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A. N. Sherwin-White
Adrian Nicholas Sherwin-White (10 August 1911 – 1 November 1993) was a British historian of Ancient Rome. He was a fellow of St John's College, Oxford, president of the Society for Promotion of Roman Studies, and a fellow of the British Academy. His most important works include a study of Roman citizenship based on his doctoral thesis, a treatment of the New Testament from the point of view of Roman law and society, and a commentary on the letters of Pliny the Younger.
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Aaron Kelly (singer)
Aaron Wayne Kelly (born April 2, 1993) is an American singer from Sonestown, Pennsylvania who finished fifth on the ninth season of American Idol. Prior to Idol, Kelly was a finalist on ''America's Most Talented Kid'' at age 11.
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Achille Zavatta
Achille Zavatta (May 6, 1915 - November 16, 1993) was a French clown, artist and circus operator.
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Agnes de Mille
Agnes George de Mille (18 September 1905 – 7 October 1993) was an American dancer and choreographer.
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Aika Mitsui
is a member of the J-pop group Morning Musume, joining as a member of the eighth generation from the audition in Japan during December 2006. Mitsui's audition process was documented during the late 2006 episodes of Hello! Morning. She performed Ayumi Hamasaki's "Blue Bird" in round one of her audition and Morning Musume's "Furusato" and "Osaka Koi no Uta" in rounds two and three.
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Al-Mansur
Al-Mansur, Almanzor or '''Abu Ja'far Abdallah ibn Muhammad al-Mansur''' (born: 95 AH; died: 158 AH (born: 714 AD; died: 775 AD); ) was the second Abbasid Caliph from 136 AH to 158 AH (754 AD - 775 AD) .
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Albert II of Belgium
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Albert Sabin
Albert Bruce Sabin (August 26, 1906 – March 3, 1993) was an American medical researcher best known for having developed an oral polio vaccine.
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Alexander A. Drabik
Sgt. Alexander A. Drabik (December 28, 1910 - September 28, 1993) was the first American soldier to cross the Rhine River into Germany. Under heavy machine-gun fire, Drabik dashed across the Ludendorff Bridge near Remagen on March 7, 1945, while Germans tried desperately to detonate it. For his heroism, Drabik was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross. U.S. Representative Marcy Kaptur (D-OH) has repeatedly sponsored legislation to award him the Medal of Honor.
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Alexandre Trauner
Alexandre Trauner (as Sándor Trau on August 3, 1906 in Budapest, Hungary- December 5, 1993 in Omonville-la-Petite, France) was a set designer.
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Alexis Smith
Alexis Smith (June 8, 1921 – June 9, 1993) was a Canadian-born stage, film and television actress.
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Ali Lohan
Aliana Dee "Ali" Lohan (born December 22, 1993) is an American television personality, singer, model, and actress, best known for appearing in the reality TV series Living Lohan, and being the younger sister of actress and pop singer Lindsay Lohan.
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Alwin Nikolais
Alwin Nikolais (November 25, 1910 in Southington, Connecticut – May 8, 1993) was an American choreographer.
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Alyson Stoner
Alyson Rae Stoner (born August 11, 1993) is an American teen actress, dancer, singer and former model. Stoner is known for her roles in The Suite Life of Zack & Cody (as Max), Cheaper By The Dozen (as Sarah Baker), Step Up (as Camille Gage), and Camp Rock (as Caitlyn Gellar). She has been a background dancer for several stars, such as Missy Elliott, Eminem, Outkast and Will Smith. She is also known as the voice of Isabella in the Disney Channel series Phineas and Ferb.
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Andreas Papandreou
Andreas G. Papandreou (); February 5, 1919 - June 23, 1996) was a Greek economist, a socialist politician and a dominant figure in Greek politics. He served two terms as Prime Minister of Greece (21 October 1981, to 2 July 1989, and 13 October 1993, to 22 January 1996). In 1999, Papandreou was posthumously awarded the Swedish Order of the Polar Star.
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Andrew Wiles
Sir Andrew John Wiles KBE FRS (born 11 April 1953) is a British mathematician and a professor at Princeton University, specializing in number theory. He is most famous for proving Fermat's Last Theorem.
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André the Giant
André René Roussimoff (; ) (19 May 1946 – 27 January 1993), best known as André the Giant, was a French professional wrestler and actor. He is also recognized from his role as Fezzik in the classic movie The Princess Bride. His great size was a result of gigantism, and led to him being dubbed "The Eighth Wonder of the World".
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Angus T. Jones
Angus Turner Jones (born October 8, 1993) is an American actor. He is best known for his role as Jake Harper in the CBS sitcom Two and a Half Men (2003–present), for which he won the 2006–2007 Silver Icon Award from Travolta Family Entertainment.
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Ann Todd
Ann Todd (24 January 1909, Hartford, Cheshire – 6 May 1993, London) was an English actress and producer.
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Ann Way
Ann Way (14 November 1915 – 13 March 1993) was a British character actress in film and television. Born in Wiveliscombe, she began her career in repertory in Dundee in the 1960s.
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Anna Sten
Anna Sten (December 3, 1908 – November 12, 1993) was a Ukrainian-born actress.
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Anthony Burgess
John Burgess Wilson (25 February 1917 – 22 November 1993) — who published under the pen name Anthony Burgess — was an English author, poet, playwright, composer, linguist, translator and critic.
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Ariana Grande
Ariana Grande (born June 26, 1993) is an American actress, model, and singer. She plays the role of Cat Valentine on Victorious.
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Arthur Ashe
Arthur Robert Ashe, Jr. (July 10, 1943 – February 6, 1993) was a professional tennis player, born and raised in Richmond, Virginia. During his career, he won three Grand Slam titles, putting him among the best ever from the U.S. Ashe, an African American, is also remembered for his efforts to further social causes.
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Ashley Argota
Ashley Argota (born January 9, 1993) is an American actress.
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Audrey Hepburn
Audrey Hepburn ( – ) was a British actress and humanitarian.
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Austria
Austria or (), officially the Republic of Austria (German: ), is a landlocked country of roughly 8.3 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by Germany and the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The territory of Austria covers and has a temperate and alpine climate. Austria's terrain is highly mountainous due to the presence of the Alps; only 32% of the country is below , and its highest point is . The majority of the population speaks German, which is also the country's official language. Other local official languages are Croatian, Hungarian and Slovene.
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Avram Davidson
Avram Davidson (April 23, 1923 – May 8, 1993) was an American Jewish writer of fantasy fiction, science fiction, and crime fiction, as well as the author of many stories that do not fit into a genre niche. He won a Hugo Award and three World Fantasy Awards in the science fiction and fantasy genre, a World Fantasy Life Achievement award, and a Queen's Award and an Edgar Award in the mystery genre. Davidson edited The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction from 1962 to 1964. His last novel was completed by Grania Davis and was a Nebula Award finalist in 1998. The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction says "he is perhaps sf's most explicitly literary author".
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Aziz Nesin
Aziz Nesin (b. Mehmet Nusret, December 20, 1915—July 6, 1995) was a famous Turkish writer and humorist, and author of more than 100 books.
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Baudouin of Belgium
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Beaumont Newhall
Beaumont Newhall (June 22, 1908 - February 26, 1993) was an influential curator, art historian, writer, and photographer. His The History of Photography remains one of the most significant accounts in the field and has become a classic photo history textbook. Newhall was the recipient of numerous awards and accolades for his accomplishments in the study of photo history.
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Benazir Bhutto
Benazir Bhutto (; lang-ur|, ; 21 June 1953 – 27 December 2007) was a Pakistani politician who chaired the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP), a centre-left political party in Pakistan. Bhutto was the first woman elected to lead a Muslim state, having twice been Prime Minister of Pakistan (1988–1990; 1993–1996). She was Pakistan's first and to date only female prime minister. She was the eldest child of former Pakistani prime minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and Nusrat Bhutto, and was the wife of current Pakistani President Asif Ali Zardari.
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Bill Bixby
Bill Bixby (January 22, 1934 – November 21, 1993) was an American film and television actor, director, and frequent game show panelist.
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Bill Clinton
William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III, August 19, 1946) is the former 42nd President of the United States and served from 1993 to 2001. At 46 he was the third-youngest president. He became president at the end of the Cold War, and was the first baby boomer president. His wife, Hillary Rodham Clinton, is currently the United States Secretary of State. Each received a Juris Doctor (J.D.) from Yale Law School.
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Billy Crystal
William Edward "Billy" Crystal (born March 14, 1948) is an American actor, writer, producer, comedian and film director. He gained prominence in the 1970s for playing Jodie Dallas on the ABC sitcom Soap and became a Hollywood film star during the late 1980s and 1990s, appearing in the critical and box office successes When Harry Met Sally... and City Slickers. Additionally, he has hosted the Academy Awards eight times.
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Billy Eckstine
William Clarence “Billy” Eckstine (July 8, 1914 – March 8, 1993) was an American singer of ballads and bandleader of the swing era. Eckstine's smooth baritone and distinctive vibrato broke down barriers throughout the 1940s, first as leader of the original bop big-band, then as the first romantic black male in popular music.
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Birgit Hogefeld
Birgit Hogefeld (born 27 July 1956 in Wiesbaden, Hesse) was a member of the West German Red Army Faction (RAF).
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Bobby Moore
Robert Frederick Chelsea "Bobby" Moore, OBE (12 April 1941 – 24 February 1993) was an English footballer. He captained West Ham United for more than ten years and was captain of the England team that won the 1966 World Cup.
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Boris Yeltsin
Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin (; 1 February 1931 – 23 April 2007) was the first President of the Russian Federation, serving from 1991 to 1999.
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Brandon Lee
Brandon Bruce Lee (February 1, 1965 – March 31, 1993) was an American actor and martial artist. He was the son of martial arts film star Bruce Lee. After a promising start in action movies and the signing of a multi-film contract with 20th Century Fox, Lee was accidentally shot and killed in North Carolina at the age of 28 while filming The Crow (1994). Film critic Roger Ebert wrote that "Lee clearly demonstrate[d] that he might have become an action star, had he lived."
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Brandon Teena
Brandon Teena (December 12, 1972 – December 31, 1993) was an American trans man who was raped and murdered in Humboldt, Nebraska in December 1993. His life and death were the subject of the Academy Award-winning 1999 film ''Boys Don't Cry, which was based on the documentary film The Brandon Teena Story''.
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Brian Mulroney
Martin Brian Mulroney, PC, CC, GOQ (; born March 20, 1939) was the 18th Prime Minister of Canada from September 17, 1984, to June 25, 1993 and was leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada from 1983 to 1993. His tenure as Prime Minister was marked by the introduction of highly contentious economic reforms, such as the Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement and the Goods and Services Tax, and the failure of equally contentious constitutional reforms through the Meech Lake and Charlottetown Accords. Prior to his political career, he was a prominent lawyer and businessman in Montreal.
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Burundi Civil War
The Burundi Civil War was an armed conflict lasting from 1993 to 2005. The civil war was the result of long standing ethnic divisions between the Hutu and the Tutsi tribes in Burundi. The conflict began following the first multiparty elections in the country since gaining independence from Belgium in 1962 and is seen as formally ending with the swearing in of Pierre Nkurunziza in August 2005. The estimated death toll stands at 300,000 killed.
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Cameron Bright
Cameron Bright (born Cameron Douglas Crigger; January 26, 1993) is a Canadian actor. He has appeared in the films Godsend, Birth, Running Scared, Ultraviolet, and Thank You for Smoking and appeared in The Twilight Saga: New Moon as Alec.
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Canadian
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Cantinflas
Fortino Mario Alfonso Moreno Reyes (August 12, 1911 – April 20, 1993) was a Mexican comedian and stage and film actor, known professionally as Cantinflas. He often portrayed impoverished campesinos or a peasant of pelado origin. The character came to be associated with the national identity of Mexico, and allowed "Cantinflas" to establish a long, successful film career that included a foray into Hollywood. Charlie Chaplin once called him "the greatest comedian in the world", and Moreno has been referred to as the "Charlie Chaplin of Mexico". To audiences in the United States, he is best remembered as costarring with David Niven in Around the World in 80 Days (1956).
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Carlo Azeglio Ciampi
Carlo Azeglio Ciampi (; born 9 December 1920) is an Italian politician and banker. He was the 73rd Prime Minister of Italy from 1993 to 1994 and was the tenth President of the Italian Republic from 1999 to 2006. He is currently a Senator for life in the Italian Senate.
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Carlos Andrés Pérez
Carlos Andrés Pérez Rodríguez (born October 27, 1922), best known as CAP and often referred to as "El Gocho" (Due to his Andean origins), is a former Venezuelan politician , who was President of Venezuela from 1974 to 1979 and again from 1989 to 1993. His first presidency was well-known as the Saudi Venezuela due to its economic and social prosperity thanks to enormous income from petroleum exportation. However, his second period saw a continuation of the economic crisis of the 1980s, and saw a series of social crises, a popular revolt (denominated Caracazo) and two coup attempts in 1992. In May 1993 he became the first Venezuelan president to be forced out of the office by the Supreme Court, for the misappropriation of 250 million bolívars belonging to a presidential discretionary fund. After more than two years of house arrest, Pérez was released in September 1996.
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Carlos Saul Menem
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Caroline Zhang
Caroline Zhao Zhang (born May 20, 1993) is an American figure skater. She is the 2010 Four Continents bronze medalist, the 2007 World Junior Champion, the 2006–2007 Junior Grand Prix Final Champion and the 2009 U.S. bronze medalist.
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Charizma
Charles Hicks (July 6, 1973 – December 18, 1993) a.k.a. Charizma was an MC from San Jose, California, United States. He is most known for his work with Peanut Butter Wolf; the two of them formed a duo together, but their music was cut short when Charizma was murdered in late 1993.
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Charles Colson
Charles "Chuck" Wendell Colson (born October 16, 1931) is a Christian leader, cultural commentator, and author of at least 20 books, including several that have been recognized with ECPA Christian Book Awards.
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Charles Keating
Charles Humphrey Keating Jr. (born December 4, 1923) is an American athlete, lawyer, real estate developer, banker, and financier, most known for his role in the savings and loan scandal of the late 1980s.
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Charles Lamont
Charles Lamont (5 May 1895 – 12 September 1993) was a prolific film director of over 200 titles, and the producer and writer of many others. He was born in St. Petersburg, Russia, and died in Los Angeles, California, USA.
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Charlie Gehringer
Charles Leonard Gehringer (May 11, 1903 – January 21, 1993), nicknamed “The Mechanical Man,” was a German-American Major League Baseball second baseman who played nineteen seasons (1924–1942) for the Detroit Tigers. He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1949.
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Christopher Gillis
Christopher Gillis (February 26, 1951 in Montreal – August 7, 1993 in New York City) was an important gay male dancer and choreographer and member of the Paul Taylor Dance Company.
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Claudio Martelli
Claudio Martelli (Gessate, MI, 24 September 1943) is an Italian politician, and the right-hand man of Bettino Craxi, the socialist Prime Minister from 1983–1987.
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Conway Twitty
Conway Twitty (September 1, 1933 – June 5, 1993), born Harold Lloyd Jenkins, was an American country music artist. He also had success in early rock and roll, R&B;, and pop music. He held the record for the most number one singles of any act with 55 No. 1 Billboard country hits until George Strait broke the record in 2006. From 1971–76, Twitty received a string of Country Music Association awards for duets with Loretta Lynn. A former member of the Grand Ole Opry, he was inducted into both the Country Music and the Rockabilly Halls of Fame.
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Criss Oliva
Christopher "Criss" Michael Oliva (April 3, 1963 - October 17, 1993) was born in Pompton Plains, NJ. He was the lead guitarist in, and co-founder of, the band Savatage. Criss was the youngest of four children, the next eldest being brother Jon Oliva, with whom he formed the band.
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Cyril Cusack
Cyril James Cusack (26 November 1910 – 7 October 1993) was an Irish actor, who appeared in more than 90 films.
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César Chávez
César Chávez Estrada (; March 31, 1927 – April 23, 1993) was a Mexican American farm worker, labor leader, and civil rights activist who, with Dolores Huerta, co-founded the National Farm Workers Association, which later became the United Farm Workers (UFW).
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Danny Chan
Danny Chan Bak-keung (7 September 1958- 25 October 1993) was a popular 1980s cantopop singer, composer and actor in Hong Kong with origins in Taishan, Guangdong. Chan was of the first generation of pop idols in Hong Kong. He was already an electronic organ player, a songwriter, an actor and a promising singer at the beginning of his career. He made a name for himself with his debut release, "Tears For You", which established him as a teen idol. Ripple, Just Loving You and What One Wants in Life are just some of the golden hits written and sung by Chan. He is mostly remembered for his Cantonese romance ballads and high quality compositions. Chan died in 1993 after being in a coma for 17 months.
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Davey Allison
David Carl "Davey" Allison (25 February 1961 – 13 July 1993) was a NASCAR race car driver, best known as the driver of the Robert Yates Racing #28 Texaco-Havoline Ford. Born in Hollywood, Florida, he was the eldest of four children born to NASCAR driver Bobby Allison and wife Judy. The family moved to Hueytown, Alabama and along with Bobby's brother Donnie Allison, family friend Red Farmer, and Neil Bonnett, became known in racing circles as the Alabama Gang.
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David Brian
David Brian (August 5, 1914, New York City – July 15, 1993) was an American actor and dancer.
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David Dorfman
: For the screenwriter, see David S Dorfman, and for the choreographer, see David Dorfman (choreographer)
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Deke Slayton
Donald Kent “Deke” Slayton (March 1, 1924 – June 13, 1993) was one of the original NASA Mercury Seven astronauts. After initially being grounded by a heart murmur, he served as NASA's Director of Flight Crew Operations, making him responsible for crew assignments at NASA from November 1963 until March 1972. At that time he was granted medical clearance to fly as the docking module pilot of the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project. At the age of 51, he became the oldest person to fly into space. This record was surpassed decades later by his NASA classmate John Glenn, at the age of 77, on STS-95.
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Dick White
:For other people with the same name, see Richard White.
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Didier Ratsiraka
Vice Admiral Didier Ratsiraka (born 4 November 1936) is a Malagasy politician who was President of Madagascar from 1975 to 1993 and from 1997 to 2002.
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Dino Bravo
Adolfo Bresciano (August 6, 1948 – March 11, 1993) was an Italian-born Canadian professional wrestler, best known for his work as Dino Bravo, self-proclaimed as "Canada's Strongest Man".
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Divya Bharti
Divya Bharti (February 25, 1974 - April 5, 1993) was an Indian Bollywood Actress. She started her career in 1990 with Telugu films making her debut in Bobbili Raja. After several other hits in the South, she entered Hindi films with 'Vishwatma' in 1992 as her debut film, where she earned accolades for performing the song Saat Samundar Paar. She appeared in more than 14 Hindi films between 1992 and 1993 - a world record for a newcomer. She married Sajid Nadiadwala in May 1992. Her career was cut short by her tragic death in April 1993 at the age of 19. She had just turned nineteen in February of that year.The investigation into the circumstances of her death was closed in 1998, and the exact nature of her death still remains a mystery.
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Dizzy Gillespie
John Birks "Dizzy" Gillespie (; October 21, 1917 – January 6, 1993) was an American jazz trumpet player, bandleader, singer, and composer.
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Dobrica Ćosić
Dobrica Ćosić (Serbian Cyrillic: Добрица Ћосић) (born 29 December 1921 in Velika Drenova, Trstenik, in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, today in Serbia) is a Serbian writer, as well as a political and Serb nationalist theorist. He was the first president of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 1992 to 1993. Admirers often refer to him as the "Father of the Nation", due to his influence on modern Serbian politics and national revival movement in the late 1980s; opponents often use that term in an ironic manner.
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Don Ameche
Don Ameche (May 31, 1908 – December 6, 1993) was an Academy Award winning American actor.
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Don Drysdale
Donald Scott "Don" Drysdale (July 23, 1936 – July 3, 1993) was a Major League Baseball player and Hall of Fame right-handed pitcher with the Los Angeles Dodgers. He was one of the dominant starting pitchers of the 1960s, and became a radio and television broadcaster following his playing career. He was born in Van Nuys, Los Angeles, California and attended Van Nuys High School, where one of his baseball teammates was actor Robert Redford. The Disney character Herbie has the number 53, on account of it being Drysdale's number.
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Donald Broadbent
Donald Eric Broadbent (Birmingham, May 6, 1926-April 10, 1993) was an influential English experimental psychologist. His career and his research work bridged the gap between the pre-Second World War approach of Sir Frederick Bartlett and its wartime development into applied psychology, and what from the late 1960s became known as cognitive psychology.
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Doug Hopkins
Douglas "Doug" Hopkins (April 11, 1961 – December 5, 1993) was an American musician and songwriter from Tempe, Arizona. He co-founded the Gin Blossoms, a popular modern rock band of the early 1990s, with Richard Taylor. He was the band's lead guitarist and a principal songwriter.
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Douglas Hurd
Douglas Richard Hurd, Baron Hurd of Westwell, CH, CBE, PC (born 8 March 1930), is a British Conservative politician and novelist, who served in the governments of Margaret Thatcher and John Major between 1979 and his retirement in 1995. Viewed as one of the Conservative Party's senior elder statesmen, he is a patron of the Tory Reform Group, and remains an active figure in public life.
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Dražen Petrović
Dražen Petrović (October 22, 1964 – June 7, 1993) was a Croatian professional basketball player. A shooting guard, he initially achieved success playing professional basketball in Europe in the 1980s before joining the American NBA in 1989. Petrović's life and career were cut short by a car accident in Germany when he was 28.
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E. P. Thompson
Edward Palmer Thompson (3 February 1924 – 28 August 1993) was an English historian, writer, socialist and peace campaigner. He is probably best known today for his historical work on the British radical movements in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, in particular The Making of the English Working Class (1963). He also published influential biographies of William Morris (1955) and (posthumously) William Blake (1993) and was a prolific journalist and essayist. He also published the novel The Sykaos Papers and a collection of poetry.
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Eddie Constantine
Eddie Constantine (born Edward Constantinowsky 29 October 1917, Los Angeles, California – 25 February 1993, Wiesbaden, Germany) was an American-born French actor and singer who spent his career working in Europe.
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Eduard Shevardnadze
Eduard Shevardnadze (, ; , Eduard Amvrosiyevich Shevardnadze; born 25 January 1927 / 28 is written in papers) served as the second President of Georgia from 1995 until he resigned on 23 November 2003 as a consequence of the bloodless Rose Revolution. Prior to his presidency, he served under Mikhail Gorbachev as the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. Shevardnadze's political skills earned him the nickname of tetri melia (white fox).
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Elizabeth Gillies
Elizabeth Egan Gillies (born July 26, 1993), also known as Liz Gillies, is an American actress, singer, and dancer. She is best known for her part in Broadway's (ended) 13 as Lucy, in which her Victorious co-star, Ariana Grande was also a part of. She currently stars as Jade on Victorious.
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Elián González
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Emile Ardolino
Emile Ardolino (May 9, 1943 in Maspeth, New York – November 20, 1993) was an American film director and producer, best known for making films which feature dancing and song such as Dirty Dancing (1987) and Sister Act (1992).
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Erdal İnönü
Erdal İnönü (6 June 1926 – 31 October 2007) was a Turkish physicist and politician. He was Turkey's second president İsmet İnönü's son. Leader of the Social Democratic Populist Party between 1983 and 1993, he served as Deputy Prime Minister in two governments between 1991 and 1993 and as Minister of Foreign Affairs for approximately six months in 1995.
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Erich Hartmann
Erich Alfred Hartmann (19 April 1922 – 20 September 1993), nicknamed "Bubi" by his comrades and "The Black Devil" by his Soviet enemies, was a German World War II fighter pilot and is the highest-scoring fighter ace in the history of aerial warfare. He claimed 352 aerial victories (of which 345 were won against the Soviet Air Force, and 260 of which were fighters) in 1,404 combat missions. He engaged in aerial combat 825 times while serving with the Luftwaffe. During the course of his career, Hartmann was forced to crash-land his damaged fighter 14 times. This was due to damage received from parts of enemy aircraft he had just shot down or mechanical failure. Hartmann was never shot down or forced to land due to fire from enemy aircraft.
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Erich Leinsdorf
Erich Leinsdorf (born Erich Landauer) (February 4, 1912 – September 11, 1993) was a naturalized American Austrian conductor. He performed and recorded with leading orchestras and opera companies throughout the United States and Europe, earning a reputation for exacting standards as well as an acerbic personality. He also published books and essays on musical matters.
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Eugen Suchoň
Eugen Suchoň (September 25, 1908, Pezinok – August 5, 1993, Bratislava) was one of the greatest Slovak composers of the 20th century.
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Eugenie Leontovich
Eugenie Leontovich (; March 21, 1900,
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Evelyn Venable
Evelyn Venable (October 18, 1913 – November 15, 1993) was an American actress. In addition to starring in several films in the 1930s and 1940s, she is notable as the voice and model for the Blue Fairy in the Walt Disney's Pinocchio.
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Ewa Farna
Ewa Farna (born 12 August 1993) is a Polish pop rock singer from the Czech Republic. She was born in Třinec, and is a member of the Polish minority in the Czech Republic. Farna released three studio albums with Czech lyrics, which sold platinum in the Czech Republic and were later re-recorded and released with Polish lyrics. Farna is the youngest commercially successful singer in the Czech Republic. She is set to perform at the 2010 Teen Choice Awards with her new English single.
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Ezer Weizman
(), born 15 June 1924, died 24 April 2005) was the seventh President of Israel, first elected in 1993 and re-elected in 1998. Before the presidency, Weizman was commander of the Israeli Air Force and Minister of Defense.
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Federico Fellini
Federico Fellini, OMRI (; January 20, 1920 – October 31, 1993) was an Italian film director. Known for a distinct style that blends fantasy and baroque images, he is considered one of the most influential and widely revered filmmakers of the 20th century.
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Frank Zappa
Frank Vincent Zappa (; December 21, 1940 – December 4, 1993) was an American composer, electric guitarist, record producer, and film director. In a career spanning more than 30 years, Zappa wrote rock, jazz, electronic, orchestral, and musique concrète works. He also directed feature-length films and music videos, and designed album covers. Zappa produced almost all of the more than 60 albums he released with the band Mothers of Invention and as a solo artist.
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Fred Gwynne
Frederick Hubbard "Fred" Gwynne (July 10, 1926 – July 2, 1993) was an American actor. Gwynne was best known for his roles in the 1960s sitcoms Car 54, Where Are You? and The Munsters, as well as one of his last roles: in the 1992 feature film My Cousin Vinny. He was also recognised for his distinctive baritone voice.
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Frida Gustavsson
Frida Gustavsson (born June 6, 1993) is a Swedish model.
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Fritz Feld
Fritz Feld (October 15, 1900 – November 18, 1993) was a film character actor actor who appeared in over 140 films, both silent and sound. His trademark was to slap his mouth with the palm of his hand to create a "pop!" sound.
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George H. W. Bush
George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12, 1924, in Milton, Massachusetts) was the 41st President of the United States (1989–1993). He was also Ronald Reagan's Vice President (1981–1989), a congressman, an ambassador, and Director of Central Intelligence.
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George H.W. Bush
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George McFarland
George Robert Phillips "Spanky" McFarland (October 2, 1928 – June 30, 1993) was an American actor most famous for his appearances in the Our Gang series of short-subject comedies of the 1930s and 1940s. The Our Gang shorts were later popular after being syndicated to television as "The Little Rascals".
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George Mickelson
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George Vasiliou
Georgios Vasos Vassiliou () (born 1931 in Famagusta, Cyprus) was the third President of the Republic of Cyprus from 1988 to 1993. He was also the founder and leader of the Cypriot United Democrats party (EDI) and a highly successful businessman.
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GG Allin
Kevin Michael "GG" Allin (August 29, 1956 – June 28, 1993) was an American punk rock singer-songwriter who performed and recorded with many punk groups during his career. GG Allin is perhaps best remembered for his notorious live performances which typically featured transgressive acts, such as Allin defecating and urinating onstage, rolling in feces and often consuming excrement, performing naked, committing self-injury, and attacking audience members. Although more notorious for his stage antics than for his music, he recorded prolifically, not only in the punk rock genre, but also in spoken word, country, and more traditional-style rock. His extremely politically incorrect lyrics, which often covered subjects such as misogyny, pedophilia and racism, polarized listeners and created varied opinions of him within the highly politicized punk community. Though he had a devoted cult following, Allin's music was often poorly recorded and produced, and received mostly negative reviews from critics. However, his status as a cult figure is such that a number of established artists have covered his songs; among them are Faith No More, CKY, the 69 Eyes, Beck, Bus Station Loonies, The Lemonheads and Chemical People.
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Glafkos Klerides
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Glenn Corbett
Glenn Corbett (August 17, 1933 — January 16, 1993) was an American actor best known for his role on CBS's adventure drama Route 66.
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Grace Cassidy
Grace Cassidy (born 1993) is an English actress.
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Gustav Ernesaks
Gustav Ernesaks (12 December 1908 in Peningi, Governorate of Estonia, Russian Empire - 24 January 1993 in Tallinn, Estonia) was an Estonian composer and a choir conductor.
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Gérard Côté
Gérard Côté, CM, CQ (July 27, 1913 – 13 June 1993) was a Canadian marathon runner and a four-time winner of the Boston Marathon.
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H. R. Haldeman
Harry Robbins "Bob" Haldeman (publicly known as H. R. Haldeman; October 27, 1926–November 12, 1993) was an American political aide and businessman, best known for his service as White House Chief of Staff to President Richard Nixon and for his role in events leading to the Watergate burglaries and the Watergate scandal — for which he was found guilty of conspiracy and obstruction of justice. He was imprisoned for 18 months for his crimes. In the popular press, Haldeman was sometimes erroneously identified as "H. Robert Haldeman." In the White House, he had several nicknames, such as "The Brush" for his distinctive flattop haircut, "the President's son-of-a-bitch," for his rigid ways and "the Berlin Wall" as a play on his German-American background.
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Hans Jonas
Hans Jonas (May 10, 1903 – February 5, 1993) was a German-born philosopher who was, from 1955 to 1976, Alvin Johnson Professor of Philosophy at the New School for Social Research in New York City.
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Harold Rome
Harold Jacob Rome (May 27, 1908, Hartford, Connecticut – October 26, 1993, New York City, NY) was an American composer, lyricist, and writer for musical theater.
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Hau Pei-tsun
Hau Pei-tsun (; born July 13, 1919 in Yancheng, Jiangsu) was Premier of the Republic of China from May 30, 1990 to February 10, 1993 and a 4-star general in the ROC Army.
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Helen O'Connell
'''Helen O'Connell''' (May 23, 1920 – September 9, 1993) was an American singer, actress, and dancer.
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Henri Konan Bédié
Aimé Henri Konan Bédié (born May 5, 1934) is an Ivorian politician. He was President of Côte d'Ivoire from 1993 to 1999, and he is currently the President of the Democratic Party of Côte d'Ivoire - African Democratic Rally (PDCI-RDA).
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Hervé Villechaize
Hervé Jean-Pierre Villechaize (April 23, 1943 – September 4, 1993) was a French actor who achieved worldwide recognition for his role as Mr. Roarke's assistant, Tattoo, in the television series Fantasy Island (1978–1984). He was also well known for playing the evil henchman Nick Nack in the James Bond film The Man with the Golden Gun, and was an acclaimed painter.
