Fresh water is naturally occurring water on the Earth's surface in ice sheets, ice caps, glaciers, bogs, ponds, lakes, rivers and streams, and underground as groundwater in aquifers and underground streams. Fresh water is generally characterized by having low concentrations of dissolved salts and other total dissolved solids. The term specifically excludes seawater and brackish water although it does include mineral rich waters such as chalybeate springs. The term "sweet water" has been used to describe fresh water in contrast to salt water.

Systems

Scientifically, freshwater habitats are divided into lentic systems, which are the stillwaters including ponds, lakes, swamps and mires; lotic systems, which are running water; and groundwater which flows in rocks and aquifers. There is, in addition, a zone which bridges between groundwater and lotic systems, which is the hyporheic zone, which underlies many larger rivers and can contain substantially more water than is seen in the open channel. It may also be in direct contact with the underlying underground water.

Source

The source of almost all fresh water is precipitation from the atmosphere, in the form of mist, rain and snow. Fresh water falling as mist, rain or snow contains materials dissolved from the atmosphere and material from the sea and land over which the rain bearing clouds have traveled. In industrialized areas rain is typically acidic because of dissolved oxides of sulfur and nitrogen formed from burning of fossil fuels in cars, factories, trains and aircraft and from the atmospheric emissions of industry. In extreme cases this acid rain results in pollution of lakes and rivers in parts of Scandinavia, Scotland, Wales and the United States.

In coastal areas fresh water may contain significant concentrations of salts derived from the sea if windy conditions have lifted drops of seawater into the rain-bearing clouds. This can give rise to elevated concentrations of sodium, chloride, magnesium and sulfate as well as many other compounds in smaller concentrations.

In desert areas, or areas with impoverished or dusty soils, rain-bearing winds can pick up sand and dust and this can be deposited elsewhere in precipitation and causing the freshwater flow to be measurably contaminated both by insoluble solids but also by the soluble components of those soils. Significant quantities of iron may be transported in this way including the well-documented transfer of iron-rich rainfall falling in Brazil derived from sand-storms in the Sahara in north Africa.

Numerical definition

Fresh water can be defined as water with less than 500 parts per million (ppm) of dissolved salts.

{| style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;" |- ! style="background:#B8E0F6" colspan="4" | Water salinity based on dissolved salts in parts per thousand (‰) |- ! style="background:#87CEFA" | Fresh water ! style="background:#87CEFA" | Brackish water ! style="background:#87CEFA" | Saline water ! style="background:#87CEFA" | Brine |- ! style="background:#00BFFF" | < 0.5 ! style="background:#00BFFF" | 0.5 – 30 ! style="background:#00BFFF" | 30 – 50 ! style="background:#00BFFF" | > 50 |}

Other sources give higher upper salinity limits for fresh water, e.g. 1000 ppm or 3000 ppm.

Water distribution

Water is a critical issue for the survival of all living organisms. Some can use salt water but many organisms including the great majority of higher plants and most mammals must have access to fresh water to live. Some terrestrial mammals, especially desert rodents appear to survive without drinking but they do generate water through the metabolism of cereal seeds and they also have mechanisms to conserve water to the maximum degree.

Out of all the water on Earth, only 2.75 percent is fresh water, including 2.05 percent frozen in glaciers, 0.68 percent as groundwater and 0.011 percent of it as surface water in lakes and rivers. Freshwater lakes, most notably Lake Baikal in Russia and the Great Lakes in North America, contain seven-eighths of this fresh surface water. Swamps have most of the balance with only a small amount in rivers, most notably the Amazon River. The atmosphere contains 0.04% water. In areas with no fresh water on the ground surface, fresh water derived from precipitation may, because of its lower density, overlie saline ground water in lenses or layers. Most of the world's fresh water is frozen in ice sheets.

