Events

141 BC – Liu Che, posthumously known as Emperor Wu of Han, assumes the throne over the Han Dynasty of China.

1009 – First known mention of Lithuania, in the annals of the monastery of Quedlinburg.

1230 – Bulgarian tsar Ivan Asen II defeats Theodore of Epirus in the Battle of Klokotnitsa.

1276 – Augsburg becomes an Imperial Free City.

1500 – The fleet of Pedro Alvares Cabral leaves Lisbon for the Indies. The fleet will discover Brazil which lies within boundaries granted to Portugal in the Treaty of Tordesillas.

1566 – David Rizzio, private secretary to Mary, Queen of Scots, is murdered in the Palace of Holyroodhouse, Edinburgh, Scotland.

1765 – After a campaign by the writer Voltaire, judges in Paris posthumously exonerate Jean Calas of murdering his son. Calas had been tortured and executed in 1762 on the charge, though his son may have actually committed suicide.

1796 – Napoléon Bonaparte marries his first wife, Joséphine de Beauharnais.

1811 – Paraguayan forces defeat Manuel Belgrano at the Battle of Tacuarí.

1841 – The U.S. Supreme Court rules that captive Africans who had seized control of the ship carrying them had been taken into slavery illegally.

1842 – Giuseppe Verdi's third opera, ''Nabucco'', receives its première performance in Milan; its success establishes Verdi as one of Italy's foremost opera writers.

1842 – The first documented discovery of gold in California occurs at Rancho San Francisco, six years before the California Gold Rush.

1847 – Mexican-American War: The first large-scale amphibious assault in U.S. history is launched in the Siege of Veracruz.

1862 – American Civil War: The and fight to a draw in the Battle of Hampton Roads, the first battle between two ironclad warships.

1896 – Prime Minister Francesco Crispi resigns following the Italian defeat at the Battle of Adowa.

1910 – The Westmoreland County Coal Strike, involving 15,000 coal miners represented by the United Mine Workers, begins.

1916 – Pancho Villa leads nearly 500 Mexican raiders in an attack against Columbus, New Mexico.

1925 – Pink's War: The first Royal Air Force operation conducted independently of the British Army or Royal Navy begins.

1933 – Great Depression: President Franklin D. Roosevelt submits the Emergency Banking Act to Congress, the first of his New Deal policies.

1944 – World War II: Japanese troops counter-attack American forces on Hill 700 in Bougainville in a battle that would last five days.

1944 – The Soviet Air Forces conduct heavy bombing on Tallinn, Estonia, killing up to 800 people, mostly civilians.

1945 – The Bombing of Tokyo by the United States Army Air Forces began, one of the most destructive bombing raids in history.

1946 – Bolton Wanderers stadium disaster at Burnden Park, Bolton, England, 33 killed and hundreds injured

1954 – McCarthyism: CBS television broadcasts the ''See It Now'' episode, "A Report on Senator Joseph McCarthy", produced by Fred Friendly.

1956 – Soviet military suppresses a mass demonstrations in the Georgian SSR, reacting to Nikita Khrushchev's de-Stalinization policy.

1957 – A magnitude 8.3 earthquake in the Andreanof Islands, Alaska triggers a Pacific-wide tsunami causing extensive damage to Hawaii and Oahu.

1959 – The Barbie doll makes its debut at the American International Toy Fair in New York.

1960 – Dr. Belding Hibbard Scribner implants for the first time a shunt he invented into a patient, which allows the patient to receive hemodialysis on a regular basis.

1961 – Sputnik 9 successfully launches, carrying a human dummy nicknamed Ivan Ivanovich, and demonstrating that Soviet Union was ready to begin human spaceflight.

1967 – Trans World Airlines Flight 553, a Douglas DC-9-15, crashes in a field in Concord Township, Ohio following a mid-air collision with a Beechcraft Baron, killing 26.

1976 – Forty-two people die in the 1976 Cavalese cable-car disaster, the worst cable-car accident to date.

1977 – The Hanafi Muslim Siege: In a thirty-nine hour standoff, armed Hanafi Muslims seize three Washington, D.C., buildings, killing two and taking 149 hostage.

1989 – Financially-troubled Eastern Air Lines filed for bankruptcy.

1990 – Dr. Antonia Novello is sworn in as Surgeon General of the United States, becoming the first female and Hispanic American to serve in that position.

1991 – Massive demonstrations are held against Slobodan Milošević in Belgrade.

1997 – Comet Hale-Bopp: Observers in China, Mongolia and eastern Siberia are treated to a rare double feature as an eclipse permits Hale-Bopp to be seen during the day.

2010 – The first same-sex marriages in Washington, D.C., take place.

2011 – Space Shuttle Discovery makes its final landing after 39 flights.

Births

1213 – Hugh IV, Duke of Burgundy, French crusader (d. 1271)

1285 – Emperor Go-Nijō of Japan (d. 1318)

1454 – Amerigo Vespucci, Italian explorer and cartographer (d. 1512)

1564 – David Fabricius, German astronomer (d. 1617)

1568 – Aloysius Gonzaga, Italian saint (d. 1591)

1627 – John Bowne, English-born American Quaker (d. 1695)

1629 – Tsar Alexis I of Russia (d. 1676)

1695 – Martín Sarmiento, Spanish writer and scholar (d.1772)

1720 – Philip Yorke, 2nd Earl of Hardwicke, English politician (d. 1790)

1737 – Josef Mysliveček, Czech composer (d. 1781)

1749 – Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, French writer and politician (d. 1791)

1753 – Jean-Baptiste Kleber, French general (d. 1800)

1758 – Franz Joseph Gall, German neuroscientist (d. 1828)

1763 – William Cobbett, English journalist and author (d. 1835)

1806 – Edwin Forrest, American actor and philanthropist (d. 1872)

1814 – Taras Shevchenko, Ukrainian poet (d. 1861)

1815 – David Davis, American politician and jurist; United States Senator from Illinois and Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court (d. 1886)

1820 – Samuel Blatchford, Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (d. 1893)

1825 – Alexander F. Mozhayskiy, Russian aviation pioneer (d. 1890)

1833 – Frederick A. Schroeder, industrialist and mayor of Brooklyn (d. 1899)

1839 – Phoebe Knapp, American hymn writer (d. 1908)

1856 – Eddie Foy, American singer and dancer (d. 1928)

1856 – Tom Roberts, Australian artist (d. 1931)

1887 – Phil Mead, English cricketer (d. 1958)

1887 – Fritz Lenz, German geneticist (d. 1976)

1890 – Vyacheslav Molotov, Russian politician (d. 1986)

1890 – Rupert Balfe, Australian footballer (d. 1915)

1891 – José P. Laurel, 3rd President of the Philippines (d. 1959)

1892 – Vita Sackville-West, English writer and gardener (d. 1962)

1894 – Frank Arnau, German writer (d. 1976)

1900 – Prince Aimone, Duke of Aosta, Italian aristocrat (d. 1948)

1902 – Will Geer, American actor (d. 1978)

1904 – Paul Klipsch, American engineer (d. 2002)

1905 – Gerardus Philippus Helders, Dutch politician

1909 – Derk Bodde, American sinologist (d. 2003)

1910 – Samuel Barber, American composer (d. 1981)

1915 – Johnnie Johnson, British fighter pilot (d. 2001)

1918 – George Lincoln Rockwell, founder of the American Nazi Party (d. 1967)

1918 – Mickey Spillane, American writer (d. 2006)

1920 – Frank J. Dixon, American immunologist (d. 2008)

1921 – Carl Betz, American actor (d. 1978)

1921 – Dimitris Horn, Greek actor (d. 1998)

1923 – Walter Kohn, Austrian-born physicist, Nobel laureate

1923 – Nicola Zaccaria, Greek opera singer (bass) (d. 2007)

1928 – Gerald Bull, Canadian artillery designer (d. 1990)

1929 – Desmond Hoyte, Prime Minister and President of Guyana (d. 2002)

1929 – Zillur Rahman, President of Bangladesh.

