Alexander the Great
Alexander III of Macedon (20/21 July 356 – 10/11 June 323 BC), commonly known as Alexander the Great (, Mégas Aléxandros), was a Greek king of Macedon. He is the most celebrated member of the Argead Dynasty and the creator of one of the largest empires in ancient history.
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Ferdowsi
'''Hakīm Abu'l-Qāsim Firdawsī Tūsī (), more commonly transliterated as Ferdowsi (or Firdausi'), (940–1020) is a highly revered Persian poet. He was the author of the Shāhnāmeh'', the national epic of Persian people and of the Iranian World.
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Kartir
Kartir Hangirpe (alternatively, Karder or Kirdir) was a highly influential Zoroastrian high-priest of the late 3rd century CE and served as advisor to at least three Sassanid emperors.
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Philip the Arab
Marcus Julius Philippus (c. 204–249), commonly known as Philip the Arab or Philippus I Arabs, was Roman Emperor from 244 to 249. He came from Syria, and rose to become a major figure in the empire. He achieved power after the death of Gordian III, quickly negotiating peace with the Persian empire. During his reign Rome celebrated its millennium.
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Zoroaster
Zoroaster ( ; Avestan: Zaraϑuštra; born between the 18th and 10th century BC) was an ancient Iranian prophet and philosopher and the founder of Zoroastrianism. The spelling "Zoroaster" is a Greek derivation from the Avestan. Zarathushtra ( ) is a modern rendering of the Avestan pronunciation, though Zarathustra ( ) is more commonly used. In the Middle Persian and modern Persian languages he is called Zartosht ().
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Balkh
Balkh (Persian / Pashto: بلخ - Balḫ, Old Persian:
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Cappadocia
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Kaba-ye Zardosht
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Samarqand Province
Samarqand Province (Samarkand Province) () is a viloyat (province) of Uzbekistan located in the center of the country in the basin of Zarafshan River. It borders with Tajikstan, Navoiy Province, Jizzakh Province and Qashqadaryo Province. It covers an area of 16,400 km². The population is estimated to be around 2,322,000, with some 75% living in rural areas.
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Sughd
Sughd () is one of the four administrative divisions and one of the three provinces (, viloyatho) that make up Tajikistan. Centered in the historical Sogdiana, it is located in the northwest of the country, with an area of some 25,400 square kilometers and a population of 2,132,100 (2008 est.), up from 1,870,000 according to the 2000 census and 1,558,000 in 1989.
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Syria
Syria ( ; ' or '), officially the Syrian Arab Republic (), is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the West, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest.
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Aniran

Anīrān or Anērān is an ethno-linguistic term that signifies "non-Iranian" or "non-Iran." Thus, in a general sense, 'Aniran' signifies lands where Iranian languages are not spoken. In a pejorative sense, it denotes "a political and religious enemy of Iran and Zoroastrianism."

The term 'Aniran' derives from Middle Persian anērān, Pahlavi ʼnyrʼn, an antonym of ērān that in turn denoted either the people or the state of Sassanid Iran. However, "in Zoroastrian literature and possibly in Sasanian political thought as well, the term has also a markedly religious connotation. An anēr person is not merely non-Iranian, but specifically non-Zoroastrian; and anēr designates also worshipers of the dēws ("demons") or adherents of other religions." In these texts of the 9th-12th century, "Arabs and Turks [i.e. Turkmens] are called anēr, as are Muslims generally, the latter in a veiled manner."

In the Shahnameh, the poet Ferdowsi draws on Zoroastrian scripture (with due attribution) and retains the association of Aneran with the Turanians. The poet however specifically places them beyond the Oxus river and identifies the Turanians as "Turks" (the Turkmen). From the point of view of Ferdowsi's home in Khorasan, this identification coincides with the Avestan notion (e.g. Vd 7.2, 19.1) that the lands of Angra Mainyu (MP: Ahriman) lay to the north. The two sources do however diverge with respect to details: In the Avesta, Sogdiana (Avestan Sughdha, present-day Sughd & Samarqand) is not Aniran - Sogdiana is one of the sixteen lands created by Mazda, not one of the lands of Angra Mainyu.

Nonetheless, for Ferdowsi the division between Iran and Aniran is just as rigid as it is in the Avesta: When the primordial king Fereydun (Avestan Thraetaona) divides his kingdom - the whole world - among his three sons, he gives the Semitic lands in the west to the eldest, the lands of the north to his middle son Tur (Avestan Turya, hence the name "Turanian"), and Iran to his youngest (Shahnameh 1.189). In the story, this partition leads to a family feud in which an alliance of the two elder sons (who rule over the Aniranian lands) battle the forces of the youngest (the Iranians). The Iranians win.

For Ferdowsi, the Turanians/Aniranians (often used interchangeably) are unquestionably the villains of the piece. Their conflict with Iranians is the main theme of the Shahnameh and accounts for more than half of the text. that has a Turanian raider named Tur-Baratur killing the 77-year-old Zoroaster in Balkh.

Bibliography

Category:Shahnameh Category:Zoroastrian history Category:Sassanid Empire

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