Aquatic organisms

Fresh water creates a hypotonic environment for aquatic organisms. This is problematic for some organisms with pervious skins or with gill membranes, whose cell membranes may burst if excess water is not excreted. Some protists accomplish this using contractile vacuoles, while freshwater fish excrete excess water via the kidney. Although most aquatic organisms have a limited ability to regulate their osmotic balance and therefore can only live within a narrow range of salinity, diadromous fish have the ability to migrate between fresh water and saline water bodies. During these migrations they undergo changes to adapt to the surroundings of the changed salinities; these processes are hormonally controlled. The eel (''Anguilla anguilla'') uses the hormone prolactin, while in salmon (''Salmo salar'') the hormone cortisol plays a key role during this process.

Many sea birds have special glands at the base of the bill through which excess salt is excreted. Similarly the Marine Iguanas on the Galápagos Islands excrete excess salt through a nasal gland and they sneeze out a very salty excretion.

Fresh water as a resource

An important concern for hydrological ecosystems is securing minimum streamflow, especially preserving and restoring instream water allocations. Fresh water is an important natural resource necessary for the survival of all ecosystems. The use of water by humans for activities such as irrigation and industrial applications can have adverse impacts on down-stream ecosystems. Chemical contamination of fresh water can also seriously damage eco-systems.

Pollution from human activity, including oil spills, also presents a problem for freshwater resources. The largest oil spill that has ever occurred in fresh water was caused by a Shell tank ship in Magdalena, Argentina, on January 15, 1999, polluting the environment, drinkable water, plants and animals.

Fresh and unpolluted water accounts for 0.003% of total water available globally.

Agriculture

Changing landscape for the use of agriculture has a great effect on the flow of fresh water. Changes in landscape by the removal of trees and soils changes the flow of fresh water in the local environment and also affects the cycle of fresh water. As a result more fresh water is stored in the soil which benefits agriculture. However, since agriculture is the human activity that consumes the most fresh water, this can put a severe strain on local freshwater resources resulting in the destruction of local ecosystems. In Australia, over-abstraction of fresh water for intensive irrigation activities has caused 33% of the land area to be at risk of salination.

Limiting resource

Fresh water is a renewable and changeable, but limited natural resource. Fresh water can only be renewed through the process of the water cycle, where water from seas, lakes, rivers, and dams evaporates, forms clouds, and returns to water sources as precipitation. However, if more fresh water is consumed through human activities than is restored by nature, the result is that the quantity of fresh water available in lakes, rivers, dams and underground waters is reduced which can cause serious damage to the surrounding environment.

Fresh water withdrawal

Fresh water withdrawal is the quantity of water removed from available sources for use in any purpose. Water drawn-off is not necessarily entirely consumed and some portion may be returned for further use downstream.

Causes of limited fresh water

There are many causes of the apparent decrease in our fresh water supply. Principal amongst these is the increase in population through increasing life expectancy, the increase in per capita water use and the desire of many people to live in warm climates that have naturally low levels of fresh water resources. Climate change is also likely to change the availability and distribution of fresh water across the planet:

"If global warming continues to melt glaciers in the polar regions, as expected, the supply of fresh water may actually decrease. First, fresh water from the melting glaciers will mingle with salt water in the oceans and become too salty to drink. Second, the increased ocean volume will cause sea levels to rise, contaminating freshwater sources along coastal regions with seawater”.

Water pollution and subsequent eutrophication also reduces the availability of fresh water.

See also

African Great Lakes

Aral Sea

Desalination

Freshwater ecology

Great Lakes

Lake Baikal

Lake

Limnology

List of countries by freshwater withdrawal

List of countries by total renewable water resources

River

Seawater

Water crisis

Water cycle

Water (molecule)

Water resources

Notes

References

Brian D. Richter, R. M. (2003). Ecologically sustainable water management: managing river flows for ecological integrity. Ecological Applications , 13 (1), 206-224.