1930 – Ornette Coleman, American musician

1931 – Thore Skogman, Swedish entertainer (d. 2007)

1932 – Keely Smith, American singer

1932 – Walter Mercado, Puerto Rican astrologist and actor

1933 – Mel Lastman, Canadian politician

1933 – Lloyd Price, American singer

1934 – Del Close, American actor, writer and teacher (d. 1999)

1934 – Yuri Gagarin, Soviet cosmonaut and the first human in space (d. 1968)

1934 – Marlene Streit, Canadian golfer

1934 – Joyce Van Patten, American actress

1935 – Andrew Viterbi, American scientist and businessman

1936 – Mickey Gilley, American musician and singer

1936 – Tom Sestak, American football player (d. 1987)

1937 – Bernard Landry, Premier of Quebec from 2001-2003

1937 – Brian Redman, English racing driver

1938 – Lill-Babs, Swedish singer

1940 – Raúl Juliá, Puerto Rican actor (d. 1994)

1941 – Ernesto Miranda, American litigant (d. 1976)

1942 – John Cale, Welsh musician (The Velvet Underground)

1942 – Mark Lindsay, American musician (Paul Revere & The Raiders)

1943 – Bobby Fischer, American chess player (d. 2008)

1943 – Charles Gibson, American television journalist

1943 – Colin Murdock, American voice actor

1943 – Trish Van Devere, American actress

1944 – Lee Irvine, South African cricketer

1945 – Robert Calvert, English singer (Hawkwind) (d. 1988)

1945 – Dennis Rader, American serial killer

1945 – Robin Trower, British rock musician

1946 – Jim Cregan, British rock musician

1947 – Keri Hulme, New Zealand writer

1947 – Chris Thompson, British rock musician

1948 – Emma Bonino, Italian politician

1948 – Jeffrey Osborne, American singer

1949 – Tapani Kansa, Finnish singer

1950 – Doug Ault, American baseball player (d. 2004)

1950 – Danny Sullivan, American race car driver

1951 – Michael Kinsley, American journalist and editor

1951 – Helen Zille, South African politician

1952 – Bill Beaumont, English rugby player

1954 – Bobby Sands, IRA member (d. 1981)

1955 – Teo Fabi, Italian racing driver

1955 – Ornella Muti, Italian actress

1956 – Mark Dantonio, American football coach

1956 – Shashi Tharoor, Indian author & United Nations Under-Secretary General

1956 – David Willetts, UK Minister of State for Universities and Science (Conservative)

1957 – Faith Daniels, American journalist

1957 – Mark Mancina, American composer

1957 – Mona Sahlin, Swedish politician

1958 – Linda Fiorentino, American actress

1958 – Martin Fry, English pop singer (ABC)

1958 – Jack Kenny, American television writer and producer

1961 – Mike Leach, American football coach

1961 – Rick Steiner, American wrestler

1961 – Darrell Walker, American basketball player

1962 – Jan Furtok, Polish footballer

1963 – Terry Mulholland, American baseball player

1963 – David Pogue, Technology columnist and musician

1964 – Steve Wilkos, American police officer and talk show host

1964 – Juliette Binoche, French actress

1964 – Herbert Fandel, German football referee

1964 – Phil Housley, American ice hockey player

1965 – Brian Bosworth, American football player

1965 – Benito Santiago, Puerto Rican baseball player

1966 – Brendan Canty, American musician (Fugazi)

1966 – Tony Lockett, Australian footballer

1966 – Michael Patrick MacDonald, American memorist

1968 – Youri Djorkaeff, French footballer

1968 – Johnny Kelly, American drummer (Type O Negative)

1968 – Brian Heidik, American reality-show contestant

1969 – Mahmoud Abdul-Rauf, American basketball player

1969 – Stefie Shock, Canadian singer and songwriter

1969 – Rob Dukes, American musician (Exodus)

1970 – Martin Johnson, English rugby player

1970 – Shannon Leto, American drummer and actor (30 Seconds to Mars)

1970 – David Guido Pietroni, Italian director and producer

1971 – Emmanuel Lewis, American actor

1971 – C-Murder, American rapper

1971 – Diego Torres, Argentine singer

1972 – Spencer Howson, Australian broadcaster

1972 – Jean Louisa Kelly, American actress

1972 – Kerr Smith, American actor

1973 – Aaron Boone, American baseball player

1975 – Roy Makaay, Dutch footballer

1975 – Didiayer Snyder, Australian television personality

1975 – Chaske Spencer, American actor

1975 – Juan Sebastián Verón, Argentine footballer

1976 – Thor Halvorssen Mendoza, Venezuelan human rights activist

1976 – Ben Mulroney, Canadian television host

1977 – Yamila Diaz-Rahi, Argentine supermodel

1977 – Radek Dvořák, Czech ice hockey player

1978 – Lucas Neill, Australian footballer

1979 – Melina Perez, American professional wrestler

1980 – Chingy, American rapper

1980 – Trent Croad, Australian footballer

1980 – Matthew Gray Gubler, American actor

1981 – Antonio Bryant, American football player

1981 – Anders Nøhr, Danish footballer

1981 – Clay Rapada, American baseball player

1983 – Clint Dempsey, American footballer

1983 – Ioannis Masmanidis, German footballer

1983 – Maite Perroni, Mexican singer (RBD)

1983 – Wayne Simien, American basketball player

1984 – Julia Mancuso, American skier

1984 – Abdoulay Konko, French footballer

1985 – Jesse Litsch, American baseball player

1985 – Parthiv Patel, Indian cricket player

1986 – Brittany Snow, American actress

1987 – Bow Wow, American rapper and actor

1988 – Alodia Gosiengfiao, Filipina cosplay artist and model

1989 – Taeyeon (Kim Tae-yeon), South Korean singer (Girls' Generation)

1990 – Bilel Ifa, Tunisian footballer

1990 – Araz Özbiliz, Turkish footballer

1996 – Darsheel Safary, Indian actor

Deaths

1202 – King Sverre of Norway

1422 – Jan Zelivsky, Hussite priest (b. 1380)

1440 – Saint Frances of Rome, Italian nun (b. 1384)

1566 – David Rizzio, Italian secretary of Mary, Queen of Scots (b. 1533)

1649 – James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Hamilton, Scottish statesman (b. 1606)

1649 – Henry Rich, 1st Earl of Holland, English soldier (executed) (b. 1590)

1661 – Cardinal Mazarin, French cardinal and statesman (b. 1602)

1709 – Ralph Montagu, 1st Duke of Montagu, English diplomat (b. 1638)

1808 – Joseph Bonomi the Elder, architect (b. 1739)

1810 – Ozias Humphrey, English artist (b. 1842)

1851 – Hans Christian Ørsted, Danish physicist (b. 1777)

1888 – William I, German Emperor (b. 1797)

1895 – Leopold von Sacher-Masoch, Austrian writer and journalist (b. 1836)

1897 – Sondre Norheim, Norwegian skier (b. 1825)

1897 – Jamal-al-Din Afghani, Afghan political activist and Islamic nationalist (b. 1838)

1918 – Frank Wedekind, writer (b. 1864)

1926 – Usui Mikao, Japanese founder of Reiki (b. 1865)

1937 – Paul Elmer More, American critic and essayist (b. 1864)

1945 – Margot Frank, German-born Dutch Jewish holocaust victim (b. 1926)

1954 – Eva Ahnert-Rohlfs, German astronomer (b. 1912)

1954 – V. Walfrid Ekman, Swedish oceanographer (b. 1874)

1960 – Jack Beattie, Northern Irish politician (b. 1886)

1964 – Paul Emil von Lettow-Vorbeck, German general (b. 1870)

1966 – Pablo Birger, Argentine racing driver (b. 1924)

1969 – Abdul Munim Riad general and chief of staff of the Egyptian Armed Forces (b. 1919)

1971 – Pope Cyril VI of Alexandria, Coptic Orthodox Patriarch (b. 1902)

1974 – Earl Wilbur Sutherland Jr., American physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1915)

1975 – Gleb W. Derujinsky, Russian-American sculptor (b. 1888)

1983 – Faye Emerson, American actress (b. 1917)

1983 – Ulf von Euler, Swedish physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1905)

1985 – Harry Catterick, English football manager (b. 1919)

1989 – Robert Mapplethorpe, American artist (b. 1946)

1991 – Jim Hardin, former Baltimore Orioles, New York Yankees and Atlanta Braves pitcher (b. 1943)

1992 – Menachem Begin, Prime Minister of Israel, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1913)

1993 – C. Northcote Parkinson, British historian and writer (b. 1909)

1993 – Bob Crosby, American bandleader and vocalist (b. 1913)

1994 – Maurice Purtill, American Big Band drummer (b. 1916)

1994 – Charles Bukowski, American writer (b. 1920)

1994 – Fernando Rey, Spanish-born actor (b. 1917)

1994 – Eddie Creatchman, Canadian wrestler manager (b. 1928)

1996 – George Burns, American actor and singer (b. 1896)

1997 – The Notorious B.I.G., American rapper (b. 1972)

1997 – Terry Nation, Welsh novelist and screenwriter, creator of the Daleks (b.1930)

1997 – Jean-Dominique Bauby, French Journalist & Author (b.1952), The Diving Bell and the Butterfly

1999 – Harry Somers, Canadian composer (b. 1925)

2000 – Ivo Robić, Croatian singer and songwriter (b. 1923)

2001 – Louiza Podimata, Greek actress (b. 1920)

2003 – Stan Brakhage, American filmmaker (b. 1933)

2003 – Bernard Dowiyogo, President of Nauru (b. 1946)

2004 – Albert Mol, Dutch actor (b. 1917)

2004 – Dr. Gerald Deskin, Ph.D., clinical child psychologist (b. 1929)

2004 – Rust Epique, former Crazy Town guitarist and frontman for the Alternative Rock band, pre)Thing (b. 1968)

