Group	Ojibwe
Poptime	219,711
Popplace	Canada, United States
Rels	Catholicism, Methodism, ''Midewiwin''
Langs	English, Ojibwe
Related	Ottawa, Potawatomi and other Algonquian peoples }}

The Ojibwe (also Ojibwa or Ojibway) or Chippewa (also Chippeway) are among the largest groups of Native Americans–First Nations north of Mexico. They are divided between Canada and the United States. In Canada, they are the third-largest population among First Nations, surpassed only by Cree and Inuit. In the United States, they had the fourth-largest population among Native American tribes, surpassed only by Navajo, Cherokee and the Lakota. Because many Ojibwe were historically formerly located mainly around the outlet of Lake Superior, which the French colonists called Sault Ste. Marie, they referred to the Ojibwe as Saulteurs. Ojibwe who subsequently moved to the prairie provinces of Canada have retained the name Saulteaux. Ojibwe who were originally located about the Mississagi River and made their way to southern Ontario are known as the Mississaugas.

The Ojibwe peoples are a major component group of the Anishinaabe-speaking peoples, a branch of the Algonquian language family which includes the Algonquin, Nipissing, Oji-Cree, Odawa and the Potawatomi. The Ojibwe peoples number over 56,440 in the U.S., living in an area stretching across the northern tier from Michigan west to Montana. Another 77,940 of main-line Ojibwe; 76,760 Saulteaux and 8,770 Mississaugas, in 125 bands, live in Canada, stretching from western Quebec to eastern British Columbia. They are historically known for their crafting of birch bark canoes, sacred birch bark scrolls, use of cowrie shells for trading, cultivation of wild rice, and use of copper arrow points. In 1745 they adopted guns from the British to use to defeat and push the Dakota nation of the Sioux to the south.

The Ojibwe Nation was the first to set the agenda with European-Canadian leaders for signing more detailed treaties before many European settlers were allowed too far west. The Midewiwin Society is well respected as the keeper of detailed and complex scrolls of events, history, songs, maps, memories, stories, geometry, and mathematics.

Name

The autonym for this group of Anishinaabeg is ''Ojibwe'' (plural: ''Ojibweg''). This name is commonly anglicized as "Ojibwa" or "Ojibway." The name "Chippewa" is an alternative anglicization. Although many variations exist in literature, "Chippewa" is more common in the United States and "Ojibwa" predominates in Canada, but both terms are used in each country. In many Ojibwe communities throughout Canada and the U.S., more members have been using the generalized name ''Anishinaabe(-g).''

The exact meaning of the name ''Ojibwe'' is not known; the most common explanations for the name derivations are: from ''ojiibwabwe'' (/o/ + /jiibw/ + /abwe/), meaning "those who cook\roast until it puckers", referring to their fire-curing of moccasin seams to make them water-proof. Some early sources say this name described a method of ritual torture which the Ojibwe applied to enemies.; from ''ozhibii'iwe'' (/o/ + /zhibii'/ + /iwe/), meaning "those who keep records [of a Vision]", referring to their form of pictorial writing, and pictographs used in Midewiwin sacred rites; or from ''ojiibwe'' (/o/ + /jiib/ + /we/), meaning "those who speak-stiffly"\"those who stammer", an exonym or name given to them by the Cree, characterizing their language as heard by different language speakers.

Language

The Ojibwe language is known as ''Anishinaabemowin'' or ''Ojibwemowin'', and is still widely spoken, but the number of fluent speakers has declined sharply. Today, most of the language's fluent speakers are elders. A movement has picked up in recent years to revitalize the language, and restore its strength as an anchor of Ojibwe culture. The language belongs to the Algonquian linguistic group, and is descended from Proto-Algonquian. Its sister languages include Blackfoot, Cheyenne, Cree, Fox, Menominee, Potawatomi, and Shawnee. ''Anishinaabemowin'' is frequently referred to as a "Central Algonquian" language; however, Central Algonquian is an area grouping rather than a linguistic genetic one. ''Ojibwemowin'' is the fourth-most spoken Native language in North America (US and Canada) after Navajo, Cree, and Inuktitut. Many decades of fur trading with the French established the language as one of the key trade languages of the Great Lakes and the northern Great Plains.

The popularity of the epic poem ''The Song of Hiawatha'', written by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow in 1855, publicized the Ojibwe culture. The epic contains many toponyms that originate from Ojibwe words.

History

Pre-contact and spiritual beliefs

According to their tradition, and from recordings in birch bark scrolls, many Ojibwe came from the eastern areas of North America, which they called Turtle Island, and from along the east coast. They traded widely across the continent for thousands of years and knew of the canoe routes west and a land route to the west coast. The identification of the Ojibwe as a culture or people may have occurred in response to contact with Europeans. The Europeans preferred to deal with bounded groups and tried to identify those they encountered.