Robert B. Jackson, S. R. (2001). Water in a changing world. Ecological Applications , 11 (4), 1027-1045.an me<3

Further reading

Moustakas, A. & I. Karakassis. How diverse is aquatic biodiversity research?, Aquatic Ecology, 39, 367-375

External links

Freshwater life.org

FBA.org.uk, Freshwater Biological Association

Review of freshwater ecology in the UK

Fritsch Collection of Algal Illustrations

Environment-agency.gov.uk UK Environment Agency website

Pondconservation.org.uk

UK National pond monitoring network

U.S. Geological Survey

Category:Aquatic ecology Category:Liquid water Category:Hydrology

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Coordinates	28°36′50″N77°12′32″N
name	DJ Fresh
background	non_vocal_instrumentalist
birth name	Daniel Stein
alias	DJ Fresh, Fresh, Mosquito, Absolute Zero
birth date	April 11, 1977
origin	England
genre	Drum and bass
occupation	songwriter, musician, audio mixing, record producer, DJ
years active	1996–present
label	Breakbeat Kaos, Data Records, Ram Records, V Records, Valve Recordings
associated acts	Bad Company UK, Pendulum, Tenor Fly, $pyda, Adam F, Andy C, Deekline & Wizard, Ivory, Soundweapon, Stamina MC, Koko, Ce'cile, Sigma, DJ Shadow, DJ Hype, Darrison, Mary Byker, Baron, Swift, Valkyrie, Sian Evans, Dj Shadow. }}

DJ Fresh (real name Daniel Stein) is an English DJ, and one of the principal members of Bad Company.

Career

Early success and Escape from Planet Monday (1993-2008)

Along with the three other members of Bad Company, Fresh founded the record label BC Recordings, as well as the website Dogs On Acid.

Resuming his solo career in 2002, Fresh founded Breakbeat Punk, which merged with Adam F's Kaos Recordings to become Breakbeat Kaos in 2003. In 2004 ''Dogs on Acid'' was given its own imprint.

Fresh has worked with artists ranging from Pet Shop Boys, DJ Shadow, Apollo 440 to Andy C and Grooverider, and has also held a working relationship with the drum and bass trio Pendulum, until 2007 when Pendulum decided to leave his imprint.

Fresh has had his own tracks included on a number of remix CDs, including the 2006 release ''Jungle Sound: The Bassline Strikes Back!'', Andy C's ''Nightlife'' series, DJ Hype's ''Drum and Bass Warfare'', and Goldie's ''Drum and Bass Classics''.

In 2006, Fresh released his first studio album, ''Escape from Planet Monday'', featuring "The Immortal", "X Project", "Nervous" and "All that Jazz" on Breakbeat Kaos.

Kryptonite and Mainstream Success (2009-Present)

In 2009 Fresh released a 12" of "Heavyweight" (with Fantasia on the B side) on the Digital Soundboy label. "Heavyweight" had a different style from Fresh's usual output, and gained positive reviews and a general positive response through the underground scene and within various radio stations. Fresh subsequently released "Hypercaine" (including a remix from Nero) in September 2009, and made BBC Radio 1's daytime playlist.

On the 1 August 2010, he re-released his song Gold Dust Featuring vocals from Ce'cile, Where it peaked 24 in the UK and 39 in Ireland, it marked his first Top 40 hit in both countries. Drum & Bass producer Finka remixed Gold Dust in early 2011. On 16 August, he released his second studio album, "Kryptonite" where it peaked 4 on the UK Dance Chart.

He then released his follow-up single, called "Lassitude" with Sigma and Vocals from Koko. It managed to peak 98 on the UK Singles Chart and 11 on the UK Dance Chart.

Third Album and Commercial Breakthrough (2011 - Present)

The first single from his Third Album, "Louder" was released on July 3, 2011. The song is being used as part of a Lucozade Lite advertising campaign the UK and Ireland. The song features vocals from Welsh singer Sian Evans from the band Kosheen, It peaked number 4 on the Irish Singles Chart and Number 1 on the UK Singles Chart. It marked his first top five hit in both countries and first to reach number 1. It is also the first ever song of the dubstep genre to reach number 1 in the UK Singles Chart.