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Ian Stuart Donaldson
Ian Stuart Donaldson (11 August 1957-24 September 1993) was a singer, musician and songwriter, most known as the frontman of Skrewdriver, a British punk rock band that later became a white power rock band. He was born in Lancashire, England and raised in Poulton-le-Fylde. He died on 24 September 1993 due to injuries resulting from a car crash the night before in Derbyshire.
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Ichiro Fujiyama
, born as , was a popular Japanese singer and composer, known for his contribution to Japanese popular music called ryūkōka by his Western classical music skills. He was born in Chūō, Tokyo, and graduated from the Tokyo Music School. Although he was regarded as a tenor singer in Japanese popular music, he was originally a classical baritone singer. He also acted in various films, and was a close friend of Minoru Matsuya (1910-1995). His workroom has been reproduced inside the "NHK museum of broadcasting" as an exhibit.
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Ilona Mitrecey
Ilona Mitrecey (more commonly known as Ilona) (born September 1, 1993) is a teenage French singer.
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India Eisley
India Joy Eisley (born October 29, 1993) is an American teen actress best known for playing Ashley Juergens in the ABC Family teen drama The Secret Life of the American Teenager.
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Inge Lehmann
Inge Lehmann (May 13, 1888 – February 21, 1993), Foreign Member of the Royal Society of London, was a Danish seismologist who, in 1936, argued that the Earth's core is not one single molten sphere, but that an inner core exists which has physical properties that are different from those of the outer core.
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Irene Sharaff
Irene Sharaff (January 23, 1910 - August 10, 1993) was an American costume designer.
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James Bridges
:For the British architect born c. 1725, see James Bridges (architect).
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James Donald
James Donald (18 May 1917 - 3 August 1993) was a Scottish actor. Tall and gaunt, he specialized in playing authority figures; military officers, doctors or scientists.
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James Hunt
James Simon Wallis Hunt (29 August 1947 – 15 June 1993) was a British racing driver from England who won the Formula One World Championship in . After retiring from driving, Hunt became a media commentator and businessman.
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James Leo Herlihy
James Leo Herlihy (27 February 1927 – 21 October 1993) was an American novelist, playwright and actor.
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James R. Jordan, Sr.
James Raymond Jordan, Sr. (July 31, 1936 – July 23, 1993) was the father of the basketball superstar Michael Jordan and Army Command Sergeant Major James R. Jordan, Jr., and the grandfather of Illinois Fighting Illini guard Jeffrey Jordan and University of Central Florida player Marcus Jordan. A life-long baseball fan, Jordan had played a large role in inspiring his son Michael to become an athlete. Jordan was a businessman and traveled the country to follow Michael's career, first at the University of North Carolina and then with the Chicago Bulls. He was killed in a robbery near Lumberton, North Carolina.
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Janet Margolin
Janet Margolin (July 25, 1943 – December 17, 1993) was an American theater, television and film actress.
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Janet Reno
Janet Wood Reno (born July 21, 1938) is a former Attorney General of the United States (1993–2001). She was nominated by President Bill Clinton on February 11, 1993, and confirmed on March 11. She was the first female Attorney General and the second longest serving Attorney General after William Wirt.
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Jasmine Villegas
Jasmine Marie Villegas (born December 7, 1993) is an American teen R&B; and pop singer. She is of Filipino and Mexican heritage.
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Jean Charest
John James "Jean" Charest, PC, MNA (; born June 24, 1958) is the 29th and current Premier of Quebec. He is a former leader of the federal Progressive Conservative Party (1993–1998) and the current leader of the Quebec Liberal Party.
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Jean Chrétien
Joseph Jacques Jean Chrétien (born January 11, 1934), known commonly as Jean Chrétien () is a former Canadian politician who was the 20th Prime Minister of Canada. He served in the position for over ten years, from November 4, 1993 to December 12, 2003.
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Jean Negulesco
Jean Negulesco (born Jean Negulescu; 26 February 1900 – 18 July 1993) was a Romanian-born American film director and screenwriter.
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Jeanne Sauvé
Jeanne Mathilde Sauvé (née Benoît, April 26, 1922 January 26, 1993) was a Canadian journalist, politician, and stateswoman who served as Governor General of Canada, the 23rd since Canadian Confederation.
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Jennifer Stone
Jennifer Lindsay Stone (born February 12, 1993) is an American actress best known for playing Harper Finkle on the Disney Channel series Wizards of Waverly Place.
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Jerry Rawlings
Jerry John Rawlings (born Jeremiah Rawlings John 22 June 1947 in Accra, Gold Coast) ruled Ghana as a military dictator 1981-1992 and then as the first elected president of the Fourth Republic, 1992-2001. He initially took power in a coup d'état, but in the 1990s began a process of political liberalization. He founded the National Democratic Congress which won the 1992 general election. He took office in 1993, and was re-elected in 1997.
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Jiang Zemin
Jiang Zemin (born August 17, 1926, in Yangzhou, Jiangsu) is the "core of the third generation" of Communist Party of China leaders, serving as General Secretary of the Communist Party of China from 1989 to 2002, as President of the People's Republic of China from 1993 to 2003, and as Chairman of the Central Military Commission from 1989 to 2004.
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Jimmy Doolittle
General James Harold "Jimmy" Doolittle, USAF (December 14, 1896 – September 27, 1993) was an American aviation pioneer. Doolittle served as a brigadier general, major general and lieutenant general in the United States Army Air Forces during the Second World War. He earned the Medal of Honor for his valor and leadership as commander of the Doolittle Raid while a lieutenant colonel.
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John Connally
John Bowden Connally, Jr. (February 27, 1917 June 15, 1993), was an influential American politician, serving as the 39th Governor of Texas, Secretary of the Navy under President John F. Kennedy, and as Secretary of the Treasury under President Richard M. Nixon. While he was Governor in 1963, Connally was a passenger in the car in which President Kennedy was assassinated.
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John Demjanjuk
John Demjanjuk (born Ivan Mykolaiovych Demianiuk; ; April 3, 1920) is a retired auto worker and former United States citizen, who gained notoriety after being accused of Holocaust-related war crimes. His attorney is claiming that Demjanjuk is a scapegoat for German guilt over the Holocaust, stating that Germany "wants to be acquitted through this trial by finding people from other nations guilty."
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John Hersey
John Richard Hersey (June 17, 1914 – March 24, 1993) was a Pulitzer Prize-winning American writer and journalist considered one of the earliest practitioners of the so-called New Journalism, in which storytelling devices of the novel are fused with non-fiction reportage. Hersey's account of the aftermath of the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima, Japan, was adjudged the finest piece of journalism of the 20th century by a 36-member panel under the aegis of New York University's journalism department.
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John Paxson
John MacBeth Paxson (born September 29, 1960) is a retired American basketball player. He is currently the VP of Basketball Operations of the National Basketball Association's Chicago Bulls.
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John Wayne Bobbitt
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Jordan Fry
Jordan Paul Fry (born June 7, 1993) is an American actor.
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Jorge Serrano Elías
Jorge Antonio Serrano Elías was President of Guatemala from January 14, 1991 to May 31, 1993.
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Joseph L. Mankiewicz
Joseph Leo Mankiewicz (11 February 1909 – 5 February 1993) was an American film director, screenwriter, and producer. Mankiewicz had a long Hollywood career and is best known as the writer-director of the Oscar-winning All About Eve (1950). He was brother to the equally famous screenwriter and drama critic Herman J. Mankiewicz who also won an Oscar — for co-writing Citizen Kane (1941).
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Juan Carlos Wasmosy
Juan Carlos Wasmosy Monti (born December 15, 1938) was the President of Paraguay from 1993 until 1998. He was a member of the Colorado Party, and the country's first civilian president in 39 years.
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Julia Winter
Julia Winter (born in Stockholm) is a Swedish-born English child actress.
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József Antall
József Antall (8 April 1932 – 12 December 1993) was the first democratically-elected Prime Minister of Hungary after the fall of Communism (from 23 May 1990 until 12 December 1993, his death), teacher, librarian, historian and political figure. He was the leader of the Hungarian Democratic Forum between 1989 and 1993.
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Kanna Arihara
is a Japanese pop singer and former member of C-ute.
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Kary Mullis
Kary Banks Mullis (born December 28, 1944) is a Nobel Prize winning American biochemist, author, and lecturer. In recognition of his improvement of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique, he shared the 1993 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Michael Smith and earned the Japan Prize in the same year. The process was first described by Kjell Kleppe and 1968 Nobel laureate H. Gobind Khorana, and allows the amplification of specific DNA sequences. The improvements made by Mullis allowed PCR to become a central technique in biochemistry and molecular biology, described by The New York Times as "highly original and significant, virtually dividing biology into the two epochs of before P.C.R. and after P.C.R."
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Kasumi Ishikawa
(born February 23, 1993 in Yamaguchi, Yamaguchi) is a female Japanese table tennis player.
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Kate Reid
Daphne Kate Reid, OC (November 4, 1930 – March 27, 1993) was a Canadian stage, film and television actress.
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Keke Palmer
Lauren Keyana "Keke" Palmer (born August 26, 1993) is an American actress and singer who rose to fame for her performance in the 2006 film Akeelah and the Bee. She currently stars as the title character in the Nickelodeon sitcom True Jackson, VP.
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Kenneth Connor
Kenneth Connor, MBE (6 June 1918 – 28 November 1993) was an English comedy stage, radio, film and TV actor, best known for the Carry On films.
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Kerry Von Erich
Kerry Gene Adkisson (February 3, 1960 – February 18, 1993) was an American professional wrestler under the ring names Kerry Von Erich, The Modern Day Warrior, and The Texas Tornado and was part of the Von Erich family of professional wrestlers. He is best known for his time with his father's promotion World Class Championship Wrestling (WCCW), where he spent eleven years of his career, and his time in World Wrestling Federation (WWF). Adkisson held forty championships in various promotions during his career. Among other accolades, he was a five-time world champion: a four-time WCWA World Heavyweight Champion and one-time NWA World Heavyweight Champion, and a one-time WWF Intercontinental Champion.
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Kim Campbell
Avril Phaedra Douglas "Kim" Campbell, PC, CC, QC (born March 10, 1947) is a Canadian politician who was the 19th Prime Minister of Canada, serving from June 25, 1993, to November 4, 1993 (132 days). Campbell was the first and to date the only female Prime Minister of Canada, the first baby boomer to hold that office and the first to have been born in British Columbia.
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Kōbō Abe
, pseudonym of was a Japanese writer, playwright, photographer and inventor. Abe has been often compared to Franz Kafka and Alberto Moravia for his surreal, often nightmarish explorations of individuals in contemporary society and his modernist sensibilities.
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Laurence Powell
Laurence Michael Powell (born August 26, 1962) is a former Los Angeles Police officer. He was one of the four officers involved in the beating of Rodney King on March 3, 1991.
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Lee Teng-Hui
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Leon Thomas III
Leon G. Thomas III (born August 1, 1993 in Brooklyn) is an American actor and singer, known for his performances in the Broadway productions The Lion King, Caroline, or Change, and The Color Purple. He appeared in the film August Rush as Arthur performing the song "La Bamba" and was the singing voice for Tyrone in The Backyardigans. Thomas has also guest starred on ''Jack's Big Music Show and Just Jordan. He also appeared as Harper in iCarly Saves TV and was featured on The Naked Brothers Band Christmas Special''. He now stars in Victorious, a Nickelodeon comedy show as Andre'. He also has a YouTube channel called leonthomasmusic. He posts videos of songs he wrote, including "I Wish", "I Like That Girl", "So Sick", "Slo Jam" and "Start With Me". Thomas' song "Dream" plays in the episode of Zoey 101 titled "Michael Loves Lisa", when Michael is trying to impress Lisa. He is a main character on Victorious, playing André, which premiered on Nickelodeon on March 27, 2010. He is good friends with Victorious co-stars Victoria Justice and Ariana Grande.
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Leonid Gaidai
Leonid Iovich Gaidai (; 30 January 1923, Svobodny, Amur Oblast – 19 November 1993, Moscow) was one of the most popular Soviet comedy directors, enjoying immense popularity and broad public recognition in the former USSR & modern Russia. His movies broke theatre attendance records and are still some of the top-selling DVDs in Russia.
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Lewis Thomas
Lewis Thomas (November 25, 1913–December 3, 1993) was a physician, poet, etymologist, essayist, administrator, educator, policy advisor, and researcher.
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Lien Chan
Lien Chan () (born August 27, 1936, in Xi'an, China) is a politician in Taiwan. He was Vice President of the Republic of China from 1996 to 2000, and was the Chairman of the Kuomintang (KMT) from 2000 to 2005. In August 2005, he left that post after not running for re-election and was succeeded by Ma Ying-jeou. Lien is Chairman Emeritus of the Kuomintang.
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Lillian Gish
Lillian Diana Gish (October 14, 1893 – February 27, 1993) was an American stage, screen and television actress whose film acting career spanned 75 years, from 1912 to 1987.
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Lorena Bobbitt
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Léo Ferré
Léo Ferré (24 August 1916 - 14 July 1993) was a Franco-Monegasque poet, composer, singer and musician.
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Léon Theremin
Léon Theremin (born Lev Sergeyevich Termen, ) (, Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire – 3 November 1993, Moscow, Russia) was a Russian and Soviet inventor. He is most famous for his invention of the theremin, one of the first electronic musical instruments. He is also the inventor of interlace, a technique of improving the picture quality of a video signal, widely used in video and television technology. His invention of "The Thing", an espionage tool, is considered a predecessor of RFID technology.
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Macau
Macau (), also spelled Macao () is, along with Hong Kong one of China's two special administrative regions. It lies on the western side of the Pearl River Delta, bordering Guangdong province to the north and facing the South China Sea to the east and south.
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Madeleine Martin
Madeleine Elizabeth Martin (born April 15, 1993 in New York City, New York) plays the character Rebecca "Becca" Moody on Showtime comedy-drama Californication. She is a student at the School of American Ballet.
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Mahamane Ousmane
Mahamane Ousmane (born January 20, 1950) is a Nigerien politician. He was the first democratically elected and fourth President of Niger, serving from 16 April 1993 until his ouster in a military ''coup d'état'' on 27 January 1996. He has continued to run for President in each election since his ouster, and he was President of the National Assembly from December 1999 to May 2009. He is the President of the Democratic and Social Convention-Rahama (CDS), a major political party that is currently in opposition.
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Marc Márquez
Marc Márquez Alenta (born 17 February 1993 in Cervera, Lleida, Spain) is a Spanish Grand Prix motorcycle road racer. Márquez made his championship debut on 13 April 2008 on the 125cc 2008 Portuguese Grand Prix at the age of 15 years and 56 days. He is the youngest Spanish rider to take a pole position or a podium in a motorcycle racing world championship.
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Marian Anderson
Marian Anderson (February 27, 1897 – April 8, 1993) was an American contralto and one of the most celebrated singers of the twentieth century. Music critic Alan Blyth said "Her voice was a rich, vibrant contralto of intrinsic beauty." Most of her singing career was spent performing in concert and recital in major music venues and with major orchestras throughout the United States and Europe between 1925 and 1965. Although she was offered contracts to perform roles with many important European opera companies, Anderson declined all of these, preferring to perform in concert and recital only. She did, however, perform opera arias within her concerts and recitals. She made many recordings that reflected her broad performance repertoire of everything from concert literature to lieder to opera to traditional American songs and spirituals.
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Mary Philbin
Mary Philbin (July 16, 1903 – May 7, 1993) was a notable film actress of the silent film era. Philbin is probably best remembered for playing the roles of Christine Daaé in the 1925 film The Phantom of the Opera opposite screen legend Lon Chaney and Dea in The Man Who Laughs. Both of these roles cast her as the beauty in a Beauty and the Beast-type story.
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Masuji Ibuse
was a Japanese author.
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Matthew Ridgway
Military Person
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Maurice Abravanel
Maurice Abravanel (January 6, 1903 – September 22, 1993) was a
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Mayhem (band)
Mayhem is a Norwegian black metal band formed in 1984 in Oslo, Norway. They are regarded as one of the pioneers of the influential Norwegian black metal scene. Mayhem's career has been highly controversial, primarily due to the suicide of vocalist Dead, murder of guitarist Euronymous by Varg Vikernes of Burzum, and their violent stage performances.
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Melchior Ndadaye
Melchior Ndadaye (March 28, 1953 – October 21, 1993) was a Burundian intellectual and politician. He was the first democratically elected and first Hutu president of Burundi after winning the landmark 1993 election. Though he moved to attempt to smooth the country's bitter racial divide, his reforms antagonised soldiers in the Tutsi-dominated army, and he was assassinated amidst a failed military coup in October 1993, after only three months in office. His assassination sparked an array of brutal tit-for-tat massacres between the Tutsi and Hutu ethnic groups, and ultimately sparked the decade-long Burundi Civil War.
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Michael Jordan
Michael Jeffrey Jordan (born February 17, 1963) is a former American professional basketball player, active businessman, and majority owner of the Charlotte Bobcats. His biography on the National Basketball Association (NBA) website states, "By acclamation, Michael Jordan is the greatest basketball player of all time." Jordan was one of the most effectively marketed athletes of his generation and was instrumental in popularizing the NBA around the world in the 1980s and 1990s.
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Mick Ronson
Michael "Mick" Ronson (26 May 1946 – 29 April 1993) was an English guitarist, songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, arranger and producer. He is best known for his work with David Bowie, as one of The Spiders from Mars. Ronson was a busy session musician who recorded with artists as diverse as Bowie and Morrissey, as well as engagements as a sideman in touring bands with performers such as Van Morrison.
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Miguel Indurain
Cyclist
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Mike Weinberg
Michael Andrew Weinberg (born February 16, 1993) is an American former child actor.
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Mir Aimal Kasi
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Mirai Nagasu
Mirai Aileen Nagasu () , born April 16, 1993 is an American figure skater. She is the 2008 U.S. national champion, the 2010 U.S. silver medalist, and the 2007–2008 Junior Grand Prix Final champion.
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Miranda Cosgrove
Miranda Taylor Cosgrove (born May 14, 1993) is an American film and television actress and pop recording artist. Cosgrove played the roles of Megan Parker in Drake & Josh and title character in iCarly. Her career started at the age of three, participating in television commercials. Cosgrove's film debut was in 2003, as Summer Hathaway in School of Rock.
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Mohammad Salameh
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Molly C. Quinn
Molly C. Quinn (born October 8, 1993) is an American child actress whose works have spanned theatre, film, and television.
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Monica Seles
Monica Seles (, Serbian: Моника Селеш, Monika Seleš, , born December 2, 1973) is a former World No. 1 professional tennis player and a member of the International Tennis Hall of Fame. She was born in Novi Sad, Yugoslavia (now Serbia) to Hungarian parents. She became a naturalized United States citizen in 1994 and also received Hungarian citizenship in June 2007. She won nine Grand Slam singles titles, winning eight of them while a citizen of Yugoslavia and one while a citizen of the United States.
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Morgan York
Morgan Elizabeth York (born January 18, 1993) is an American teen actress. York is best known for starring as the recurring character "Saint" Sarah in the Disney Channel series Hannah Montana and Lulu in The Pacifier.
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Moses Gunn
Moses Gunn (October 2, 1929 – December 17, 1993) was an American actor. An Obie Award-winning stage player, he co-founded the Negro Ensemble Company in the 1960s. His 1962 Broadway debut was in Jean Genet's The Blacks. He was nominated for a 1976 Tony Award as Best Actor (Play) for The Poison Tree and played Othello on Broadway in 1970.
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Myrna Loy
Myrna Loy (August 2, 1905 – December 14, 1993) was an American actress. Trained as a dancer, she devoted herself fully to an acting career following a few minor roles in silent films. Originally typecast in exotic roles, often as a vamp or a woman of Asian descent, her career prospects improved following her portrayal of Nora Charles in The Thin Man (1934). Her successful pairing with William Powell resulted in fourteen films together, including several subsequent Thin Man films.
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Nan Grey
Nan Grey (July 25, 1918 – July 25, 1993) was an American film actress. She was born Eschal Loleet Grey Miller on July 25, 1918 in Houston, Texas.
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Niamh Kavanagh
Niamh Kavanagh (, ; born 13 February 1968 in Finglas, Dublin) is an Irish singer and winner of the Eurovision Song Contest 1993.
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Nina Berberova
Nina Nikolaevna Berberova () (26 July 1901 – 26 September 1993) was a Russian writer who chronicled the lives of Russian exiles in Paris in her short stories and novels. She visited post-Soviet Russia and died in Philadelphia.
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Norman Vincent Peale
Dr. Norman Vincent Peale (May 31, 1898 – December 24, 1993) was a Protestant preacher and author (most notably of The Power of Positive Thinking) and a progenitor of the theory of "positive thinking".
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Norodom Sihanouk
Norodom Sihanouk regular script (born October 31 1922) was the King of Cambodia from 1941 to 1955 and again from 1993 until his semi-retirement and voluntary abdication on 7 October 2004 in favor/favour of his son, the current King Norodom Sihamoni. Since his abdication he has been known as The King-Father of Cambodia (Khmer: Preahmâhaviraksat), a position in which he retains many of his former responsibilities as constitutional monarch.
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Omar Bongo
El Hadj Omar Bongo Ondimba (30 December 1935 – 8 June 2009), born as Albert-Bernard Bongo, was a Gabonese politician who was President of Gabon for 42 years from 1967 until his death in office in 2009.
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Ong Teng Cheong
Ong Teng Cheong, Honorary GCMG (; POJ: Ông Tíng-chhiong; 22 January 1936 - 8 February 2002) was the first directly elected President of the Republic of Singapore. He was the nation's fifth President, in office from 2 September 1993 to 1 September 1999.
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Oscar Luigi Scalfaro
Oscar Luigi Scalfaro (; born September 9, 1918), Italian politician and magistrate, was the ninth President of the Italian Republic from 1992 to 1999, and is currently a senator for life. Formerly a member of Christian Democracy, he currently belongs to the centre-left Democratic party.
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Parimarjan Negi
Parimarjan Negi (born 9 February 1993) is a 17-year-old chess Grandmaster from India. In July 2005, he earned his third and final International Master norm at the Sort International open chess tournament in Sort, Spain. On 1 July 2006, at the age of 13 years, 4 months, and 22 days, he became the second youngest Grandmaster (GM) ever, second only to Sergey Karjakin, when he earned his third and final GM norm at the Chelyabinsk Region Superfinal Championship at Satka in Russia. His FIDE rating as of January 2010 is 2621[http://chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=6027].
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Pat Nixon
Thelma Catherine "Pat" Ryan Nixon (March 16, 1912 – June 22, 1993) was the wife of Richard Nixon, 37th President of the United States, and was First Lady of the United States from 1969 to 1974. She was commonly known as Patricia or Pat Nixon.
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Paul Grégoire
Paul Grégoire, OC (October 24, 1911—October 30, 1993) was a Canadian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Montreal from 1968 to 1990, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1988.
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Paul László
Paul László or Paul Laszlo (6 February 1900 – 27 March 1993) was a Hungarian-born modern architect and interior designer whose work spanned eight decades and many countries. László built his reputation while designing interiors for houses, but in the 1960s, largely shifted his focus to the design of retail and commercial interiors.
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Pehr G. Gyllenhammar
Pehr Gustaf Gyllenhammar (born 28 April 1935, in Gothenburg) is a Swedish businessman. He is mainly known for his 24 years as CEO and chairman of Volvo, between 1970 and 1994. In the early 1980s he took the initiative for the European Round Table of Industrialists (ERT).
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Philip Allen Sharp
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Philip Wiegratz
Philip Wiegratz (born February 17, 1993) is a German child actor. His filmography consists partly of adaptations of popular English and German children's books.
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Phillip Terry
Phillip Terry (7 March 1909 – 23 February 1993) was an American actor.
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Pierre Victor Auger
Pierre Victor Auger (May 14, 1899 – December 24, 1993) was a French physicist, born in Paris. He worked in the fields of atomic physics, nuclear physics, and cosmic ray physics.
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Polykarp Kusch
Polykarp Kusch (January 26, 1911 – March 20, 1993) was a German-American physicist. In 1955 he was jointly awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics with Willis Eugene Lamb for his accurate determination that the magnetic moment of the electron was greater than its theoretical value, thus leading to reconsideration of—and innovations in—quantum electrodynamics.
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Poul Nyrup Rasmussen
Poul Nyrup Rasmussen (), informally Poul Nyrup (), born 15 June 1943), was Prime Minister of Denmark from 25 January 1993 to 27 November 2001 and is currently President of the Party of European Socialists (PES). He was the leader of the governing Social Democrats from 1992 to 2002. He is not related to the succeeding two Prime Ministers of Denmark, Anders Fogh Rasmussen or Lars Løkke Rasmussen. He was a member of the European Parliament from 2004-09.
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Poul Schlüter
Poul Holmskov Schlüter (, April 3, 1929) is a Danish politician, who served as Prime Minister of Denmark from 1982 to 1993.
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Péter Boross
Péter Boross (born August 27, 1928) was the second Prime Minister of Hungary from December 1993 to July 1994. He came to power with the death of the previous PM, József Antall, and held office until his coalition was defeated in elections and he made way for his successor, Gyula Horn of the socialist party. He had previously served as interior minister under Antall from May 1990 to December 1993. He has also served as political advisor to prime minister Viktor Orbán. He has been Member of Parliament between 2006 and 2009 and was long considered as a supporter of the MDF party leader Ibolya Dávid. Recently, Boross has strongly opposed the nomination of ex-minister Lajos Bokros to the top of the list for the elections for the European Parliament in 2009. Due to the left-shift of his conservative party, which resulted in the exclusion of several prominent party members, Boross decided to break up all connection with the present party leadership on June 13th 2009. He finally left the party on January 2010.
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Raini Rodriguez
Raini Rodriguez (born July 1, 1993) is an American actress, best known for playing Maya Blart in . She also appeared in an episode of The Suite Life of Zack and Cody, as Betsy, and on the new Disney XD show I'm In The Band as Annoying Arlene.
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Ramón José Velásquez
Ramón José Velásquez Mujica (born 28 November 1916) is a Venezuelan political figure. He served as president of Venezuela between 1993 and 1994. He is known as a historian, journalist, lawyer, politician and entertainer of companies for his knowledge of the "national life".
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Ranasinghe Premadasa
Ranasinghe Premadasa ( ) (June 23, 1924 - May 1, 1993) was the 3rd President of Sri Lanka from January 2, 1989 to May 1, 1993. Before that, he served as the Prime Minister in the government headed by J. R. Jayewardene from February 6, 1978 to January 1, 1989. He was assassinated in Colombo in a suicide bombing, by the LTTE.
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Raymond Burr
Raymond William Stacey Burr (May 21, 1917 – September 12, 1993) was a Canadian-born actor, primarily known for his title roles in the television dramas Perry Mason and Ironside. His early acting career included roles on Broadway, radio, television and in film, usually as the villain. He won two Emmy Awards for the role of Perry Mason, which he played for nine seasons between 1957 and 1966. His second hit series, Ironside, earned him six Emmy nominations, and two Golden Globe nominations.
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Rene Requiestas
Renato "Rene" Requiestas (January 22, 1957 - July 24, 1993) was one of the top Filipino comedians of the late 1980s up to the early 1990s.
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René Dreyfus
René Dreyfus (May 6, 1905 – August 16, 1993) was a French driver who raced automobiles for 14 years in the 1920s and 1930s, the Golden Era of Grand Prix motor racing.
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Richard Diebenkorn
Richard Diebenkorn (April 22, 1922 – March 30, 1993) was a well-known 20th century American painter. His early work is associated with Abstract expressionism and the Bay Area Figurative Movement of the 1950s and 1960s. His later work (best known as the Ocean Park paintings) were instrumental to his achievement of worldwide acclaim.
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Richard J. Roberts
Sir Richard John Roberts (born 6 September 1943, Derby) is a British biochemist and molecular biologist. He was awarded the 1993 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Phillip Allen Sharp for the discovery of introns in eukaryotic DNA and the mechanism of gene-splicing.
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Richard Jordan
:For the senior RAF officer, see Richard Jordan (RAF officer).
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Robert Jacobsen
Robert Julius Tommy Jacobsen (4 June 1912, Copenhagen - 26 January 1993, Tågelund) was a Danish sculptor and painter.
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Robert Triffin
__NOTOC__
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Robert W. Fogel
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Robert W. Holley
Robert William Holley (January 28, 1922 – February 11, 1993) was an American biochemist, he shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1968 (with Har Gobind Khorana and Marshall Warren Nirenberg) for describing the structure of alanine transfer RNA, linking DNA and protein synthesis.
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Robert Westall
Robert Atkinson Westall (7 October 1929, North Shields – 15 April 1993, Warrington hospital) is the author of many books, mostly fiction for children, though also for adults, and non-fiction. Many of his novels while supposedly aimed at a teenage audience deal with many complex, dark and in many ways adult themes. Westall's novel The Wheatstone Pond, adapted for BBC Radio 4 in 2002, is particularly black in parts and is, in this manner, entirely indistinguishable from an adult novel. His children's fiction includes The Machine Gunners (1975), set during the Second World War, where a group of children living in North Shields, England try to retrieve a machine gun from the turret of a felled German aircraft. It was his first novel for children, winning the Carnegie Medal; it was made into a BBC television serial in 1983. In its sequel, Fathom Five (1979), many of the same characters believe there to be a German spy in their home town of Garmouth. He won the Carnegie Medal again in 1982 for The Scarecrows, the Smarties prize in 1989 for Blitzcat and the Guardian Award in 1991 for The Kingdom by the Sea.
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Roland Mousnier
Roland Émile Mousnier (September 7, 1907–February 8, 1993) was a French historian of the early modern period in France and of the comparative studies of different civilizations. Mousnier was born in Paris and received his education at the Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes. Between 1932 and 1947, Mousnier worked as a school teacher in Rouen and Paris. During the Second World War, Mousnier was a member of the French Resistance. After 1945, Mousnier served as a professor at Strasbourg University (1947–1955) and at the Sorbonne (1955–1977). Keenly interested in social history, Mousnier went to the United States to learn sociology and anthropology. In 1934, Mousnier married Jeanne Lecacheur.
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Roy Campanella
Roy Campanella (November 19, 1921 – June 26, 1993), nicknamed "Campy", was an American baseball player, primarily at the position of catcher, in the Negro Leagues and Major League Baseball. He was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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Ruby Keeler
Ruby Keeler, born Ethel Hilda Keeler, (August 25, 1910 – February 28, 1993) was an actress, singer, and dancer most famous for her on-screen coupling with Dick Powell in a string of successful early musicals at Warner Brothers, particularly 42nd Street (1933). From 1928 to 1940, she was married to legendary singer Al Jolson. She retired from show business in the 1940s but made a widely publicized comeback on Broadway in 1971.
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Rudolf Nureyev
Rudolf Khametovich Nureyev (, ) (17 March 1938 – 6 January 1993) was a Russian Tatar dancer from the former Soviet Union, primarily known for his work in ballet. Nureyev's artistic skills explored expressive areas of the dance, providing a new role to the male ballet dancer who once served only as support to the women.
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Russell Alan Hulse
Russell Alan Hulse (born November 28, 1950) is an American physicist and winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics, shared with his thesis advisor Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr., "for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation". He was a specialist in the pulsar studies and gravitational waves.
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Ryosuke Yamada
is a Japanese tarento: actor, singer, dancer and a member of Hey! Say! JUMP. He is under the management of Johnny & Associates and currently resides in Kanagawa Prefecture.
