During the interwar decades, a vibrant period in the history of American literature, Hazlitt served as literary editor of ''The New York Sun'' (1925–1929), and as literary editor of the Left-leaning journal, ''The Nation'' (1930–1933). In connection with his work for ''The Nation'', Hazlitt also edited ''A Practical Program for America'' (1932), a compilation of Great Depression policy considerations, but he was in the minority in calling for less government intervention in the economy. After a series of public debates with socialist Louis Fischer, Hazlitt and ''The Nation'' parted ways.

In 1933, Hazlitt published ''The Anatomy of Criticism'', an extended "trialogue" examining the nature of literary criticism and appreciation, regarded by some to be an early refutation of literary deconstruction. In the same year, he became H. L. Mencken's chosen successor as editor of the literary magazine, ''The American Mercury'', which Mencken had founded with George Jean Nathan. Due to increasing differences with the publisher, Alfred A. Knopf, Sr., he served in that role for only a brief time, but Mencken wrote that Hazlitt was the "only competent critic of the arts that I have heard of who was at the same time a competent economist, of practical as well as theoretical training," adding that he "is one of the few economists in human history who could really write."

In 1936, he married Frances Kanes, the author of ''The Concise Bible'', with whom he later collaborated to produce an anthology of the Stoic philosophers, ''The Wisdom of the Stoics: Selections from Seneca, Epictetus, and Marcus Aurelius'' (1984). They were married until Frances' death in 1991.

From 1934 to 1946, Hazlitt was the principal editorial writer on finance and economics for ''The New York Times'', writing both a signed weekly column along with most of the unsigned editorials on economics, producing a considerable volume of work. Following World War II, he came into conflict with Arthur Hays Sulzberger, publisher of ''The New York Times'', over the newly established Bretton Woods system which created the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. Hazlitt opposed the Bretton Woods Agreement, primarily fearing the risk of inflation. After agreeing not to write on the topic, he looked for another venue for his work, deciding on ''Newsweek'' magazine, for which he wrote a signed column, "Business Tides," from 1946 to 1966.

According to Hazlitt, the greatest influence on his writing in economics was the work of Ludwig von Mises, and he is credited with introducing the ideas of the Austrian School of economics to the English-speaking layman. In 1938, for example, he reviewed the recently published English translation of Mises’s influential treatise ''Socialism'' for ''The New York Times'', declaring it "a classic" and “the most devastating analysis of socialism yet penned." After the Jewish economist's emigration to the United States from Nazi-dominated Europe in 1940, Hazlitt arranged for Mises to contribute editorials to ''The New York Times'', and helped to secure for Mises a teaching position at New York University. Along with the efforts of his friends, Max Eastman and John Chamberlain, Hazlitt also helped introduce F. A. Hayek's ''The Road to Serfdom'' to the American reading public. His 1944 review in ''The New York Times'' caused ''Reader's Digest'', where Eastman served as roving editor, to publish one of its trademark condensations, bringing the future Nobel laureate's work to a vast audience.

Unlike many other writers of his generation from the political right, Hazlitt never experienced a period when he was a socialist or communist, or a significant change in his classical liberal political views. He was the founding vice-president of the Foundation for Economic Education. Established by Leonard Read in 1946, FEE is considered to be the first "think tank" for free market ideas. He was also one of the original members of the classical liberal Mont Pelerin Society in 1947.

With John Chamberlain (and Suzanne La Follette as managing editor), Hazlitt served as editor of the early free market publication ''The Freeman'' from 1950 to 1952, and as sole editor-in-chief from 1952 to 1953, and its contributors during his tenure there included Hayek, Mises and Wilhelm Röpke, as well as the writers James Burnham, John Dos Passos, Max Eastman, John T. Flynn, Frank Meyer, Raymond Moley, Morrie Ryskind and George Sokolsky. Prior to his becoming editor, ''The Freeman'' had supported Senator Joseph McCarthy in his conflict with President Harry Truman on the issue of communism, "undiscriminatingly" according to some critics, but upon becoming editor, Hazlitt changed the magazine's policy to one of support for President Truman.

''The Freeman'' is widely considered to be an important forerunner to the conservative ''National Review'', founded by William F. Buckley, Jr., which from the start included many of the same contributing editors. Hazlitt himself was on the masthead of ''National Review'', either as a Contributing Editor or, later, as Contributor, from its inception in 1955 until his death in 1993. There were differences between the journals: ''The Freeman'' under Hazlitt was more secular and presented a wider range of foreign policy opinion than the later ''National Review''.