2005 – Chris LeDoux, American country singer and rodeo competitor (b. 1948)

2005 – Kurt Lotz, German business executive, second postwar CEO of Volkswagen (b. 1912)

2005 – István Nyers, Hungarian footballer (b. 1924)

2005 – Jeanette Schmid, Austrian professional whistler (b. 1924)

2006 – John Profumo, British cabinet minister (b. 1915)

2006 – Geir Ivarsøy, Norwegian programmer, co-founder of Opera Software ASA (b. 1957)

2006 – Laura Stoica, Romanian singer, composer and actress (b. 1967)

2007 – Brad Delp, American singer (Boston) (b. 1951)

2007 – Glen Harmon, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1921)

2007 – Jeanne Hopkins Lucas, North Carolina politician (b. 1935)

2010 – Doris Haddock, American political activist (b. 1910)

2011 – David Broder, American journalist (b. 1929)

Holidays and observances

Baron Bliss Day (Belize)

Christian Feast Day:

*Catherine of Bologna

*Forty Martyrs of Sebaste

*Frances of Rome

*Gregory of Nyssa

*Pacian

Teacher's Day or ''Eid Al Moalim'' (Lebanon)

External links

BBC: On This Day

On This Day in Canada

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Category:Days of the year Category:March

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Coordinates	21°55′11″N159°28′54″N
Name	The Notorious B.I.G.
Background	solo_singer
Birth name	Christopher George Latore Wallace
Alias	Biggie Smalls, The Notorious B.I.G., Big Poppa
Birth date	May 21, 1972
Birth place
Death date	March 09, 1997
Death place
Occupation	Rapper, songwriter
Genre	Hip hop
Years active	1992–1997
Label	Uptown Records Bad Boy
Associated acts	Lil' Kim, Sean Combs, Junior M.A.F.I.A., Total, 112, The Commission
Website	}}

Christopher George Latore Wallace (May 21, 1972 March 9, 1997) was an American rapper. He was popularly known as Biggie Smalls (after a character in the 1975 film ''Let's Do It Again''), Big Poppa, and The Black Frank White (after the main character of the 1990 film ''King of New York''), but primarily by his stage name The Notorious B.I.G.

Wallace was raised in the Brooklyn borough of New York City. When Wallace released his debut album ''Ready to Die'' in 1994, he became a central figure in the East Coast hip-hop scene and increased New York's visibility at a time when West Coast artists were more common in the mainstream. The following year, Wallace led his childhood friends to chart success through his protégé group, Junior M.A.F.I.A. While recording his second album, Wallace was heavily involved in the East Coast/West Coast hip-hop feud, dominating the scene at the time.

On March 9, 1997, Wallace was killed by an unknown assailant in a drive-by shooting in Los Angeles. His double-disc set ''Life After Death'', released 15 days later, hit #1 on the U.S. album charts and was certified Diamond in 2000 (one of the few hip hop albums to receive this certification). Wallace was noted for his "loose, easy flow", dark semi-autobiographical lyrics and storytelling abilities. Since his death, a further two albums have been released. MTV ranked him at #3 on their list of ''The Greatest MCs (Rappers) of All Time''. He has certified sales of 17 million units in the United States.

Early life

Born in St. Mary's Hospital, despite later claiming to be raised in the Bedford-Stuyvesant section of Brooklyn, Wallace grew up in neighboring Clinton Hill. Wallace was the only child of Voletta Wallace, a Jamaican preschool teacher, and George Latore, a welder and small-time Jamaican politician. His father left the family when Wallace was two years old, leaving his mother to work two jobs while raising him. At the Queen of All Saints Middle School, Wallace excelled in class, winning several awards as an English student. He was nicknamed "Big" because of his size before he turned 10. At the age of 12, he began selling drugs. His mother, often away at work, did not know that her son was selling drugs until Wallace was an adult.

At his request, Wallace transferred out of the private Roman Catholic Bishop Loughlin Memorial High School to attend the state-funded George Westinghouse Information Technology High School. Jay-Z and Busta Rhymes were also students at that school. According to his mother, Wallace was still a good student, but developed a "smart-ass" attitude at the new school. At seventeen, Wallace dropped out of high school and became further involved in crime. In 1989, he was arrested on weapons charges in Brooklyn and sentenced to five years' probation. In 1990, he was arrested on a violation of his probation. A year later, Wallace was arrested in North Carolina for dealing crack cocaine. He spent nine months behind bars until he made bail.

Rapping career

Wallace began rapping when he was a teenager. He would entertain people on the streets as well as perform with local groups, the Old Gold Brothers and the Techniques. After being released from prison, Wallace made a demo tape under the name Biggie Smalls, a reference to his childhood nickname and to his stature; he stood at 6' 3" (1.91 m) and weighed as much as 300 to 380 pounds according to differing accounts. The tape was reportedly made with no serious intent of getting a recording deal, but was promoted by New York-based DJ Mister Cee, who had previously worked with Big Daddy Kane, and was heard by the editor of ''The Source''.

In March 1992, Wallace featured in ''The Source'''s Unsigned Hype column, dedicated to aspiring rappers, and was invited to produce a recording with other unsigned artists in a move that was reportedly uncommon at the time. The demo tape was heard by Uptown Records A&R; and record producer, Sean Combs, who arranged for a meeting with Wallace. He was signed to Uptown immediately and made an appearance on label mates, Heavy D & the Boyz' "A Buncha Niggas" (from the album ''Blue Funk''). Soon after signing his recording contract, Combs was fired from Uptown and started a new label. Wallace followed and in mid-1992, signed to Combs' new imprint label, Bad Boy Records. On August 8, 1993, Wallace's longtime girlfriend gave birth to his first child, T'yanna. Wallace continued selling drugs after the birth to support his daughter financially. Once Combs discovered this, he was made to quit.

Wallace gained exposure later in the year on a remix to Mary J. Blige's single "Real Love", under the pseudonym The Notorious B.I.G., the name he would record under for the remainder of his career, after finding the original moniker "Biggie Smalls" was already in use. "Real Love" peaked at #7 on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 chart and was followed by a remix of Blige's "What's the 411?". He continued this success, to a lesser extent, on remixes with Neneh Cherry ("Buddy X") and reggae artist Super Cat ("Dolly My Baby", also featuring Combs) in 1993. In April 1993, his solo track, "Party and Bullshit", appeared on the ''Who's the Man?'' soundtrack. In July 1994, he appeared alongside LL Cool J and Busta Rhymes on a remix to label mate Craig Mack's "Flava in Ya Ear", reaching #9 on the Hot 100.

''Ready to Die'' and marriage

On August 4, 1994, Wallace married singer Faith Evans after they met at a Bad Boy photoshoot. Four days later, Wallace had his first pop chart success as a solo artist with double A-side, "Juicy/Unbelievable", which reached #27 as the lead single to his debut album.

''Ready to Die'' was released on September 13, 1994, and reached #13 on the ''Billboard'' 200 chart, eventually being certified four times Platinum. The album, released at a time when West Coast hip hop was prominent in the U.S. charts, according to ''Rolling Stone'', "almost single-handedly... shifted the focus back to East Coast rap". It gained strong reviews on release and has received much praise in retrospect. In addition to "Juicy", the record produced two hit singles; the Platinum-selling "Big Poppa", which reached #1 on the U.S. rap chart, and "One More Chance" featuring Faith Evans, a loosely related remix of an album track and its best selling single.

Junior M.A.F.I.A. and coastal feud

In August 1995, Wallace's protegé group, Junior M.A.F.I.A. ("Junior Masters At Finding Intelligent Attitudes"), released their debut album ''Conspiracy''. The group consisting of his friends from childhood and included rappers such as Lil' Kim and Lil' Cease, who went on to have solo careers. The record went Gold and its singles, "Player's Anthem" and "Get Money" both featuring Wallace, went Gold and Platinum. Wallace continued to work with R&B; artists, collaborating with Bad Boy groups 112 (on "Only You") and Total (on "Can't You See"), with both reaching the top 20 of the Hot 100. By the end of the year, Wallace was the top-selling male solo artist and rapper on the U.S. pop and R&B; charts. In July 1995, he appeared on the cover of ''The Source'' with the caption "The King of New York Takes Over". At the ''Source'' Awards in August 1995, he was named Best New Artist (Solo), Lyricist of the Year, Live Performer of the Year, and his debut Album of the Year. At the Billboard Awards, he was Rap Artist of the Year.

In his year of success, Wallace became involved in a rivalry between the East and West Coast hip-hop scenes with Tupac Shakur, his former associate. In an interview with ''Vibe'' magazine in April 1995, while serving time in Clinton Correctional Facility, Shakur accused Uptown Records' founder Andre Harrell, Sean Combs, and Wallace of having prior knowledge of a robbery that resulted in him being shot repeatedly and losing thousands of dollars worth of jewelry on the night of November 30, 1994. Though Wallace and his entourage were in the same Manhattan-based recording studio at the time of the occurrence, they denied the accusation.