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Salvatore Riina
Salvatore Riina, also known as Totò Riina (born 16 November 1930) is a member of the Sicilian Mafia who became the most powerful member of the criminal organization in the early 1980s. Fellow mobsters nicknamed him The Beast due to his violent nature, or sometimes The Short One due to his diminutive height (La Belva and U curtu in Sicilian respectively). During his life-long career in crime he is believed to have personally killed around forty people and to have ordered the deaths of several hundreds more.
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Sam Earle
Sam Earle (born October 4, 1993) is a Canadian actor, best known for his role as K.C. Guthrie, the "tall, handsome, athletic, gifted student" on .
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Sam Wanamaker
Samuel Wanamaker (14 June 1919 – 18 December 1993) was an American film director and actor and is credited as the person most responsible for the modern recreation of Shakespeare's Globe Theatre in London. He is father to Shakespearean actress Zoë Wanamaker.
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Sammy Cahn
Sammy Cahn (June 18, 1913 – January 15, 1993) was an American lyricist, songwriter and musician. He is best known for his romantic lyrics to films and Broadway songs, as well as stand-alone songs premiered by recording companies in the Greater Los Angeles Area. He and his collaborators began a series of hit recordings with Frank Sinatra during the singer's tenure at Capitol Records, but also enjoyed hits with Dean Martin, Doris Day and many others. He played the piano and violin. He won the Academy Award four times for his songs, including the popular song "Three Coins in the Fountain".
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Sarah Sjöström
swimmer
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Scott Redding
Scott Redding (born 4 January 1993 in Quedgeley, Gloucester), is an English Grand Prix motorcycle racer who currently rides in the 600cc Moto2 class for team Marc VDS Racing Team. He holds the distinction of being the youngest rider in the history of Grand Prix motorcycle racing to ever win a race, breaking Marco Melandri's 10-year record.
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Scotty McCreery
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Slobodan Milošević
Slobodan Milošević (sometimes transliterated as Miloshevich; ; Serbian Cyrillic: Слободан Милошевић; 20 August 1941 – 11 March 2006) was President of Serbia and of Yugoslavia. He served as the President of Socialist Republic of Serbia and Republic of Serbia from 1989 until 1997 in three terms and as President of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 1997 to 2000. He also led the Socialist Party of Serbia from its foundation in 1990. In the midst of NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, Milošević was charged with crimes against humanity by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), but the trial ended after Milošević died in his cell.
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Stacey Koon
Stacey Cornell Koon (born November 23, 1950) is a former sergeant with the Los Angeles Police Department who rose to national prominence in the wake of the Rodney King incident. Koon has a bachelor's degree and a master's degree in criminal justice from California State University in Los Angeles, and a master's degree in public administration from the University of Southern California.
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Stephen Hawking
Stephen William Hawking, CH, CBE, FRS, FRSA (born 8 January 1942). is an English theoretical physicist and cosmologist, whose scientific career spans over forty years. His books and public appearances have made him an academic celebrity. He is an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts, a lifetime member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, and in 2009 was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian award in the United States.
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Stewart Granger
Stewart Granger (6 May 1913 – 16 August 1993), born James Lablache Stewart, was an English film actor, mainly associated with heroic and romantic leading roles. He was a popular leading man from the 1940s to the 1960s.
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Sun Ra
Sun Ra (born Herman Poole Blount, legal name '''Le Sony'r Ra'''; May 22, 1914 – May 30, 1993) was a prolific jazz composer, bandleader, piano and synthesizer player, poet and philosopher known for his "cosmic philosophy," musical compositions and performances. He was born in Birmingham, Alabama. He is a 1979 inductee of the Alabama Jazz Hall of Fame.
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Suzuka Ohgo
is an award-winning Japanese child actress. Besides acting, she is also attending school and has a variety of hobbies including classical ballet, Japanese tea ceremony, ikebana, rollerblading, snowboarding, playing the piano, and skiing. She is represented by CATAMARAN.
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Tansu Çiller
Tansu Penbe Çiller (; b. May 24, 1946, Istanbul) is a Turkish economist and politician. She was Turkey's first female Prime Minister.
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Taylor Dooley
Taylor Marie Dooley (born February 26, 1993) is an American teen actress. She is best known for her starring role as Lavagirl in the Robert Rodriguez's film The Adventures of Sharkboy and Lavagirl in 3-D.
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Thurgood Marshall
Thurgood Marshall (July 2, 1908 – January 24, 1993) was an American jurist and the first African American to serve on the Supreme Court of the United States. Before becoming a judge, he was a lawyer who was best remembered for his high success rate in arguing before the Supreme Court and for the victory in Brown v. Board of Education. He was nominated to the court by President Lyndon Johnson in 1967.
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Tip Tipping
Timothy Tipping (February 13, 1958 – February 5, 1993), better known as Tip Tipping, was a British film and television stuntman and actor.
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Toni Morrison
Toni Morrison (born Chloe Ardelia Wofford on February 18, 1931) is a Nobel Prize and Pulitzer Prize-winning American novelist, editor, and professor. Her novels are known for their epic themes, vivid dialogue, and richly detailed black characters. Among her best known novels are The Bluest Eye, Song of Solomon and Beloved.
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Torsten Fenslau
Torsten Fenslau (23 April 1964 — 6 November 1993) was a German disc jockey and music producer, and can be characterized as an important pioneer in the early Sound of Frankfurt.
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Unabomber
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Uğur Mumcu
Uğur Mumcu (August 22, 1942 – January 24, 1993) was an intrepid Turkish investigative journalist for the leading Kemalist broadsheet, Cumhuriyet. He was assassinated with a bomb placed in his car, outside his home.
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Varg Vikernes
Varg Vikernes (; born 11 February 1973) is a Norwegian black metal musician convicted of murder and arson.
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Victoria Justice
Victoria Justice (born February 19, 1993) is an American actress and singer. She is best known for playing the roles of Tori Vega on Victorious and Lola Martinez on the Nickelodeon show Zoey 101.
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Vince Foster
Vincent Walker Foster, Jr. (January 15, 1945 - July 20, 1993) was a Deputy White House Counsel during the first term of President Bill Clinton, and also a law partner and friend of Hillary Rodham Clinton. His death was ruled a suicide by multiple official investigations, but remains a subject of interest among conspiracy theorists.
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Vincent Price
Vincent Leonard Price II (May 27, 1911 – October 25, 1993) was an American actor, well known for his distinctive voice and serio-comic attitude in a series of horror films made in the latter part of his career.
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Václav Havel
Václav Havel () (born 5 October 1936 in Czechoslovakia) is a Czech playwright, essayist, dissident and politician. He was the tenth and last President of Czechoslovakia (1989–92) and the first President of the Czech Republic (1993–2003). He has written over twenty plays and numerous non-fiction works, translated internationally. He has received the US Presidential Medal of Freedom, the Philadelphia Liberty Medal, the Order of Canada, the freedom medal of the Four Freedoms Award, and the Ambassador of Conscience Award. He was also voted 4th in Prospect Magazine's 2005 global poll of the world's top 100 intellectuals. He is a founding signatory of the Prague Declaration on European Conscience and Communism.
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Waldemar Pawlak
Waldemar Pawlak (born 5 September 1959 in Model, Masovian Voivodeship) is a Polish politician. He twice served as Prime Minister of Poland, briefly in 1992 and again from 1993 to 1995. Since November 2007, he has been Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of the Economy. Pawlak is the only person who held the office of Prime Minister twice during the Third Republic (i.e. since 1989), and he remains Poland's youngest Prime Minister to date.
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Wallace Stegner
Wallace Earle Stegner (February 18, 1909 – April 13, 1993) was an American historian, novelist, short story writer, and environmentalist, often called "The Dean of Western Writers". He won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1972.
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Wensley Pithey
Wensley Pithey (21 June 1914 - 10 November 1993) was a British character actor who had a long stage career.
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William Golding
Sir William Gerald Golding (19 September 1911 – 19 June 1993) was a British novelist, poet, playwright and Nobel Prize for Literature laureate, best known for his novel Lord of the Flies. He was also awarded the Booker Prize for literature in 1980 for his novel Rites of Passage, the first book of the trilogy To the Ends of the Earth.
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William L. Shirer
William Lawrence Shirer (February 23, 1904 – December 28, 1993) was an American journalist, war correspondent, and historian, who wrote The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich a groundbreaking history of Nazi Germany which has been widely read and cited in scholarly works for over fifty years. Originally a foreign correspondent for the Chicago Tribune, Shirer was the first reporter hired by Edward R. Murrow for what would become a storied team of journalists for CBS radio. Shirer became famous for his broadcasts from Berlin, from the rise of the Nazi dictatorship through the first year of World War II. With Murrow, Shirer organized the first broadcast world news roundup, a format still followed by major news broadcasts. Shirer's other books include Berlin Diary (published in 1941), The Collapse of the Third Republic which drew on his experience spent living and working in France from 1925 to 1933, and his three volume autobiography, "Twentieth Century Journey."
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Wolfgang Grams
Wolfgang Grams (March 6, 1953 - June 27, 1993) was a member of the Red Army Faction, a German far-left terrorist organisation. He committed suicide by shooting himself in the head.
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Yasser Arafat
Mohammed Yasser Abdel Rahman Abdel Raouf Arafat al-Qudwa al-Husseini (, 24 August 192911 November 2004), popularly known as Yasser Arafat () or by his kunya Abu Ammar (), was a Palestinian leader and a Laureate of the Nobel Prize. He was Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), President of the Palestinian National Authority (PNA), and leader of the Fatah political party, which he founded in 1959. Aburish says the date of Fatah's founding is unclear but claims in 1959 it was exposed by its magazine.Zeev Schiff, Raphael Rothstein (1972). Fedayeen; Guerillas Against Israel. McKay, p.58; Schiff and Rothstein claim Fatah was founded in 1959. Salah Khalaf and Khalil al-Wazir state Fatah’s first formal meeting was in October 1959. See Anat N.Kurz (2005) Fatah and the Politics of Violence: The Institutionalization of a Popular Struggle. Brighton, Portland: Sussex Academic Press (Jaffee Centre for Strategic Studies), pp.29–30 Arafat spent much of his life fighting against Israel in the name of Palestinian self-determination. Originally opposed to Israel's existence, he modified his position in 1988 when he accepted UN Security Council Resolution 242.
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Yitzhak Rabin
() (1 March 1922 – 4 November 1995) was an Israeli politician and general. He was the fifth Prime Minister of Israel, serving two terms in office, 1974–1977 and 1992 until his assassination in 1995. In 1994, Rabin won the Nobel Peace Prize together with Shimon Peres and Yasser Arafat. He was assassinated by right-wing Israeli radical Yigal Amir, who was opposed to Rabin's signing of the Oslo Accords. Rabin was the first native-born prime minister of Israel, the only prime minister to be assassinated and the second to die in office after Levi Eshkol.
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Yuri Chinen
, is a Japanese actor,talent and singer as well as member of Hey! Say! JUMP. He is under the management of Johnny & Associates. He was born in Hamamatsu City, Shizuoka Prefecture and lives in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area. Also known as "the little giant". He also express a big admiration towards Arashi leader, Satoshi Ohno.
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Yuri Lotman
Yuri Mikhailovich Lotman (, ) (28 February 1922 in Petrograd, Russia – 28 October 1993 in Tartu, Estonia) – a prominent Estonian formalist critic, semiotician, and culturologist. Member of the Estonian Academy of Sciences. He was the founder of structural semiotics in culturology and is considered as the first Soviet structuralist by writing his book On the Delimitation of Linguistic and Philological Concepts of Structure (1963). The number of his printed works exceeds 800 titles and the archive of his letters, now kept in the scientific library of the University of Tartu, and which includes his correspondence with a number of Russian intellectuals, is immense.
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Yurina Kumai
is a Japanese pop singer currently performing in the all-girl group Berryz Kobo, under Hello! Project. Kumai joined Hello! Project in 2002 after passing the Hello! Project Kids audition. She often is one of the lead singers in Berryz singles, and she is the tallest member of Hello! Project at 178 cm.
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Zoran Lilić
Zoran Lilić (Serbian Cyrillic: Зоран Лилић; born 27 August 1953 in Brza Palanka, Serbia, then Yugoslavia) is a Serbian politician. He served as President of the National Assembly of Serbia in 1993 and as President of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 1993 to 1997.
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Zviad Gamsakhurdia
Zviad Gamsakhurdia (, (March 31, 1939 — December 31, 1993) was a dissident, scientist and writer, who became the first democratically elected President of the Republic of Georgia in the post-Soviet era. Gamsakhurdia is the only Georgian President to have died whilst formally in office.
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Édouard Balladur
Édouard Balladur (; born 2 May 1929) is a French right-wing politician who served as Prime Minister of France from 29 March 1993 to 10 May 1995.
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Algeria
Algeria (Arabic: , al-Jazā’ir, Berber: Dzayer, French: Algérie), officially the '''People's Democratic Republic of Algeria (also formally referred to as the Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria'''), is a country in North Africa. In terms of land area, it is the largest country on the Mediterranean Sea, the second largest on the African continent after Sudan, and the eleventh-largest country in the world.
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Argentina
Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic (, ), is the second largest country in South America, constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires. It is the eighth-largest country in the world by land area and the largest among Spanish-speaking nations, though Mexico, Colombia and Spain are more populous.
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Australia
{{Infobox country
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Austria
Austria or (), officially the Republic of Austria (German: ), is a landlocked country of roughly 8.3 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by Germany and the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The territory of Austria covers and has a temperate and alpine climate. Austria's terrain is highly mountainous due to the presence of the Alps; only 32% of the country is below , and its highest point is . The majority of the population speaks German, which is also the country's official language. Other local official languages are Croatian, Hungarian and Slovene.
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Baghdad
Baghdad (, , ) is the capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is coterminous. Having a population estimated between 7 and 7.5 million, it is the largest city in Iraq and the second largest city in the Arab World (after Cairo, Egypt).
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Bangladesh
Bangladesh (; , '), officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh (Bengali: গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ ') is a country in South Asia. It is bordered by India on all sides except for a small border with Burma (Myanmar) to the far southeast and by the Bay of Bengal to the south. Together with the Indian state of West Bengal, it makes up the ethno-linguistic region of Bengal. The name Bangladesh means "Country of Bengal" in the official Bengali language.
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Belgium
Belgium (, ), officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a state in Western Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts the EU's headquarters, as well as those of several other major international organizations such as NATO. Belgium covers an area of , and it has a population of about 10.8 million people.
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Belgrade
Belgrade (Serbian: Београд, Beograd - ) is the capital and largest city of Serbia. The city lies at the confluence of the Sava and Danube rivers, where the Pannonian Plain meets the Balkans. With a population of 1,630,000 (official estimate 2007), Belgrade is the fourth largest city in Southeastern Europe, after Istanbul, Athens and Bucharest. Its name in Serbian translates to White city.
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Biosphere 2
Biosphere 2 is a structure originally built to be an artificial, materially-closed ecological system in Oracle, Arizona (USA) by Space Biosphere Ventures, a joint venture whose principal officers were John P. Allen, inventor and Executive Director, and Margret Augustine, CEO. Constructed between 1987 and 1991, it was used to explore the complex web of interactions within life systems in a structure that included five areas based on natural biomes and an agricultural area and human living/working space to study the interactions between humans, farming and technology with the rest of nature. It also explored the possible use of closed biospheres in space colonization, and allowed the study and manipulation of a biosphere without harming Earth's. The name comes from Earth’s biosphere, Biosphere 1, Earth's life system and the only biosphere currently known. Funding for the project came primarily from the joint venture’s financial partner, Ed Bass' Decisions Investment, and cost $200 million from 1985 to 2007, including land, support research greenhouses, test module and staff facilities.
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Brazil
Brazil (; , ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (, ), is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population. It is the only Portuguese-speaking country in the Americas and the largest lusophone country in the world.
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Buckingham Palace
Buckingham Palace is the official London residence of the British monarch. Located in the City of Westminster, the palace is a setting for state occasions and royal hospitality. It has been a rallying point for the British people at times of national rejoicing and crisis.
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California
California (pronounced ) is the most populous state in the United States and the third-largest by land area, after Alaska and Texas. California is also the most populous sub-national entity in North America. It's on the U.S. West Coast, bordered by the Pacific Ocean to the west and by the states of Oregon to the north, Nevada to the east, Arizona to the southeast, Baja California, Mexico, to the south. Its 5 largest cities are Los Angeles, San Diego, San Jose, San Francisco, and Long Beach, with Los Angeles, San Diego, and San Jose each having at least 1 million residents. Like many populous states, California's capital, Sacramento is smaller than the state's largest city, Los Angeles. The state is home to the nation's 2nd- and 6th-largest census statistical areas and 8 of the nation's 50 most populous cities. California has a varied climate and geography and a multi-cultural population.
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Cambodia
The "Kingdom of Cambodia" "Royaume du Cambodge" (official name), also known as Cambodia, derived from Sanskrit Kambujadesa ()), is a country in Southeast Asia that borders Thailand to the west and northwest, Laos to the northeast, Vietnam to the east, and the Gulf of Thailand to the southwest. The geography of Cambodia is dominated by rivers and a lake namely: The Mekong River (Upper and Lower) (Khmer: ទន្លេមេគង្គ Tonlé Mékong Pronounced: Tonlé Mékung = Mother Water River), Sab River Tonlé Sap (Khmer: ទន្លេសាប Pronounced: Tonlé Sab = Fresh Water River), Bassac River Tonlé Bassac (Khmer: ទន្លេបាសាក់ Pronounced: Tonlé Bassuck = ?)
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Canada
Canada () is a country in North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean. It is the world's second largest country by total area. Canada's common border with the United States to the south and northwest is the longest in the world.
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Cape Town
Cape Town (; ) is the second-most populous city in South Africa, and the largest in land area, forming part of the City of Cape Town metropolitan municipality. It is the provincial capital and primate city of the Western Cape, as well as the legislative capital of South Africa, where the National Parliament and many government offices are located. The city is famous for its harbour as well as its natural setting in the Cape floral kingdom, including such well-known landmarks as Table Mountain and Cape Point.It is hailed as one of the most beautiful cities in the world as officially recognised by Forbes. National Geographic has also enlisted Cape Town as one of the most iconic cities on the planet and "Places of a Lifetime". Cape Town is also Africa's most popular tourist destination.
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Chicago
Chicago ( or ) is the largest city in the state of Illinois. With over 2.8 million residents, it is the most populous city in the Midwestern United States and the third most populous city in the country. Its metropolitan area, commonly named "Chicagoland," is the 26th most populous in the world, home to an estimated 9.7 million people spread across the U.S. states of Illinois, Wisconsin, and Indiana. Chicago is the county seat of Cook County.
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Cuba
The Republic of Cuba (; , ) is an island country in the Caribbean. The nation of Cuba consists of the main island of Cuba, the Isla de la Juventud, and several archipelagos.
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Czech Republic
The Czech Republic ( ; , , short form Česko ) is a landlocked country in Central Europe. The country borders Poland to the northeast, Germany to the west and northwest, Austria to the south and Slovakia to the east. The Czech Republic has been a member of NATO since 1999 and of the European Union since 2004. The Czech Republic is also a member of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). As an OSCE participating State, the Czech Republic’s international commitments are subject to monitoring under the mandate of the U.S. Helsinki Commission. From 1 January 2009 to 30 June 2009, the Czech Republic held the Presidency of the Council of the European Union.
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Dakar
Dakar is the capital city of Senegal, located on the Cap-Vert Peninsula, on the country's Atlantic coast. It is Senegal's largest city. Its position, on the western edge of Africa (it is the westernmost city on the African mainland), is an advantageous departure point for trans-Atlantic and European trade; this fact aided its growth into a major regional port.
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Dubuque, Iowa
Dubuque is a city in and the county seat of Dubuque County, Iowa, United States, located along the Mississippi River. In 2008 its population was estimated at 57,222, making it the eighth-largest city in the state and the county's population was estimated at 92,724.
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England
England () is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the North Sea to the east, with the English Channel to the south separating it from continental Europe. Most of England comprises the central and southern part of the island of Great Britain in the North Atlantic. The country also includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight.
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Eritrea
Eritrea ( or ; Ge'ez: , Arabic: إرتريا Iritrīyā), officially the State of Eritrea, is a country in the North East of Africa. The capital is Asmara. It is bordered by Sudan in the west, Ethiopia in the south, and Djibouti in the southeast. The east and northeast of the country have an extensive coastline on the Red Sea, directly across from Saudi Arabia and Yemen. The Dahlak Archipelago and several of the Hanish Islands are part of Eritrea. Its size is just under with an estimated population of 5 million.
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Ethiopia
{{Infobox country
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Florence
Florence ( , ; alternative obsolete spelling: Fiorenza, Latin: Florentia) is the capital city of the Italian region of Tuscany and of the province of Florence. It is the most populous city in Tuscany, with 367,569 inhabitants (1,500,000 in the metropolitan area).
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France
{{Infobox Country
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Francophonie
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Gabon
Gabon (; ) is a state in west central Africa sharing borders with Equatorial Guinea to the northwest, Cameroon to the north, and with the Republic of the Congo curving around the east and south. The Gulf of Guinea, an arm of the Atlantic Ocean is to the west. It covers a land area of nearly 270,000 km² and has an estimated population of 1,500,000. Its capital and largest city is Libreville.
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Germany
Germany (), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (, ), is a country in Western Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands. The territory of Germany covers 357.021 km2 and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state of the European Union, and home to the third-largest number of international migrants worldwide.
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Ghana
The Republic of Ghana is a country located in West Africa. It is bordered by Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) to the west, Burkina Faso to the north, Togo to the east, and the Gulf of Guinea to the south. The word Ghana means "Warrior King" and is derived from the ancient
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Greysteel
Greysteel or Gresteel is a village in County Londonderry, Northern Ireland. It lies to the east of Derry and to the west of Limavady on the main A2 coast road between Limavady and Derry, overlooking Lough Foyle. It is designated as a Large Village and in the 2001 Census it had a population of 1,229 people, an increase of almost 20% compared to 1991.
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Haenam
Haenam (Haenam-gun) is a county in South Jeolla Province, South Korea.
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Haiti
Haiti (; French , ; Haitian Creole: Ayiti, ), officially the Republic of Haiti ( ;
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Hamburg
Hamburg (; , local pronunciation Low German/Low Saxon: Hamborg ) is the second-largest city in Germany and the eighth-largest city in the European Union. The city is home to over 1.8 million people, while the Hamburg Metropolitan Region (including parts of the neighboring Federal States of Lower Saxony and Schleswig-Holstein) has more than 4.3 million inhabitants. The port of Hamburg is the third-largest port in Europe (third to Port of Antwerp and Rotterdam), and the eighth largest in the world.
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India
India (), officially the Republic of India ( ; see also official names of India), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.18 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Mainland India is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal on the east; and it is bordered by Pakistan to the west; Bhutan, the People's Republic of China and Nepal to the north; and Bangladesh and Burma to the east. In the Indian Ocean, mainland India and the Lakshadweep Islands are in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives, while India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share maritime border with Thailand and the Indonesian island of Sumatra in the Andaman Sea. India has a coastline of .
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Intel
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Iran
Iran ( ), officially the Islamic Republic of Iran is a country in Central Eurasia and Western Asia. The name Iran has been in use natively since the Sassanian era and came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was also known to the western world as Persia. Both Persia and Iran are used interchangeably in cultural contexts; however, Iran is the name used officially in political contexts.
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Iraq
Iraq ( or , Arabic: ), officially the Republic of Iraq (Arabic:
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Israel
Israel (, ''Yisrā'el; , Isrā'īl), officially the State of Israel (Hebrew: , Medīnat Yisrā'el; , Dawlat Isrā'īl''), is a parliamentary republic in the Middle East located on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It borders Lebanon in the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan and the West Bank in the east, Egypt and Gaza on the southwest, and contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel is the world's only predominantly Jewish state, and is defined as A Jewish and Democratic State by the Israeli government.
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Japan
Japan (日本 Nihon or Nippon), officially the State of Japan ( or Nihon-koku), is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south. The characters that make up Japan's name mean "sun-origin" (because it lies to the east of nearby countries), which is why Japan is sometimes referred to as the "Land of the Rising Sun".
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Kagoshima
is the capital city of Kagoshima Prefecture at the southwestern tip of the Kyūshū island of Japan, and the largest city in the prefecture by some margin. It has been nicknamed the "Naples of the Eastern world" for its bay location (Aira Caldera), hot climate and impressive stratovolcano, Sakurajima.
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Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan (also spelled Kazakstan, , Qazaqstan, قازاقستان, pronounced ; ), officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a country located in Central Asia and partially in East Europe. Ranked as the ninth largest country in the world, it is also the world's largest landlocked country; its territory of 2,727,300 km² is greater than Western Europe. It is neighbored clockwise from the north by Russia, China, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and also borders on a significant part of the Caspian Sea. The capital was moved in 1997 from Almaty, Kazakhstan's largest city, to Astana.
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Knesset
The Knesset (, ; lit. the gathering or assembly; al-Knīsat) is the unicameral legislature of Israel, located in Givat Ram, Jerusalem.
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Kuwait
The State of Kuwait (, Dawlat al-Kuwayt) is a sovereign Arab nation situated in the northeast of the Arabian Peninsula in Western Asia. It is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the south, and Iraq to the north. It lies on the northwestern shore of the Persian Gulf. The name Kuwait is derived from the Arabic "akwat", the plural of "kout", meaning fortress built near water. The emirate covers an area of 17,820 square kilometres (6,880 sq mi) and has a population of about 2.7 million.
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Langley, Virginia
Langley is an unincorporated community in the census-designated place of McLean in Fairfax County, Virginia, United States.
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Liberia
Liberia , officially the Republic of Liberia, is a country on the west coast of Africa, bordered by Sierra Leone, Guinea, Côte d'Ivoire, and the Atlantic Ocean. As of the 2008 Census, the nation is home to 3,476,608 people and covers .
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Lithuania
Lithuania (, U.S. usually ; ), officially the Republic of Lithuania () is a country in Northern Europe, the southernmost of the three Baltic states. Situated along the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea, it shares borders with Latvia to the north, Belarus to the southeast, Poland, and the Russian exclave of Kaliningrad to the southwest.
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London
London () is the capital of England and the United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its founding by the Romans, who called it Londinium. London's core, the ancient City of London, largely retains its square-mile mediaeval boundaries. Since at least the 19th century, the name London has also referred to the metropolis developed around this core. The bulk of this conurbation forms the London region and the Greater London administrative area, governed by the elected Mayor of London and the London Assembly.
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Macau
Macau (), also spelled Macao () is, along with Hong Kong one of China's two special administrative regions. It lies on the western side of the Pearl River Delta, bordering Guangdong province to the north and facing the South China Sea to the east and south.
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Maharashtra
Maharashtra (Marathi: , ) is a state located in West India. The word Maharashtra comes from the words Maha meaning Great and Rashtra meaning Nation, thus rendering the name Maharashtra (Great Nation). It is the second most populous after Uttar Pradesh and third largest state by area in India. It is the richest state in India, contributing to 15% of the country's industrial output and 13.2% of its GDP in year 2005-06.
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Mainland, Shetland
The Mainland is the main island of Shetland, Scotland. The island contains Shetland's only burgh, Lerwick, and is the centre of Shetland's ferry and air connections.
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Malawi
The Republic of Malawi (; Chichewa ) is a landlocked country in southeast Africa that was formerly known as Nyasaland. It is bordered by Zambia to the northwest, Tanzania to the northeast, and Mozambique on the east, south and west. The country is separated from Tanzania and Mozambique by Lake Malawi. Its size is over with an estimated population of more than 13,900,000. Its capital is Lilongwe, the second largest city is Blantyre and the third large city is Mzuzu. The name Malawi comes from the Maravi, an old name of the Nyanja people that inhabit the area.
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Manassas, Virginia
The City of Manassas is an independent city surrounded by Prince William County and the independent city of Manassas Park in the Commonwealth of Virginia. Manassas also surrounds the 38 acre county seat for Prince William County but that county property is not part of the city. Manassas either contains or is close to several important historic sites from the period 1850 - 70. Its population was about 35,135 at the time of the U.S. Census 2000. The Bureau of Economic Analysis combines the city of Manassas (along with Manassas Park) with Prince William County for statistical purposes. The City of Manassas is part of the Washington Metropolitan Area and it is situated in the Northern Virginia region.
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Mauritius
Mauritius (; Mauritian Creole: Moris; , ) officially the Republic of Mauritius (Mauritian Creole: Republik Moris; ) is an island nation off the southeast coast of the African continent in the southwest Indian Ocean, about east of Madagascar. In addition to the island of Mauritius, the Republic includes the islands of Cargados Carajos, Rodrigues and the Agalega Islands. Mauritius Island is part of the Mascarene Islands, with the French island of Réunion to the southwest and the island of Rodrigues to the northeast.
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Mexico
Mexico, (pronounced ; ), officially known as the United Mexican States (), is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost 2 million square kilometres (over 760,000 sq mi), Mexico is the fifth-largest country in the Americas by total area and the 14th largest independent nation in the world. With an estimated population of 111 million, it is the 11th most populous country and the most populous Hispanophone country on Earth. Mexico is a federation comprising thirty-one states and a Federal District, the capital city.
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Microsoft
Microsoft Corporation is a public multinational corporation headquartered in Redmond, Washington, USA that develops, manufactures, licenses, and supports a wide range of products and services predominantly related to computing through its various product divisions. Established on April 4, 1975 to develop and sell BASIC interpreters for the Altair 8800, Microsoft rose to dominate the home computer operating system (OS) market with MS-DOS in the mid-1980s, followed by the Microsoft Windows line of OSs. The ensuing rise of stock in the company's 1986 initial public offering (IPO) made an estimated four billionaires and 12,000 millionaires from Microsoft employees. Microsoft would come to dominate other markets as well, notably the office suite market with Microsoft Office.
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Mogadishu
Mogadishu (; , popularly Xamar; ; , literally "The Seat of the Shah") is the largest city in Somalia and the nation's capital.
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Mogadishu, Somalia
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Monaco
Monaco , officially the Principality of Monaco (; Monégasque: Principatu de Múnegu; ; ), is a small sovereign city-state located in South Western Europe on the northern central coast of the Mediterranean Sea. It is surrounded on three sides by its neighbour, France, and its centre is about from Italy. Its area is with an estimated population of almost 33,000.
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Mongolia
Mongolia (; ) is a landlocked country in East and Central Asia. It is bordered by Russia to the north and the People's Republic of China to the south, east and west. Although Mongolia does not share a border with Kazakhstan, its western-most point is only from Kazakhstan's eastern tip. Ulaanbaatar, the capital and largest city, is home to about 38% of the population. Mongolia's political system is a parliamentary republic.
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Moscow
Moscow ( or ; ; see also ) is the capital, the most populous city, and the most populous federal subject of Russia. The city is a major political, economic, cultural, religious, financial, educational, and transportation centre of Russia and the world, a global city. Moscow is the most populous city on the continent of Europe and the seventh largest city proper in the world, a megacity. The population of Moscow (as of 1 January 2010) is 10,563,038.