Even prior to her success with ''The Fountainhead'', the novelist Ayn Rand was a friend of both Hazlitt and his wife, Frances, and it was Hazlitt who introduced Rand to Mises, bringing together the two figures who would become most associated with the defense of pure laissez-faire capitalism. The two became admirers of Hazlitt and of one another.

Hazlitt became well known both through his articles and by frequently debating prominent politicians on the radio, including: Vice President Henry A. Wallace, Secretary of State Dean Acheson, and U.S. Senators Paul Douglas and Hubert H. Humphrey, the future Vice President. In the early 1950s, he also occasionally appeared on the New York television current events program ''Longines Chronoscope'', interviewing figures such as Senator Joseph McCarthy and Congressman Franklin D. Roosevelt, Jr., along with coeditor William Bradford Huie. At the invitation of philosopher Sidney Hook, he was also a participating member of the American Committee for Cultural Freedom in the 1950s.

When he finally left ''Newsweek'' in 1966, the magazine replaced Hazlitt with three university professors: "free-market monetarist Milton Friedman of the University of Chicago, middle-of-the-roader Henry Wallich of Yale, and Keynesian Paul A. Samuelson of M.I.T." His last published scholarly article appeared in the first volume of ''The Review of Austrian Economics'' (now, ''The Quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics'') in 1987.

Hazlitt died at the age of 98.

He was awarded an Honorary Doctoral Degree at Universidad Francisco Marroquín in Guatemala.

Economics and Philosophy

"The times call for courage. The times call for hard work. But if the demands are high, it is because the stakes are even higher. They are nothing less than the future of liberty, which means the future of civilization."

''Economics in One Lesson'' (1946) has been called Hazlitt's "most enduring contribution," with a million copies sold and available in ten languages, it is considered an "enduring classic" in conservative, free market and libertarian circles. Ayn Rand called it a "magnificent job of theoretical exposition," while Congressman Ron Paul ranks it with the works of Frédéric Bastiat and F. A. Hayek. Hayek himself praised the work, as did fellow Nobel Prize laureate Milton Friedman, who said that Hazlitt's description of the price system, for example, was "a true classic: timeless, correct, painlessly instructive." In his book ''Basic Economics'', Thomas Sowell also compliments Hazlitt, and Sowell's work has been cited as "following" in the "Bastiat-Hazlitt tradition" of economic exposition. In 1996, Laissez Faire Books issued a 50th anniversary edition with an introduction by publisher and presidential candidate Steve Forbes.

Another of his enduring works is ''The Failure of the New Economics'' (1959), a detailed, chapter-by-chapter critique of John Maynard Keynes's highly influential ''General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money'', about which he paraphrased a quote attributed to Samuel Johnson, that he was "unable to find in it a single doctrine that is both true and original. What is original in the book is not true; and what is true is not original." Hazlitt also published three books on the subject of inflation, including ''From Bretton Woods to World Inflation'' (1984), and two influential works on poverty, ''Man vs. The Welfare State'' (1969), and ''The Conquest of Poverty'' (1973), thought by some to have anticipated the later work of Charles Murray in ''Losing Ground''.

His major work in philosophy is ''The Foundations of Morality'' (1964), a treatise on ethics defending utilitarianism, which builds on the work of David Hume and John Stuart Mill. Hazlitt's 1922 work, ''The Way to Will-Power'' has been described as a defense of free will or "individual initiative against the deterministic claims of Freudian psychoanalysis." In contrast to many other thinkers on the political right, he was an agnostic with regard to religious beliefs.

In ''A New Constitution Now'' (1942), published during Franklin D. Roosevelt's unprecedented third term as President of the United States, Hazlitt called for the replacement of the existing fixed-term presidential tenure in the United States with a more Anglo-European system of "cabinet" government, under which a head of state who had lost the confidence of the legislature or cabinet might be removed from office after a no-confidence vote in as little as 30 days. (Shortly following FDR's death, presidential term limits were enacted.) His 1951 novel, ''The Great Idea'' (reissued in 1966 as ''Time Will Run Back'') depicts rulers of a centrally-planned socialist dystopia discovering, amid the resulting economic chaos, the need to restore market pricing system, private ownership of capital goods and competitive markets.

Hazlitt was a prolific writer, authoring 25 works in his lifetime.