Following release from prison, Shakur signed to Death Row Records on October 15, 1995. Bad Boy Records and Death Row, now business rivals, became involved in an intense quarrel.

Arrests, Shakur's death and second child

Wallace began recording his second record album in September 1995. The album, recorded in New York, Trinidad and Los Angeles, was interrupted during its 18 months of creation by injury, legal wranglings and the highly publicized hip hop dispute in which he was involved. During this time he also worked with pop singer Michael Jackson for the ''HIStory'' album.

On March 23, 1996, Wallace was arrested outside a Manhattan nightclub for chasing and threatening to kill two autograph seekers, smashing the windows of their taxicab and then pulling one of the fans out and punching them. He pleaded guilty to second-degree harassment and was sentenced to 100 hours of community service. In mid-1996, he was arrested at his home in Teaneck, New Jersey, for drug and weapons possession charges.

In June 1996, Shakur released "Hit 'Em Up", a diss song in which he explicitly claimed to have had sex with Wallace's wife (at the time estranged) and that Wallace copied his style and image. Wallace referred to the first claim about his wife's pregnancy on Jay-Z's "Brooklyn's Finest" where he raps: "If Faye (Faith Evans, his wife at the time) have twins, she'd probably have two 'Pacs. Geddit? 2Pac's?". However, Wallace did not directly respond to the record during his lifetime, stating in a 1997 radio interview that it was "not [his] style" to respond.

Shakur was shot multiple times in a drive-by shooting in Las Vegas, Nevada, on September 7, 1996. He would die six days later of complications from the gunshot wounds. Rumors of Wallace's involvement with Shakur's murder were reported almost immediately, and later in a two-part article by investigative reporter Chuck Philips in the ''Los Angeles Times'' in September 2002. Wallace denied the allegation claiming he was in a New York recording studio at the time. The ''Times'' later determined the article written by Philips "relied heavily on information that The Times no longer believes to be credible", including false FBI reports, and the paper published a retraction. Following his death, an anti-violence hip hop summit was held.

On October 29, 1996, Faith Evans gave birth to Wallace's son, Christopher "C.J." Wallace, Jr. The following month Junior M.A.F.I.A. member Lil' Kim released her debut album, ''Hard Core'', under Wallace's direction while the two were involved in an apparent love affair. She was also pregnant with Wallace's child but decided to have an abortion.

''Life After Death'' and car accident

During the recording sessions for his second record, tentatively named "Life After Death... 'Til Death Do Us Part", later shortened to ''Life After Death'', Wallace was involved in a car accident that shattered his left leg and confined him to a wheelchair. The injury forced him to use a cane.

In January 1997, Wallace was ordered to pay US$41,000 in damages following an incident involving a friend of a concert promoter who claimed Wallace and his entourage beat him up following a dispute in May 1995. He faced criminal assault charges for the incident which remain unresolved, but all robbery charges were dropped. Following the events of the previous year, Wallace spoke of a desire to focus on his "peace of mind". "My mom... my son... my daughter... my family... my friends are what matters to me now".

March 1997 shooting and death

Wallace traveled to California in February 1997 to promote his upcoming album and record a music video for its lead single, "Hypnotize". On March 5, 1997 he gave a radio interview with The Dog House on KYLD in San Francisco. In the interview he stated that he had hired security since he feared for his safety; this was because he was a celebrity figure in general, not because he was a rapper. ''Life After Death'' was scheduled for release on March 25, 1997. On January 8, 1997, Biggie Smalls and Sean "Puffy" Combs made a video "What's Beef" which was directed by Dave Meyers. On March 8, 1997, he presented an award to Toni Braxton at the 11th Annual Soul Train Music Awards in Los Angeles and was booed by some of the audience. After the ceremony, Wallace attended an after party hosted by ''Vibe'' magazine and Qwest Records at the Petersen Automotive Museum in Los Angeles. Other guests included Faith Evans, Aaliyah, Sean Combs, and members of the Bloods and Crips gangs.

On March 9, 1997, at around 12:30 a.m., Wallace left with his entourage in two GMC Suburbans to return to his hotel after the Fire Department closed the party early because of overcrowding. Wallace traveled in the front passenger seat alongside his associates, Damion "D-Roc" Butler, Junior M.A.F.I.A. member Lil' Cease and driver, Gregory "G-Money" Young. Combs traveled in the other vehicle with three bodyguards. The two trucks were trailed by a Chevrolet Blazer carrying Bad Boy's director of security.

By 12:45 a.m., the streets were crowded with people leaving the event. Wallace's truck stopped at a red light from the museum. A black Chevrolet Impala SS pulled up alongside Wallace's truck. The driver of the Impala, an African American male dressed in a blue suit and bow tie, rolled down his window, drew a 9 mm blue-steel pistol and fired at the GMC Suburban; four bullets hit Wallace in the chest. Wallace's entourage rushed him to Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, but he was pronounced dead at 1:15 a.m.

Murder case

Wallace's murder remains unsolved and there are many theories regarding the identities and motives of the murderers. Immediately after the shooting, reports surfaced linking the Shakur and Wallace murders, because of the similarities in the drive-by shootings.

In 2002, Randall Sullivan released ''LAbyrinth'', a book compiling information regarding the murders of Wallace and Shakur based on evidence provided by retired LAPD detective, Russell Poole. Sullivan accused Marion "Suge" Knight, co-founder of Death Row Records and an alleged Bloods affiliate, of conspiring with David Mack, an LAPD officer and alleged Death Row security employee, to kill Wallace and make Shakur and his death appear the result of a fictitious bi-coastal rap rivalry. Sullivan believed that one of Mack's associates, Amir Muhammad (also known as Harry Billups), was the hitman based on evidence provided by an informant, and due to his close resemblance to the facial composite. Filmmaker Nick Broomfield released an investigative documentary, ''Biggie & Tupac'', based mainly on the evidence used in the book.

An article published in ''Rolling Stone'' by Sullivan in December 2005 accused the LAPD of not fully investigating links with Death Row Records based on evidence from Poole. Sullivan claimed that Sean Combs "failed to fully cooperate with the investigation" and according to Poole, encouraged Bad Boy staff to do the same. The accuracy of the article was later refuted in a letter by the Assistant Managing Editor of the ''LA Times'' accusing Sullivan of using "shoddy tactics." Sullivan, in response, quoted the lead attorney of the Wallace estate calling the newspaper "a co-conspirator in the cover-up."

In January 2011, the case was reinvigorated as a result of new information reported by Anderson Cooper's AC360 "Cold Case" show and blog that it was being re-investigated by a law enforcement task force composed of the LAPD, the L.A. County District Attorney's Office, and the FBI. In April, the FBI released redacted documents about their investigation into the shooting, revealing that the bullets were rare 9mm Gecko ammunition manufactured in Germany. The documents reported that LAPD officers monitoring the party Wallace was attending were also employed as security personnel for Knight; the documents also speculated that the Genovese crime family was withholding evidence about Wallace's death.

Basketball player Shaquille O'Neal was a close friend of Wallace's and on the night of Wallace's death, he was supposed to meet him at an after party. O'Neal has reportedly struggled with guilt about Wallace's death since that night.

Lawsuits

In March 2005, the relatives of Wallace filed a wrongful death claim against the LAPD based on the evidence championed by Russell Poole. They claimed the LAPD had sufficient evidence to arrest the assailant, but failed to use it. David Mack and Amir Muhammad (a.k.a. Harry Billups) were originally named as defendants in the civil suit, but were dropped shortly before the trial began after the LAPD and FBI dismissed them as suspects. In July 2005, the case was declared a mistrial after the judge showed concern that the police were withholding evidence. An attempt to expand the wrongful death lawsuit to include new claims failed in August 2006. The criminal investigation was re-opened in July 2006.

On January 19, 2007, Tyruss Himes (better known as Big Syke), a friend of Shakur who was implicated in the murder by television channel KTTV and ''XXL'' magazine in 2005, had a defamation lawsuit regarding the accusations thrown out of court.

On April 16, 2007, relatives of Wallace filed a second wrongful death lawsuit against the city of Los Angeles. The suit also named two LAPD officers in the center of the investigation into the Rampart scandal, Rafael Perez and Nino Durden. According to the claim, Perez, an alleged affiliate of Death Row Records, admitted to LAPD officials that he and Mack (who was not named in the lawsuit) "conspired to murder, and participated in the murder of Christopher Wallace". The Wallace family said the LAPD "consciously concealed Rafael Perez's involvement in the murder of ... Wallace". A U.S. district judge dismissed the lawsuit on December 19, 2007. Los Angeles Judge Florence-Marie Cooper reinstated the lawsuit on May 9, 2008. With the agreement of both sides, the lawsuit was dismissed April 5, 2010 without prejudice to refiling.