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MS Jan Heweliusz
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Mumbai
Mumbai (; , ', ), previously known as Bombay' (), is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is the most populous city in India, and the second most populous city in the world, with a population of approximately 14 million. The official language of Mumbai is Marathi. But many other languages are also widely used, particularly the Mumbaiian Hindi''. Along with the neighbouring urban areas, including the cities of Navi Mumbai and Thane, it is one of the most populous urban regions in the world. Mumbai lies on the west coast of India and has a deep natural harbour. As of 2009, Mumbai was named an Alpha world city. Mumbai is also the richest city in India, and has the highest GDP of any city in South or Central Asia.
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MV Braer
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Nakhon Ratchasima
Nakhon Ratchasima (, ) is a city (thesaban nakhon) in the north-east (Isan) of Thailand and gateway to Isan. It is the capital of the Nakhon Ratchasima Province and Nakhon Ratchasima district. As of August 16, 2010, in the municipal area has a population of 142,645.
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Narva
Narva () is the third largest city in Estonia. It is located at the eastern extreme point of Estonia, by the Russian border, on the Narva River which drains Lake Peipus.
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NASA
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA, ) is an Executive Branch agency of the United States government, responsible for the nation's civilian space program and aeronautics and aerospace research. Since February 2006, NASA's self-described mission statement is to "pioneer the future in space exploration, scientific discovery and aeronautics research."
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New York
New York (; locally or ) is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. It is the nation's third most populous state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east. The state has a maritime border with Rhode Island east of Long Island, as well as an international border with the Canadian provinces of Ontario to the north and west, and Quebec to the north. New York is often referred to as New York State to distinguish it from New York City.
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Niger
Niger ( or ; ), officially named the Republic of Niger, is a landlocked country in Western Africa, named after the Niger River. It borders Nigeria and Benin to the south, Burkina Faso and Mali to the west, Algeria and Libya to the north and Chad to the east. Niger covers a land area of almost 1,270,000 km2, over 80 percent of which is covered by the Sahara desert. The country's predominantly Islamic population of just above 15,000,000 is mostly clustered in the far south and west of the nation. The capital city is Niamey.
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Nobel Peace Prize
The Nobel Peace Prize (Swedish and Norwegian: Nobels fredspris) is one of the five Nobel Prizes bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor Alfred Nobel.
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North Korea
North Korea, officially the '''Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK'''; Chosongul: 조선민주주의인민공화국), is a country in East Asia, occupying the northern half of the Korean Peninsula. Its capital and largest city is Pyongyang. The Korean Demilitarized Zone serves as the buffer zone between North Korea and South Korea. The Amnok River and the Tumen River form the border between North Korea and the People's Republic of China. A section of the Tumen River in the extreme northeast is the border with Russia.
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Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland (, Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is one of the four countries of the United Kingdom. Situated in the north-east of the island of Ireland, it shares a border with the Republic of Ireland to the south and west. At the time of the 2001 UK Census, its population was 1,685,000, constituting about 30% of the island's total population and about 3% of the population of the United Kingdom.
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Pacific Ocean
The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth's oceanic divisions. It extends from the Arctic in the north to the Southern Ocean in the south, bounded by Asia and Australia in the west, and the Americas in the east.
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Pakistan
{{Infobox country
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Palermo
Palermo (, Sicilian: Palermu, , from , Panormos, , Balharm) is a historic city in Southern Italy, the capital of both the autonomous region of Sicily and the Province of Palermo. The city is noted for its rich history, culture, architecture and gastronomy, playing an important role throughout much of its existence; it is over 2,700 years old. Palermo is located in the northwest of the island of Sicily, right by the Gulf of Palermo in the Tyrrhenian Sea.
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Philippines
The Philippines ( ), officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (), is a country in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. To its north across the Luzon Strait lies Taiwan. West across the South China Sea sits Vietnam. The Sulu Sea to the southwest lies between the country and the island of Borneo, and to the south the Celebes Sea separates it from other islands of Indonesia. It is bounded on the east by the Philippine Sea. Its location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and its tropical climate make the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons but have also endowed the country with natural resources and made it one of the richest areas of biodiversity in the world. An archipelago comprising 7,107 islands, the Philippines is categorized broadly into three main geographical divisions: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. Its capital city is Manila.
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Poland
Poland (), officially the Republic of Poland (Rzeczpospolita Polska), is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north. The total area of Poland is , making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. Poland has a population of over 38 million people, which makes it the 34th most populous country in the world and the sixth most populous member of the European Union, being its most populous Slavic member.
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Portugal
Portugal (, ), officially the Portuguese Republic (; ), is a country located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal is the westernmost country of Europe and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south and by Spain to the north and east. The Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira are also part of Portugal.
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Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico ( or ), officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ( — literally Associated Free State of Puerto Rico), is an unincorporated territory of the United States, located in the northeastern Caribbean Sea, east of the Dominican Republic and west of the Virgin Islands.
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Pusan
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Quebec
Quebec or ( ) is a province in east-central Canada. It is the only Canadian province with a predominantly French-speaking population and the only one whose sole official language is French at the provincial level.
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Republic of Ghana
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Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro ("River of January", ; ), commonly referred to simply as Rio, is the capital city of the State of Rio de Janeiro, the second largest city of Brazil and the third largest metropolitan area and agglomeration in South America, 6th largest in the Americas and 26th in the world.
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Rochester, New York
Rochester is a city in Monroe County, New York, south of Lake Ontario in the United States. The Rochester metropolitan area is the second largest regional economy in all of New York State according to the U.S. Internal Revenue, after the New York City metropolitan area. Known as ''The World's Image Centre, it was also once known as The Flour City, and more recently as The Flower City''. It is the county seat for Monroe County.
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Russia
Russia (; ), also officially known as the Russian Federation (), is a state in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, the People's Republic of China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the United States by the Bering Strait. At , Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than a ninth of the Earth's land area. Russia is also the ninth most populous nation with 142 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning 9 time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources. It has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
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Rügen
Rügen () or Rugia is Germany's largest island. It is located in the Baltic Sea off the coast of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. Rügen makes up the principal part of the Rügen District, which also includes the neighboring islands Hiddensee and Ummanz, as well as several small islands.
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Seattle
Seattle ( ) is the northernmost major city in the contiguous United States, and the largest city in the Pacific Northwest and in the state of Washington. A seaport situated on an isthmus between Puget Sound (an arm of the Pacific Ocean) and Lake Washington, about south of the Canada – United States border, it is named after Chief Sealth "Seattle", of the Duwamish and Suquamish native tribes. Seattle is the center of the Seattle–Tacoma–Bellevue metropolitan statistical area, the 15th largest in the United States, and the largest in the northwestern United States. Seattle is the county seat of King County and is the major economic, cultural and educational center in the region. , the city's population was approximately 617,000 within a metropolitan area of some 3.4 million inhabitants. The Port of Seattle and Seattle–Tacoma International Airport are major gateways to Asia, Alaska, and the rest of the world.
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Senegal
Senegal (), officially the Republic of Senegal (République du Sénégal, ), is a country south of the Sénégal River in western Africa. It owes its name to the river that borders it to the East and North and that originates from the Fouta Djallon in Guinea. Senegal is externally bounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Mauritania to the north, Mali to the east, and Guinea and Guinea-Bissau to the south; internally it almost completely surrounds The Gambia, namely on the north, east and south, exempting Gambia's short Atlantic Ocean coastline. Senegal covers a land area of almost 197,000 km², and has an estimated population of about 14 million.The climate is tropical with two seasons: the dry season and the rainy season.
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Sivas
Sivas (, , ) the late-Classical and Medieval Sebastia, sometimes spelt Sebastea or Sebasteia) is the provincial capital of Sivas Province in Turkey. According to the 2007 Turkish census, its population was 300,795.
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Skopje
Skopje (, ) is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Macedonia with about a third of the total population. It is the country's political, cultural, economic, and academic centre. It was known in the Roman period under the name Scupi.
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Slovakia
The Slovak Republic (short form: Slovakia ; Slovak:, long form ) is a state in Central Europe. It has a population of over five million and an area of about . Slovakia is a landlocked country bordered by the Czech Republic and Austria to the west, Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east and Hungary to the south. The largest city is the capital, Bratislava, and the second largest is Košice. Slovakia is a member state of the European Union, NATO, United Nations, OECD and WTO among others. The official language is Slovak, a member of the Slavic language family.
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Somalia
Somalia ( ; ; ), officially the Republic of Somalia (, ) and formerly known as the Somali Democratic Republic under communist rule, is a country located in the Horn of Africa. It is bordered by Djibouti to the northwest, Kenya to the southwest, the Gulf of Aden with Yemen to the north, the Indian Ocean to the east, and Ethiopia to the west. With the longest coastline on the continent, its terrain consists mainly of plateaus, plains and highlands.
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Sotheby's
'''Sotheby's''' is the world's fourth oldest auction house in continuous operation.
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South Africa
The Republic of South Africa is a country located at the southern tip of Africa, with a coastline on the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. To the north lie Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe; to the east are Mozambique and Swaziland; while Lesotho is an independent country wholly surrounded by South African territory.
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South Dakota
South Dakota () is a state located in the Midwestern region of the United States. It is named after the Lakota and Dakota Sioux American Indian tribes. Once a part of Dakota Territory, South Dakota became a state on November 2, 1889. The state has an area of and an estimated population of just over 800,000. Pierre is the state capital and Sioux Falls, with a population of nearly 160,000, is South Dakota's largest city.
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South Korea
South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea (ROK, , ) and sometimes referred to simply as Korea, is a state in East Asia, located on the southern portion of the Korean Peninsula. It is neighbored by the People's Republic of China to the west, Japan to the east, and North Korea to the north. Its capital is Seoul. South Korea lies in a temperate climate region with a predominantly mountainous terrain. Its territory covers a total area of 99,392 square kilometers and has a population of .
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Srebrenica
Srebrenica (Cyrillic: Сребреница, ) is a town and municipality in the east of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Srebrenica is a small mountain town, its main industry being salt mining and a nearby spa. During the Bosnian War, it was the site of the Srebrenica massacre, determined to have been a crime of genocide. On March 24, 2007, Srebrenica's municipal assembly adopted a resolution demanding independence from the Republika Srpska; the Serb members of the assembly did not vote on the resolution.
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Sri Lanka
The Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (commonly known as Sri Lanka (, , or ); ; , ) is a country and a sovereign state off souther coast of the Indian subcontinent. A island nation in South Asia, it was till 1972 known as Ceylon (, , or ). Sri Lanka is surrounded by the Indian Ocean, the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait.
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Switzerland
Switzerland (, , , ), officially the Swiss Confederation (Confoederatio Helvetica in Latin, hence its ISO country codes CH and CHE), is a federal republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in Western Europe where it is bordered by Germany to the north, France to the west, Italy to the south, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east.
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Sydney
Sydney () is the largest and most populous city in Australia and the state capital of New South Wales. Sydney is located on Australia's south-east coast of the Tasman Sea. With an approximate population of 4.5 million in the Sydney metropolitan area the city is the largest in Oceania. Inhabitants of Sydney are called Sydneysiders, comprising a cosmopolitan and international population of people from numerous places around the world.
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Task Force Ranger
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Texas
Texas () is the second-largest U.S. state by both area and population, and the largest state in the contiguous United States.
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Thailand
Thailand ( or ; Ratcha Anachak Thai, ), formerly Siam (, ), is an independent country that lies in the heart of Southeast Asia. It is bordered to the north by Burma and Laos, to the east by Laos and Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia, and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Burma. Its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast and Indonesia and India in the Andaman Sea to the southwest.
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Tokyo
, officially , is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan. It is located on the eastern side of the main island Honshū and includes the Izu Islands and Ogasawara Islands. Tokyo Metropolis was formed in 1943 from the merger of the former and the .Tokyo is the capital of Japan, the center of the Greater Tokyo Area, and the largest metropolitan area of Japan. It is the seat of the Japanese government and the Imperial Palace, and the home of the Japanese Imperial Family.
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Turkey
Turkey (), known officially as the Republic of Turkey (), is a Eurasian country that stretches across the Anatolian peninsula in western Asia and Thrace in the Balkan region of southeastern Europe. Turkey is one of the six independent Turkic states. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece to the west; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan (the exclave of Nakhchivan) and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea and Cyprus are to the south; the Aegean Sea to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north. The Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish Straits) demarcate the boundary between Eastern Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia.
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Uffizi Gallery
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United States
The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
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Waco, Texas
Waco () is a city in and the county seat of McLennan County, Texas. The city has a 2009 estimated total population of 126,217. The Waco Metropolitan Statistical Area consists of McLennan County and has a 2007 estimated population of 224,668.
http://wn.com/Waco_Texas -
Warrington
Warrington is a large town, borough and unitary authority area of Cheshire, England. It stands on the banks of the River Mersey, which is tidal to the west of the weir at Howley. It lies 16 Miles east of Liverpool, 18.9 miles west of Manchester and 8 miles south of St Helens. The population of the town is 80,661, and the Borough of Warrington, including its 18 civil parishes, is around 194,000. Its population has more than doubled since its designation as a New Town in 1968.
http://wn.com/Warrington -
Washington D.C.
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Washington, DC
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White House
The White House is the official residence and principal workplace of the President of the United States. Located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington, D.C., the house was designed by Irish-born James Hoban, and built between 1792 and 1800 of white-painted Aquia sandstone in the Neoclassical style. It has been the residence of every U.S. President since John Adams. When Thomas Jefferson moved into the house in 1801, he (with architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe) expanded the building outward, creating two colonnades that were meant to conceal stables and storage.
http://wn.com/White_House -
World Trade Center
The World Trade Center (WTC) was a complex of seven buildings in Lower Manhattan in New York City that were destroyed in the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. The site is currently being rebuilt with six new skyscrapers and a memorial to the casualties of the attacks.
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Yale University
Yale University is a private Ivy League university located in New Haven, Connecticut. Founded in 1701 in the Colony of Connecticut, the university is the third-oldest institution of higher education in the United States.
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Yugoslavia
Yugoslavia (Croatian, Serbian, Slovene: Jugoslavija; Macedonian, Serbian Cyrillic: Југославија) is a term that describes three political entities that existed successively on the western part of Balkan Peninsula in Europe, during most of the 20th century.
http://wn.com/Yugoslavia
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CBC Archives: The Internet 1993
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:37
- Published: 12 Sep 2008
- Updated: 24 Mar 2012
1993 - The internet was a novelty whose concept few had grasped and most were confused by. This CBC-TV clip from "Prime Time News" reminds us of online's astonishing conquest. Find this and 12000 other clips from the CBC Digital Archives at www.cbc.ca
http://wn.com/CBC_Archives_The_Internet_1993
![K7 ''Come Baby Come'' [1993]](http://web.archive.org./web/20120413051130im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/wbd2PBO3k6w/0.jpg "K7 ''Come Baby Come'' [1993]")
K7 ''Come Baby Come'' [1993]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:01
- Published: 04 Mar 2010
- Updated: 30 Mar 2012
K7's debut album Swing Batta Swing breaks loose with a rare style of rap verging on club or dance music, along with a bit of swing, before Gap commercials made it "hip" again. Everything in the album involves high-speed vocals, usually with high-speed backing beats to accompany. K7 adds in a tiny touch of a Latin flavor with some of the lyrics as well, which can aid in the speed factor that he seems to enjoy. To boot, he throws in some call and response working in absolutely every track. The final component of the album is sexuality, coming forth on "Body Rock," "I'll Make You Feel Good," "Hotel Motel," and "Beep Me." A pair of commercial hits are also on the album, "Come Baby Come" and "Move It Like This," both of which involve a good deal of those call and response patterns, but at a higher speed than most of the tracks, very danceworthy for a club (at least in 1994). Finally, there are a few reworkings of songs from other genres, infused with K7's vision. "Hi De Ho" is an overhaul of Cab Calloway's "Minnie the Moocher" made into a street-tough rap ballad. "Zunga Zeng" is presumably some sort of evolutionary step for Yellowman's "Zungguzungguguzungguzeng." Finally, "A Little Help From My Friends" takes a tiny bit away from the Beatles, again with K7's personal infusion. Overall, the album is noteworthy for the quality of the rap. The only gripe with the album is the similarity of the songs, though that's part of what makes it a good dance album. Though another album <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/K7_''Come_Baby_Come''_ 1993
Janet Jackson - Again (1993)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:46
- Published: 26 May 2006
- Updated: 31 Mar 2012
Janet Jackson's "again" from her 1993 Janet album.
http://wn.com/Janet_Jackson__Again_1993
The revolution of the Internet in 1993
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:57
- Published: 16 Oct 2006
- Updated: 30 Mar 2012
A video from 1993 when the Internet was just making its premiere in the world.
http://wn.com/The_revolution_of_the_Internet_in_1993
Airborne (1993) Full Movie
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 85:39
- Published: 07 May 2011
- Updated: 30 Mar 2012
DOWNLOAD HERE: torrentz.eu INFO: Mitchell Goosen is sixteen/seventeen year old kid from California who loves to surf and roller blade. Yet, his parents, who are two zoologists were given a grant to work in Australia. The only problem was: Mitchell couldn't go with them. So, he gets sent to stay with his aunt, uncle, and cousin in Cincinnati, Ohio. When he arrives, he meets his cousin who is also his new roommate for the next six months: Wiley. Mitchell then goes to school and gets on the bad side the high school hockey players. Mitchell and Wiley end up enduring weeks of torture from the guys. Then, the big guys and Mitchell and Wiley have to learn to get along to try to beat the Central High School rivals in a competition down Devil's Backbone. LINKs: www.imdb.com en.wikipedia.org youtu.be
http://wn.com/Airborne_1993_Full_Movie
"The Showdown" - Bird vs. Jordan McDonald's ad - 1993
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:30
- Published: 03 Aug 2009
- Updated: 30 Mar 2012
When Michael Jordan brings a Big Mac to the gym, Larry Bird challenges him to an epic shooting contest, where the shot descriptions (always ending with "nothing but net") get more and more elaborate. This includes both parts shown during Super Bowl XXVII: a 30-second teaser that sets up the premise but ends with Jordan noting that "this is gonna take a while," followed by the full 1-minute spot. One more thing: The ads on and next to the video aren't mine - but let's be glad whoever's claiming copyright is monetizing this video rather than having it disappeared.
http://wn.com/The_Showdown__Bird_vs_Jordan_McDonald's_ad__1993
1993 - Dolphins @ Cowboys - Leon Lett Opps
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:22
- Published: 31 Aug 2011
- Updated: 02 Mar 2012
The famous mistake on Thanksgiving in the Dallas snow. (Bob Trumpy: 'It's Leon Lett. Nooooooooooo...')
http://wn.com/1993__Dolphins_@_Cowboys__Leon_Lett_Opps
Jet Li Fong Sai Yuk 1993
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 101:08
- Published: 09 Feb 2012
- Updated: 30 Mar 2012
Jimmy's 1993 ESPY Speech
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:15
- Published: 29 Sep 2008
- Updated: 30 Mar 2012
Jimmy Valvano's 1993 ESPY Speech. "Don't give up, don't ever give up." The V Foundation for Cancer Research was founded in 1993 by ESPN and the late Jim Valvano, legendary North Carolina State basketball coach and ESPN commentator. Since 1993, The Foundation has raised more than $115 million to fund cancer research grants nationwide. It awards 100 percent of all new direct cash donations and net proceeds of events directly to cancer research and related programs. The Foundation awards grants through a competitive awards process strictly supervised by a Scientific Advisory Board. For more information on The V Foundation or to make a donation, please visit www.jimmyv.org.
http://wn.com/Jimmy's_1993_ESPY_Speech
Naked - 1993 (Entire Film)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 131:46
- Published: 17 Dec 2011
- Updated: 30 Mar 2012
Naked is a 1993 British film directed by Mike Leigh. Before this film, Leigh was known for subtler comedic dissections of middle-class and working-class manners. Naked was more stark and brutal than his previous works. Leigh relied heavily on improvisation in the making of the film, but little actual ad-libbing was filmed; lengthy rehearsals in character provided much of the script. Almost all of the dialogue was filmed as written. Cast -------- David Thewlis as Johnny Lesley Sharp as Louise Clancy Katrin Cartlidge as Sophie Greg Cruttwell as Jeremy G. Smart, also known as Sebastian Hawk Claire Skinner as Sandra the Nurse Peter Wight as Brian, the security guard Ewen Bremner as Archie the Scotsman with a tic Gina McKee as The Cafe Girl
http://wn.com/Naked__1993_Entire_Film
Dennis The Menace 1993
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 92:04
- Published: 30 Jul 2011
- Updated: 31 Mar 2012
Dennis The Menace (1994,PG) Dennis, everyone's favorite kid from the comics is back. When his parents have to go out of town, he stays with Mr and Mrs Wilson. The little menace is driving Mr Wilson crazy. But Dennis is just trying to be helpful. Even to the thief he bumps into.
http://wn.com/Dennis_The_Menace_1993
The Nightmare
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 45:07
- Published: 12 Jul 2011
- Updated: 16 Mar 2012
Five percent of the world's population have had the experience of awaking paralyzed while a supernatural entity climbs onto their chest suffocating them, inducing a level of fear that is beyond imagination. These attacks have been known to erupt in epidemics, resulting in mass panic, post-traumatic stress disorder, and sudden unexplainable death. Even the baffled scientific community is divided between psychological and metaphysical explanations. In Roman times the entity was called The Succubus. In Russia it was known as The Vampyr. In Newfoundland it is called The Hag. The Vikings simply called it Night Mara, meaning "The crusher that comes in the night". Its face and name may change but it has always been with us... lurking in the shadows, waiting for us to fall asleep. Haunted by his own encounter with The Nightmare, documentary filmmaker Adam Gray sets out on a journey to understand this terrifying phenomenon. From the foggy shores of Newfoundland to the steaming jungles of Zanzibar we will see where the Nightmare has left its mark. Hear from those who have survived the experience, and the families of those that did not. Meet the scientists, psychologists, and folklorists on the front lines of the battle for understanding how something without material form can traumatize and even kill those that encounter it. The Nightmare is a fascinating exploration of a phenomenon that suggests that the only difference between hallucination and the supernatural... is belief.
http://wn.com/The_Nightmare
Stone Temple Pilots - MTV Live Unplugged 1993
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 24:15
- Published: 26 Nov 2011
- Updated: 30 Mar 2012
Provided by Stone Temple Pilots & MTV or their representative. not trying to break copyright laws just trying to post some good stuff..
http://wn.com/Stone_Temple_Pilots__MTV_Live_Unplugged_1993
Tool Sober Live at Reading Festival 1993 PROSHOT!!!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:00
- Published: 14 Dec 2006
- Updated: 30 Mar 2012
Here is something that I discovered some days ago. It is something people always thought It wouldn't exist but it does. A TV proshot of a Tool Live performance, recorded during the Undertow-Days with multi-cam-mix from above the crowd, behind the drumkit, in front of the mic and all this stuff. It's only this one song but it's worth it. Enjoy
http://wn.com/Tool_Sober_Live_at_Reading_Festival_1993_PROSHOT!!!
Donington 1993 - First Lap (ENGLISH SUBTITLES)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:57
- Published: 28 Oct 2006
- Updated: 30 Mar 2012
what amazing lap! check it out!
http://wn.com/Donington_1993__First_Lap_ENGLISH_SUBTITLES
AT&T; 1993-1994 'You Will' Ad Campaign Compilation - All 7 Ads
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:32
- Published: 20 Feb 2010
- Updated: 30 Mar 2012
i could never find a complete compilation of all of these videos, so i put all 7 together and uploaded it for the world. looking back on these ads, i see that they were eerily prophetic. seriously, the only one of these things that i don't do or haven't done are faxing from the beach (although i email, mms, and upload to the web all manner of pics and vids) and use a vioce-activated lock on my apt door. webcams, ez-pay, self-checkout, gps, wifi/wan, atms for tickets and driver licenses, on-demand video/tivo, realtime online multi-user video project collaboration, wristwatch cellphones we have almost everything. the only things we don't actually have are the automated voice-activated software agent (still in the works), "fax from the beach" (fax is dead, now we email, mms, etc. via wan/wifi/3G/4G), and videophone-booths (instead, video cell phones have existed since about 2003 and even in the iPhone, which i frequently use). plus, i like the song they use.unfortunately, the song was made by a studio working for the ad agency who made the ads, so it's unavailable. update, 1.25.2011: well, there's an app for faxing-- from the beach, i suppose... also, i was contacted by at&t corporate today. they want to use my video for a presentation. i sent them the source vids. they're going to upscale the resolution send me a copy when they're done. hopefully, they'll let me upload it here to replace this one! UPDATE 6.24.11: got the following email today: ------ Thanks for your email <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/AT&T;_1993-1994_'You_Will'_Ad_Campaign_Compilation__All_7_Ads
![11 September 1993 (Terence McKenna) [FULL]](http://web.archive.org./web/20120413051130im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/vaB5gg9t1xQ/0.jpg "11 September 1993 (Terence McKenna) [FULL]")
11 September 1993 (Terence McKenna) [FULL]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 157:39
- Published: 11 Sep 2011
- Updated: 29 Mar 2012
alchemicalarchives.blogspot.com I'll let Terence give you the name of this talk. 11 September 1993 In this lecture, Terence McKenna talks about the tragic situation we humans have placed ourselves in, and ways in which the boundry dissolution effects of psychedelic medicines can possibly save our species from what appears to be a certain extinction. . . . "What the psychedelic experience does, really, is it stretches the envelope of the imaginable." "It seems to me that culture, at least this culture, is a shabby lie." "We have the tools that would allow us to sculpt paradise, but we have the reflexes and value systems of anthropoid apes of some sort. . . . You don't get serial killers in the chipmunk population." "We live at the end of a thousand year binge on the philosophical position known as materialism, in its many guises. And the basic message of materialism is that world is what it appears to be, a thing composed of matter, and pretty much confined to its surface." "We're in, essentially, a tragic situation. A tragic situation is a catastrophe when you know it." For approximately 500 years [sciences] argument for its pre-eminence was the beautiful toys that it could create: aircraft, railroads, global economies, television, spacecraft. But that is a fool's argument for truth! I mean, that's after all how a medicine show operates, you know: the juggler is so good, the medicine must be even better! This is not an entirely rational way to proceed. Images: Oculus <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/11_September_1993_Terence_McKenna_ FULL
Zappa Interview Today Show 1993
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:21
- Published: 22 Nov 2007
- Updated: 29 Mar 2012
One of Frank's last interviews, conducted by NBC's Jamie Gangel for the Today Show.
http://wn.com/Zappa_Interview_Today_Show_1993
1993: Jerry Springer with the Beverly Hillbillies Cast pt. 1 of 2!!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:57
- Published: 24 Aug 2009
- Updated: 29 Mar 2012
From May of 1993, here is part 1 of 2 of a Jerry Springer show with the cast of the Beverly Hillbillies!
http://wn.com/1993_Jerry_Springer_with_the_Beverly_Hillbillies_Cast_pt_1_of_2!!
1993 World Trade Center Bombing Documentary
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 44:31
- Published: 09 Apr 2011
- Updated: 30 Mar 2012
Terrorist truck bomb attempts to topple one of the WTC towers
http://wn.com/1993_World_Trade_Center_Bombing_Documentary
1993 WTC Bombing
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:24
- Published: 18 May 2009
- Updated: 29 Mar 2012
Who are the master minds of the 1993 WTC bombing? Did the FBI respond quickly enough? The motives. The ramifications. And the ripple effect.
http://wn.com/1993_WTC_Bombing
Addams Family Values(1993 Film)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 94:05
- Published: 09 Oct 2011
- Updated: 30 Mar 2012
The sequel to the 1991 film adaptation of The Addams Family comics starring Raul Julia(RIP), Anjelica Huston, Christopher Lloyd, Joan Cusack, and Christina Ricci.
http://wn.com/Addams_Family_Values1993_Film
Kabhi Haan Kabhi Naa 1993 Movie Full
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 151:48
- Published: 25 Sep 2011
- Updated: 30 Mar 2012
Movie: Kabhi haan kabhi naa Year: 1993 Directed: By Kundan Shah Produced: By Vikram mehrotra Music: By Jatin Lalit Starring: Shahrukh Khan Suchitra Krishnamoorthi and Deepak Tijori Story Sunil (Shahrukh Khan) is a lost cause in his father Vinayak's (Anjan Srivastav) mind. Sunil and his friends have started a band. When Anna (Suchitra Krishnamoorthi), his childhood friend, joins the group, everyone is excited, especially Sunil, who secretly loves Anna. The only other person knowing this is his sister (Sadia Siddiqui). As Anna joins the group, they start hunting opportunities to make it big in the music world. Chris (Deepak Tijori), a friend and band member, is Sunil's antithesis. Chris is the son of an affluent couple, in contrast to Sunil, who is son of a middle-class man. Chris has a better academic record, while Sunil just faked his marksheet to hide the fact that he failed. In short, any girl's parents would choose Chris over Sunil. Anna's father does just that. Sunil tries to change his image but when he learns that Anna loves Chris, he is devastated. Anna and Chris start hanging out. A jealous Sunil starts misguiding them against each other. He succeeds in creating a rift between the two but eventually gets caught. Anna slaps him and walks away. Gradually, the duo forgive Sunil, but they don't realize why he did this. Sunil's fortune takes a turn once again when Chris's parents refuse the marriage of Chris and Anna, because Anna is from a lower class. Chris has to <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Kabhi_Haan_Kabhi_Naa_1993_Movie_Full
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Creative Commons / Yoninah![Children view a snake behind protective glass. ublic education is another prime focus of the zoo. According to Shai Doron, director-general of the zoo since 1993,[50]](http://web.archive.org./web/20120413051130im_/http://cdn1.wn.com/pd/5b/89/02b726acbe93da4f1d8294d32419_small.jpg "Children view a snake behind protective glass. ublic education is another prime focus of the zoo. According to Shai Doron, director-general of the zoo since 1993,[50]")
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![Children view a snake behind protective glass. ublic education is another prime focus of the zoo. According to Shai Doron, director-general of the zoo since 1993,[50]](http://web.archive.org./web/20120413051130/http://cdn5.wn.com/pd/5b/89/02b726acbe93da4f1d8294d32419_medium.jpg "Children view a snake behind protective glass. ublic education is another prime focus of the zoo. According to Shai Doron, director-general of the zoo since 1993,[50]")
photo: US DoD / Erin A. Kirk-Cuomo
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The next presidential elections are scheduled for 2014 and the majority of Nato combat forces will leave Afghanistan by the end of that same year. At that time, Karzai will be at the end of his second...
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Its full name is The United States Penitentiary, Administrative Maximum Facility (ADX), in the town of Florence, a two-hour drive south of Denver. More commonly, it is referred to as the Florence...
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Blackhawks defenseman Johnny Oduya considered each question with almost as much poise and patience as he handles the puck with an opponent bearing down on him. His main message? All he wanted to do...
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New York Daily News
He shot someone — just not this guy. That’s what defense lawyer Anthony Ricco said Tuesday at the opening of the murder trial of rapper Trevell Coleman, who is accused of gunning down John Henkel in October 1993 during a botched East Harlem robbery. Ricco said a guilt-ridden Coleman, 37, went...(size: 1.9Kb)
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NEW YORK - A murder trial has started for Rapper G. Dep in a 1993 shooting in New York City. The case was reopened when he...(size: 0.8Kb)
Huffington Post
NEW YORK — Opening statements are set for Tuesday in the murder trial of a once-rising rapper who reopened a nearly 20-year-old case by suddenly telling police he was the gunman. G. Dep, who made headway with a hit rap single and a video that helped popularize a clubgoers' dance in the early...(size: 4.0Kb)
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__NOTOC__
1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year that started on a Friday. In the Gregorian calendar, it was the 1993rd year in the Common Era, or of Anno Domini; the 993rd year of the 2nd millennium; the 93rd year of the 20th century; and the 4th of the 1990s.