Ludwig von Mises said at a dinner honoring Hazlitt: "In this age of the great struggle in favor of freedom and the social system in which men can live as free men, you are our leader. You have indefatigably fought against the step-by-step advance of the powers anxious to destroy everything that human civilization has created over a long period of centuries... You are the economic conscience of our country and of our nation."

The Henry Hazlitt Foundation

From 1997 to 2002 there was an organization called The Henry Hazlitt Foundation which actively promoted libertarian networking online, especially through its website Free-Market.Net. This organization was named in honor of Hazlitt because he was known for introducing a wide range of people to libertarian ideas through his writing and for helping free-market advocates connect with each other. It is important to note that the foundation was started after Hazlitt's passing and had no official connection with his estate.

Books

''Thinking as a Science'', 1916

''The Way to Will-Power'', 1922

''A Practical Program for America'', 1932

''The Anatomy of Criticism'', 1933

''Instead of Dictatorship'', 1933

''A New Constitution Now'', 1942

''Freedom in America: The Freeman'' (with Virgil Jordan), 1945

''The Full Employment Bill: An Analysis'', 1945

''Economics in One Lesson'', 1946

''Economics in One Lesson (Spanish)'', 1946

''Will Dollars Save the World?'', 1947

''Forum: Do Current Events Indicate Greater Government Regulation, Nationalization, or Socialization?, Proceedings from a Conference Sponsored by The Economic and Business Foundation'', 1948

''The Illusions of Point Four'', 1950

''The Great Idea'', 1951 (titled ''Time Will Run Back'' in Great Britain, revised and rereleased with this title in 1966.)

''The Free Man's Library'', 1956

''The Failure of the 'New Economics': An Analysis of the Keynesian Fallacies'', 1959

''The Critics of Keynesian Economics (ed.)'', 1960

''What You Should Know About Inflation'', 1960

''The Foundations of Morality'', 1964

''Man vs. The Welfare State'', 1969

''The Conquest of Poverty'', 1973

''To Stop Inflation, Return to Gold'', 1974

''The Inflation Crisis and How to Resolve It'', 1978

''From Bretton Woods to World Inflation'', 1984

''The Wisdom of the Stoics: Selections from Seneca, Epictetus, and Marcus Aurelius'', with Frances Hazlitt, 1984

''The Wisdom of Henry Hazlitt'', 1993

''Is Politics Insoluble?'', 1997

''Rules for Living: The Ethics of Social Cooperation'', 1999 (an abridgment by Bettina Bien Greaves of Hazlitt's ''The Foundations of Morality''.)

See also

Classical liberalism

Laissez Faire

Libertarianism

Mont Pelerin Society

Utilitarianism

Notes

Articles

''Henry Hazlitt: A Giant of Liberty'', Ludwig von Mises Institute, 1994. ISBN 978-0-945466-16-1.

''Henry Hazlitt: an Appreciation'', Foundation for Economic Education, 1989, pp. 8–9.

Interview with Henry Hazlitt

"Henry Hazlitt: The People's Austrian" in Randall Holcombe, edit., ''The Great Austrian Economists'' (2009; originally published as ''15 Great Austrian Economists'', 1999), pp. 167–179.

Richard M. Ebeling and Roy A. Childs, Jr., "Henry Hazlitt: An Appreciation," Laissez Faire Books, November 1985.

Bettina Bien Greaves, "Henry Hazlitt: A Man for Many Seasons," ''The Freeman'', November, 1989.

Henry Hazlitt, "The Early History of FEE," ''The Freeman'', March 1984 (article is excerpted from his remarks at the Leonard E. Read Memorial Conference on Freedom, November 18, 1983.)

Llewellyn H. Rockwell, "Henry Hazlitt: Journalist of the Century," ''The Freeman'', May, 1995.

Murray N. Rothbard, "Henry Hazlitt Celebrates 80th Birthday," ''Human Events'', November 20, 1974, reprinted in ''The Libertarian Forum'', December 1974.

George Selgin, Don Boudreaux, and Sanford Ikeda:, "An Interview with Henry Hazlitt", ''Austrian Economics Newsletter'', Spring, 1984.

"''Reason'' Interview: Henry Hazlitt", ''Reason'', December, 1984

Hans F. Sennholz, edit., ''The Wisdom of Henry Hazlitt'', Foundation for Economic Education, 1993)

See Bibliography of Henry Hazlitt for complete list.