In 2011, Fresh will be appearing at a number of Festivals during the UK Festival Season aswell as appearing at shows and clubs in the U.S, Such as Bar 525 in San Francisco, Republic Live in Austin, Texas.

Discography

Albums

{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" border="1" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album details ! scope="col" colspan="2"| Positions |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%"| UK ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%"| UK Dance |- ! scope="row"| ''Escape from Planet Monday'' |

Released: 22 May 2006

Label: Breakbeat Kaos (BBK003)

Format: 12" LP, CD, download

| — || — |- ! scope="row"| ''Kryptonite'' |

Released: 16 August 2010

Label: Breakbeat Kaos (BBK006)

Format: 12" LP, CD, download

| 167 || 4 |}

Compilation albums

{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" border="1" |- ! scope="col"| Title ! scope="col"| Album details |- ! scope="row"| ''Breakbeat Kaos'' |

Released: 18 August 2003

Label: Ministry of Sound (MOSCD 74)

Format: 12" LP, CD

|- ! scope="row"| ''Jungle Sound: The Bassline Strikes Back!'' |

Released: 4 October 2004

Label: Breakbeat Kaos (BBK #001CD)

Formats: 12" LP, CD

|- ! scope="row"| ''Bass Invaderz'' |

Released: February 2005

Label: Human Imprint Recordings (HUMA8014-2)

Formats: 12" LP, CD

|- ! scope="row"| ''Jungle Sound: Gold'' |

Released: 13 November 2006

Label: Breakbeat Kaos (BBK #001CD)

Formats: CD, Digital Download

|- |}

Singles

— — — — — 6 11 1

rowspan="2"	Year	Song	Chart positions							Album
!style="width:4em;font-size:85%;"				!style="width:4em;font-size:85%;"			!style="width:4em;font-size:85%;"				!style="width:4em;font-size:85%;"			!style="width:4em;font-size:85%;"			!style="width:4em;font-size:85%;"					!style="width:4em;font-size:85%;"
2003		60	—	|	—	—	—	—	rowspan="1"	''Non-album single''
		73	|	—	—	—	—	—	rowspan="1"	''Escape from Planet Monday''
	68	|	—	—	—	—	—	''Non-album single''
		—	|	—	—	—	—	—	rowspan="1"	''Escape from Planet Monday''
		—	|	—	—	—	—	—	rowspan="3"	''Kryptonite''
	align="left"	24	|	2	—	—	39	32
align="left"	"Lassitude" (with Sigma and Koko)	98	|	8	—	—	—	—
rowspan="1"	2011	align="left"	1	|	1	96	22	4	1

Other Singles/EPs

Singles/EPs

Morning Glory / Thunder and Rain

Innocence (with Fierce) / Rehab (Ed Rush & Optical)

Dead Man Walking / Formula One

Signal / Big Love

The Original Junglesound (with Adam F)

Dalicks / Temple of Doom*

Colossus / Hooded

Submarines

Twister / Capture the Flag

Cactus Funk '02

All That Jazz (ft. Darrison)

Funk Academy

Supernature (Baron vs. Fresh) / Farenheit (Baron)

Supernature (Baron vs. Fresh) / The Shakedown (Baron)

Nervous (ft. Mary Byker from Apollo 440) / Matador

The Immortal

Exhale

Balloons (Thinking In Reverse)

Steam (Rock Out)

Clap / Exhale (Inhale remix)

All That Jazz (Mosquito Remix) / Windrush (Heist Remix)

Blow (with MC Ivory vs Deekline & Wizard)

Heavyweight / Fantasia

Hypercaine (ft. Stamina MC & Koko)

Off World / Direct Order (DJ Fresh / The Funktion)''