January 1
* Dissolution of Czechoslovakia: Slovakia and the Czech Republic separate in the so-called Velvet Divorce.
* The European Community eliminates trade barriers and creates a European single market.
* EuroNews is launched in Europe.
* ITV companies GMTV, Carlton Television, Meridian Broadcasting and Westcountry Television start broadcasting, replacing TV-am, Thames Television, TVS and TSW respectively.
January 3 – In Moscow, George H. W. Bush and Boris Yeltsin sign the second Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty.
January 5
* The state of Washington executes Westley Allan Dodd by hanging (the first legal hanging in America since 1965).
* $7.4 million USD is stolen from Brinks Armored Car Depot in Rochester, New York in the 5th largest robbery in U.S. history. Four men, Samuel Millar, Father Patrick Moloney, former Rochester Police officer Thomas O'Connor, and Charles McCormick, all of whom have ties to the Provisional Irish Republican Army, are accused.
* M/V ''Braer'', a Liberian oil tanker, runs aground off the Scottish island of Mainland, causing a massive oil spill.
January 6 – Douglas Hurd is the first high-ranking British official to visit Argentina since the Falklands War.
January 6–January 20 – The Bombay Riots take place in the city now known as Mumbai.
January 7 – The Fourth Republic of Ghana is inaugurated, with Jerry Rawlings as president.
January 14 – The Polish ferry M/S ''Jan Heweliusz'' sinks off the coast of Rügen in the Baltic Sea, killing 54 people.
January 15 – Salvatore Riina, the Mafia boss known as 'The Beast', is arrested in Palermo, Sicily after 23 years as a fugitive.
January 19
* Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) signed.
* IBM announces a $4.97 billion loss for 1992, the largest single-year corporate loss in United States history to date.
* Iraq disarmament crisis: Iraq refuses to allow UNSCOM inspectors to use its own aircraft to fly into Iraq, and begins military operations in the demilitarized zone between Iraq and Kuwait, and the northern Iraqi no-fly zones. U.S. forces fire approximately 40 Tomahawk cruise missiles at Baghdad factories linked to Iraq's illegal nuclear weapons program. Iraq then informs UNSCOM that it will be able to resume its flights.
January 20 – Bill Clinton succeeds George H.W. Bush as the 42nd President of the United States.
January 24 – In Turkey, thousands protest the murder of journalist Uğur Mumcu.
January 25
* Mir Aimal Kasi fires a rifle and kills 2 employees outside CIA headquarters in Langley, Virginia.
* Social democrat Poul Nyrup Rasmussen succeeds conservative Poul Schlüter as Prime Minister of Denmark.
January 26 – Václav Havel is elected President of the Czech Republic.
January 31 – Super Bowl XXVII: The Buffalo Bills become the first team to lose 3 consecutive Super Bowls as they are defeated by the Dallas Cowboys, 52–17.
February 4 – Members of the right-wing Austrian FPÖ split to form the Liberal Forum in protest against the increasing nationalistic bent of the party.
February 5 – Belgium becomes a federal monarchy rather than a unitary kingdom.
February 8 – General Motors Corporation sues NBC, after ''Dateline NBC'' allegedly rigged 2 crashes showing that some GM pickups can easily catch fire if hit in certain places. NBC settles the lawsuit the following day.
February 10
* Lien Chan is named by Lee Teng-Hui to succeed Hau Pei-tsun as Premier of the Republic of China.
* Mani Pulite scandal: Italian legislator Claudio Martelli resigns, followed by various politicians over the next 2 weeks.
February 11 – Janet Reno is selected by President Clinton as Attorney General of the United States.
February 12 – Two year old James Bulger is abducted, tortured and murdered by two 10 year old boys, Jon Venables and Robert Thompson. Both are later charged. See Murder of James Bulger.
February 14
* Glafkos Klerides defeats incumbent George Vasiliou in the Cypriot presidential election.
* Albert Zafy defeats Didier Ratsiraka in the Madagascar presidential election.
February 17 – A ferry sinks in Haiti, killing approximately 1,215 out of 1,500 passengers.
February 22 – UN Security Council Resolution 808 is voted on, deciding that "an international tribunal shall be established" to prosecute violations of international law in Yugoslavia. The tribunal will is established on May 25 by Resolution 827.
February 24 – Prime Minister of Canada Brian Mulroney resigns amidst political and economic turmoil. Kim Campbell, his successor, becomes Canada's first female Prime Minister.
February 26 – World Trade Center bombing: In New York City, a van bomb parked below the North Tower of the World Trade Center explodes, killing 6 and injuring over 1,000.
February 28 – Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms agents raid the Branch Davidian compound in Waco, Texas, with a warrant to arrest leader David Koresh on federal firearms violations. Four agents and 5 Davidians die in the raid and a 51-day standoff begins.
March 4 – Authorities announce the capture of suspected World Trade Center bombing conspirator Mohammad Salameh.
March 5 – Macedonian Palair Flight 305, a F-100 on a flight to Zurich, crashes shortly after take-off from Skopje killing 83 of the 97 on board.
March 9 – Rodney King testifies at the federal trial of 4 Los Angeles, California police officers accused of violating his civil rights when they beat him during an arrest.
March 11 – Janet Reno is confirmed by the United States Senate and sworn in the next day, becoming the first female Attorney General of the United States.
March 12
* 1993 Bombay bombings: Several bombs explode in Bombay, India, killing 257 and injuring hundreds more.
* North Korea nuclear weapons program: North Korea announces that it plans to withdraw from the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty and refuses to allow inspectors access to nuclear sites.
March 13–March 15 – The Great Blizzard of 1993 strikes the eastern U.S., bringing record snowfall and other severe weather all the way from Cuba to Quebec; it reportedly kills 184.
March 13 – Australian federal election, 1993: The Australian Labor Party stays in power despite poor economic results.
March 17 – The PKK announces a unilateral ceasefire in Iraq.
March 20 – Warrington bomb attacks: An IRA bomb explodes in Warrington Town Centre and kills 2 children, Jonathan Ball and Tim Parry.
March 22 – The Intel Corporation ships the first P5 Pentium chips.
March 24
* The Israeli Knesset elects Ezer Weizman as President of Israel.
* South Africa officially abandons its nuclear weapons programme. President de Klerk announces that the country's 6 warheads had already been dismantled in 1990.
March 27
* Jiang Zemin becomes President of the People's Republic of China.
* Following a rash of integrist murders, Algeria breaks diplomatic relations with Iran, accusing the country of interfering in its interior affairs.
* Mahamane Ousmane is elected president of Niger.
March 28 – French legislative election, 1993: Gaullists win a majority and Édouard Balladur becomes Prime Minister.
March 29 – The 65th Academy Awards, hosted by Billy Crystal, are held at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles, California, with ''Unforgiven'' winning Best Picture.
April 1 – The Vatican orders the moving of the Carmelite convent at Auschwitz.
April 6 – A nuclear accident occurs at Tomsk 7 in Russia.
April 8 – The Republic of Macedonia is admitted to the United Nations.
April 10 – African National Congress activist Chris Hani is assassinated in South Africa.
April 16 – Bosnian War: the enclave of Srebrenica is declared a UN-protected "safe area".
April 17 – Laurence Powell and Stacey Koon are found guilty in the second Rodney King trial.
April 19
* A 51-day stand-off at the Branch Davidian compound near Waco, Texas, ends with a fire that kills 76 people, including David Koresh.
* South Dakota governor George Mickelson and seven others are killed when a state-owned aircraft crashes near Dubuque, Iowa.
April 22
* In Washington, DC, the Holocaust Memorial Museum is dedicated.
* 18-year-old student Stephen Lawrence is stabbed to death in London, England; the attack is believed to have been racially motivated.
April 23
* The World Health Organization declares tuberculosis a Global Emergency.
* Eritreans vote overwhelmingly for independence from Ethiopia in a United Nations-monitored referendum.
April 26 – Oscar Luigi Scalfaro appoints Carlo Azeglio Ciampi Prime Minister of Italy.
April 27
* Yemeni parliamentary election, 1993: The General People's Congress wins a plurality of 121 seats.
* All members of the Zambia national football team die in a plane crash off Libreville, Gabon in route to Dakar, Senegal.
April 28 – An executive order requires the United States Air Force to allow women to fly war planes.
April 30 – Tennis star Monica Seles is stabbed in the back by an obsessed fan of rival Steffi Graf at a tournament in Hamburg, Germany.
May 1
* Pierre Bérégovoy, former prime minister of France, commits suicide.
* A Tamil Tigers suicide bomber assassinates President Ranasinghe Premadasa of Sri Lanka.
May 4 – UNOSOM II assumes the Somalian duties of the dissolved UNITAF.
May 9 – Juan Carlos Wasmosy becomes the first democratically elected President of Paraguay in nearly 40 years.
May 15 – Niamh Kavanagh wins the Eurovision Song Contest for Ireland with "In Your Eyes".
May 16
* The Grand National Assembly of Turkey elects Prime Minister Süleyman Demirel as President of Turkey.
* After Demirel becomes the president the acting prime minister of Turkey is Erdal İnönü of SHP for 40 days.
May 24 – Eritrea gains independence from Ethiopia.
May 27 – A car bomb at the Uffizi Gallery in Florence kills 5; the Mafia is suspected.
May 28 – Eritrea and Monaco gain entry to the United Nations.
May 29 – The first Life Ball is taking place in Vienna, Austria. In 2011, the event is named the largest public-charity on HIV and AIDS in Europe.
June 1
* Large protests erupt against Slobodan Milošević's regime in Belgrade; opposition leader Vuk Drašković and his wife Danica are arrested.
* President of Guatemala Jorge Serrano Elías is forced to flee the country after an attempted self-coup.
* Burundian presidential election, 1993: The first multiparty elections in Burundi since the country's independence lead to the election of Melchior Ndadaye, leader of the Front for Democracy in Burundi. The next day's legislative election sees his party win with an overwhelming majority.
June 5
* The National Assembly of Venezuela designates Ramón José Velásquez as successor of suspended President Carlos Andrés Pérez.
* 24 Pakistani troops in the UN forces are killed in Mogadishu, Somalia.
June 6
* Following the Revolutionary Nationalist Movement's victory, Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada becomes president of Bolivia.
* Mongolia holds its first direct presidential elections.
June 8 – The PKK-declared ceasefire ends in Iraq.
June 14 – Multipartyists win a referendum on the future of the one-party system in Malawi.
June 18 – Iraq disarmament crisis: Iraq refuses to allow UNSCOM weapons inspectors to install remote-controlled monitoring cameras at 2 missile engine test stands.
June 20
* A 7.5 earthquake hits Japan, killing 385 people.
* John Paxson's 3-point shot in Game 6 of the NBA Finals helps the Chicago Bulls secure a 99–98 win over the Phoenix Suns, and their third consecutive championship.
June 22 – Japan's New Party Sakigake breaks away from the Liberal Democratic Party.
June 23 – In Manassas, Virginia, Lorena Bobbitt cuts off the penis of her husband John Wayne Bobbitt.
June 24
* A Unabomber bomb injures computer scientist David Gelernter at Yale University.
* Andrew Wiles wins worldwide fame after presenting his proof of Fermat's Last Theorem, a problem that had been unsolved for more than 3 centuries.
June 25
* Kim Campbell becomes the 19th, and first female, Prime Minister of Canada.
* Tansu Çiller of DYP forms the new government of Turkey.
* Zoran Lilić succeeds Dobrica Ćosić as President of Yugoslavia.
* The litas is introduced in Lithuania.
* Jacques Attali resigns as President of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development.
June 26–June 28 – Typhoon Koryn causes massive damage to the Philippines, China and Macau.
June 27
* U.S. President Bill Clinton orders a cruise missile attack on Iraqi intelligence headquarters in the Al-Mansur District of Baghdad, in response to the attempted assassination of former U.S. President George H. W. Bush during his visit to Kuwait in mid-April.
* In Bad Kleinen, Germany, GSG 9 troopers arrest terrorists Birgit Hogefeld and Wolfgang Grams.
July 2 – An integrist mob sets fire to the hotel where ''The Satanic Verses'' translator Aziz Nesin resides in Sivas, Turkey, killing 37.
July 5 – Iraq disarmament crisis: UN inspection teams leave Iraq. Iraq then agrees to UNSCOM demands and the inspection teams return.
July 7–July 9 – The 19th G7 summit is held in Tokyo, Japan.
July 7 – Hurricane Calvin lands in Mexico. It is the second Pacific hurricane on record to land in Mexico in July, and kills 34.
July 12 – A magnitude 7.8 earthquake off Hokkaidō, Japan launches a devastating tsunami that kills 202 on the small island of Okushiri, Hokkaido.
July 16–July 17 – In Estonia, the majority Russian cities of Narva and Sillamäe organize illegal referendums on "territorial autonomy" to protest new citizenship laws.
July 19
* Japanese general election, 1993: The loss of majority of the Liberal Democratic Party results in a coalition taking power.
* U.S. President Bill Clinton announces his 'Don't ask, don't tell' policy regarding gays in the American military.
July 20 – White House deputy counsel Vince Foster commits suicide in Virginia.
July 23 – Candelária massacre: Brazilian police officers kill 8 street kids in Rio de Janeiro.
July 26
* Miguel Indurain wins the 1993 Tour de France.
* Asiana Airlines Flight 733 crashes into Mt. Ungeo in Haenam, South Korea; 68 die.
July 27 – Windows NT 3.1, the first version of Microsoft's line of Windows NT operating systems, is released to manufacturing.
July 29 – The Israeli Supreme Court acquits accused Nazi death camp guard John Demjanjuk of all charges and he is set free.
July 31 – King Baudouin I of Belgium dies.
August 4
* A federal judge sentences Los Angeles Police Department officers Stacey Koon and Laurence Powell to 30 months in prison for violating motorist Rodney King's civil rights.
* The Japanese government issues the Kono Statement, acknowledging the comfort women's (sex slaves) deportation.
August 5
* The discovery of the Tel Dan Stele, the first archaeological confirmation of the existence of the Davidic line, is announced.
* Magic: the Gathering undergoes its first general release.
August 6 – According to Japanese government and TBS networks reports, torrential rain and mudslides kill 72 in Kagoshima, Japan.
August 9 – King Albert II of Belgium is sworn into office 9 days after the death of his brother, King Baudouin I.
August 13 – Over 130 die in the collapse of Royal Plaza Hotel at Nakhon Ratchasima in Thailand's worst hotel disaster.
August 17 – For the first time, the public is allowed inside Buckingham Palace.
August 19 – In Norway, Varg Vikernes is arrested and charged with the murder of Euronymous, of Mayhem; he receives a 21-year sentence for this and other crimes.
August 21 – NASA loses radio contact with the Mars Observer orbiter 3 days before the spacecraft is scheduled to enter orbit around Mars.
August 28 – Ong Teng Cheong becomes the first President of Singapore elected by the population.
August 30 – Russia completes removing its troops from Lithuania.
September 13
* Norwegian parliamentary election, 1993: The Labour Party wins a plurality of the seats, and Prime Minister Gro Harlem Brundtland retains office.
* PLO leader Yasser Arafat and Israeli prime minister Yitzhak Rabin shake hands in Washington D.C., after signing a peace accord.
September 15–September 21 – Hurricane Gert (1993) crosses from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean through Central America and Mexico.
September 17 – Russian troops withdraw from Poland.
September 19 – Polish parliamentary election, 1993: A coalition of the Democratic Left Alliance and the Polish People's Party led by Waldemar Pawlak comes into power.
September 22 – Big Bayou Canot train disaster: A bridge collapses as the ''Sunset Limited'' crosses it, killing 47.
September 23 – The International Olympic Committee selects Sydney, Australia to host the 2000 Summer Olympics.
September 24 – The Cambodian monarchy is restored, with Norodom Sihanouk as king.
September 26
* The first mission in Biosphere 2 ends after 2 years.
* PoSAT-1 (the first Portuguese satellite) is launched on board French rocket Ariane 4.
September 27 – War in Abkhazia – Fall of Sukhumi: Eduard Shevardnadze accuses Russia of passive complicity.
September 30 – An earthquake centered in Killari, Maharashtra, India kills over 10,000.
October 3 – U.S. Army conducts Operation Gothic Serpent in the city of Mogadishu, Somalia using Task Force Ranger. Two UH-60 Blackhawks are shot down and the operation leaves over 1000 Somalians dead and over 73 Americans WIA, 19 KIA, and 1 captured. Also known as the Battle of Mogadishu.
October 4 – The Russian constitutional crisis culminates with Russian military and security forces clearing the White House of Russia Parliament building by force, quashing a mass uprising against President Boris Yeltsin.
October 5
* China performs a nuclear test, ending a worldwide ''de facto'' moratorium.
* The papal encyclical ''Veritatis Splendor'' is promulgated.
October 10 – 292 are killed when the South Korean ferry ''Seohae'' capsizes off Pusan, South Korea.
October 11–October 28 – The UNMIH is prevented from entering Haiti. On October 18, economic sanctions (abolished in August) are reinstated.
October 13
* Greek legislative election, 1993: Andreas Papandreou begins his second term as Prime Minister of Greece.
* The fifth summit of the Francophonie opens in Mauritius.
October 19 – Benazir Bhutto becomes the first elected woman to lead a post-colonial Muslim state, in Pakistan.
October 21 – A coup in Burundi results in the death of president Melchior Ndadaye and sparks the Burundi Civil War.
October 25 – Canadian federal election, 1993: Jean Chrétien and his Liberal Party defeat the governing Progressive Conservative Party, which falls to an historic low of 2 seats.
October 30 – Greysteel massacre: Three members of the UDA, a loyalist paramilitary group, attacked a crowded bar in Greysteel, Northern Ireland with firearms, killing eight civilians and wounding thirteen. The bar was targeted because it was in an Irish nationalist and Catholic area.
November 1 – The Maastricht Treaty takes effect, formally establishing the European Union.
November 5 – The Parliament of the United Kingdom passes the Railways Act, setting out the procedures for privatisation of British Rail.
November 9 – Bosnian Croat forces destroy the ''Stari most'', or Old Bridge of Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina, by tank fire.
November 11
* Microsoft releases Windows 3.11 for Workgroups to manufacturing.
* Sri Lankan civil war – Battle of Pooneryn: Over 400 Sri Lankan military are killed.
November 12 – London Convention: Marine dumping of radioactive waste is outlawed.
November 17–November 22 – The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) passes the legislative houses in the United States, Canada and Mexico.
November 18
* In a status referendum, Puerto Rico residents vote with a slim margin to maintain Commonwealth status.
* In South Africa, 21 political parties approve a new constitution.
* The first meeting of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation opens in Seattle.
November 20
* Savings and loan crisis: The United States Senate Ethics Committee issues a stern censure of California senator Alan Cranston for his dealings with savings-and-loan executive Charles Keating.
* An Avioimpex Yakovlev Yak-42D crashes into Mount Trojani near Ohrid, Macedonia. The aircraft was on a flight from Geneva, Switzerland to Skopje, but had been diverted to Ohrid due to poor weather conditions at the Skopje airport. All 8 crew members and 115 of the 116 passengers are killed.
November 28 – ''The Observer'' reveals that a channel of communications has existed between the IRA and the British government, despite the government's persistent denials.
November 30 – Agreement establishing the Permanent Commission for East African Co-operation signed.
December 1 – A train crash at Tattenham Corner railway station lead to the introduction of the current drugs and alcohol policy for railways in the UK.
December 2
* ''STS-61'': NASA launches the Space Shuttle ''Endeavour'' on a mission to repair an optical flaw in the Hubble Space Telescope.
* The September 6 merger between Renault and Volvo fails; Volvo CEO Pehr G. Gyllenhammar resigns.
December 5 – Rafael Caldera Rodríguez is elected President of Venezuela for the second time, succeeding interim president Ramón José Velásquez.
December 7
* Colin Ferguson opens fire with his Ruger 9 mm pistol on a Long Island Rail Road train, killing 6 and injuring 19.
* The 32-member Transitional Executive Committee holds its first meeting in Cape Town, marking the first meeting of an official government body in South Africa with Black members.
* President of Côte d'Ivoire Félix Houphouët-Boigny dies at 83, the oldest African head of state. He is succeeded 3 days later by Henri Konan Bédié.
December 8 – U.S. President Bill Clinton signs into law the North American Free Trade Agreement.
December 10 – id Software releases ''Doom'', a seminal first-person shooter that uses advanced 3D graphics for computer games.
December 11
* Chilean presidential election, 1993: Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle is elected with 58% of the vote.
* A variety of Soviet space program paraphernalia are put to auction in Sotheby's New York, and sell for a total of US$6.8M. One of the items is Lunokhod 1 and its spacecraft Luna 17; they sell for $68,500.
December 12 – Péter Boross becomes Prime Minister of Hungary following the death of József Antall.
December 13
* Canadian Prime Minister Kim Campbell resigns as head of the Conservative Party, to be succeeded by Jean Charest.
* The Majilis of Kazakhstan approves the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, and agrees to dismantle the more than 100 missiles left on its territory by the fall of the USSR.
December 15
* Downing Street Declaration: The United Kingdom commits itself to the search for an answer to the problems of Northern Ireland.
* The Uruguay Round of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) talks reach a successful conclusion after 7 years.
December 16 – Brazil's Supreme Court rules that former President Fernando Collor de Mello may not hold elected office again until 2000 due to political corruption.
December 18 – Omar Bongo is re-elected as President of Gabon in the country's first multiparty elections.
December 20
* The United Nations General Assembly votes unanimously to appoint a UN High Commissioner for Human Rights.
* The first corrected images from the Hubble Telescope are taken.
December 22 – The interim South African constitution is approved by Parliament 237–45.
December 29 – Argentina passes a measure allowing President Carlos Saul Menem and all future presidents to run for a second term. It also shortens presidential terms to 4 years and removes the requirement for the president to be Roman Catholic.
December 30
* Israel and the Vatican establish diplomatic relations.
* The Congress Party gains a parliamentary majority in India after the defection of 10 Janata Dal party lawmakers.
The second World Parliament of Religions is held in Chicago.
U.S. President Bill Clinton sends 6 American warships to Haiti, to enforce United Nations trade sanctions against the military-led regime in that country.
The Mississippi and Missouri Rivers flood large portions of the American Midwest.
Severe floods hit South Asia, killing over 4,000 people in Bangladesh, India and Nepal.
The European Exchange Rate Mechanism is put in crisis, mainly from speculation against the French Franc.
Over a dozen people are killed by the new Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome, mainly in the Southwestern United States.
Wildfires in California destroy over and 700 homes.
Stephen Hawking's ''A Brief History of Time'' becomes the longest running book on the bestseller list of ''The Sunday Times'' ever.
The Oslo Accords negotiations begin.
Many foreigners are murdered by rebel groups in Algeria.
The Campaign for Homosexual Law Reform succeeds in having the Irish sodomy law reformed.
January 4 – Scott Redding, English Grand Prix motorcycle racer
January 9 – Ashley Argota, American actress
January 12 – Aika Mitsui, Japanese singer
January 18 – Morgan York, American actress
January 26 – Cameron Bright, Canadian actor
February 7 – David Dorfman, American actor
February 9 – Parimarjan Negi, Chess prodigy from India
February 12 – Jennifer Stone, American actress
February 16 – Mike Weinberg, American actor
February 17
* Marc Márquez, Spanish Grand Prix motorcycle racer
* Philip Wiegratz, German actor
February 19 – Victoria Justice, American actress
February 23 – Kasumi Ishikawa, Japanese table tennis player
February 26 – Taylor Dooley, American actress
March 24 – Grace Cassidy, English Actress
March 17 – Julia Winter, Swedish-born English actress
April 2 – Aaron Kelly, American singer
April 15 – Madeleine Martin, American television actress/voice actress
April 16 – Mirai Nagasu, Japanese-American figure skater
April 18 – Nathan Sykes, British Singer
April 25 – Shiloh, Canadian singer-songwriter
May 9 – Ryosuke Yamada, Japanese actor and singer
May 10 – Mirai Shida, Japanese actress
May 13 – Debby Ryan, American actress
May 14 – Miranda Cosgrove, American actress and singer
May 20 – Caroline Zhang, American figure skater
June 6 – Frida Gustavsson, Swedish model
June 7 – Jordan Fry, American actor
June 15 – Kanna Arihara, Japanese singer
June 26 – Ariana Grande, American actress
July 1 – Raini Rodriguez, American actress
July 26
* Taylor Momsen, American actress
* Elizabeth Gillies, American actress
August 1 – Leon Thomas III, American actor and singer
August 3 – Yurina Kumai, Japanese singer
August 5 – Suzuka Ohgo, Japanese child actress
August 11 – Alyson Stoner, American actress and dancer
August 12 – Ewa Farna, Polish singer
August 16 – Cameron Monaghan, American actor
August 17 – Sarah Sjöström, Swedish swimmer
August 19 – Mario Kovač, Serbian philosopher
August 26 – Keke Palmer, American actress and singer
September 1 – Ilona Mitrecey, French singer
September 23 – Cher Lloyd, The X Factor finalist
October 4 – Sam Earle, Canadian Actor
October 8
* Angus T. Jones, American actor
* Molly C. Quinn, American actress
October 9 – Scotty McCreery, American country singer
October 20 – David Bolarinwa, British sprinter.
