Flashback (also called analepsis, plural ''analepses'') is an interjected scene that takes the narrative back in time from the current point the story has reached. Flashbacks are often used to recount events that happened before the story’s primary sequence of events or to fill in crucial backstory. A character origin flashback shows key events early in a character's development. In the opposite direction, a flashforward (or prolepsis) reveals events that will occur in the future. The technique is used to create suspense in a story, or develop a character. In literature, internal analepsis is a flashback to an earlier point in the narrative; external analepsis is a flashback to before the narrative started.

In literature, Racconto and flashback mean almost the same thing. However, the Racconto does not take the narrative back in time so suddenly, and it is longer and more detailed than a flashback.

In movies and television, several camera techniques and special effects have evolved to alert the viewer that the action shown is from the past; for example, the edges of the picture may be deliberately blurred, photography may be jarring or choppy, or unusual coloration or sepia tone, or monochrome when most of the story is in full color, may be used.

Notable examples

Literature

Another early use of this device in a murder mystery was in "The Three Apples", an ''Arabian Nights'' tale. The story begins with the discovery of a young woman's dead body. After the murderer later reveals himself, he narrates his reasons for the murder as a flashback of events leading up to the discovery of her dead body at the beginning of the story. Flashbacks are also employed in several other ''Arabian Nights'' tales such as "Sinbad the Sailor" and "The City of Brass".

Analepsis was used extensively by author Ford Madox Ford. Also by poet, author, historian and mythologist Robert Graves, as a source of inspiration.

The 1927 book ''The Bridge of San Luis Rey'' by Thornton Wilder is the progenitor of the modern disaster epic in literature and film-making, where a single disaster intertwines the victims, whose lives are then explored by means of flashbacks to events leading up to the disaster.

If flashbacks are extensive and in chronological order, one can say that these form the present of the story, while the rest of the story consists of flash forwards. If flashbacks are presented non-chronologically it can be ambiguous what is the present of the story: An example of this is ''Slaughterhouse-Five'' where the narrative jumps back and forth in time, so there is no actual present time line.

The ''Harry Potter'' series employs a magical device called a Pensieve, which changes the nature of flashbacks from a mere narrative device to an event directly experienced by the characters, which are thus able to provide commentary.

Film

A good example of both analepsis and prolepsis is the first scene of ''La jetée'' (1962). As we learn a few minutes later, what we are seeing in that scene is a flashback to the past, since the present of the film’s diegesis is a time directly following World War III. However, as we learn at the very end of the film, that scene also doubles as a prolepsis, since the dying man the boy is seeing is, in fact, himself. In other words, he is proleptically seeing his own death. We thus have an analepsis and prolepsis in the very same scene.

The creator of the flashback technique in cinema was D.W. Griffith. One of the earliest examples is a single shot in his film ''Intolerance'' (1916).

Flashbacks were rare until about 1939 when, in William Wyler's ''Wuthering Heights'' as in Emily Brontë's original novel, the housekeeper Ellen narrates the main story to overnight visitor Mr. Lockwood, who has witnessed Heathcliff's frantic pursuit of what is apparently a ghost. More famously, also in 1939, Marcel Carne's movie ''Le jour se lève'' is told entirely through flashback: the story starts with the murder of a man in a hotel. While the murderer, played by Jean Gabin, is surrounded by the police, several flashbacks tell the story of why he killed the man at the beginning of the movie.

One of the most famous examples of non-chronological flashback is in the Orson Welles's film ''Citizen Kane'' (1941). The protagonist, Charles Foster Kane, dies at the beginning, uttering the word ''Rosebud''. The remainder of the film is framed by a reporter's interviewing Kane's friends and associates, in a futile effort to discover what the word meant to Kane. As the interviews proceed, pieces of Kane's life unfold in flashback, but not always chronologically.

Satyajit Ray experimented with flashbacks in ''The Adversary'' (1972). One of the experimental techniques which he pioneered was photo-negative flashbacks.

Occasionally, a story may contain a flashback within a flashback, as in ''The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance'': the main action of the film is told in flashback, with the scene of Liberty Valance’s murder occurring as a flashback within that flashback. Another example is the 1968 Japanese film ''Lone Wolf Isazo'', which contains flashbacks within flashbacks. An extremely convoluted story may contain flashbacks within flashbacks within flashbacks, as in ''Six Degrees of Separation'', ''Passage to Marseille'', and ''The Locket''. This technique is a hallmark of Kannada movie director Upendra whose futuristic flick ''Super'' (2010) is set in 2030 and contains multiple flashbacks ranging from 2010 to 2015 depicting a utopian India.

Though usually used to clarify plot or backstory, flashbacks can also act as an unreliable narrator. Alfred Hitchcock's ''Stage Fright'' notoriously featured a flashback that did not tell the truth but dramatized a lie from a witness. The multiple and contradictory staged reconstructions of a crime in Errol Morris's ''The Thin Blue Line'' are presented as flashbacks based on divergent testimony. Akira Kurosawa's ''Rashomon'' does this, in the most celebrated fictional use of contested multiple testimonies.

Near the end of his life, film director Howard Hawks boasted that he was proud that none of his films ever used a flashback.

The television series ''Psych'' uses flashbacks in nearly every episode.

References

Category:Narrative techniques Category:Literary concepts Category:Plot (narrative)