External links

En lärdom (första kapitlet i Economics in One Lesson, på Svenska) av Henry Hazlitt

Honorary Doctoral Degrees at University Francisco Marroquín in Guatemala

Henry Hazlitt Quotations

Category:1894 births Category:1993 deaths Category:American economics writers Category:American libertarians Category:Austrian School economists Category:Libertarian economists Category:Libertarian theorists Category:Mont Pelerin Society members Category:Utilitarians

ar:هنري هازليت cs:Henry Hazlitt cy:Henry Hazlitt da:Henry Hazlitt es:Henry Hazlitt eo:Henry Hazlitt fr:Henry Hazlitt it:Henry Hazlitt la:Henricus Hazlitt nl:Henry Hazlitt pl:Henry Hazlitt pt:Henry Hazlitt ru:Хэзлитт, Генри sk:Henry Hazlitt uk:Генрі Гацліт zh:亨利·赫茲利特

Coordinates	16°48′″N96°09′″N
Name	Dean Rusk
Order	54th
Title	United States Secretary of State
Term start	January 21, 1961
Term end	January 20, 1969
President	John F. KennedyLyndon B. Johnson
Predecessor	Christian Herter
Successor	William P. Rogers
Order2	1st
Title2	Assistant Secretary of State for International Organization Affairs
Term start2	February 8, 1949
Term end2	May 26, 1949
President2	Harry S. Truman
Predecessor2	Post created
Successor2	John D. Hickerson
Birth date	February 09, 1909
Birth place	Cherokee County, Georgia
Death date	December 20, 1994
Death place	Athens, Georgia
Signature	Dean Rusk Signature.svg
Party	Democratic
Religion	Presbyterian
Alma mater	Davidson CollegeOxford UniversityUniversity of California-Berkeley
Profession	Professor, Soldier, Politician
Branch	United States Army
Rank	Colonel
Battles	World War II
Awards	Legion of Merit }}

David Dean Rusk (February 9, 1909 – December 20, 1994) was the United States Secretary of State from 1961 to 1969 under presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson. Rusk is the second-longest serving U.S. Secretary of State of all time, behind only Cordell Hull.

Childhood and education

Dean Rusk was born in a rural district of Cherokee County, Georgia, the son of Robert Hugh and Frances Elizabeth (Clotfelter) Rusk. He was educated in Atlanta's public schools, graduated from Boys High School in 1925, and spent two years working for an Atlanta lawyer before working his way through Davidson College. Rusk was coached in football by William "Monk" Younger and was a member of the Kappa Alpha Order Sigma chapter, becoming a Cadet Lieutenant Colonel commanding the Reserve Officers' Training Corps battalion. He graduated Phi Beta Kappa in 1931. While studying in England as a Rhodes Scholar at St. John's College, Oxford, he received the Cecil Peace Prize in 1933.

Rusk taught at Mills College in Oakland, California from 1934 to 1949 and earned a law degree at the University of California, Berkeley in 1940. He married Virginia Foisie (October 5, 1915 – February 24, 1996) on June 9, 1937 and they had three children.

Career prior to 1961

During World War II he joined the infantry as a reserve captain, and served as a staff officer in the China Burma India Theater. At war's end he was a colonel, decorated with the Legion of Merit with Oak Leaf Cluster.

He returned to America to work briefly for the War Department in Washington. He joined the Department of State in February 1945, and worked for the office of United Nations Affairs. In the same year, he suggested splitting Korea into spheres of U.S. and of Soviet influence at the 38th parallel north. He was made Deputy Under Secretary of State in 1949. He was made Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs in 1950 and played an influential part in the US decision to become involved in the Korean War, and also in Japan's postwar compensation for victorious countries, such as the Rusk documents. However he was a cautious diplomat and always sought international support.

Rusk was a Rockefeller Foundation trustee from 1950 to 1961. In 1952 he succeeded Chester L. Barnard as president of the Foundation.

Secretary of State

On December 12, 1960, Democratic President-elect John F. Kennedy appointed Rusk Secretary of State. According to historian and former Special Assistant to President Kennedy Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., Rusk was not Kennedy's first choice, but rather the "lowest common denominator", as Kennedy's first choice, J. William Fulbright, proved too controversial. Rusk was sworn in in January, 1961.