October 29 – India Eisley, American actress
November 30 – Yuri Chinen, Japanese singer and actor
December 6 – Elián González, Cuban refugee
December 7 – Jasmine Villegas, American singer
December 8 – AnnaSophia Robb, American actress
December 22 – Aliana Lohan, American actress and singer
January 6
* Dizzy Gillespie, American jazz trumpeter, bandleader, and composer (b. 1917)
* Richard Mortensen, Danish painter (b. 1910)
* Rudolf Nureyev, Russian dancer (b. 1938)
January 15 – Sammy Cahn, American lyricist (b. 1913)
January 16 – Glenn Corbett, American actor (b. 1930)
January 18 – Eleanor Burford (Jean Plaidy, Elbur Ford, Kathleen Kellow, Ellalice Tate, Anna Percival, Victoria Holt, Philippa Carr), English writer (b. 1906)
January 20
* Kōbō Abe, Japanese author (b. 1924)
* Audrey Hepburn, Belgian born British-Dutch actress (b. 1929)
January 21 – Charlie Gehringer, American baseball player (b. 1903)
January 24
* Gustav Ernesaks, Estonian composer and a choir conductor (b. 1908)
* Thurgood Marshall, American jurist, First African-American on the Supreme Court (b. 1908)
January 26
* Robert Jacobsen Danish artist (b. 1912)
* Jeanne Sauvé, Canadian Governor General (b. 1922)
January 27 – André the Giant, French professional wrestler (b. 1946)
February 5
* Hans Jonas, German philosopher (b. 1903)
* Tip Tipping, British actor and stuntman (parachuting accident) (b. 1958)
* Joseph L. Mankiewicz, American screenwriter and producer (b. 1909)
February 6 – Arthur Ashe, American tennis player and civil activist (b. 1943)
February 8 – Roland Mousnier, French historian (b. 1907)
February 9 – Kate Wilkinson, American stage and television actress (b. 1916)
February 11 – Robert W. Holley, American biochemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1922)
February 18 – Kerry Von Erich, American professional wrestler (b. 1960)
February 20 – Ferruccio Lamborghini, Italian automobile manufacturer (b. 1916)
February 21
* Inge Lehmann, Danish seismologist (b. 1888)
* Dick White, British intelligence officer (b. 1906)
February 23
* Phillip Terry, American actor (b. 1909)
* Robert Triffin, Belgian economist (b. 1911)
February 24 – Bobby Moore, English footballer (b. 1941)
February 25 – Eddie Constantine, American-born French singer and actor (b. 1917)
February 26 – Beaumont Newhall, American curator (b. 1908)
February 27 – Lillian Gish, American actress (b. 1893)
February 28
* Ruby Keeler, American actress (b. 1909)
* Ishirō Honda, Japanese film director (b. 1911)
March 3 – Albert Sabin, American biologist, developer of the oral polio vaccine (b. 1906)
March 5 – Cyril Collard, French filmmaker (b. 1957)
March 8 – Billy Eckstine, American musician (b. 1914)
March 11 – Dino Bravo, Italian-Canadian pro wrestler (b. 1949)
March 13 – Ann Way, English actress (b. 1915)
March 16 – Ralph Fults, last of America's depression-era outlaws. (b. 1910)
March 17 – Helen Hayes, American actress (b. 1900)
March 20
* Polykarp Kusch, German-born physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1911)
* Paul László, Hungarian-born architect (b. 1900)
March 24 – John Hersey, American writer and journalist (b. 1914)
March 27 – Kate Reid, Canadian actress (b. 1930)
March 30 – Richard Diebenkorn, American painter (b. 1922)
March 31
* Brandon Lee, American actor (b. 1965)
* Mitchell Parish, American lyricist (b. 1900)
April 1 – Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona (b. 1913)
April 2 – Eugenie Leontovich, Russian-born actress (b. 1900)
April 3 – Pinky Lee, American comedian (b. 1907)
April 5 – Divya Bharti, Indian actress (b. 1974)
April 8 – Marian Anderson, American contralto (b. 1897)
April 10 – Donald Broadbent, British psychologist (b. 1926)
April 13 – Wallace Stegner, American writer (b. 1909)
April 15
* Leslie Charteris, British author (b. 1907)
* Robert Westall, British author (b. 1929)
April 17 – Turgut Özal, Turkish president and prime minister (b. 1927)
April 20 – Cantinflas, Mexican comedian (b. 1911)
April 23 – César Chávez, Mexican-American civil rights activist (b. 1927)
April 29
* Héctor Lavoe, Puerto Rican salsa singer (b. 1946)
* Mick Ronson, English rock guitarist (b. 1946)
May 1 – Pierre Bérégovoy, Prime Minister of France (b. 1925)
May 6 – Ann Todd, English actress (b. 1909)
May 7 – Mary Philbin, American actress (b. 1903)
May 8
* Avram Davidson, American writer (b. 1923)
* Alwin Nikolais, American choreographer (b. 1912)
May 14 – William Randolph Hearst, Jr., American businessman (b. 1908)
May 22 – Mieczysław Horszowski, Polish pianist (b. 1892)
May 30 – Sun Ra, American jazz musician (b. 1914)
June 2 – Tahar Djaout, Algerian writer (b. 1954)
June 5 – Conway Twitty, American musician (b. 1933)
June 6 – James Bridges, American screenwriter and director (b. 1936)
June 7 – Dražen Petrović, Croatian basketball Player (b. 1964)
June 9 – Alexis Smith, Canadian actress (b. 1921)
June 11 – Ray Sharkey, American actor (b. 1952)
June 13
* Deke Slayton, American astronaut (b. 1924)
* Gérard Côté, Canadian marathon runner (b. 1913)
June 15
* John Connally, American politician (b. 1917)
* James Hunt, British race car driver (b. 1947)
June 16 – Nicanor Zabaleta, Spanish harpist (b. 1907)
June 19
* William Golding, English writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1911)
* Szymon Goldberg, Polish-born violinist (b. 1909)
June 22 – Pat Nixon, First Lady of the United States (b. 1912)
June 24 – Archie Williams, American athlete (b. 1915)
June 26 – Roy Campanella, American baseball player (b. 1921)
June 28 – GG Allin, American punk singer (b. 1956)
June 30 – George McFarland, American actor (b. 1928)
July 2
* Fred Gwynne, American actor and comedian (b. 1926)
* Masuji Ibuse, Japanese writer (b. 1898)
July 3
* Don Drysdale, American baseball player (b. 1936)
* Curly Joe DeRita, American comedian (b. 1909)
July 4 – Anne Shirley, American actress (b. 1918)
July 7 – Mia Zapata, American punk musician (b. 1965)
July 13 – Davey Allison, American stock car driver (b. 1961)
July 14 – Léo Ferré, French poet and singer-songwriter (b. 1916)
July 15 – David Brian, American actor (b. 1914)
July 18 – Jean Negulesco, Romanian-born film director (b. 1900)
July 23 – James Jordan, father of basketball superstar, Michael Jordan (b. 1936)
July 24 – Rene Requiestas, Filipino comedian (b. 1957)
July 25
* Nan Grey, American actress (b. 1918)
* Cecilia Parker, American actress (b. 1914)
July 26 – Matthew Ridgway, United States Army General (b. 1895)
July 31 – Baudouin of Belgium, reigning King of Belgium (b. 1930)
August 3
* James Donald, Scottish actor (b. 1917)
* Theodore A. Parker III, American ornithologist (b. 1953)
August 5 – Eugen Suchoň, Slovak composer (b. 1908)
August 7 – Christopher Gillis, American dancer and choreographer (b. 1951)
August 10
* Øystein Aarseth, Norwegian black metal musician (b. 1968)
* Irene Sharaff, American costume designer (b. 1910)
August 16
* René Dreyfus French Grand Prix racing driver (b. 1905)
* Stewart Granger, Anglo-American actor (b. 1913)
August 20 – Bernard Delfgaauw, Dutch philosopher (b. 1912)
August 21 – Ichiro Fujiyama, Japanese composer and singer (b. 1911)
August 28 – E. P. Thompson, English historian and activist (b. 1924)
August 30 – Richard Jordan, American actor (b. 1937)
September 4 – Hervé Villechaize, French-born actor (b. 1943)
September 7 – Christian Metz, French film theorist (b. 1931)
September 9 – Helen O'Connell, American singer (b. 1920)
September 11 – Erich Leinsdorf, Austrian conductor (b. 1912)
September 12
* Raymond Burr, Canadian actor (b. 1917)
* Charles Lamont, Russian-born film director (b. 1895)
September 20 – Erich Hartmann, world's highest-scoring Fighter Ace (b. 1922)
September 22
* Maurice Abravanel, Greek-born conductor (b. 1903)
* Nina Berberova, Russian writer (b. 1901)
September 24 – Ian Stuart, singer for white power skinhead band Skrewdriver (b.1957)
September 27 – Jimmy Doolittle, American general (b. 1896)
September 28 – Alexander A. Drabik, American soldier (b. 1910)
October 5 – Agnes de Mille, American dancer and choreographer (b. 1905)
October 7 – Cyril Cusack, Irish actor (b. 1910)
October 12
* Leon Ames, American actor (b. 1903)
* Patrick Holt, English actor (b. 1912)
October 17 – Criss Oliva, American Musician (b. 1963)
October 21
* James Leo Herlihy, American novelist and playwright (b. 1927)
* Melchior Ndadaye, President of Burundi (b. 1953)
October 25
* Vincent Price, American actor (b. 1911)
* Danny Chan, Hong Konger singer (b. 1958)
October 26 – Harold Rome, American composer (b. 1908)
October 28 – Yuri Lotman, Russian formalist critic, semiotician, and culturologist (b. 1922)
October 31
* Federico Fellini, Italian film director (b. 1920)
* Paul Grégoire, archbishop of Montreal (b. 1911)
* River Phoenix, American actor (b. 1970)
November 1
* Severo Ochoa, Spanish-born biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1905)
* A. N. Sherwin-White, English historian of Ancient Rome (b. 1911)
November 3 – Léon Theremin, inventor of the theremin (b. 1896)
November 6 – Torsten Fenslau, German DJ and record producer (b. 1964)
November 10 – Wensley Pithey, South African actor (b. 1914)
November 12
* H. R. Haldeman, American political aide and businessman (b. 1926)
* Anna Sten, Ukrainian-born actress (b. 1908)
November 16 – Achille Zavatta, French circus artist (b. 1915)
November 18 – Fritz Feld, German actor (b. 1900)
November 19 – Leonid Gaidai, Soviet comedy director (b. 1923)
November 20 – Emile Ardolino, American film director (b. 1943)
November 21 – Bill Bixby, American actor (b. 1934)
November 22 – Anthony Burgess, English author (b. 1917)
November 28
* Kenneth Connor English comedian (b. 1916)
* Garry Moore, American television host and comedian (b. 1915)
November 29 – J. R. D. Tata, Indian aviator and businessman (b. 1904)
December 2 – Pablo Escobar, Colombian drug lord (b. 1949)
December 3 – Lewis Thomas, American physician and essayist (b. 1913)
December 4 – Frank Zappa, American guitarist and composer (b. 1940)
December 5
* Doug Hopkins, American musician (b. 1961)
* Alexandre Trauner, Hungarian set designer (b. 1906)
December 6 – Don Ameche, American actor (b. 1908)
December 7
* Wolfgang Paul, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1913)
* Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Ivoirian president (b. 1905)
December 13 – József Antall, Hungarian Prime Minister (b. 1932)
December 14 – Myrna Loy, American actress (b. 1905)
December 15 – Evelyn Venable, American actress (b. 1913)
December 16
* Charles Willard Moore, American architect (b. 1926)
* Kakuei Tanaka, Japanese Prime Minister (b. 1918)
December 17
* Moses Gunn, American actor (b. 1929)
* Janet Margolin, American actress (b. 1943)
December 18
* Charizma, American hip hop artist (b. 1973)
* Sam Wanamaker, American film director and actor (b. 1919)
December 22
* Don DeFore, American actor (b. 1917)
* Alexander Mackendrick, British-American film director (b. 1912)
December 24 – Norman Vincent Peale, American preacher and writer (b. 1898)
December 25 – Pierre Victor Auger, French physicist (b. 1899)
December 28 – William L. Shirer, American journalist and historian (b. 1904)
December 31
* Zviad Gamsakhurdia, President of Georgia (b. 1939)
* Brandon Teena, American transman (b. 1972)
Chemistry – Kary Mullis, Michael Smith
Economics – Robert W. Fogel, Douglass C. North
Literature – Toni Morrison
Peace – Nelson Mandela and Frederik Willem de Klerk
Physics – Russell Alan Hulse, Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.
Physiology or Medicine – Richard J. Roberts, Philip Allen Sharp
Charles Colson
Events
January
February
March
April
April – The Kuwaiti government claims to uncover an Iraqi assassination plot against former U.S. President George H.W. Bush shortly after his visit to Kuwait. Two Iraqi nationals confess to driving a car-bomb into Kuwait on behalf of the Iraqi Intelligence Service.
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Date unknown
Births
January
February
March–April
May
June
July–August
September–November
December
Deaths
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Nobel Prizes
Templeton Prize
References
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| Coordinates | 56°09′″N40°25′″N |
|---|---|
| Name | Janet Jackson |
| Background | solo_singer |
| Birth name | Janet Damita Jo Jackson |
| Born | May 16, 1966Gary, Indiana, United States |
| Genre | R&B;, pop, dance |
| Occupation | Singer-songwriter, dancer, record producer, actress, film producer, author |
| Instrument | Vocals, keyboards |
| Years active | 1973–present |
| Label | A&M;, Virgin, Island |
| Website | |
| Associated acts | }} |
After signing a recording contract with A&M; in 1982, she became a pop icon following the release of her third studio album ''Control'' (1986). Her collaborations with record producers Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis incorporated elements of rhythm and blues, funk, disco, rap, and industrial beats, which led to crossover appeal in popular music. In addition to receiving recognition for the innovation in her records, choreography, music videos, and prominence on radio airplay and MTV, she was acknowledged as a role model for her socially conscious lyrics.
In 1991, she signed the first of two record-breaking, multi-million dollar contracts with Virgin Records, establishing her as one of the highest paid artists in the industry. Her debut album under the label, ''Janet'' (1993), saw her develop a public image as a sex symbol as she began to explore sexuality in her work. That same year, she appeared in her first starring film role in ''Poetic Justice''; since then she has continued to act in feature films. By the end of the 1990s, she was named the second most successful recording artist of the decade. She has amassed an extensive catalog of hits, with singles such as "Nasty", "Rhythm Nation", "That's the Way Love Goes", "Together Again" and "All for You" among her most iconic.
Having sold over 100 million records, she is ranked as one of the best-selling artists in the history of contemporary music. The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) lists her as the eleventh best-selling female artist in the United States, with 26 million certified albums. In 2008, ''Billboard'' magazine released its list of the Hot 100 All-Time Top Artists, ranking her at number seven. In 2010, the magazine announced the "Top 50 R&B; / Hip-Hop Artists of the Past 25 Years", ranking her at number five. One of the world's most awarded artists, her longevity, records and achievements reflect her influence in shaping and redefining the scope of popular music. She has been cited as an inspiration among numerous performers.
Life and career
1966–82: Childhood and television work
Janet Jackson was born in Gary, Indiana, the youngest of ten children, to Katherine Esther (née Scruse) and Joseph Walter Jackson. The Jacksons were lower-middle class and devout Jehovah's Witnesses; Jackson stated that although she was raised as a Jehovah's Witness, she eventually stopped practicing organized religion and views her relationship with God as "one-on-one". By the time Jackson was a toddler, her older brothers—Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, Marlon and Michael—were performing music at nightclubs and theaters as The Jackson 5. In March 1969, the group signed a record deal with Motown, and by the end of the year they had recorded the first of four consecutive number one singles. The Jackson 5's success allowed the family to move to the Encino neighborhood of Los Angeles in 1971, where they settled in a gated mansion called Hayvenhurst. Although born into a family of professional musicians, Jackson, whose love of horses resulted in a desire to become a race-horse jockey, had no aspiration to become an entertainer. Despite this, her father planned for her to pursue a career in entertainment. She once commented, "No one ever asked me if I wanted to go into show business ... it was expected."In 1973, at the age of seven, Jackson appeared on stage in Las Vegas Strip with her siblings in a routine show at the MGM Casino. Jane Cornwell documented in her biography of the singer, ''Janet Jackson'' (2002), that at age eight, her father Joseph told her not to call him "Dad" anymore since he was her manager; he told her she would henceforth address him as "Joseph". She began her career as an actress with the debut of the CBS variety show ''The Jacksons'' (1976), in which she appeared with her siblings Tito, Rebbie, Randy, Michael, Marlon, La Toya and Jackie. In 1977, she was selected by producer Norman Lear to play a recurring role as Penny Gordon Woods in the sitcom ''Good Times''. From 1979 to 1980, she starred in ''A New Kind of Family'' as Jojo Ashton, and then joined the cast of ''Diff'rent Strokes'', portraying Charlene Duprey from 1981 to 1982. She played a recurring role during the fourth season of the television series ''Fame'' as Cleo Hewitt, though she later commented that the series was not a project she enjoyed working on.
1982–85: Early recordings
Although Jackson was initially apprehensive about starting a music career, she agreed to participate in recording sessions with her family. The first of these, a duet with her brother Randy titled "Love Song for Kids", took place in 1978. When she was sixteen, her father arranged a contract for her with A&M; Records. Her debut album, ''Janet Jackson'', produced by soul singers Angela Winbush, René Moore and Leon F. Sylvers III, was released in 1982, the entire production of which was overseen by her father Joseph. It peaked at number six on the ''Billboard'' Hot R&B; albums chart.Jackson's second album, ''Dream Street'', was released two years later. Her father recruited her brothers to help produce the album: Marlon co-wrote two of the album's tracks, while Tito, Jackie and Michael provided background vocals. ''Dream Street'' reached number nineteen on the R&B; albums chart; its sales were less than that of her debut album. The album's only hit, "Don't Stand Another Chance", peaked at number nine on ''Billboard''s R&B; singles chart. In late 1984, Jackson eloped with childhood friend and fellow R&B; singer James DeBarge. They divorced shortly afterwards, and the marriage was annulled in mid-1985. In 1985 Jackson joined her sister, La Toya, as a chorist under La Toya's number "Baby Sister" at the Yamaha Music Festival where they ended up with a silver medallion and an "Outstanding Song Award".
1986–88: ''Control''
Following the release of ''Dream Street'', Jackson decided to separate her business affairs from her family. She later commented, "I just wanted to get out of the house, get out from under my father, which was one of the most difficult things that I had to do, telling him that I didn't want to work with him again." A&M; Records executive John McClain hired producers Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis to work with her. Within six weeks, Jackson, Jam and Lewis crafted her third studio album, ''Control''. Jackson recalled that during the recording of the album, she was threatened by a group of men outside of her hotel in Minneapolis. She stated that "[t]he danger hit home when a couple of guys started stalking me on the street ... Instead of running to Jimmy or Terry for protection, I took a stand. I backed them down. That's how songs like 'Nasty' and 'What Have You Done for Me Lately' were born, out of a sense of self-defense."
Though Jam and Lewis were concerned with achieving cross-over appeal, their primary goal was to create a strong following for the singer within the African American community first. Jam commented, "[w]e wanted to do an album that would be in every black home in America ... we were going for ''the'' black album of all time." ''Los Angeles Times'' critic Connie Johnson wrote: "Though still a teen-ager, this singer's stance is remarkably nervy and mature. She has a snotty sort of assurance that permeates several cuts, plus the musical muscle to back it up." The ''Newsweek'' review of ''Control'' noted that the album was "an alternative to the sentimental balladry and opulent arrangements of Patti LaBelle and Whitney Houston." Rob Hoerburger of ''Rolling Stone'' asserted, "''Control'' is a better album than Diana Ross has made in five years and puts Janet in a position similar to the young Donna Summer's—unwilling to accept novelty status and taking her own steps to rise above it." Five of the album's singles—"What Have You Done for Me Lately", "Nasty", "When I Think of You", "Control", and "Let's Wait Awhile"—peaked within the top 5 of the ''Billboard'' Hot 100. "When I Think of You" became Jackson's first single to peak at number one. "The Pleasure Principle" became a top 20 hit, peaking at number fourteen. Most of the ''Control'' music videos were choreographed by a then-unknown Paula Abdul. Jonathan Cohen of ''Billboard'' magazine commented "[Jackson's] accessible sound and spectacularly choreographed videos were irresistible to MTV, and helped the channel evolve from rock programming to a broader, beat-driven musical mix."
''Control'' was certified five times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America, and has sold over fourteen million copies worldwide. It won four American Music Awards, from twelve nominations—a record that has yet to be broken—and was nominated for Album of the Year at the 1987 Grammy Awards. Musicologist Richard J. Ripani Ph.D., author of ''The New Blue Music: Changes in Rhythm & Blues, 1950–1999'' (2006), observed that the album was one of the first successful records to influence the rise of new jack swing by creating a fusion of R&B;, rap, funk, disco and synthesized percussion. The success of ''Control'', according to Ripani, bridged the gap between R&B; and rap music.
1989–92: ''Janet Jackson's Rhythm Nation 1814''
In September 1989, Jackson released her fourth album, ''Janet Jackson's Rhythm Nation 1814''. Though executives at A&M; wanted an album similar to ''Control'', she was determined to imbue her music with a socially conscious message that complimented her songs about love and relationships. She stated, "I'm not naive—I know an album or a song can't change the world. I just want my music and my dance to catch the audience's attention, and to hold it long enough for them to listen to the lyrics and what we're saying." Producer Jimmy Jam told ''The Boston Globe'', "We would always have a TV turned on, usually to CNN ... And I think the social slant of songs like Rhythm Nation, State of the World and The Knowledge came from that." ''Rolling Stone'' magazine's Vince Aletti observed Jackson shifted from "personal freedom to more universal concerns—injustice, illiteracy, crime, drugs—without missing a beat."
Peaking at number one on the ''Billboard'' 200, the album was later certified six times platinum and eventually sold over fourteen million copies worldwide. The release became the only album in history to produce number one hits on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 in three separate calendar years—"Miss You Much" in 1989, "Escapade" and "Black Cat" in 1990, and "Love Will Never Do (Without You)" in 1991—and the only album in the history of the Hot 100 to have seven top 5 hit singles. The corresponding music video for "Rhythm Nation" won the 1989 Grammy Award for Best Long Form Music Video. ''Billboard'' named ''Rhythm Nation 1814'' the number-one selling album of the year in 1990, winning multiple music awards. The Rhythm Nation World Tour, Jackson's first world tour in support of a studio album, became the most successful debut tour by any recording artist. As Jackson began her tour, she was acknowledged for the cultural impact of her music. Joel Selvin of the ''San Francisco Chronicle'' wrote "the 23-year-old has been making smash hit records for four years, becoming a fixture on MTV and a major role model to teenage girls across the country", and William Allen, then-executive vice president of the United Negro College Fund, told the ''Los Angeles Times'', "Jackson is a role model for all young people to emulate and the message she has gotten to the young people of this country through the lyrics of 'Rhythm Nation 1814' is having positive effects." She established the "Rhythm Nation Scholarship" as a joint venture with the United Negro College Fund, as well as donating funds from her concert tour to other educational programs, raising over $1/2 million dollars to fund educational projects. ''Routledge International Encyclopedia of Women: Global Women's Issues and Knowledge'' (2000) documented that Jackson's success during this time period placed her on par with several other recording artists, including her older brother Michael Jackson, Madonna and Tina Turner.
With the release of ''Rhythm Nation 1814'', Jackson fulfilled her contract with A&M; Records. In 1991, after being approached personally by Virgin Records owner Richard Branson, she signed a highly publicized multi-million dollar contract with the label. The contract value, estimated between $32–50 million, made her the highest paid recording artist in contemporary music, until her brother Michael signed a $65 million dollar contract with Sony only a few days later. ''Ebony'' reported: "No individual or group has impacted the world of entertainment as have Michael and Janet Jackson, who both signed multimillion dollar contracts in recent months ... There are many imitators, but few can match Michael and Janet's stunning style and dexterity." Her reputation as a fashion icon also garnered recognition, in that "[a]s Janet was entertaining 2 million fans during her triumphant Rhythm Nation tour, hoards of teen girls were imitating her distinctive look—black quasi-military long jackets, black tight-tight pants, and big white shirts." That same year, she secretly entered into her second marriage with long-term friend—dancer, songwriter and director René Elizondo, Jr. In early 1992, Jackson recorded a song entitled "The Best Things in Life Are Free" with Luther Vandross, featuring Bell Biv DeVoe and Ralph Tresvant, for the ''Mo' Money'' film soundtrack.
1993–96: ''Janet'', ''Poetic Justice'' and ''Design of a Decade 1986/1996''
In August 1992, after completing work on ''Poetic Justice'', Jackson set out to plan on recording her first album for Virgin Records. Recording sessions for the album began in September 1992, commencing in the first quarter of 1993. In May 1993, Jackson's fifth studio album ''Janet'', was released and debuted at number one on the ''Billboard'' 200. She commented, "[c]ertain people feel I'm just riding on my last name ... That's why I just put my first name on ''janet.'' and why I never asked my brothers to write or produce music for me." ''Billboard'' magazine's Larry Flick noted she "also broadens her musical scope on 'janet.' by layering deep house, swing jazz, hip hop, rock, and Caribbean elements on top of a radio-minded jack/funk foundation." ''Rolling Stone'' wrote: "As princess of America's black royal family, everything Janet Jackson does is important. Whether proclaiming herself in charge of her life, as she did on ''Control'' (1986), or commander in chief of a rhythm army dancing to fight society's problems (''Rhythm Nation 1814'', from 1989), she's influential. And when she announces her sexual maturity, as she does on her new album, ''Janet.'', it's a cultural moment." ''The New Rolling Stone Album Guide'' (2004) commented that the album's number one hit single "That's the Way Love Goes"—winner of the 1994 Grammy Award for Best R&B; Song—and the top 10 singles "If", "Because of Love", "You Want This", and "Any Time, Any Place", all contained "grown-up desires". ''Janet'' was certified six times platinum by the RIAA, with worldwide sales exceeding twenty million copies.In July 1993, Jackson made her film debut in ''Poetic Justice''. ''Rolling Stone'' described her performance as "a beguiling film debut" despite her inexperience, while ''The Washington Post'' considered her "believably eccentric". Several reviews were also negative, as Owen Gleiberman of ''Entertainment Weekly'' noted she "isn't an inept actress, yet there are no more edges to her personality than there are to her plastic Kewpie-doll visage." Jackson's ballad "Again" was featured in the film, and she received her first Golden Globe and Academy Award nominations for Best Original Song. In September 1993, Jackson appeared topless on the cover of ''Rolling Stone'' magazine with the hands of her then-husband René Elizondo, Jr. covering her breasts. The photograph is the original full-length version of the cropped image used on the cover of the ''Janet'' album, shot by Patrick Demarchelier. Sonia Murray of ''The Vancouver Sun'' later reported, "Jackson, 27, remains clearly established as both role model and sex symbol; the ''Rolling Stone'' photo of Jackson ... became one of the most recognizable, and most lampooned, magazine covers of the year." David Ritz likened her transformation to Marvin Gaye, stating "[j]ust as Gaye moved from ''What's Going On'' to ''Let's Get It On'', from the austere to the ecstatic, Janet, every bit as serious-minded as Marvin, moved from ''Rhythm Nation'' to ''janet.'', her statement of sexual liberation." Her second world tour—the Janet World Tour—garnered critical acclaim as Michael Snyder of the ''San Francisco Chronicle'' described Jackson's stage performance as erasing the line between "stadium-size pop music concerts and full-scale theatrical extravaganzas."
During this time period, her brother Michael was immersed in a child sex abuse scandal, of which he denied any wrongdoing. She gave moral support to her brother, and denied allegations made by her sister La Toya in her book ''La Toya: Growing Up in the Jackson Family'' (1991) that their parents had abused her and her siblings as children. In an interview with Lynn Norment of ''Ebony'', she commented on her sister's then-estrangement from the family, stating, "her [husband Jack Gordon] has ... brainwashed her so much she keeps herself away from us." In addition, she criticized her brother Jermaine for attacking Michael in his 1991 single "Word to the Badd". In December 1994, she collaborated with her brother Michael on "Scream", the lead single from his 1995 album ''HIStory'', which was written by both siblings as a response to the media scrutiny he suffered from being accused of child sexual abuse. The song debuted at number five on the Hot 100 singles chart, becoming the first song ever to debut in the top 5. "Scream" is featured in the ''Guinness Book of Records'' as the "Most Expensive Music Video Ever Made" at a cost of $7 million, which was filmed in May 1995. Jackson and her brother won the 1995 Grammy Award for Best Short Form Music Video for "Scream".
In October 1995, Jackson's first compilation album, ''Design of a Decade 1986/1996'', was released via A&M; Records. It debuted at number four and peaked at number three on the ''Billboard'' 200. The lead single "Runaway" became the first song by a female artist to debut within the top ten of the Hot 100, which eventually peaked at number three. ''Design of a Decade 1986/1996'' was certified two times platinum by the RIAA and sold over four million copies worldwide. Jackson's influence in popular music continued to garner recognition, as Steve Morse of ''The Boston Globe'' remarked: "If you're talking about the female power elite in pop, you can't get much higher than Janet Jackson, Bonnie Raitt, Madonna and Yoko Ono. Their collective influence ... is beyond measure. And who could dispute that Janet Jackson now has more credibility than brother Michael?" In January 1996, Jackson renewed her contract with Virgin Records for a reported $80 million dollars. The contract established her as the then-highest paid recording artist in contemporary music, surpassing the recording industry's then-unparalleled $60 million dollar contracts earned by her brother, Michael Jackson, and Madonna.
1997–99: ''The Velvet Rope''
During the two year period prior to the release of her sixth studio album, ''The Velvet Rope'', Jackson reportedly suffered from depression and anxiety. Michael Saunders of ''The Boston Globe'' considered the album to be an introspective look into her bout with depression, describing it as a "critical self-examination and an audio journal of a woman's road to self-discovery." ''The Velvet Rope'' also introduced sadomasochism into Jackson's music. Eric Henderson of Slant Magazine wrote, "''The Velvet Rope'' is a richly dark masterwork that illustrates that, amid the whips and chains, there is nothing sexier than emotional nakedness." Larry Flick of ''Billboard'' called ''The Velvet Rope'' "[t]he best American album of the year and the most empowering of her last five." Released in October 1997, ''The Velvet Rope'' debuted at number one on the ''Billboard'' 200. In August, 1997 the album's lead single, "Got 'til It's Gone", was released to radio, peaking at number 12 on the ''Billboard'' Rhythmic Airplay Chart. The single sampled the Joni Mitchell song "Big Yellow Taxi", and featured a cameo appearance by rapper Q-Tip. "Got 'til It's Gone" won the 1997 Grammy Award for Best Short Form Music Video. The album's second single "Together Again", became her eighth number one hit on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 singles chart, and placing her on par with Elton John, Diana Ross, and The Rolling Stones. The single spent a record 46 weeks on the Hot 100, as well as spending 19 weeks on the UK singles chart. "I Get Lonely" peaked at number three on the Hot 100. ''The Velvet Rope'' sold over ten million albums worldwide and was certified three times platinum by the RIAA.Jackson donated a portion of the proceeds earned from "Together Again" to the American Foundation for AIDS Research. Neil McCormick of ''The Daily Telegraph'' observed, "[Jackson] even makes a bid for gay icon status, delivering a diva-ish performance reminiscent of Diana Ross on 'Together Again' (a post-Aids pop song), singing a paean to homosexuality on the jazzy 'Free Xone' and climaxing (if that's the right word) with a bizarre lesbian reinterpretation of Rod Stewart's 'Tonight's the Night'." ''Rolling Stone'' regarded "Free Xone" as the album's "best song", describing it as an "anti-homophobia track [which] shifts moods and tempos on a dime, segueing from a Prince-like jam to a masterful sample from Archie Bell and the Drells' 'Tighten Up'." ''The Velvet Rope'' was honored by the National Black Lesbian and Gay Leadership Forum, and received the award for Outstanding Music Album at the 9th Annual GLAAD Media Awards.
In 1998, Jackson began The Velvet Rope World Tour, an international trek that included Europe, North America, Africa, Asia, New Zealand and Australia. Robert Hilburn of ''The Los Angeles Times'' reported, "[t]here is so much of the ambition and glamour of a Broadway musical in Janet Jackson's new Velvet Rope tour that it's only fitting that the concert program credits her as the show's 'creator and director'." Her HBO special, ''The Velvet Rope: Live in Madison Square Garden'', was watched by more than fifteen million viewers. The two hour concert beat the ratings of all four major networks in homes that were subscribed to HBO. The HBO concert special was awarded four Emmy nominations including one win. Jackson donated a portion of her concert ticket sales to America's Promise, a non-profit organization designed by Colin Powell to assist disenfranchised youth.
The following month, Jackson separated from Elizondo Jr. As her world tour came to a close in 1999, Jackson lent guest vocals to a number of songs by other artists, including Shaggy's "Luv Me, Luv Me", for the soundtrack to ''How Stella Got Her Groove Back'', "God's Stepchild" from the ''Down on the Delta'' soundtrack, "Girlfriend/Boyfriend" with BLACKstreet, and "What's It Gonna Be?!" with Busta Rhymes. She also performed a duet with Elton John for the song "I Know the Truth". At the 1999 World Music Awards, Jackson received the Legend Award alongside Cher for "lifelong contribution to the music industry and outstanding contribution to the pop industry." As 1999 ended, ''Billboard'' magazine ranked Jackson as the second most successful artist of the decade, behind Mariah Carey.
2000–03: ''Nutty Professor II: The Klumps'' and ''All for You''
In July 2000, Jackson appeared in her second film, ''Nutty Professor II: The Klumps'', as Professor Denise Gaines, opposite Eddie Murphy. The film became her second to open at number one at the box office, grossing an estimated $42.7 million dollars in its opening weekend. Her contribution to the film's soundtrack, "Doesn't Really Matter", became her ninth number one ''Billboard'' Hot 100 single. In the same year, Jackson's husband filed for divorce. Jeff Gordinier of ''Entertainment Weekly'' reported that for eight of the thirteen years she and Elizondo had known one another, "[they] were married—a fact they managed to hide not only from the international press but from Jackson's own father." Elizondo filed a multi-million dollar lawsuit against her, estimated between $10–25 million; they did not reach a settlement until 2003.Jackson was awarded the American Music Awards' Award of Merit in March 2001 for "her finely crafted, critically acclaimed and socially conscious, multi-platinum albums." She became the inaugural honoree of the "mtvICON" award, "an annual recognition of artists who have made significant contributions to music, music video and pop culture while tremendously impacting the MTV generation." Jackson's seventh album, ''All for You'', was released in April 2001, debuting at number one on the ''Billboard'' 200. Selling 605,000 copies, ''All for You'' had the highest first-week sales total of her career. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic stated "[Jackson's] created a record that's luxurious and sensual, spreading leisurely over its 70 minutes, luring you in even when you know better", and Jon Pareles of ''The New York Times'' commented, "[a]s other rhythm and blues strips down to match the angularity of hip-hop, Ms. Jackson luxuriates in textures as dizzying as a new infatuation."
The album's title-track, "All for You", debuted on the Hot 100 at number fourteen, the highest debut ever for a single that was not commercially available. Teri VanHorn of MTV dubbed Jackson "Queen of Radio" as the single made radio airplay history, "[being] added to every pop, rhythmic and urban radio station that reports to the national trade magazine Radio & Records" in its first week. The single peaked at number one, where it topped the Hot 100 for seven weeks. It received the 2001 Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording. The second single, "Someone to Call My Lover", which contained a heavy guitar loop of America's "Ventura Highway", peaked at number three on the Hot 100. ''All for You'' was certified double platinum by the RIAA and sold more than nine million copies worldwide.
Jackson's All for You Tour began in July, 2001. ''Los Angeles Times''' pop music critic Robert Hilburn gave a negative review of the concert tour, comparing it unfavorably to Madonna's Drowned World Tour and Britney Spears' Dream Within a Dream Tour. Hilburn remarked: "At 35, Jackson is only eight years younger than Madonna, but her presentation feels more akin to Britney Spears'. Madonna knows how to dig beneath the surface; Jackson lives on it." Hilburns' review sparked backlash from those who felt Jackson gave the superior performance. David Massey commented that "Janet outdid the Material Girl by a mile ... And the gall to bring Britney Spears' name into the picture by saying Janet's show is like Britney's? Hello, it's the other way around!" Similarly, Rudy Scalese complimented Jackson's performance, stating: "Janet Jackson hasn't skipped a beat. She is still the Queen of Pop." Jackson donated a portion of the proceeds from the tour's ticket sales to the Boys & Girls Clubs of America, with President Roxanne Spillett stating, "[t]he increased awareness she will bring to our cause, along with her generous financial contribution, will help us reach an even greater number of young people in search of hope and opportunity."
In 2002, Jackson collaborated with reggae singer Beenie Man on the song "Feel It Boy". She later admitted regret over the collaboration after discovering Beenie Man's music often contained homophobic lyrics, and soon issued an apology to her gay fans in an article published in ''The Voice''. Jackson also began her relationship with record producer Jermaine Dupri that same year.