Posthumous career

Fifteen days after his death, Wallace's double-disc second album was released as planned with the shortened title of ''Life After Death'' and hit #1 on the Billboard 200 charts, after making a premature appearance at #176 due to street-date violations. The record album featured a much wider range of guests and producers than its predecessor. It gained strong reviews and in 2000 was certified Diamond, the highest RIAA certification awarded to a solo hip hop album.

Its lead single, "Hypnotize", was the last music video recording in which Wallace would participate. His biggest chart success was with its follow-up "Mo Money Mo Problems", featuring Sean Combs (under the rap alias "Puff Daddy") and Mase. Both singles reached #1 in the Hot 100, making Wallace the first artist to achieve this feat posthumously. The third single, "Sky's The Limit", featuring the band 112, was noted for its use of children in the music video, directed by Spike Jonze, who were used to portray Wallace and his contemporaries, including Sean Combs, Lil' Kim, and Busta Rhymes. Wallace was named Artist of the Year and "Hypnotize" Single of the Year by ''Spin'' magazine in December 1997.

In mid-1997, Combs released his debut album, ''No Way Out'', which featured Wallace on five songs, notably on the third single "Victory". The most prominent single from the record album was "I'll Be Missing You", featuring Combs, Faith Evans and 112, which was dedicated to Wallace's memory. At the 1998 Grammy Awards, ''Life After Death'' and its first two singles received nominations in the rap category. The album award was won by Combs' ''No Way Out'' and "I'll Be Missing You" won the award in the category of Best Rap Performance By A Duo Or Group in which "Mo Money Mo Problems" was nominated.

Wallace had founded a hip hop supergroup called The Commission, which consisted of Jay-Z, Lil' Cease, Combs, Charli Baltimore and himself. The Commission was mentioned by Wallace in the lyrics of "What's Beef" on ''Life After Death'' and "Victory" from ''No Way Out'' but never completed an album. A song on ''Duets: The Final Chapter'' titled "Whatchu Want (The Commission)" featuring Jay-Z was based on the group.

In December 1999, Bad Boy released ''Born Again''. The record consisted of previously unreleased material mixed with guest appearances including many artists Wallace had never collaborated with in his lifetime. It gained some positive reviews but received criticism for its unlikely pairings; ''The Source'' describing it as "compiling some of the most awkward collaborations of his career". Nevertheless, the album sold 3 million copies. Over the course of time, Wallace's vocals would appear on hit songs such as "Foolish" by Ashanti and "Realest Niggas" in 2002, and the song "Runnin' (Dying to Live)" with Shakur the following year. He also appeared on Michael Jackson's 2001 album, ''Invincible''. In 2005, ''Duets: The Final Chapter'' continued the pattern started on ''Born Again'' and was criticized for the lack of significant vocals by Wallace on some of its songs. Its lead single "Nasty Girl" became Wallace's first UK #1 single. Combs and Voletta Wallace have stated the album will be the last release primarily featuring new material.

Legacy

Wallace is celebrated as one of the greatest rap artists and is described by Allmusic as "the savior of East Coast hip-hop". ''The Source'' and ''Blender'' named Wallace the greatest rapper of all time. In 2003, when ''XXL'' magazine asked several hip hop artists to list their five favorite MCs, Wallace's name appeared on more rappers' lists than anyone else. In 2006, he was ranked at #3 in MTV's ''The Greatest MC's of All Time''.

Since his death, Wallace's lyrics have been sampled and quoted by a variety of hip hop, R&B; and pop artists including Jay-Z, 50 Cent, Alicia Keys, Fat Joe, Nelly, Ja Rule, Eminem, Lil Wayne, Game, Clinton Sparks, Michael Jackson and Usher. On August 28, 2005, at the 2005 MTV Video Music Awards, Sean Combs (then using the rap alias "P. Diddy") and Snoop Dogg paid tribute to Wallace: an orchestra played while the vocals from "Juicy" and "Warning" played on the arena speakers. In September 2005, VH1 had its second annual "Hip Hop Honors", with a tribute to Wallace headlining the show.

Wallace had begun to promote a clothing line called Brooklyn Mint, which was to produce plus-sized clothing but fell dormant after he died. In 2004, his managers, Mark Pitts and Wayne Barrow, launched the clothing line, with help from Jay-Z, selling T-shirts with images of Wallace on them. A portion of the proceeds go to the Christopher Wallace Foundation and to Jay-Z's Shawn Carter Scholarship Foundation. In 2005, Voletta Wallace hired branding and licensing agency Wicked Cow Entertainment to guide the Estate's licensing efforts. Wallace-branded products on the market include action figures, blankets, and cell phone content.

The Christopher Wallace Memorial Foundation holds an annual black-tie dinner ("B.I.G. Night Out") to raise funds for children's school equipment and supplies and to honor the memory of the late rapper. For this particular event, because it is a children's schools' charity, "B.I.G." is also said to stand for "Books Instead of Guns".

Style

Wallace mostly rapped on his songs in a deep tone described by ''Rolling Stone'' as a "thick, jaunty grumble", which went deeper on ''Life After Death''. He was often accompanied on songs with ad libs from Sean "Puffy" Combs. On ''The Source'''s Unsigned Hype, they described his style as "cool, nasal, and filtered, to bless his own material".

Allmusic describe Wallace as having "a loose, easy flow" with "a talent for piling multiple rhymes on top of one another in quick succession". ''Time'' magazine wrote Wallace rapped with an ability to "make multi-syllabic rhymes sound... smooth", while Krims describes Wallace's rhythmic style as "effusive". Before starting a verse, Wallace sometimes used onomatopoeic vocables to "warm up" (for example "uhhh" at the beginning of "Hypnotize" and "Big Poppa" and "whaat" after certain rhymes in songs such as "My Downfall").

Lateef of Latyrx notes that Wallace had, “intense and complex flows”, Fredro Starr of Onyx says, “Biggie was a master of the flow”, and Bishop Lamont states that Wallace mastered “all the hemispheres of the music”. “Notorious B.I.G. also often used the single-line rhyme scheme to add variety and interest to his flow”. Wallace was known to compose lyrics in his head, rather than write them down on paper, in a similar way to Jay-Z.

Wallace would occasionally vary from his usual style. On "Playa Hater" from his second album, he sang in a slow-falsetto. On his collaboration with Bone Thugs-n-Harmony, "Notorious Thugs", he modified his style to match the rapid rhyme flow of the group.

Themes and lyrical content

Wallace's lyrical topics and themes included mafioso tales ("Niggas Bleed"), his drug dealing past ("10 Crack Commandments"), materialistic bragging ("Hypnotize"), as well as humor ("Just Playing (Dreams)"), and romance ("Me & My Bitch"). ''Rolling Stone'' named Wallace in 2004 as "one of the few young male songwriters in any pop style writing credible love songs".

Guerilla Black, in the book ''How to Rap'', describes how Wallace was able to both “glorify the upper echelon” and “[make] you feel his struggle”. According to Touré of ''The New York Times'' in 1994, Wallace's lyrics "[mixed] autobiographical details about crime and violence with emotional honesty". Marriott of ''The New York Times'' (in 1997) believed his lyrics were not strictly autobiographical and wrote he "had a knack for exaggeration that increased sales". Wallace described his debut as "a big pie, with each slice indicating a different point in my life involving bitches and niggaz... from the beginning to the end".

''Ready to Die'' is described by ''Rolling Stone'' as a contrast of "bleak" street visions and being "full of high-spirited fun, bringing the pleasure principle back to hip-hop". ''Allmusic'' write of "a sense of doom" in some of his songs and the ''NY Times'' note some being "laced with paranoia"; Wallace described himself as feeling "broke and depressed" when he made his debut. The final song on the album, "Suicidal Thoughts", featured Wallace contemplating suicide and concluded with him committing the act.

On ''Life After Death'', Wallace's lyrics went "deeper". Krims explains how upbeat, dance-oriented tracks (which featured less heavily on his debut) alternate with "reality rap" songs on the record and suggests that he was "going pimp" through some of the lyrical topics of the former. ''XXL'' magazine wrote that Wallace "revamped his image" through the portrayal of himself between the albums, going from "midlevel hustler" on his debut to "drug lord".

Allmusic wrote that the success of ''Ready to Die'' is "mostly due to Wallace's skill as a storyteller"; In 1994, ''Rolling Stone'' described Wallace's ability in this technique as painting "a sonic picture so vibrant that you're transported right to the scene". On ''Life After Death'' Wallace notably demonstrated this skill on "I Got a Story to Tell" telling a story as a rap for the first half of the song and then as a story "for his boys" in conversation form.

Biopic

''Notorious'' is a 2009 biographical film about Wallace and his life that starred rapper Jamal "Gravy" Woolard as Wallace. The film was directed by George Tillman, Jr. and distributed by Fox Searchlight Pictures. Producers included Sean "Diddy" Combs, Wallace's former managers Wayne Barrow and Mark Pitts, as well as Voletta Wallace. On January 16, 2009, the movie's debut at the Grand 18 theater in Greensboro, North Carolina was postponed after a man was shot in the parking lot before the show. Ultimately, the film grossed over $43,000,000 worldwide.