Remixes

Year	Song	Original Artist	Album
	Here Comes Trouble		''Here Comes Trouble - A Decade of Drum and Bass''
Twist 'Em Out	''Twist 'Em Out / Kids Stuff''
Mo' Fire	Andy C	''Nightlife''
	Cuban Links	DJ Clipz	''Cuban Links (Fresh Remix) / Tripods''
Thugged Out Bitch	Dillinja	''Spectrum'' (with Lemon D)
	Enuff	DJ Shadow	''Enuff / This Time''
	I Want You	Paul Harris vs Eurythmics	''I Want You'' (White label release)
Cross My Heart (Raw and Club Mixes)	Skepta (ft. Preeya Kalidas)
	Together		''Together''
Broken Record	Katy B	''Broken Record''
Right Beside You	Jakwob (ft. Smiler)	''Right Beside You''

Duets/As a Featured Artist

Year	Song	Album
	Mutated (Version X)
Sandstorm (Sunrise)
U-Boat
Chain of Thought
	Sausage Dog	''3rd Planet'' (EP)
Switch	''21st Century Drum and Bass 3''
Warehouse Lick (with Trace)	''Spy Technologies 2: Battlefield''
Living Daylights
	Floodlight
Play Me (with Swift) (Swift & Blame Remix)
	Living Daylights II	''The Immortal''
Ease Down
Trick of the Light
2008	All That Jazz (VIP mix)	''Bryan G & MC Skibadee Live @ Movement Bar, Rumba''
	X-Project (VIP mix)	''Heist's Mystery FM''
Spaceface
Lazer Squad

Music videos

Year	Song	Albums	Director
	''Nervous''	''Escape from Planet Monday''
	''Hypercaine''	rowspan="3"
	''Gold Dust''
''Lassitude''
	''Louder''	''Non-album single''	Ben Newman

See also

Breakbeat Kaos

Drum and bass

Dogs On Acid

Dubstep

Jungle

Pendulum

References

External links

Category:Living people Category:1977 births Category:English drum and bass musicians Category:English DJs

be-x-old:Fresh de:DJ Fresh it:DJ Fresh ru:DJ Fresh

Coordinates	28°36′50″N77°12′32″N
Name	Rita Ora
Background	solo_singer
Birth name	Rita Sahatçiu Ora
Born	November 26, 1990 Prishtina, Republic of Kosovo
Origin	London, Greater London,United Kingdom
Instrument	Vocals
Genre	R&B;
Occupation	Musician, Singer-songwriter
Years active	2008–present
Label	Roc Nation
Associated acts	Jay-ZDrakeCraig David
Website
Notable instruments	}}

Rita Sahatçiu Ora (born November 26, 1990) is an Kosovar-born British R&B; recording artist. She is currently signed to Roc Nation.

Early life and career

Rita Ora was born in Prishtina, Republic of Kosovo, to Kosovar Albanian parents. She moved to the United Kingdom in the same year of her birth, and grew up in London. She attended and graduated Sylvia Young Theatre School and then St Charles Catholic Sixth Form College. She began singing from a very young age. She acted in the movie Spivs. She also auditioned for Your Country Needs You on BBC One for the Eurovision Song Contest and got through but later on removed herself from the competition due to the fact she did not feel ready. In 2009, Rita caught the attention of Jay-Z and he quietly signed her to Roc Nation, in which she was featured in one of the commercials for Roc Nation + Skullcandy Aviator Headphones

Music career

Guest appearances

In 2008, Rita appeared on Craig David's track entitled "''Awkward''" as well as "''Where's Your Love''" featuring Tinchy Stryder and in the music video. In 2009, Rita made a cameo on Jay-Z 's video, "''Young Forever''".

References

External links

Category:1990 births Category:Living people Category:British female singers Category:Kosovo singers Category:British people of Kosovar descent Category:British people of Albanian descent Category:Kosovar Albanians Category:Kosovar people Category:Kosovar people of Albanian descent Category:People of Albanian descent Category:People from London Category:People from Pristina

30px ''This Republic of Kosovo biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it''.