2004–05: Super Bowl XXXVIII and ''Damita Jo''
For the Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show in February 2004, Jackson performed a medley of her singles "All for You" and "Rhythm Nation"; she then performed alongside Justin Timberlake. As Timberlake sang the lyric "gonna have you naked by the end of this song" from his single "Rock Your Body", he tore open her top, exposing her right breast. After the performance, Jackson apologized, calling it an accident, and said that Timberlake was supposed to pull away the bustier and leave the red-lace bra intact. She further commented, "I am really sorry if I offended anyone. That was truly not my intention ... MTV, CBS, the NFL had no knowledge of this whatsoever, and unfortunately, the whole thing went wrong in the end." Timberlake also issued an apology, calling the accident a "wardrobe malfunction". ''TIME'' reported that the incident became the most replayed moment in TiVo history and Monte Burke of ''Forbes'' magazine reported "[t]he fleeting moment enticed an estimated 35,000 new [TiVo] subscribers to sign up." Jackson was later listed in the 2007 edition of ''Guinness World Records'' as "Most Searched in Internet History" and the "Most Searched for News Item". CBS, the NFL, and MTV (CBS's sister network, which produced the halftime show), denied any knowledge of, and all responsibility for, the incident. Still, the Federal Communications Commission continued an investigation, ultimately losing its appeal for a $550,000 fine against CBS.
As a result of the incident, CBS would only allow Jackson and Timberlake to appear during the 46th Grammy Awards ceremony if they each made a public apology to the network, without attributing the incident to a "wardrobe malfunction". Timberlake issued an apology, but Jackson refused. Jermaine Dupri resigned from his position on the Grammy Awards committee as a result. The controversy halted plans for Jackson to star in a made-for-TV biopic on the life on singer Lena Horne for ABC-TV. Though Horne was reportedly displeased by the Super Bowl incident and insisted that ABC pull Jackson from the project, according to Jackson's representatives, she withdrew from the project willingly.
In March 2004, Jackson's eighth studio album, ''Damita Jo'' (Jackson's middle name), was released debuting at number two on the ''Billboard'' 200. Allmusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine referred to the album as "the aural equivalent of hardcore pornography—it leaves nothing to the imagination and it's endlessly repetitive." Alternatively, a review by Ann Powers of ''Blender'' magazine asserted: "Artfully structured, unapologetically explicit, ''Damita Jo'' is erotica at its friendliest and most well-balanced. This hour-plus of Tantric flow even erases the memory of Jackson’s clunky Super Bowl breast-baring." By the end of the month it was certified platinum by the RIAA, and eventually sold over three million albums worldwide. Although the album debuted at number two, its four singles all failed to become top 40 hits. Keith Caulfield of ''Billboard'' commented, "[f]or a singles artist like Jackson, who has racked up 27 top 10 Hot 100 singles in her career, including 10 No. 1s, this could probably be considered a disappointment."
Jackson appeared as a host of ''Saturday Night Live'' on April 10, 2004 and also appeared as a guest star on the television sitcom ''Will & Grace'' portraying herself. In November 2004, Jackson was honored as an African-American role model by 100 Black Men of America, Inc., who presented her with the "organization's Artistic Achievement Award saluting 'a career that has gone from success to greater success'." Though the ''New York Amsterdam News'' reported "[t]here were a number of attendees who expressed dismay over presenting an award to the 38-year-old performer" because of the Super Bowl incident, the organization's President Paul Williams responded, "[a]n individual's worth can't be judged by a single moment in that person's life." In June 2005, she was honored with a Humanitarian Award by the Human Rights Campaign and AIDS Project Los Angeles, in recognition of her work and involvement in raising money for AIDS charities.
2006–07: ''20 Y.O.'' and ''Why Did I Get Married?''
To promote her ninth studio album, ''20 Y.O.'', Jackson appeared on the cover of ''Us Weekly'' in June 2006, which became one of the magazine's best-selling issues. Virgin Records released ''20 Y.O.'' in September 2006, which debuted at number two on the ''Billboard'' 200. Janine Coveney of ''Billboard'' reported the album title, ''20 Years Old'', represents "a celebration of the joyful liberation and history-making musical style of her 1986 breakthrough album, ''Control''." ''Rolling Stone'' magazine's Evan Serpick remarked "[t]he title of Janet Jackson's latest album refers to the two decades since she released her breakthrough, ''Control'', with hits like 'Nasty' and 'What Have You Done for Me Lately.' If we were her, we wouldn't make the comparison." However, Glenn Gamboa of ''Newsday'' gave the album a positive rating, stating that "[o]n '20 Y.O.' she skips all that drama of breaking free and asserting herself. She also keeps most of the tie-me-up, tie-me-down sexual raunch of her recent albums in the closet. This album is all about dancing and returning to her R&B; roots."The album's lead single "Call on Me", a duet with rapper Nelly, peaked at number twenty-five on the Hot 100. ''20 Y.O.'' was certified platinum by the RIAA and sold 679,000 copies in the U.S. and 1.2 million worldwide. ''Billboard'' magazine reported the release of ''20 Y.O.'' satisfied Jackson's contract with Virgin Records; Jermaine Dupri, who co-produced ''20 Y.O.'', left his position as head of urban music at Virgin following the "disappointing performance" of Jackson's album.
In January 2007, Jackson was ranked the seventh richest woman in the entertainment business by ''Forbes'' magazine, having amassed a fortune of over $150 million. Later that year, she starred opposite Tyler Perry as a psychotherapist named Patrica in the feature film ''Why Did I Get Married?''. It became her third consecutive film to open at number one at the box office, grossing $21.4 million in its first week. ''Variety'' magazine's Ronnie Scheib described Jackson's performance as charming, yet bland, while Wesley Morris of ''The Boston Globe'' commented that Jackson portrayed her character with "soft authority". In February 2008, Jackson won the NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture for her role.
2008–09: ''Discipline'', death of Michael Jackson and ''Number Ones''
In July 2007, Jackson changed labels and signed a record contract with Island Records. Her tenth studio album, ''Discipline'', was released in February 2008, debuting on the ''Billboard'' 200 at number one. Margeaux Watson of ''Entertainment Weekly'' remarked, "her boy-crazy lyrics—which often sound like the cheesy text messages of a lovesick adolescent—certainly lack the flavor needed to put this once-celebrated pop star back on top of critics' lists." Andy Kellman of Allmusic expressed: "Janet probably won't hit that late-'80s peak again, but that is no excuse to write her off." Her single, "Feedback", peaked at number nineteen on the Hot 100. In April 2008, Jackson received the Vanguard Award at the 19th Annual GLAAD Media Awards, honoring her contributions in promoting equal rights for LGBT people. GLAAD President Neil G. Giuliano commented, "Ms. Jackson has a tremendous following inside the LGBT community and out, and having her stand with us against the defamation that LGBT people still face in our country is extremely significant." Jackson's fifth concert tour—the Rock Witchu Tour—began in September 2008. That same month, she and her record label parted ways through mutual agreement. Rodney 'Darkchild' Jerkins, who produced the album expressed, "I felt like it wasn't pushed correctly ... She just didn't get her just-do as an artist of that magnitude." In the fourteen months she was associated with Island, her record had sold 449,000 copies and did not receive RIAA certification. ''Billboard'' reported that because of Jackson's dissatisfaction with her album's promotion, "the label agreed to dissolve their relationship with the artist at her request."In June 2009, Jackson's brother Michael died at age 50. At the 2009 BET Awards, she spoke publicly for the first time concerning his death, stating "I'd just like to say, to you, Michael is an icon, to us, Michael is family. And he will forever live in all of our hearts. On behalf of my family and myself, thank you for all of your love, thank you for all of your support. We miss him so much." In an exclusive interview with ''Harper's Bazaar'', she revealed she had first learned of her brother's death while filming on location in Atlanta for ''Why Did I Get Married Too?''. Amidst the public and private mourning with her family, she focused on work to deal with the grief, avoiding any news coverage of her sibling's death; she stated "[i]t's still important to face reality, and not that I'm running, but sometimes you just need to get away for a second." During this time, she also ended her seven year relationship with Jermaine Dupri. In September 2009, she performed "Scream" at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards as part of a tribute to Michael. MTV General Manager Stephen Friedman stated: "We felt there was no one better than Janet to anchor it and send a really powerful message." She worked with several world renowned choreographers, with her personal creative director, Gil Duldulao, coordinating the performance. It was lauded by several critics and Michael Slezak of ''Entertainment Weekly'' commented, "[s]he worked that stage harder than an underpaid assistant doin’ overtime, and as tributes go, this was as energetic as it was heartfelt."
Her single, "Make Me", was released following the VMA performance initially as an audio stream on her official web site, and was later made available for digital download. Soon after its release, the single became Jackson's 19th number one Hot Dance Club Songs chart. Later that month, Jackson chaired the inaugural benefit of amfAR, The Foundation for AIDS Research, held in Milan in conjunction with fashion week. CEO Kevin Robert Frost commented, "[w]e are profoundly grateful to Janet Jackson for joining amfAR as a chair of its first event in Milan ... She brings incomparable grace and a history of dedication to the fight against AIDS." One of the signature pieces sold for the auction was a pair of crystal-studded boots her brother Michael had intended to wear for the This Is It concert tour, which sold for $14,650. The event raised a total of $1.1 million for the nonprofit organization. She stated, "I'd just like to thank everyone here in the global fashion community who've done so much to help amfAR and to support HIV/AIDS research." Her second greatest hits compilation, ''Number Ones''—titled ''The Best'' outside of the United States—was released in November, 2009 as a joint venture between Universal Music Enterprises (UMe) and EMI Music. It debuted at number twenty-two on the ''Billboard'' 200, selling 37,000 copies in its first week of release. She performed as the opening act for the 37th annual American Music Awards and as one of the performing acts of the Capital FM December 2009 Jingle Bell Ball at the London O2 arena.
2010–present: ''Why Did I Get Married Too?'', ''For Colored Girls'', ''True You'' and Number Ones: Up Close and Personal
In April, 2010, Jackson reprised her role in Tyler Perry's ''Why Did I Get Married?'' sequel, ''Why Did I Get Married Too?'' The film earned $30.1 million at the box office its opening weekend, debuting at number two. Wesley Morris of ''The Boston Globe'' expressed the overall experience of the film to be "120 minutes of emotional Stairmaster" and added that "watching a hysterical—and hysterically coiffed—Janet Jackson redecorate a house with a golf club burns 500 calories. Mike Hale of ''The New York Times'' referred to her performance as "invigorating and oddly funny" while Jackie K. Cooper of ''The Huffington Post'' comments "[s]he is very impressive at times and less so at others. She does show a willingness to be seen at her most disheveled." Her performance earned a nomination for the 2011 NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture. She recorded the lead single for the film's soundtrack entitled, "Nothing", which was released prior to the film's debut. In May 2010, she appeared on the season finale of ''American Idol'', where she performed "Again", "Nothing", and "Nasty".Jackson headlined the 2010 Essence Music Festival alongside Alicia Keys and Mary J. Blige. According to the Associated Press, "Janet Jackson enthralled the Essence Music Festival audience Friday, kept them on their feet for more than two hours and reminded fans why seeing her in concert was worth waiting two years." In July 2010, Jackson became a spokeswoman for fur label American Legend Cooperative's Blackglama "What Becomes a Legend Most?" campaign, previously endorsed by celebrities such as Lena Horne, Elizabeth Taylor, Lauren Bacall and Diana Ross. According to the company's press release, she was selected as the campaign's latest "Legend" because she "is an icon in the world of music and entertainment, a true legend. She represents everything that this storied campaign embodies. Janet is to entertainment what Blackglama is to luxury." Her endorsement sparked outrage from animal rights group People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) as well as activist Pamela Anderson. Anderson and PETA senior vice president, Dan Mathews, found Jackson's decision hypocritical, as she has declined to endorse the wearing of fur in the past. In August, 2010, UMe released her third greatest hits collection, ''Icon: Number Ones'', as part of the debut of the ''Icon'' album series; according to the press release, the series features "the greatest hits, signature tunes and fan favorites of the most popular artists in music history."
In November, 2010, she starred as Joanna in the drama ''For Colored Girls'', Tyler Perry's film adaptation of Ntozake Shange's play ''For Colored Girls Who Have Considered Suicide When the Rainbow Is Enuf'' (1975). Christopher John Farley of ''The Wall Street Journal'' complimented her performance, stating that "[she] recites verses written by Ntozake Shange, the author of the play that inspired the film ... But instead of offering up a mannered coffeehouse reading of the lines, Jackson makes the words sound like ordinary—though very eloquent—speech." Matt Zoller Seitz of Salon.com said she "outdoes herself here—especially in the scene where she confronts her husband over his secret life ... It's not just Jackson's short haircut and traumatized eyes that might remind viewers of Jane Wyman or Joan Crawford; Perry gets at the mix of masculine hyper-competitiveness and feminine vulnerability that has always defined Jackson, and links it to the wily, lonely coldness often captured in Wyman and Crawford performances, a directorial gambit of tremendous perceptiveness." Manohla Dargis of ''The New York Times'' commented: "Ms. Jackson is, to put it gently, an actress of limited expression. But her quiet presence has force, partly because of her eerie resemblance to her brother Michael, though also because her character’s brittle hauteur, self-involved privilege and artificiality has—like the martyrs in ermine played by the likes of Lana Turner—its own weird truth." A number of critics have compared her portrayal of Jo to Meryl Streep's Miranda Priestly in ''The Devil Wears Prada''. Her performance earned her nominations for the 2011 Black Reel Awards in the categories for Outstanding Supporting Actress and Outstanding Ensemble.
On November 18, in an exclusive interview with AOL Music's '"The Boombox", Jackson announced plans to go on her "largest ever world tour" in 2011, supporting her second greatest hits collection, ''Number Ones''. The tour, entitled Number Ones: Up Close and Personal, will hold concerts in 35 global cities. The cities will be picked by fans who can submit suggestions on her official website. During the tour, she will perform her 35 number one hits and dedicate a song to each city. Jackson partnered with Mattel to release a limited-edition Barbie bearing her resemblance. Titled "Divinely Janet", the doll was auctioned for $15,000 with proceeds being donated to Project Angel Food. A new self-help book penned by Jackson, ''True You: A Journey to Finding and Loving Yourself'', was released on February 15, 2011, topping ''The New York Times'' Best Seller list the following month. In March 2011, she signed a film production contract with Lionsgate "to select, develop and produce a feature film for the independent studio." Lionsgate president of motion picture production and development Mike Paseornek stated: "She is a powerful on-screen presence, with a vast audience, and we believe she will be an equally powerful presence behind the scenes ... We are honored to be able to provide a home for her ideas, passion and immense talent.” Jackson became the first female pop star to perform at the I. M. Pei glass pyramid at the Louvre Museum. To raise contributions for the restoration of iconic works of art, she performed "in conjunction with the museum's biannual fundraising event, 'Liaisons au Louvre,' on Tuesday, June 14." Louvre President-Director Henri Loyrette stated: "Janet Jackson is one of the world’s greatest artistic treasures ... Accordingly, we are profoundly honored, and believe it most fitting, that her performance in the Louvre Museum will be yet another masterpiece captured under our glorious glass pyramid." In August, 2011, she was announced as the first celebrity to be featured in the Blackglama "What Makes A Legend Most?" campaign for two consecutive years. Blackglama CEO Joe Morelli stated: "It became clear in our discussions of who the Legend should be this year, that continuing the momentum with Janet made complete sense ... She embodies glamour, luxury, and sophistication, everything that Blackglama stands for."
Musical style and performance
Jackson has a mezzo-soprano 3 octave vocal range. Many critics have observed she has never been considered a strong vocalist, noting her voice is often enveloped by the production of her music. Biographer David Ritz commented, "[h]er wispy voice was a pale echo of Michael's, but on Janet's albums—and in her videos and live performances, which revealed a crisp, athletic dance technique not unlike her brother's—singing wasn't the point", commenting that importance was instead placed on "[h]er slamming beats, infectious hooks, and impeccable production values." Her voice has also been praised on occasion. Eric Henderson of Slant magazine claimed critics who judged Jackson harshly for her thin voice "somehow missed the explosive 'gimme a beat' vocal pyrotechnics she unleashes all over 'Nasty' ... Or that they completely dismissed how perfect her tremulous hesitance fits into the abstinence anthem 'Let's Wait Awhile'." Classical composer Louis Andriessen has also praised Jackson for her "rubato, sense of rhythm, sensitivity, and the childlike quality of her strangely erotic voice."
Jackson's music has encompassed a broad range of genres, including R&B;, soul, disco, hip hop, rap, pop, rock, and dance music. Qadree EI-Amin, Jackson's former personal manager, commented, "[s]he's bigger than Barbra Streisand because Streisand can't appeal to the street crowd, as Janet does. But Streisand's rich, elite crowd loves Janet Jackson." Her records from the 1980s have been described as being heavily influenced by Prince, as her producers are ex-members of The Time. Sal Cinquemani wrote that in addition to defining Top 40 radio, she "gave Prince's Minneapolis sound a distinctly feminine—and, with songs like 'What Have You Done for Me Lately?,' 'Nasty,' 'Control,' and 'Let's Wait Awhile,' a distinctly feminist—spin." Richard J. Ripani documented that when record producers Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis collaborated with Jackson on her 1986 album ''Control'', the trio "crafted a new sound that fuses the rhythmic elements of funk and disco, along with heavy doses of synthesizers, percussion, sound effects, and a rap music sensibility." Rickey Vincent stated in his book ''Funk: The Music, The People, and The Rhythm of The One'' (1996) that she has often been credited for redefining the standard of popular music with the industrial-strength beats of the album. Richard Rischar in "A Vision of Love: An Etiquette of Vocal Ornamentation in African-American Popular Ballads of the Early 1990s" notes that "[t]he black pop ballad of the mid-1980s had been dominated by the vocal and production style that was smooth and polished, led by singers Whitney Houston, Janet Jackson, and James Ingram." She continued her musical development by blending contemporary urban sound with hip hop in the 1990s. This included a softer representation of R&B;, articulated by lush soulful ballads and up-tempo dance beats. She has been described as "an artist who has reshaped the sound and image of rhythm and blues" within the first decade of her career. Critic Karla Peterson remarked that "[s]he is a sharp dancer, an appealing performer, and as 'That's the Way Love Goes' proves—an ace pop-song writer." Her material from the 2000s decade has been viewed less favorably, as Sal Cinquemani comments that "[e]xcept for maybe R.E.M., no other former superstar act has been as prolific with such diminishing commercial and creative returns."
Jackson has changed her lyrical focus over the years, becoming the subject of analysis in musicology, African American studies, and gender studies. David Ritz compares Jackson's musical style to that of Marvin Gaye, stating, "[l]ike Marvin, autobiography seemed the sole source of her music. Her art, also like Marvin's, floated over a reservoir of secret pain." Ritz has also stated: "The mystery is the low flame that burns around the perimeters of Janet Jackson's soul. The flame feeds off the most highly combustible elements: survival and ambition, caution and creativity, supreme confidence and dark fear." Gillian G. Gaar, author of ''She's a Rebel: The History of Women in Rock & Roll'' (2002), described ''Control'' as "an autobiographical tale about her life with her parents, her first marriage, and breaking free."
On ''Janet'', Jackson began to deal primarily with sexual themes. Shayne Lee, author of ''Erotic Revolutionaries: Black Women, Sexuality, and Popular Culture'' (2010), wrote that her music over the following decade "brand[ed] her as one of the most sexually stimulating vocalists of the 1990s." In ''You've Come A Long Way, Baby: Women, Politics, and Popular Culture'' (1996), Lilly J. Goren observed that "Jackson's evolution from politically aware musician to sexy diva marked the direction that society and the music industry were encouraging the dance-rock divas to pursue." Joshua Klein wrote in ''The Washington Post'' that Jackson's public image over the course of her career had shifted "from innocence to experience, inspiring such carnal albums as 1993's 'Janet' and 1997's 'The Velvet Rope', the latter of which explored the bonds—figuratively and literally—of love and lust." The song "Free Xone" from ''The Velvet Rope'', which portrays same-sex relationships in a positive light, is described by sociologist Shayne Lee as "a rare incident in which a popular black vocalist explores romantic or sensual energy outside the contours of heteronormativity, making it a significant song in black sexual politics." Jackson explained the recurring themes on her later albums by saying, "I love love and I love sex." She stated during promotion for ''Janet'', "I love feeling deeply sexual—and don't mind letting the world know. For me, sex has become a celebration, a joyful part of the creative process." The sexual explicit content of her latter albums have drawn mixed reactions—ranging from acclaim to abhorrence—often in juxtaposition to Madonna, who is seen as her counterpart. Stephen Thomas Erlewine comments "[w]hile sex indisputably fuels much great pop music, it isn't an inherently fascinating topic for pop music—as with anything, it all depends on the artist.
Influences
Jackson has credited her older brothers Michael and Jermaine as her primary musical influences. She describes actress/singer Lena Horne as a profound inspiration, not only in her own career, but for black entertainers across multiple generations. Upon Horne's death in 2010, she stated "[Horne] brought much joy into everyone's lives—even the younger generations, younger than myself. She was such a great talent. She opened up such doors for artists like myself." Similarly, she considers Dorothy Dandridge to be one of her idols. Describing herself as "a very big Joni Mitchell fan", she explained: "As a kid I was drawn to Joni Mitchell records ... Along with Marvin Gaye and Stevie Wonder, Joni's songs spoke to me in an intimate, personal way." She holds reverence for Tina Turner, stating: "Tina has become a heroic figure for many people, especially women, because of her tremendous strength. Personally, Tina doesn't seem to have a beginning or an end in my life. I felt her music was always there, and I feel like it always will be." She has also named other socially conscious acts, such as Tracy Chapman, Sly and the Family Stone and U2 as sources of inspiration. Other artists attributed as influences on Jackson's music according to ''Rolling Stone'' are The Ronettes, Dionne Warwick, Tammi Terrell and Diana Ross.
Music videos and choreography
Jackson drew her inspiration for her music videos and performances from the musicals she watched in her youth, and was heavily influenced by the choreography of Fred Astaire and Michael Kidd, among others. Throughout her career, she has worked with numerous professional choreographers such as Paula Abdul, Michael Kidd, and Tina Landon. Landon also took part in the choreography for Michael and Janet Jackson's 1995 music video ''Scream''. Janine Coveney of ''Billboard'' observed that "Jackson's musical declaration of independence [''Control''] launched a string of hits, an indelible production sound, and an enduring image cemented by groundbreaking video choreography and imagery that pop vocalists still emulate."Beretta E. Smith-Shomade, author of ''Shaded Lives: African-American Women and Television'' (2002) wrote that "Jackson's impact on the music video sphere came largely through music sales successes, which afforded her more visual liberties and control. This assuming of control directly impacted the look and content of her music videos, giving Jackson an agency not assumed by many other artists—male or female, Black or White." ''Parallel Lines: Media Representations of Dance'' (1993) documents that her videos have been often been reminiscent of live concerts or elaborate musical theater. Many of her video from ''Control'', Including "Nasty" and "When I Think of You", were choreographed using influences from Broadway theatre. Multiculturalism has also been a cornerstone of the imagery represented in Jackson's music videos. The militant iconography of her 1989 video for "Rhythm Nation" signifies a need for both racial and gender equality; she and her dancers perform in identical uniforms while Jackson herself "is performing asexually and almost anonymously in front of, but as one of the members of the group." In the 1990s, her videos such as 1993's "If"—which "[exudes a] 'Last Emperor' lust and mystery"—and 1995's "Runaway" drew cultural influences from the orient. Others, such as 1997's "Got 'til It's Gone" and "Together Again" explore African roots and the serengeti. Jackson's music videos have also found rapport within the gay community, as the dramatic imagery in "Rhythm Nation" led to reenactments of the video in gay clubs and her 1990 video for "Love Will Never Do (Without You)" is said to explore the aesthetic of the male body from both the heterosexual female and gay male perspective. She received the MTV Video Vanguard Award in 1990 for her contributions to the art form, and in 2001 became the first recipient of the mtvICON award, celebrating her impact on the music industry as a whole.
Her music videos have contributed to a higher degree of sexual freedom among young women, as Jean M. Twenge, author of ''Generation Me: Why Today's Young Americans are More Confident, Assertive, Entitled—and More Miserable Than Ever Before'' (2007) wrote: "In Alfred Kinsey's studies in the 1950s, only 3% of the young women had received oral sex from a man. By the mid-1990s, however, 75% of women aged 18-24 had experienced cunnilingus. Music videos by female artists have contributed to the trend, with both Mary J. Blige and Janet Jackson heavily implying male-on-female oral sex in music videos by pushing down on a man's head until he's in exactly the right position." Similarly, Paula Kamen in ''Her Way: Young Women Remake the Sexual Revolution'' (2000) states that "[i]n the early to mid-1990s, oral sex even reached mainstream music as politically charged demand of truly liberated women," citing TLC, Mary J. Blige and Janet Jackson as examples of females artist simulating cunnilingus in their videos. However, accusations of cosmetic surgery, skin lightening and increasingly hypersexual imagery have led to her being viewed as conforming to a white, male-dominated view of sexuality, rather than liberating herself or others.
''Jet'' magazine reported "Janet's innovative stage performances during her world tours have won her a reputation as a world-class performer." Chris Willman of ''Los Angeles Times'' stated the "enthralling" choreography of Jackson's Rhythm Nation 1814 Tour "represents the pinnacle of what can be done in the popping 'n' locking style—a rapid-fire mixture of rigidly jerky and gracefully fluid movements." ''The Independent'' writer Nicholas Barber commented in his review for The Velvet Rope Tour that "Janet's concerts are the pop equivalent of a summer blockbuster movie, with all the explosions, special effects, ersatz sentimentality, gratuitous cleavage and emphasis on spectacle over coherence that the term implies." When ''Los Angeles Times'' reporter Robert Hilburn asked Jackson "[d]o you understand it when people talk about [The Velvet Rope Tour] in terms of Broadway?", she responded, "I'm crazy about Broadway ... That's what I grew up on." Her Number Ones: Up Close and Personal tour deviated from the full-scale theatricality found in her previous concert arena settings in favor of smaller venues. Critics noted being scaled down did not effect the impact of her showmanship, and in some cases, enhanced it. Greg Kot of the ''Chicago Tribune'' wrote: "In past tours, Jackson's thin voice was often swallowed up by the sheer size of her production ... In the more scaled-down setting, Jackson brought a warmth and a passion that wasn't always evident in stadiums ... the best Janet Jackson performance I've covered in 20-plus years."
Thor Christensen of ''The Dallas Morning News'' reported that Jackson lip syncs in concert; he wrote, "Janet Jackson—one of pop's most notorious onstage lip-syncers—conceded ... she uses 'some' taped vocals to augment her live vocals. But she refused to say what percentage of her concert 'voice' is taped and how much is live." Richard Harrington of ''The Washington Post'' observed, "[s]ince the advent of MTV and the proliferation of dance-oriented singers like Milli Vanilli, Madonna, Paula Abdul, Janet Jackson, George Michael, MC Hammer, Michael Jackson and the New Kids on the Block, audience expectations have been drastically redefined" noting that few entertainers are capable of recreating the spectacle of elaborately choreographed music videos while delivering studio precision vocals. Michael MacCambridge of the ''Austin American-Statesman'', who reviewed Jackson's Rhythm Nation 1814 Tour, described lip-syncing as a "moot point", stating, "Jackson was frequently singing along with her own pre-recorded vocals, to achieve a sound closer to radio versions of singles." MacCambridge also observed "[i]t seemed unlikely that anyone—even a prized member of the First Family of Soul Music—could dance like she did for 90 minutes and still provide the sort of powerful vocals that the '90s super concerts are expected to achieve." Similarly, Chris Willman commented, "[e]ven a classically trained vocalist would be hard-pressed to maintain any sort of level of volume—or, more appropriately, 'Control'—while bounding up and down stairs and whipping limbs in unnatural directions at impeccable, breakneck speed." Critics observed that in the smaller scale of her Number Ones: Up Close and Personal tour, she forewent lip-syncing. Chris Richards of ''The Washington Post'' stated "even at its breathiest, that delicate voice hasn’t lost the laserlike precision that seems to be a part of the Jackson family DNA." He complemented her physically strenuous performance, stating "[g]o on, Janet. Let ’em see you sweat. Because in a 21st-century popscape where concerts are driven by spectacle, we need to know that beneath all of the sci-fi costumes, strobe lights and Auto-Tune, we’re still witnessing a performance by the living, breathing, profusely sweating human being whose name is stamped on the tickets we just emptied our wallets for."
Legacy
The baby sister of the "precious Jackson clan", Janet Jackson has strived to distance her professional career from that of her older brother Michael and the rest of the Jackson family. Steve Dollar of ''Newsday'' wrote that "[s]he projects that home girl-next-door quality that belies her place as the youngest sibling in a family whose inner and outer lives have been as poked at, gossiped about, docudramatized and hard-copied as the Kennedys." Phillip McCarthy of ''The Sydney Morning Herald'' noted that throughout her recording career, one of her common conditions for interviewers has been that there would be no mention of Michael. Joshua Klein wrote, "[f]or the first half of her recording career, Janet Jackson sounded like an artist with something to prove. Emerging in 1982 just as big brother Michael was casting his longest shadow, Jackson filled her albums not so much with songs as with declarations, from 'The Pleasure Principle' to the radical-sounding 'Rhythm Nation' to the telling statement of purpose, 'Control'." Steve Huey of Allmusic asserted that despite being born into a family of entertainers, Janet Jackson has managed to emerge a "superstar" in her own right, rivaling not only several female recording artists including Madonna and Whitney Houston, but also her brother, while "successfully [shifting] her image from a strong, independent young woman to a sexy, mature adult." By forging her own unique identity through her artistry and her business ventures, she has been esteemed as the "Queen of Pop". Klein argued that "stardom was not too hard to predict, but few could have foreseen that Janet—Miss Jackson, if you're nasty—would one day replace Michael as true heir to the Jackson family legacy."
She has also been recognized for playing a pivotal role in crossing racial boundaries in the recording industry, where black artists were once considered to be substandard. In ''Right to Rock: The Black Rock Coalition and the Cultural Politics of Race'' (2004), author Maureen Mahon states: "In the 1980s, Whitney Houston, Michael Jackson, Janet Jackson, and Prince were among the African American artists who crossed over ... When black artists cross over into pop success they cease to be black in the industry sense of the word. They get promoted from racialized black music to universal pop music in an economically driven process of racial transcendence." ''Routledge International Encyclopedia of Women: Global Women's Issues and Knowledge'' (2000) documented that Jackson, along with other prominent African-American women, had achieved financial breakthroughs in mainstream popular music, receiving "superstar status" in the process. She, alongside her contemporaries "offered viable creative, intellectual, and business paths for establishing and maintaining agency, lyrical potency, marketing and ownership." Her business savvy has been compared to that of Madonna, gaining a level of autonomy which enables "creative latitude and access to financial resources and mass-market distribution."