In early October 2007, open casting calls for the role of Wallace began. Actors, rappers and unknowns all tried out. Beanie Sigel auditioned for the role, but was not picked. Sean Kingston claimed that he would play the role of Wallace, but producers denied he would be in the film. Eventually it was announced that rapper Jamal "Gravy" Woolard was cast as Wallace while Wallace's son, Christopher Wallace, Jr. was cast to play Wallace as a child. Other cast members include Angela Bassett as Voletta Wallace, Derek Luke as Sean Combs, Antonique Smith as Faith Evans, Naturi Naughton formerly of 3LW as Lil' Kim, and Anthony Mackie as Tupac Shakur. Bad Boy released a soundtrack album to the film on January 13, 2009; the album contains hit singles of B.I.G. such as "Hypnotize", "Juicy", and "Warning" as well as rarities.

Discography

Studio albums

1994: ''Ready to Die''

1997: ''Life After Death''

Posthumous albums

1997: ''Life After Death''

1999: ''Born Again''

2005: ''Duets: The Final Chapter''

Collaboration albums

1995: ''Conspiracy'' (with Junior M.A.F.I.A.)

Compilation albums

2007: ''Greatest Hits''

2009: ''Notorious: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack''

Awards and nominations

name	The Notorious B.I.G.
awards	4
nominations	11
billboardw	2
billboardn	2
grammyn	4
mtvvideow	1
mtvvideon	2
soulw	1
souln	3 }}

Wallace received two nominations from the Billboard Music Awards in 1995, including Rap Artist of the Year and Rap Single of the Year. The song "Mo Money Mo Problems" received several nominations in 1998, including Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group at the Grammy Awards; Best Rap Video at the MTV Video Music Awards; and Best R&B;/Soul Album and Best R&B;/Soul or Rap Music Video at the Soul Train Music Awards. Overall, Wallace has received four awards from eleven nominations; one award and six nominations were received posthumously.

Billboard Music Awards

The Billboard Music Awards is sponsored by ''Billboard'' magazine and held annually in December.

|- |rowspan="2"| 1995 || The Notorious B.I.G. || Rap Artist of the Year || |- | "One More Chance" || Rap Single of the Year ||

Grammy Awards

The Grammy Awards are awarded annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences of the United States.

|- | || "Big Poppa" || Best Rap Solo Performance || |- |rowspan="3"| || "Hypnotize" || Best Rap Solo Performance || |- | "Mo Money Mo Problems" (with Mase and Puff Daddy) || Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group || |- | ''Life After Death'' || Best Rap Album ||

MTV Video Music Awards

The MTV Video Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony established in 1984 by MTV.

|- | || "Hypnotize" || Best Rap Video || |- | || "Mo Money Mo Problems" (with Mase and Puff Daddy) || Best Rap Video ||

Soul Train Music Awards

The Soul Train Music Awards is an annual awards show that honors black musicians and entertainers.

|- |rowspan="3"| 1998 || ''Life After Death'' || Best R&B;/Soul Album, Male || |- |rowspan="2"| "Mo Money Mo Problems" (with Mase and Puff Daddy) || Best R&B;/Soul Album || |- | Best R&B;/Soul or Rap Music Video ||

The Source Awards

The Source Awards were awarded by hip hop magazine ''The Source''.

|- |rowspan="4"| 1995 || The Notorious B.I.G. || New Artist of the Year, Solo || |- | ''Ready to Die'' || Album of the Year || |- | The Notorious B.I.G. || Lyricist of the Year || |- | The Notorious B.I.G. || Live Performer of the Year ||

References

Further reading

External links

BiggieDuets.com The Notorious B.I.G. Official Biggie Duets album website.

B.I.G. Action Figure Notorious B.I.G. official first ever action figure.

Notorious Movie "Notorious" Movie Official Site

biggiesmalls-rapphenomenon.com Biggie Smalls - Rap Phenomenon DVD documentary official site

FBI file on Christopher Wallace

NotoriousOnline.org – NotoriousOnline.org is a Non-profit website in memory of the late great Notorious BIG a.k.a. Biggie Smalls.

Category:1972 births Category:1997 deaths Category:American drug traffickers Category:American murder victims Category:American rappers of Jamaican descent Big Category:Bad Boy Records artists Category:Deaths by firearm in California Category:Murdered rappers Category:People from Bedford–Stuyvesant, Brooklyn Category:People murdered in California Category:Pseudonymous rappers Category:Rappers from New York City Category:Unsolved murders in the United States

ar:نوتوريوس بي. آي. جي. az:Notorious B.I.G. bg:The Notorious B.I.G. cs:The Notorious B.I.G. da:The Notorious B.I.G. de:The Notorious B.I.G. et:The Notorious B.I.G. el:The Notorious B.I.G. es:The Notorious B.I.G. fa:نوتوریوس بی.آی.جی fr:The Notorious B.I.G. fy:The Notorious B.I.G. ga:The Notorious B.I.G. gl:The Notorious B.I.G. ko:노토리어스 B.I.G. it:The Notorious B.I.G. he:הנוטוריוס בי.איי.ג'י. ka:The Notorious B.I.G. sw:The Notorious B.I.G. la:Christophorus Wallace lv:The Notorious B.I.G. nl:The Notorious B.I.G. ja:ノトーリアス・B.I.G. no:The Notorious B.I.G. pl:The Notorious B.I.G. pt:The Notorious B.I.G. ro:The Notorious B.I.G. ru:The Notorious B.I.G. simple:The Notorious B.I.G. sk:The Notorious B.I.G. sl:Notorious B.I.G. sh:The Notorious B.I.G. fi:The Notorious B.I.G. sv:The Notorious B.I.G. ta:நொடோரியஸ் பி.ஐ.ஜி th:เดอะโนทอเรียสบีไอจี tr:The Notorious B.I.G. uk:The Notorious B.I.G. yo:The Notorious B.I.G. zh:聲名狼藉先生

Coordinates	21°55′11″N159°28′54″N
name	Jin Akanishi
background	solo_singer
birth name	(Akanishi Jin)
birth date	July 04, 1984
origin	Chiba Prefecture, Japan
genre	Pop
occupation	Singer-songwriter, arranger, international artist actor, television personality
instrument	Vocals, Guitar
years active	1998-present
label	J-One Records, Warner Music Group
associated acts	KAT-TUN, Koichi Domoto, Crystal Kay, Lands
website	jinakanishi.us }}

is a Japanese idol, singer-songwriter, actor, seiyū, and former radio host. Akanishi is a former member of the J-pop group, KAT-TUN, and was one of the two lead vocalists. Since the group's debut in 2006, it has achieved 14 consecutive number ones (including studio albums) on the Oricon charts.

Akanishi is also a budding actor with roles in the second season of popular NTV school drama, ''Gokusen 2'', ''Anego'' and ''Yukan Club''. He was also a co-host of KAT-TUN's own variety show, ''Cartoon KAT-TUN'', and used to host a radio program called "KAT-TUN Style" with bandmate Junnosuke Taguchi from October 2007 to March 2008.

Early life

Born in the Chiba Prefecture on July 4, 1984, Akanishi is the oldest child. His family consists of his parents and a younger brother, Reio, who also works in the entertainment industry as an actor under the stage name, Fuuta. His given name, Jin ("benevolence"), comes from one of the five Confucian virtues. He moved to Tokyo in the first grade. He is the best friend of Tomohisa Yamashita and the two remain close today. In 1997, when he was still in grade school, a classmate sent in a photo of him to idol magazine, Myojo, and he was featured in the "Cool Classmates" corner of the issue. Akanishi expressed interest in the entertainment industry and his mother thus sent in an application to Johnny's Entertainment on his behalf in 1998. Though he technically failed his audition on November 8, 1998, he was told to stay when he tried to return his number plate to a man who happened to be Johnny Kitagawa himself. He entered Johnny & Associates at the same time as future bandmates Kazuya Kamenashi and Yuichi Nakamaru.

Recording career

2001–2006: Early career

After he was made a Johnny's Jr. member in 2000, Akanishi was part of a number of groups like Musical Academy Dancing, J2000 and B.A.D. before being drafted into a six-member unit in 2001 with other juniors Kazuya Kamenashi, Junnosuke Taguchi, Koki Tanaka, Tatsuya Ueda and Yuichi Nakamaru. Though the group was originally meant to only be backup dancers for Koichi Domoto of KinKi Kids, the sextet's unexpected popularity led their agency to allow them to expand into a separate group called KAT-TUN, an acronym formed by the first letter of the members' surnames. Despite the group's popularity (they even released DVDs of their live concerts in 2003 and 2005—a first for JE groups that hadn't debuted), they were not allowed to make their bow until five years later.