As Secretary of State he believed in the use of military action to combat Communism. Despite private misgivings about the Bay of Pigs invasion, he remained noncommittal during the Executive Council meetings leading up to the attack and never opposed it outright. During the Cuban missile crisis he supported diplomatic efforts. Early in his tenure, he had strong doubts about US intervention in Vietnam, but later his vigorous public defense of US actions in the Vietnam War made him a frequent target of anti-war protests. Outside of his work against communism, he continued his Rockefeller Foundation ideas of aid to developing nations and also supported low tariffs to encourage world trade. Rusk also drew the ire of supporters of Israel after he let it be known that he believed the USS Liberty incident was a deliberate attack on the ship, rather than an accident. As he recalled in his autobiography, ''As I Saw It'', Rusk did not have a good relationship with President Kennedy. The president was often irritated by Rusk's reticence in advisory sessions and felt that the State Department was "like a bowl of jelly" and that it "never comes up with any new ideas." Special Consul to the President Ted Sorensen believed that Kennedy, being well versed and practiced in foreign affairs, acted as his own Secretary of State. Sorensen also noted that the president often expressed impatience with Rusk and felt him under prepared for emergency meetings and crises. Rusk repeatedly offered his resignation, but it was never accepted. Rumors of Rusk's dismissal leading up to the 1964 election abounded prior to President Kennedy's trip to Dallas in 1963. Shortly after Kennedy was assassinated, Rusk offered his resignation to the new president, Lyndon B. Johnson. However, Johnson refused Rusk's resignation and retained him as the Secretary of State throughout his administration.

Rusk also planned to offer his resignation in the summer of 1967 because "his daughter planned to marry a black classmate at Stanford University, and he could not impose such a political burden on the president." He decided not to resign after talking first to Robert S. McNamara and Lyndon Johnson.

When Johnson died in 1973, Rusk eulogized the former President when he lay in state.

After President of France Charles de Gaulle withdrew France from the common NATO military command in February 1966 and ordered all American military forces to leave France, President Johnson asked Rusk to seek further clarification from President de Gaulle by asking whether the bodies of buried American soldiers must leave France as well. Rusk recorded in his autobiography that de Gaulle did not respond when asked, "Does your order include the bodies of American soldiers in France's cemeteries?"

Rusk again offered to resign in 1967, after it became known that his daughter, Peggy, planned to marry Guy Smith, "a black Georgetown grad working at NASA. (Johnson didn't accept it.)" In fact, the ''Richmond News Leader'' stated that it found the wedding offensive, further saying that "anything which diminishes [Rusk's] personal acceptability is an affair of state". A year after his daughter's wedding, Rusk was invited to join the faculty of the University of Georgia Law School, only to have his appointment denounced by Roy Harris, an ally of Governor George Wallace and a member of the university's board of regents, who stated that his opposition was because of Peggy Rusk's interracial marriage. The university nonetheless appointed Rusk to the position.

Retirement

Rusk received both the Sylvanus Thayer Award and the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1969.

Following his retirement, he taught international law at the University of Georgia School of Law in Athens, Georgia (1970–1984). He died in Athens on December 20, 1994. He and his wife are buried at Oconee Hill Cemetery in Athens-Clarke County, Georgia. His Granddaughter Monica Maghini lives in Vermont with her son Daniel and daughter Dylan.

Rusk Eating House, the first women’s eating house at Davidson College, was founded in 1977 and is named in his honor. The Dean Rusk International Studies Program at Davidson College is also named in his honor.

Dean Rusk Middle School, located in Canton, Georgia, was named in his honor, as was Dean Rusk Hall on the campus of the University of Georgia.

See also

Rusk documents

References

External links

Interview for WGBH series, War and Peace in the Nuclear Age

Oral History Interviews with Dean Rusk, from the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library

{{U.S. Secretary box | before= Christian Herter | after= William P. Rogers | years= 1961–1969 | president= John F. Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson | department= Secretary of State}}

Category:1909 births Category:1994 deaths Category:People from Cherokee County, Georgia Category:American Presbyterians Category:Georgia (U.S. state) Democrats Category:Georgia (U.S. state) lawyers Category:United States Secretaries of State Category:American people of the Vietnam War Category:American legal scholars Category:United States Army officers Category:American military personnel of World War II Category:Davidson Wildcats men's basketball players Category:University of California, Berkeley School of Law alumni Category:University of Georgia faculty Category:American Rhodes scholars Category:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients Category:Recipients of the Legion of Merit Category:Rockefeller Foundation Category:Lyndon B. Johnson Administration cabinet members Category:Kennedy Administration cabinet members Category:Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire

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