Musicologist Richard J. Ripani identified Jackson as a leader in the development of contemporary R&B;, as her 1986 album ''Control'' and its successor ''Janet Jackson's Rhythm Nation 1814'' created a unique blend of genre and sound effects, that ushered in the use of rap vocals into mainstream R&B.; Ripani also argues that the popularity of Jackson's signature song "Nasty" influenced the new jack swing genre developed by Teddy Riley. Leon McDermott of the ''Sunday Herald'' wrote: "Her million-selling albums in the 1980s helped invent contemporary R&B; through Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis's muscular, lean production; the sinuous grooves threaded through 1986's Control and 1989's Rhythm Nation 1814 are the foundation upon which today's hot shot producers and singers rely." Jim Cullen observed in ''Popular Culture in American History'' (2001) that although it was Michael Jackson's ''Thriller'' that originally synchronized music video with album sales, Janet Jackson was also among the first generation of artists that saw the visualization of their music elevate them to the status of a pop culture icon. In July, 1999, she placed at number 77 on VH1's "100 Greatest Women of Rock and Roll". She also placed at number 134 on their list of the "200 Greatest Pop Culture Icons of All Time" and at number two on "50 Greatest Women of the Video Era", behind Madonna. In March 2008, Business Wire reported "Janet Jackson is one of the top ten selling artists in the history of contemporary music; ranked by ''Billboard'' magazine as the ninth most successful act in rock and roll history, and the second most successful female artist in pop music history." She is the only female artist in the history of the Hot 100 to have 18 consecutive top ten hit singles, from "Miss You Much" (1989) to "I Get Lonely" (1998). The magazine ranked her at number seven on their Hot 100 50th Anniversary "Hot 100 All-Time Top Artists", making her the third most successful female artist in the history of the chart, following Madonna and Mariah Carey. In November 2010, ''Billboard'' released its "Top 50 R&B; / Hip-Hop Artists of the Past 25 Years" list and ranked her at number five. She ranks as the top artist on the chart with 15 number ones in the past twenty-five years, garnering 27 top ten hits between 1985 and 2001, and 33 consecutive top 40 hits from 1985 through 2004. The most awarded artist in the history of the ''Billboard'' Music Awards with 33 wins, she is one an elite group of musical acts, such as Madonna, Aerosmith, Garth Brooks and Eric Clapton, whom ''Billboard'' credits for "redefining the landscape of popular music."
Den Berry, Virgin Records CEO and Chairman stated: "Janet is the very embodiment of a global superstar. Her artistic brilliance and personal appeal transcend geographic, cultural and generational boundaries." Similarly, Virgin Records executive Lee Trink expressed: "Janet is an icon and historic figure in our culture. She's one of those gifted artists that people look up to, that people emulate, that people want to believe in ... there's not that many superstars that stand the test of time." Pop music critic Gene Stout commented she "has so broadly influenced a younger generation of performers, from Jennifer Lopez ... to Britney Spears, who has copied so many of Jackson's dance moves." Elysa Gardner of ''USA Today'' wrote: "Jackson claims not to be bothered by the brigade of barely post-adolescent baby divas who have been inspired by—and, in some cases, have flagrantly aped—the sharp, animated choreography and girlish but decidedly post-feminist feistiness that have long been hallmarks of her performance style." Artists who are considered to have followed in her footsteps have been referred to as "Janet-come-lately's."
Sociologist Shayne Lee commented that, "[a]s Janet enters the twilight of her reign as erotic Queen of Pop, Beyoncé Knowles emerges as her likely successor." Knowles has expressed her fondness of Jackson, stating: "I love Janet Jackson! ... I have nothing but positive things to say about her." Toni Braxton stated that she was inspired by Janet Jackson "because when she released her ''Control'' album, she made it easy for P.K.'s [Preachers' kids] who were supposed to be sweet and docile to get comfortable with feeling sexy." Aaliyah commented, "I admire her a great deal. She's a total performer ... I'd love to do a duet with Janet Jackson." Jennifer Lopez lauded Jackson's videography, stating her music videos "had such an impact on me as a fan but also as an artist." 'N Sync and Usher, who performed as two of the opening acts for The Velvet Rope World Tour, credit her for teaching them how to develop stage show into theatrical performance. Usher stated: "I learned a lot about how to make an artist look like a star. On the personal side, I got a chance to hug her." Rozonda "Chilli" Thomas of TLC recalled that when the group was first forming, she declared "I'm ready to be the next Janet Jackson!" Britney Spears commented, "I've always been majorly inspired by Janet in everything she does." Christina Aguilera recalled: "I remember watching MTV as a little girl. To me, Janet had it all; amazing videos, hot songs and the sexiest voice." Cassie has referred to herself as a "die-hard Janet Jackson fan" and elaborated, "I'd love to emulate Janet's career—totally ... She's incredible, from her moves to her voice." Jay Bobbin of the ''Chicago Tribune'' remarked, "Cassie isn't the first artist to be measured against Janet Jackson, and odds are she won't be the last." Ciara has acknowledged Jackson as one of her primary influences, stating: "It seems like just yesterday I was watching Janet Jackson on TV; now, some people compare me to her." Kelly Rowland named her the biggest inspiration of her career because "she works extremely hard." Rihanna has commented that "[s]he was one of the first female pop icons that I could relate to ... She was so vibrant, she had so much energy. She still has power. I’ve seen her on stage, and she can stand there for 20 minutes and have the whole arena scream at her. You have to love Janet." Keri Hilson stated that she admired Jackson for "just being herself. A great performer." Japanese singer Crystal Kay commented: "I've always listened to American music and the artists I admire most are American, like Janet Jackson." Australian DJ and singer Havana Brown claimed Jackson as her biggest influence, stating "she's my idol" and "I want to be Janet Jackson! But the DJ-slash-Janet Jackson—I want to be able to put on big shows, I want dancers, I want fireworks, I want it all." Other artists who have drawn comparison to Jackson include Brandy, Tatyana Ali, Christina Milian, Mýa, Lady Gaga, Namie Amuro, and BoA. Joan Morgan of ''Essence'' magazine remarked: "Jackson's ''Control'', ''Rhythm Nation 1814'' and ''janet.'' established the singer-dancer imprimatur standard in pop culture we now take for granted. So when you're thinking of asking Miss Jackson, 'What have you done for me lately?' remember that Britney, Ciara and Beyoncé live in the house that Janet built."
Discography
Other works
;Television;Film
See also
Footnotes
References
Further reading
External links
Category:Living people Category:1966 births Category:A&M; Records artists Category:Actors from California Category:Actors from Indiana Category:American songwriters Category:American record producers Category:African American songwriters Category:African American female singers Category:African American record producers Category:African American singer-songwriters Category:African American television actors Category:American child actors Category:American child singers Category:American film actors Category:American rhythm and blues singers Category:American dance musicians Category:American dancers Category:American female singers Category:American mezzo-sopranos Category:American pop singers Category:American rhythm and blues singer-songwriters Category:American soul singers Category:American television actors Category:Emmy Award winners Category:English-language singers Category:Female rock singers Category:Former Jehovah's Witnesses Category:Grammy Award winners Category:Jackson musical family Category:American keyboardists Category:LGBT rights activists from the United States Category:Musicians from California Category:Musicians from Indiana Category:People from Gary, Indiana Category:People from Los Angeles, California Category:Virgin Records artists Category:Universal Music Group artists Category:GLAAD Media Awards winners
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This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
| Coordinates | 56°09′″N40°25′″N |
|---|---|
| Name | Leon Lett |
| Position | Defensive tackle |
| Number | 78 |
| Birth date | October 12, 1968 Mobile, Alabama |
| Debutyear | 1991 |
| Finalyear | 2001 |
| Draftyear | 1991 |
| Draftround | 7 |
| Draftpick | 173 |
| College | Emporia State |
| Teams | |
| Stat1label | Sacks |
| Stat1value | 22 |
| Stat2label | Games played |
| Stat2value | 121 |
| Stat3label | Fumble recoveries |
| Stat3value | 7 |
| Nfl | LET648891 |
| Highlights | (XXVII, XXVIII, XXX) |
Early life
Lett graduated from Fairhope High School and played two seasons at Hinds Community College in Raymond, Mississippi before starring in 1989 and 1990 at Emporia State University in Kansas. He earned All-NAIA District 10 recognition as a senior, but pro scouts lost interest when he missed his last three games with a leg injury. Scouts later decided to take a chance on Lett after hearing from the Emporia State head trainer that the injury was blown out of proportion.
Professional career
Lett was drafted by the Dallas Cowboys in the 7th round of the 1991 NFL Draft as a defensive tackle. He spent much of his rookie season on injured reserve with a lower back problem. After entering the league at 6'6" and 260 pounds, by the end of his rookie year, he had put on 16 more pounds, eventually playing at 300.In his second season, he quickly blossomed into a key player in the Cowboys defensive line rotation. His teammates nicknamed him "Big Cat" in deference to his agility.
In 1993, Lett fractured his right ankle in the third game of the season. He was forced to miss five games. In 1994, he was named to the first of his two Pro Bowls. From 1995 to 2000, Lett was suspended three times by the NFL for violating its substance abuse policy, missing a total of 28 games. He served a four-game suspension in the middle of the 1995 season, a full 16-game suspension (3 games in 1996 and 13 games of 1997) and an eight-game suspension at the start of the 2000 season. In 1998, he had 51 tackles, four sacks, 20 quarterback pressures and a team-high seven tackles for losses (98). He was also named to his second Pro Bowl the same year. In 2000, he suffered a season-ending knee injury in practice that forced him to miss the final seven games.
Infamous plays
Lett was a talented player and a cornerstone of the Cowboys defense during his tenure, but he is also remembered for being involved in two infamous plays. Two of the top three of ESPN's "25 Biggest Sports Blunders" are attributed to Lett. The fans ranked him #1 and #3, whereas an expert panel placed him at #2 and #3.
Super Bowl XXVII
The first play (ranked #1 in the ESPN fan list, #2 in the ESPN expert panel) occurred in January 1993, in Super Bowl XXVII. Late in the fourth quarter, Lett recovered a fumble on Buffalo's 45-yard line and ran it back towards the end zone. When he reached the 10-yard line, Lett slowed and held the ball out as he approached the goal line. However, Lett did not see Bills player Don Beebe chasing him down from behind. Beebe knocked the ball out of Lett's outstretched hand just before he crossed the goal line, which sent the ball through the endzone, and resulted in a touchback that cost Lett his touchdown. Lett later said he was watching the Jumbotron, and trying to do a "Michael Irvin", where he put the ball out across the goal line.The Cowboys had a commanding 52–17 lead at the time, and the play did not affect the outcome of the game, but it embarrassed Lett and is still well known today. Lett's gaffe also cost the Cowboys the record for most points scored in a Super Bowl (55, by the San Francisco 49ers in Super Bowl XXIV).
1993 Thanksgiving Classic
The second play (ranked #3 in both ESPN lists) occurred during the very next season and was more serious as it resulted in a Cowboy defeat. On Thanksgiving Day in 1993, during a rare snow and sleet storm in Dallas, the Cowboys, who came into the game with a 7-3 record, were leading the 8-2 Miami Dolphins 14–13 with 15 seconds remaining in the game. The Dolphins attempted a 41-yard field goal to take the lead but the kick was blocked. While most of his teammates began celebrating, Lett attempted to recover the ball. He slipped on the ice as he tried to pick up the football, and Miami recovered the "muff" on the Dallas one-yard line. Had Lett simply done nothing, the Cowboys would have automatically received possession and could have run out the clock. By touching the ball and then failing to hold onto it, Lett enabled the Dolphins to take possession and then try another field goal with three seconds left on the clock. This second attempt was successful and the Dolphins won the game 16–14 as the clock expired.The play did not hurt the Cowboys' season as they won all of their remaining regular-season games and went on to win the Super Bowl. The Dolphins took over sole possession of the lead in the AFC East with the win, but did not win another game for the rest of the year, dropping their last five games and finishing out of the playoffs. In 2008, the game was named the third-most memorable in the history of Texas Stadium by ESPN.
Post-retirement
On May 9, 2009 Lett graduated from the University of Nevada, Las Vegas with a degree in university studies and a concentration in sociology and history. On December 19, 2009 he was appointed defensive tackle coach for the University of Louisiana at Monroe Warhawks.Dallas Cowboys defensive lineman Leon Lett was hired on July 20, 2011 by the Dallas Cowboys as part of the NFL Minority Coaching Fellowship Program to assist defensive line coach Brian Baker during training camp..
References
External links
Category:1968 births Category:Living people Category:American football defensive tackles Category:American football defensive ends Category:Emporia State Hornets football players Category:Dallas Cowboys players Category:Denver Broncos players Category:National Conference Pro Bowl players Category:University of Nevada, Las Vegas alumni
de:Leon Lett pt:Leon LettThis text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
| Coordinates | 56°09′″N40°25′″N |
|---|---|
| Name | Jet Li |
| Tradchinesename | 李連杰 |
| Simpchinesename | 李连杰 |
| Pinyinchinesename | Lǐ Liánjié |
| Jyutpingchinesename | Lei5 Lin4 Git6 |
| Ancestry | Beijing, China |
| Birth date | April 26, 1963 |
| Birth place | Beijing, China |
| Othername | Lee Yeung Chung /Li Yangzhong李陽中 (Traditional)李阳中 (Simplified)Lǐ Yángzhōng (Mandarin)Lei5 Joeng4 Zung1 (Cantonese) (Chinese producer pseudonym) |
| Occupation | ActorMartial artistFilm producer |
| Yearsactive | 1982–present |
| Religion | Buddhist |
| Spouse | Huang Qiuyan (1987–1990)Nina Li Chi (1999–present) |
| Hongkongfilmwards | Best Actor2008 ''The Warlords'' |
| Goldenhorseawards | Special Award1995 |
| Hkfcsawards | Best Actor2006 ''Fearless'' |
| Awards | Shanghai Film Critics Awards2008 Best Actor (''The Warlords'') |
| Website | www.jetli.com }} |
After three years of intensive training with Wu Bin, Li won his first national championship for the Beijing Wushu Team. After retiring from wushu at age 17, he went on to win great acclaim in China as an actor making his debut with the film ''Shaolin Temple'' (1982). He went on to star in many critically acclaimed martial arts epic films, most notably the ''Once Upon A Time In China'' series, in which he portrayed folk hero Wong Fei-hung.
Li's first role in a Hollywood film was as a villain in ''Lethal Weapon 4'' (1998), but his first Hollywood film leading role was in ''Romeo Must Die'' (2000). He has gone on to star in many Hollywood action films, most recently co-starring in The ''Expendables'' (2010) with ''Sylvester Stallone'', in ''The Forbidden Kingdom'' (2008) with Jackie Chan, and as the title character villain in ''The Mummy: Tomb Of The Dragon Emperor'' (2008) opposite Brendan Fraser. He also appeared in the Hong Kong film ''Ocean Heaven'' (2010), directed and written by Xue Xiaolu.
Early life and martial arts career
}}Li Lianjie was born in Beijing, People's Republic of China, the youngest of two boys and two girls. His father died when he was two years old, leaving the family struggling.
Li was eight when his talent for wushu was noticed at a summer course at school, and he began his practice there. Li participated in the sport of wushu in the non-sparring event. He began his wushu on the Beijing Wushu Team, an athletic group organized to perform martial arts forms during the All China Games. He was coached by renowned wushu coaches Li Junfeng and Wu Bin, who made extra efforts to help the talented boy develop. Wu Bin even bought food for Li's family because they could not afford to buy meat, which was essential for the good physical condition of an athlete. As a member of the team, he received wushu training and went on to win fifteen gold medals and one silver medal in Chinese wushu championships, where, despite his young age, he competed against adults. According to Li, once, as a child, when the Chinese National Wushu Team went to perform for President Richard Nixon in the United States, he was asked by Nixon to be his personal bodyguard. Li replied, "I don't want to protect any individual. When I grow up, I want to defend my one billion Chinese countrymen!" which earned him much respect in his homeland.
Li is a master of several styles of wushu, especially Changquan (Northern Longfist Style) and Fanziquan (Tumbling fist). He has also studied other arts including Baguazhang (Eight trigram palm), Taijiquan (Supreme ultimate fist), Xingyiquan (Shape intent fist), Zuiquan (Drunken fist), Yingzhaoquan (Eagle claw fist) and Tanglangquan (Praying mantis fist). He did not learn Nanquan (Southern fist), because his training focused only in the Northern Shaolin Styles. He has also studied some of wushu's main weapons, such Sanjiegun (Three section staff), Gun (staff), Dao (Broadsword), Jian (Straight sword) and many more.
It is Jet Li's authentic martial arts prowess that enabled his rise to domestic and international fame.
Acting career
Chinese films
The fame gained by his sports winnings led to a career as a martial arts film star, beginning in mainland China and then continuing into Hong Kong. Li acquired his screen name in 1982 in the Philippines when a publicity company thought his real name was too hard to pronounce. They likened his career to an aircraft, which likewise "takes-off" as quickly, so they placed the name Jet Li on the movie posters. Soon everybody was calling him by this new name, which was also based on the nickname, "Jet," given to him as a young student, due to his speed and grace when training with the Beijing Wushu team. He made his debut with the 1982 film ''Shaolin Temple''. Some of his more famous Chinese films include:Li has two wuxia feature films scheduled for release in 2011, ''The Sorcerer and the White Snake'' and ''The Flying Swords of Dragon Gate'', the latter is helmed by Tsui Hark.
In order to promote tai chi, in 2012 Jet Li will star in a film titled ''Tai Chi'' and will co-produce the movie with Chen Kuo-Fu. Li will portary Tai Chi master Yang Lu-ch'an.
American films
In 1998, he made his American film debut in ''Lethal Weapon 4'' which also marked the first time he had ever played a villain in a film. He agreed to do ''Lethal Weapon 4'' after the producer Joel Silver promised to give him the leading role in his next film, ''Romeo Must Die'' (2000) alongside late singer Aaliyah. The film became a box office hit.Li turned down Chow Yun-fat's role in ''Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon'' (2000) because he promised his wife that he would not make any films during her pregnancy. He also turned down the role of Seraph in ''The Matrix'' trilogy, based on his belief that the role was not one which required his skills and that the films were iconic and stunning enough without adding his name to the cast list.
In 2001, he appeared in two more Hollywood films: ''The One'' which was the first of his films with Jason Statham and ''Kiss of the Dragon'' opposite Bridget Fonda which did moderately well at the box office. In July 2001, Li agreed to produce and star in an action film with Jackie Chan which was to be released in 2002 or 2003, but no further news of their collaboration surfaced until 2006. In 2002, the period martial arts epic film ''Hero'' was released in the Chinese market. This film was both a commercial and critical success and became the highest-grossing motion picture in Chinese film history at the time. In 2003 he reunited with producer Joel Silver for the action thriller film ''Cradle 2 The Grave'' where he starred alongside rapper DMX and fellow martial artist Mark Dacascos. In 2004, Li lent his likeness, voice and provided motion capture work for the video game ''Jet Li: Rise to Honor''.
Li took on a more serious role in the 2005 film, ''Unleashed'' (a.k.a. ''Danny the Dog''), where he portrayed an adult with the mentality of a child who has been raised like an animal. Although his martial arts skills were utilized extensively, it was a somber film with more depth than had been previously seen in Li's films, and co-starred dramatic actors Bob Hoskins and Morgan Freeman.
In 2006, the martial arts film epic ''Fearless'', was released worldwide. Although he will continue to make martial arts films, ''Fearless'' is his last wushu epic. In ''Fearless'', he played Huo Yuanjia, the real-life founder of Chin Woo Athletic Association, who reportedly defeated foreign boxers and Japanese martial artists in publicized events at a time when China's power was seen as eroding. Together with the film ''Fist of Legend'', Li has portrayed both Chen Jun, the student and avenger of Huo Yuanjia (aka Fok Yun Gap), as well as Huo Yuanjia himself. ''Fearless'' was released on January 26, 2006 in Hong Kong, followed by a September 22, 2006 release in the United States where it reached second place in its first weekend.
Li has stated in an interview with the ''Shenzhen Daily'' newspaper that this will be his last martial arts epic, which is also stated in the film's television promotions. However, he plans to continue his film career in other genres. Specifically, he plans to continue acting in action and martial arts films; epic films deal more with religious and philosophical issues.
Li's 2007 Hollywood film, ''War'', was released in August of that year, and re-teamed him with actor Jason Statham, who previously starred with him in ''The One'', and action choreographer Corey Yuen. ''War'' raked in a disappointing $23 million at the box office, becoming one of Li's lowest grossers in America; however, it was a hit on video, accumulating nearly $52 million in rental revenue, more than doubling its box office take. With the exception of ''Romeo Must Die'' and the worldwide release of ''Hero'', most of Li's American films have been only modest hits like ''Kiss Of The Dragon'', ''The One'', ''Unleashed'', ''Cradle 2 the Grave'', and the worldwide release of ''Fearless''. }} In late 2007, Li returned again to China to participate in the China/Hong Kong co-production of the period war film ''The Warlords'' with Andy Lau and Takeshi Kaneshiro. This film with its focus on dramatics rather than martial arts netted Li the Hong Kong Film Award for Best Actor.
Li and fellow martial arts veteran Jackie Chan finally appeared together onscreen for the first time in ''The Forbidden Kingdom'', which began filming in May 2007 and was released to critical and commercial success on April 18, 2008. The film was based on the legend of the Monkey King from the Chinese folk novel ''Journey to the West''. Li also starred as the lead villain in the fantasy action film ''The Mummy: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor'' with actors Brendan Fraser, Isabella Leong and Michelle Yeoh.
After a one-year hiatus from filmmaking, Jet Li returned to acting in 2009, portraying a mercenary in the film ''The Expendables'', teaming up with action stars Sylvester Stallone, Jason Statham, Dolph Lundgren, Mickey Rourke, Eric Roberts, Steve Austin, Terry Crews, and Randy Couture. It was the third time he had teamed up with Statham.
Personal life
Li is a practitioner of Tibetan Buddhism. His master is Lho Kunsang of the Drikung Kagyu lineage of the Kagyu school.In 1987, Li married Beijing Wushu Team member and ''Kids from Shaolin'' co-star Huang Qiuyan, with whom he has two daughters, Si and Taimi. They divorced in 1990. Since 1999, he has been married to Nina Li Chi (born Li Zhi), a Shanghai-born, Hong Kong-based actress. He has two daughters with her as well, Jane (born 2000) and Jada (born 2002).
Li was in the Maldives when a tsunami hit during the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. Although it was widely reported at the time that he had died during the disaster, he only suffered a minor foot injury, caused by a piece of floating furniture, while he was guiding his 4-year-old daughter Jane and the nanny holding his 1-year-old daughter Jada to safety. The four of them were by the pool and slightly above the beach when the wave came ashore.
In 2009, Li, who previously had American citizenship, after years working in the United States, was thought to have renounced his American citizenship and taken up Singaporean citizenship, although no official confirmation has been provided by Singapore authorities. On July 28, 2009, the chairman of One Foundation (the Charity fund of Jet Li) announced that Jet Li had indeed become a Singaporean citizen. He was said to have chosen Singapore for its education system for his two daughters.
In 2009 Li launched his own fitness program that he named "Wuji". The programme consists of elements of martial arts, yoga and pilates and Adidas launched a special clothing line for it that bears the initials of "JL".
In his free time he likes to play badminton, table tennis, volleyball, ride his bicycle, read and meditate. He collects rare Tibetan beads. He says he is never bored in his free time.
Views on life and martial arts
}}Li as a Buddhist believes that the difficulties of everyday life can be overcome with the help of religious philosophies. He thinks that fame is not something he can control; therefore, he does not care about it.
According to Li, everything he has ever wanted to tell the world can be found in three of his films: the message of ''Hero'' is that the suffering of one person can never be as significant as the suffering of a nation; ''Unleashed'' shows that violence is never a solution and ''Fearless'' tells that the biggest enemy of a person is himself. Li thinks that the greatest weapon is a smile and the largest power is love.
About Wushu Li said that he believes the essence of martial arts is not power or speed but inner harmony and considers it a sad development that today's Wushu championships place greater emphasis on form than on the essence of being a martial artist. He believes Wushu now lacks individuality and competitors move like machines, whereas according to his views Wushu should not be considered a race where the fastest athlete wins. He would like to see Wushu as a form of art, where artists have a distinctive style. Li blames the new competition rules that, according to him, place limitations on martial artists.
Li believes that Wushu is not primarily for self-defense and instead of trying to play the hero people should think about peaceful resolutions of conflicts and call the police if necessary: "A gun outdoes years of martial arts training in a split second. Like I've said many times before, it is important to differentiate between movies and reality. The hero in movies may be able to knock the gun off his opponent and save the day, but in real life – probably that is not the case." He has also stated that he has never had to use his martial arts skills in a real life fight and he does not wish to, either.
Philanthropy
Li has been a "philanthropic ambassador" of the Red Cross Society of China since January 2006. He contributed 500,000 yuan (US$62,500) of box office revenues from his film ''Fearless'' to the Red Cross' psychological sunshine project, which promotes mental health.In April 2007, touched by his life-shaking experience in the Maldives when he was close to dying during the 2004 tsunami, Li formed his own non-profit foundation called The One Foundation. The One Foundation supports international disaster relief efforts in conjunction with the Red Cross as well as other efforts, including mental health awareness and suicide prevention. Since the starting of the foundation, Li has been involved with recovery efforts in seven disasters, including the 2008 Sichuan earthquake and Typhoon Morakot in Taiwan. Wu Jing was a One Foundation volunteer and help in the effort.
Li discussed his commitment to philanthropy in an interview with the December 2009 issue of Alliance magazine, stating that "grassroots Non-government-organizations can help the government in its blind spots. Government relief is not always detail-oriented. Grassroots NGOs can’t be as big as a government effort, but they need to be flexible and independent."
In September 2010, Jet Li was appointed by the International Red Cross as the first Good Will Ambassador. He posted online saying "Today I signed a deal with the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies – IFRC to become the FIRST goodwill ambassador in the history of this humanitarian organization. I am very honored! At the same time, I will not pause to celebrate, but instead keep pushing forward.. and do my best to help the world! Thank you all once again for your support and belief in me!"
It was also announced that Jet Li would be meeting Bill Gates and Buffet to talk about charity work. "Three days ago, I received an email from Gates, hoping I could make time because he and Buffett hoped I could go for a 30-minute chat before the dinner about the future we face as human beings, so I will go," Li said.
Filmography
Considering US box office statistics, the most successful Jet Li film as of August 2010 is ''Lethal Weapon 4'', which grossed over 130 million dollars domestically, while the second is ''The Mummy: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor'' with over 102 million dollars. ''Hero'' is the third most successful foreign language film in the US, and one of the best critically acclaimed Li movies. ''Fearless'' is the sixth most successful foreign language film of all times in the US. From a critical point of view, the best acclaimed Li movie is ''Fist of Legend'' (Rotten Tomatoes: 100%) and the worst is ''War'' (Rotten Tomatoes: 12%).
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Category:1963 births Category:Living people Category:Best Actor HKFA Category:Chinese actors Category:Chinese wushu practitioners Category:Chinese martial artists Category:Hong Kong film actors Category:Hong Kong Buddhists Category:Hong Kong film producers Category:People from Beijing Category:People's Republic of China Buddhists Category:Immigrants to Singapore Category:Singaporean Buddhists Category:Tibetan Buddhists from Singapore
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This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
| Coordinates | 56°09′″N40°25′″N |
|---|---|
| Name | Fong Sai-yuk |
| Image size | 200px |
| Traditional | 方世玉 |
| Simplified | 方世玉 |
| Pinyin | Fāng Shìyù |
| Jyutping | Fong1 Sai3 Juk6 |
| Director | Corey Yuen |
| Producer | Jet Li |
| Writer | John ChanTsai Kong-yungJeff Lau |
| Starring | Jet LiJosephine SiaoVincent ZhaoMichelle Reis |
| Music | Romeo DiazMark LuiJames Wong |
| Cinematography | Jingle Ma |
| Editing | Peter Cheung |
| Studio | Eastern Production Ltd. |
| Distributor | Gala Film Distribution Ltd. |
| Released | March 4, 1993 |
| Runtime | 106 min |
| Country | Hong Kong |
| Language | Cantonese |
| Gross | HK$30,666,842.00 |
| Followed by | ''Fong Sai-yuk II'' (1993) }} |
Plot
The brash and ambitious Fong Sai-yuk meets the beautiful Ting-ting during a track and field competition and falls in love with her. Ting-ting is the daughter of the hot-headed hooligan Tiger Lui. Tiger Lui stages a martial arts competition for interested men to participate and win his daughter's hand in marriage. The contestant must defeat Tiger Lui's wife, Siu-wan, in order to win. Fong Sai-yuk joins the contest at his friends' urging and defeats Siu-wan. He catches a glimpse of his future bride, who is actually a servant maid to replace the temporarily missing Ting-ting. Fong Sai-yuk decides to forfeit the match and leaves.Fong Sai-yuk's mother, Miu Chui-fa, enters the contest in disguise as a man to help her son win back the lost glory. She defeats Siu-wan and knocks her off the scaffold. Miu Chui-fa catches Siu-wan as she falls and they land safely on the ground. After that intimate moment together, Siu-wan becomes romantically attracted to Miu Chui-fa, as she is unaware that Miu is actually a woman in disguise. Tiger Lui forces Miu Chui-fa to marry his daughter. To save his mother from embarrassment, Fong Sai-yuk marries Ting-ting on behalf of his "brother" (his mother in disguise as a man), and is confined in his father-in-law's house. He is unaware that his bride is actually his love interest and they fight in the dark. They discover each other's identities eventually.
Miu Chui-fa manages to persuade Tiger Lui to let her son return home. Just then, Fong Sai-yuk's father, Fong Tak, returns home from a trip. Fong Sai-yuk discovers that his father is a member of the Red Flower Society, an underground resistance movement that aims to overthrow the ruling Ching Dynasty. While Fong Tak is having a conversation with fellow members, they are ambushed by the Governor of Nine Gates and his soldiers. The Governor demands that Fong Tak hand over the name list of the society's members, but the latter refuses. Just then, Fong Sai-yuk and his mother appear, and Fong fights with the Governor and holds him off until his parents have escaped to safety.
Fong Sai-yuk and his parents hide in their in-laws' house to evade the authorities, but the Governor pays a visit to Tiger Lui and recognizes them. In the ensuing battle, Fong Tak is captured while Siu-wan dies from a gunshot wound. Fong Sai-yuk lies to his mother that his father has been rescued and decides to save his father alone without letting her know. He attempts to storm the execution ground and fights with the Governor to save his father. At the critical moment, Miu Chui-fa appears together with the Red Flower Society's members and their leader, Chan Ka-lok. They defeat the Governor and his men and succeed in freeing Fong Tak. Before the film ends, Fong Sai-yuk becomes Chan Ka-lok's godson and he joins his godfather on their noble quest as they ride off towards the sunset together.
Cast
Jet Li as Fong Sai-yuk
Alternative versions
U.S. and H.K. versions
Dimension re-scored, re-edited and dubbed the film in English only. Removed scenes include Sai-Yuk curling his mother's hair and testing Tiger Lui's patience with a racket. The UK DVD had this version and additionally contains a BBFC cut to remove the sight of an illegal horse-fall (during the finale).The Universe re-mastered DVD is the HK version (with removable English subtitles), but is slightly cut. The uncut version can be found on any other release by Universe, but with embedded subtitles (on the LD and non-remastered DVD). Other uncut versions include the (French) HKVideo and (Japanese) Klockworx DVDs (containing no English subtitles).
Mainland Chinese version
The China DVD release from Tung Ah contains this Mandarin-dubbed version (with embedded Chinese and English subtitles). The following are some differences between this version and the original one:
Alternative titles
Box office
''Fong Sai-yuk'' was a box office hit on Hong Kong, grossing HK $30,666,842. As a result, a sequel, ''Fong Sai-yuk II'', was commissioned immediately and released the very same year.
References
External links
This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
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