2006–2009: Debut as a member of KAT-TUN

KAT-TUN's debut on March 22, 2006 was marked by a tripartite release of their debut single, debut album and a DVD chronicling the making of their first music video. All three releases were immensely successful on the Oricon charts with "Real Face" and "Real Face Film" certified as the best-selling single and domestic music DVD of 2006 respectively. The group's next single, "Signal", was also a massive hit debuting at number 1 and selling more than 500,000 copies.

Much to the Japanese public's surprise, Akanishi announced in a press conference on October 13, 2006 that he was leaving the country to study English abroad for an indefinite amount of time. Despite his absence, KAT-TUN were obliged to continue its activities and released their third single and second studio album, "Bokura no Machi de" and ''Cartoon KAT-TUN II You'', which both topped the charts. Akanishi finally returned from Los Angeles, the United States after six months on April 19, 2007. He quickly resumed work by joining his bandmates on their nationwide tour on April 21. All of KAT-TUN's subsequent singles and albums have since debuted at number 1 and the band has sold more than 6 million records in just over three years.

Akanishi is also a songwriter having written songs for KAT-TUN and for himself, including "Hesitate", "Love or Like" (from ''Cartoon KAT-TUN II You''), "Lovejuice" (B-side of the limited edition 2 of "Don't U Ever Stop"), "Care" (from ''Break the Records: By You & For You'') and "Wonder." The song "Wonder" is a collaboration with R&B; artist, Crystal Kay. Akanishi is also featured in the song "Helpless Night" from Crystal Kay's greatest hits album ''Best of Crystal Kay'', released on September 2, 2009. He can play the guitar and has composed both music and lyrics for "", "ha-ha" and "Pinky". He also collaborated with bandmate Ueda to create the song, "Butterfly" (from ''Best of KAT-TUN'').

2009–2010: Lands

At the event of Tokyo Girls Collection on September 5, 2009, Jin appeared as a special guest to promote his new movie, ''Bandage'', he performed the movie's theme song which marked this as the solo debut under the temporary unit Lands with Takeshi Kobayashi, the producer of Mr. Children. Kobayashi wrote the lyrics and music of their debut single "Bandage." The song features drummer Nobuaki Kaneko of Rize. It was released on November 25, 2009; each copy contains a postcard to enter the drawing for tickets to Lands' special concert, held on January 16, 2010 in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area.

On November 30, 2009, it was announced that Lands would release an album, ''Olympos'', on January 13, 2010. It includes "Bandage" and 7 other songs.

2010–present: Solo concerts and United States tour

Akanishi had a series of solo concerts, "Akanishi Jin Star Live You & Jin", comprising a total of 32 shows from February 7, 2010 to February 28, 2010. The song "A Page" featured at his concerts, was released as part of KAT-TUN's 11th single, "Love Yourself (Kimi ga Kirai na Kimi ga Suki)," on the 2nd limited edition on February 10, 2010. He composed and arranged the song "A Page." He also co-wrote its lyrics. Announced on March 24, 2010, Akanishi's solo tour "You & Jin" had a 3 show tour in Los Angeles, California on June 19 and June 20. The solo tour tickets were sold out in the first hour when it began to sell on April 15.

In the last show of his You&Jin; concert Akanishi announced a tour in the United States. In July 2010, Akanishi announced that he would leave the band KAT-TUN, becoming a solo artist of Johnny & Associates. On 16 September 2010 dates for Akanishi's fall tour were released and the cities included were: Chicago, New York, Houston, Los Angeles and San Francisco. The tour has been named 'Yellow Gold Tour 3010' after the tour's title song "Yellow Gold" written by Jin Akanishi, Jovette Rivera, and Joey Carbone.

The tour featured was held entirely in English, including 14 English-language songs that are mostly written and produced by the singer himself. On December 9, 2010, it was announced that Jin will be joining the Warner Music family. Warner Music Group and Warner Music Japan will sign Jin on a global basis and we will become responsible for his recording career in both English and Japanese language.

After the Yellow Gold tour 3010 ended with success, Jin returned to Japan. To thank his fans for their support and love, Jin held in total 12 concerts in Osaka-jō Hall, World Memorial Hall, Nippon Budokan and Saitama Super Arena.

Jin's first solo single titled "Eternal", was released on March 2, 2011 under Warner Music Group Japan. His debut single in the U.S. has been revealed to be a collaboration on a pop song with singer-songwriter Jason Derulo and produced by J.R Rotem. A DVD of his "Yellow Gold Tour 3011" concert tour will be released on May 4, 2011. His first U.S. album will be released sometime in fall of 2011.

Acting career

Akanishi made his debut as an actor in 1999 in a cameo appearance in the second episode of NTV's romance comedy, ''P.P.O.I.'', and also had small roles in TV Asahi's ''Best Friend'', ''Omae no yukichi ga naiteiru'' and in NHK series, ''Haregi, Koko Ichiban''. He also started appearing in musicals from 2000 taking on supporting roles in ''Millennium Shock'' (2000), ''Show Geki Shock'' (2001–2002), ''Dream Boy'' (2004) and ''Dream Boys'' (2006). Akanishi returned to the small screen in 2005 in the second season of the award-winning and popular NTV school drama, ''Gokusen'', starring opposite Yukie Nakama and bandmate Kazuya Kamenashi. The show won "Best Drama" at the 44th Television Drama Academy Awards and ended its run with an average viewership rating of 27.8%. He also had a supporting role in NTV's romance series, ''Anego'', the same year.

In 2007, Akanishi starred in his first lead role in ''Yukan Club'', a school comedy series, alongside bandmate Junnosuke Taguchi and was voted "Best Actor" at the 11th Nikkan Sports Drama Grand Prix. He made his debut as a voice actor in 2008 for the Japanese dub of ''Speed Racer'', providing the voice for protagonist Speed played by Emile Hirsch.

In 2009, Akanishi was cast as the lead actor in the movie, ''Bandage'', directed by Takeshi Kobayashi and which was scheduled for release on January 16, 2010. This was his big screen debut.

It has recently been announced that Akanishi will star in the Hollywood film "47 Ronin" which also stars Keanu Reeves in the lead role. Akanishi will play the role of Oishi Chikara, a friend to Kai who is played by Reeves. The film's director, Carl Erik Rinsch, was apparently impressed by Akanishi's English abilities and motivation.

Discography

KAT-TUN

Solo Recordings

Singles

"Bandage" (25 November 2009)

"Eternal" (2 March 2011)

Album

''Olympos'' (13 January 2010)

''TBA'' (TBA)

DVD

''Yellow Gold Tour 3011'' (4 May 2011)

Songs featured on CD releases by other artists

Crystal Kay - ''Best of Crystal Kay'' - 2009 - "Helpless Night"

Filmography

Movies

47 Ronin as Chikara (2012)

Bandage as Natsu (2010)

Dramas

Yukan Club (有閑倶楽部) as Shochikubai Miroku (NTV, 2007)

Anego (アネゴ) as Kurosawa Akihiko (NTV, 2005)

Gokusen 2 (ごくせん 2005) as Yabuki Hayato (NTV, 2005)

Xmas Nante Daikirai as Kitagawa Sho (NTV, 2004)

Omae no Yukichi ga Naiteiru (TV Asahi, 2001)

Haregi, Koko Ichiban (NHK, 2000)

Taiyō wa Shizumanai (Fuji TV, 2000)

Best Friend (TV Asahi, 1999)

Kowai Nichiyōbi (NTV, 1999)

P.P.O.I. (NTV, 1999)

Voice acting

Speed Racer as Speed Racer(2008)

Musicals

Dream Boys (2006)

Summary (2004)

Dream Boy (2004)

Shock Digest (2002)

Awards

Years	Awards
????		* Gained a total of 16 Jr. Awards
2007		* 11th Nikkan Sports Drama Grand Prix : Best Actor - "Yukan Club"	* 17th TV LIFE Drama award: Best Actor - "Yukan Club"
2008		* Anan Magazine 2008 Ranking: Most Favourite - #2	* Anan Magazine 2008 Ranking: Most Wanted To Be Hugged By - #1	* Anan Magazine 2008 Ranking: Most Wanted To Hug - #2	* Anan Magazine 2008 Ranking: Most Wanted Lover - #1	* Anan Magazine 2008 Ranking: Most Sexy - #1
2009		* TBS TV Station Program Countdown 2009: Most Trendy Male Artist - #1

References

Category:Johnny's Entertainment Category:KAT-TUN members Category:Japanese pop singers Category:Japanese male singers Category:Japanese singer-songwriters Category:1984 births Category:Living people

ar:أكانيشي جين de:Jin Akanishi es:Jin Akanishi fr:Jin Akanishi ko:아카니시 진 id:Jin Akanishi ms:Jin Akanishi ja:赤西仁 pl:Jin Akanishi pt:Jin Akanishi ru:Аканиси, Дзин fi:Jin Akanishi sv:Akanishi Jin tl:Jin Akanishi th:อาคานิชิ จิน vi:Akanishi Jin zh:赤西仁

Coordinates	21°55′11″N159°28′54″N
name	Jason Derülo
birth name	Jason Joel Desrouleaux
background	solo_singer
birth date	September 21, 1989
origin	Miami, Florida, United States
genre	R&B;, pop, dance
occupation	Singer-songwriter, dancer, choreographer, actor
years active	2007–present
label	Warner Bros.,Beluga Heights
associated acts	The Black Eyed Peas, Lady GaGa, Birdman, Diddy-Dirty Money, Lil Wayne, Big Boi, Kid Cudi
website	}}

Jason Joel Desrouleaux (born , 1989), better known by his stage name Jason Derülo, is an American singer-songwriter, actor and dancer. After producing records for several artists and writing songs for Cash Money Records, co-founder of the label Birdman, Young Money Entertainment owner Lil Wayne and rapper Diddy, Derülo signed to minor recording label Beluga Heights. After Beluga Heights became part of the Warner Music Group, Derülo released his debut single, "Whatcha Say" in May 2009. The song became a huge digital hit, selling over five million digital downloads, gaining an RIAA certification of double platinum, and reaching number 1 in the US and New Zealand. Derülo released his second single, "In My Head", in December 2009. His debut album, ''Jason Derülo'', was released in 2010.