Coordinates	28°36′50″N77°12′32″N
name	Sian Evans
background	solo_singer
birth date	October 09, 1973
origin	Welsh / British
genre	Trip hop, Drum and bass, Rock, Synthpop
years active	1999–present
associated acts	Kosheen, DJ Fresh
notable instruments	}}

Sian Evans is a Welsh singer/songwriter from Caerphilly, United Kingdom, born October 9, 1973. She is also a member of the drum and bass band Kosheen where she has found major success across Europe.

Career

Sian was invited to sing on songs written by Markee Substance and Darren Decoder in 1998 and Kosheen was formed. She has also done other work with Simon Kingman and played live at Glastonbury 2008.

In 2011, she featured on DJ Fresh's song, "Louder", which was used as part of a Lucozade Lite advertising campaign in the UK and Ireland. The song was released on the July 3, 2011. It debuted at number one on the UK Singles Chart, Download Chart, UK Dance Chart, UK Indie Chart and the Scottish Charts with first week sales of 140,000 copies. It also peaked number four on the Irish Singles Chart based on UK success.

Evans also appears on several tracks on Roger Shah's artist album Openminded!?. A new version of "Hide U" along with two other original tracks "In The Light" and "Shine" all appear on the album.

Discography

With Kosheen

As a featured artist

— 1

rowspan="2"

Year

Song

Chart positions

Album

!style="width:4em;font-size:85%;"

!style="width:4em;font-size:85%;"

!style="width:4em;font-size:85%;"

!style="width:4em;font-size:85%;"

!style="width:4em;font-size:85%;"

!style="width:4em;font-size:85%;"

rowspan="1"

2010

—

—

|

—

—

—

rowspan="2"

''Non-album single''

align="left"

1

|

1

22

4

1

References

External links

Interview with Sian

Category:1973 births Category:Living people

de:Sian Evans

Coordinates	28°36′50″N77°12′32″N
name	Flux Pavilion
background	non_vocal_instrumentalist
birth name	Joshua Steele
alias	Bubbles
death date
genre	Dubstep
occupation	Producer, DJ
years active	2008-Present
label	Circus Records
associated acts	Doctor P
website
notable instruments	}}

Joshua Steele, known professionally as Flux Pavilion, is an English dubstep producer and DJ. He is the co-founder of Circus Records, along with Doctor P and DJ Swan-E. He is best known for his 2011 single "Bass Cannon", which peaked at number 56 on the UK Singles Chart, and was placed on the Radio 1 A-List. Along with Doctor P, Flux Pavilion presented the 2011 compilation album ''Circus One'', to which he contributed four tracks. In August 2011 his track "I Can't Stop" was sampled by producer Shama “Sak Pase” Joseph for hip-hop album, ''Watch the Throne'' by Jay-Z and Kanye West.

== Discography ==

Singles and EPs

Cheap Crisps / How Dare You (Junction 11 Digital, 2008) Boom EP (with Excision and Datsik)(Rottun Recordings, 2009) Fucking Noise / Kontroller (XS Dubz, 2009) Family Fortunes (With Trolley snatcha)(Dubmented Beats, 2009) Lines in Wax EP (Circus Records, 2010) Voscillate / Night Goes On (Circus Records, 2010)

Excuse Me (Circus Records, 2010)

Meathead (Circus Records 2010)

Stinkfinger (with Doctor P)(XS Dubz, 2010) How Rude 12" (with The Widdler)(Shift Recordings, 2010)

Cracks-Freestylers (Flux Pavilion remix)

Gold Dust-DJ Fresh (Flux Pavilion remix)

Bass Cannon (Circus Records, 2011)

Louder (Flux Pavillon & Doctor P remix, 2011)

Compilations

Doctor P and Flux Pavilion - Circus One

References

External links

Category:Living people Category:English record producers Category:English DJs Category:Dubstep musicians

hu:Flux Pavilion