Early life

Derülo was born in Miami, Florida, to Haitian parents. His birth name is Desrouleaux, but he changed the spelling for his stage name to make it easier to pronounce.

Derülo has been performing since the age of five. He wrote his first song, "Crush on You", at age eight and was heard singing part of the song on a Galaxy FM interview. Derülo spent his youth studying opera, theater, and ballet. He attended Dillard Center for the Arts in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, and graduated from the American Musical and Dramatic Academy in New York.

At age 12, Derülo met his future manager, Frank Harris, a law school student who was helping him improve his basketball skills.

Music career

2007–2009: songwriting and musical beginnings

Derülo has been writing songs for artists including Diddy, Danity Kane, Donnie Klang, Sean Kingston, Cassie, Lil Wayne since he was 16, intent on becoming a solo performer. After attending performing arts schools and honing his talents as a singer and dancer (plus acting in theatre productions like ''Ragtime'' and ''Smokey Joe's Cafe''), Derülo won the grand prize on the 2006 season finale of the TV show ''Showtime at the Apollo''. Derülo was discovered by music producer J. R. Rotem, who signed him to his record label Beluga Heights Records and Warner Bros. Records.

In a HitQuarters interview, Rotem highlighted Derülo's dedication to his art by saying, "Jason Derülo has one of the most impressive work ethics I've ever come across – he just keeps knocking out songs in the studio. That's an amazing quality."

Derülo's music career began in 2006, when he was featured on Birdman's song "Bossy", which was featured on his album, ''5 * Stunna''.

2009–2010: ''Jason Derülo''

On August 4, 2009, Jason released his debut single, "Whatcha Say". It was produced by J. R. Rotem with additional production by Fuego. The track samples the Imogen Heap song "Hide and Seek". In late August 2009, the song debuted at number 54 on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 and hit number 1 in November 2009. The single's music video was released in September 2009; after the single became successful, Derülo began work on his debut album. He released the second single from his album, "In My Head", on , 2009. It debuted at number 63 on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, and reached number five.

Derülo's debut album, ''Jason Derülo'', was released on , 2010. He spent six weeks promoting the album in his appearances as one of the opening acts for Lady Gaga's 2009–2010 ''The Monster Ball Tour''. The third single of the album is "Ridin' Solo," which was released worldwide on , 2010. By July, the single had reached number nine in the ''Billboard'' Hot 100. Derülo has also recently been featured in a song by new artist Will Roush called "Turn it Up," which also features Stat Quo and Young Buck. He also collaborated with UK singer Pixie Lott on a song called "Coming Home" which will be on Lott's new album Turn It Up Louder to be released in the United States in 2011.

''Jason Derülo'' first charted within the top ten of the UK and Irish Albums Charts in early March 2010.

2011-present: ''Future History''

Derülo's second studio album, ''Future History'', will be released on September 27, 2011. Derülo is currently detailing his journey recording the album via a series of webisodes that are posted on his official website every Friday. Its lead single, "Don't Wanna Go Home", was released on May 20, 2011. It landed the number 1 spot in the UK and in the top 5 in Australia.

Tours

2009–2010 The Monster Ball Tour (Opening Act)

2010 The E.N.D. World Tour (Opening Act for Canada dates)

2010–2011 Jason Derülo World Tour (Headlining)

Discography

''Jason Derülo'' (2010)

''Future History'' (2011)

Filmography

Television
Year	Show	Role	! Notes
2011		Himself	Guest Star, 1 episode

Awards and nominations

Year	Organisation	Award	Result
	rowspan="3"	Choice Breakout Male Artist
rowspan="2"
rowspan="2"
	Most Popular International Artist
	NAACP Image Award
rowspan="2"
50 Most Performed Songs of the Year ("Replay")
	Choice Male Artist
Choice R&B;/Hip-Hop Track ("Don't Wanna Go Home")
Choice Summer: Music Star Male

References

External links

Category:1989 births Category:Living people Category:American rhythm and blues musicians Category:American male singers Category:American people of Haitian descent Category:American pop singers Category:People from Miami, Florida Category:Warner Bros. Records artists

ca:Jason Derülo cs:Jason Derülo da:Jason DeRulo de:Jason Derulo es:Jason Derülo fa:جیسون درولو fr:Jason Derülo id:Jason Derülo it:Jason Derülo he:ג'ייסון דירולו hu:Jason Derülo nl:Jason Derülo ja:ジェイソン・デルーロ no:Jason Derülo pl:Jason Derülo pt:Jason Derülo ro:Jason Derülo simple:Jason Derulo fi:Jason Derülo sv:Jason Derülo tl:Jason Derülo th:เจสัน เดอรูโล tr:Jason Derülo vi:Jason Derülo zh:杰森·德鲁罗

Kurt Schneider (7 January 1887 – 27 October 1967) was a German psychiatrist known largely for his writing on the diagnosis and understanding of schizophrenia.

Biography

Schneider was born in Crailsheim, Kingdom of Württemberg, and trained in medicine in Berlin and Tübingen. He was drafted for military service in World War I and later obtained a postgraduate qualification in psychiatry. In 1931 he became director of the Psychiatric Research Institute in Munich, which was previously founded by Emil Kraepelin.

Disgusted by the developing tide of psychiatric eugenics championed by the Nazi Party, Schneider left the institute and served as an army doctor during World War II. After the war, anti-Nazi academics were appointed to serve in, and rebuild Germany's medical institutions and Schneider was given the post of Dean of the Medical School at Heidelberg University. Schneider kept this post until his retirement in 1955.

Contributions to psychiatry

Schneider was concerned with improving the method of diagnosis in psychiatry. Like Karl Jaspers, he particularly championed diagnoses based on the form, rather than the content of a sign or symptom. For example, he argued that a delusion should not be diagnosed by the content of the belief, but by the way in which a belief is held.

He coined the terms ''endogenous depression'', derived from Emil Kraepelin's use of the adjective for biological in origin, and ''reactive depression'', more usually seen in outpatients, in 1920.

First-rank symptoms

He was also concerned with differentiating schizophrenia from other forms of psychosis, by listing the psychotic symptoms that are particularly characteristic of schizophrenia. These have become known as Schneiderian First-Rank Symptoms or simply, first-rank symptoms.

These were:

Audible thoughts (thought echo)

Voices heard arguing

Voices heard commenting on one's actions

Somatic/thought passivity experiences (delusions of control)

Thought withdrawal

Thought insertion - Thoughts are ascribed to other people who intrude their thoughts upon the patient

Thought broadcasting (also called thought diffusion)

Delusional perception (i.e. taking a normal sensory perception to mean a bizarre situation such as taking seeing an aeroplane as indicating the patient should be the next president)

The reliability of using first-rank symptoms for the diagnosis of schizophrenia has since been questioned, although the terms might still be used descriptively by mental health professionals who do not use them as diagnostic aids.

A memory device that is frequently used to remember the first rank symptoms is ''ABCD: Auditory hallucinations, Broadcasting of thought, Controlled thought (delusions of control), Delusional perception.''

See also

Karl Jaspers

Schizophrenia

References

Category:1887 births Category:1967 deaths Category:People from Crailsheim Category:German psychiatrists Category:German military personnel of World War I Category:German military personnel of World War II Category:German military physicians Category:People from the Kingdom of Württemberg Category:Humboldt University of Berlin alumni Category:University of Tübingen alumni Category:University of Heidelberg faculty Category:History of psychiatry

de:Kurt Schneider es:Kurt Schneider fa:کورت اشنایدر fr:Kurt Schneider ja:クルト・シュナイダー pl:Kurt Schneider (psychiatra) ru:Шнайдер, Курт tr:Kurt Schneider