According to the oral history, seven great ''miigis'' (radiant/iridescent) beings appeared to the peoples in the ''Waabanakiing'' (Land of the Dawn, i.e., Eastern Land) to teach them the ''mide'' way of life. One of the seven great ''miigis'' beings was too spiritually powerful and killed the peoples in the ''Waabanakiing'' when they were in its presence. The six great ''miigis'' beings remained to teach, while the one returned into the ocean. The six great ''miigis'' beings established ''doodem'' (clans) for the peoples in the east, symbolized by animal, fish or bird species. The five original Anishinaabe ''doodem'' were the ''Wawaazisii'' (Bullhead), ''Baswenaazhi'' (Echo-maker, i.e., Crane), ''Aan'aawenh'' (Pintail Duck), ''Nooke'' (Tender, i.e., Bear) and ''Moozoonsii'' (Little Moose), then these six ''miigis'' beings returned into the ocean as well. If the seventh ''miigis'' being stayed, it would have established the Thunderbird ''doodem''.

At a later time, one of these ''miigis'' appeared in a vision to relate a prophecy. It said that if the Anishinaabeg did not move further west, they would not be able to keep their traditional ways alive because of the many new settlements and European immigrants who would arrive soon in the east. Their migration path would be symbolized by a series of smaller Turtle Islands, which was confirmed with ''miigis'' shells (i.e., cowry shells). After receiving assurance from the their "Allied Brothers" (i.e., Mi'kmaq) and "Father" (i.e., Abnaki) of their safety to move inland, the Anishinaabeg gradually migrated along the St. Lawrence River to the Ottawa River to Lake Nipissing, and then to the Great Lakes.

The first of the smaller Turtle Islands was ''Mooniyaa'', where ''Mooniyaang'' (present-day Montreal, Quebec) now stands. The "second stopping place" was in the vicinity of the ''Wayaanag-gakaabikaa'' (Concave Waterfalls, i.e., Niagara Falls). At their "third stopping place" near the present-day city of Detroit, Michigan, the Anishinaabeg divided into six groups, of which the Ojibwe was one. The first significant new Ojibwe culture-centre was their "fourth stopping place" on ''Manidoo Minising'' (Manitoulin Island). Their first new political-centre was referred as their "fifth stopping place", in their present country at ''Baawiting'' (Sault Ste. Marie).

Continuing their westward expansion, the Ojibwe divided into the "northern branch," following the north shore of Lake Superior, and "southern branch," along its south shore. As the peoples continued to migrate westward, the "northern branch" divided into a "westerly group" and a "southerly group". The "southern branch" and the "southerly group" of the "northern branch" came together at their "sixth stopping place" on Spirit Island () located in the St. Louis River estuary of the present-day Duluth/Superior region. The people were directed in a vision by the ''miigis'' being to go to the "place where there is food (i.e., wild rice) upon the waters." Their second major settlement, referred as their "seventh stopping place", was at Shaugawaumikong (or ''Zhaagawaamikong'', French, ''Chequamegon'') on the southern shore of Lake Superior, near the present La Pointe, Wisconsin.

The "westerly group" of the "northern branch" migrated along the Rainy River, Red River of the North, and across the northern Great Plains until reaching the Pacific Northwest. Along their migration to the west, they came across many ''miigis'', or cowry shells, as told in the prophecy.

Post-contact with Europeans

The first historical mention of the Ojibwe occurs in the French Jesuit ''Relation of 1640'', a report by the missionary priests to their superiors in France. Through their friendship with the French traders (''coureur des bois'' and voyageurs), the Ojibwe gained guns, began to use European goods, and began to dominate their traditional enemies, the Lakota and Fox to their west and south. They drove the Sioux from the Upper Mississippi region to the area of the present-day Dakotas, and forced the Fox down from northern Wisconsin. The latter allied with the Sauk for protection.

By the end of the 18th century, the Ojibwe controlled nearly all of present-day Michigan, northern Wisconsin, and Minnesota, including most of the Red River area. They also controlled the entire northern shores of lakes Huron and Superior on the Canadian side and extending westward to the Turtle Mountains of North Dakota. In the latter area, the French Canadians called them Ojibwe or ''Saulteaux.''

The Ojibwe (Chippewa) were part of a long-term alliance with the Anishinaabe Ottawa and Potawatomi peoples, called the Council of Three Fires. They fought against the Iroquois Confederacy, based mainly to the southeast of the Great Lakes in present-day New York, and the Sioux. The Ojibwe expanded eastward, taking over the lands along the eastern shores of Lake Huron and Georgian Bay. In part due to its long trading alliance, the Ojibwe allied with the French against Great Britain and its colonists in the Seven Years War (also called the French and Indian War). After losing the war, in 1763 France was forced to cede "its" colonial claims to lands in Canada and east of the Mississippi River to Britain. After adjusting to British colonial rule, the Ojibwe allied with them and against the United States in the War of 1812. They had hoped a British victory could protect against United States settlers' encroachment on their territory.

Following the war, the United States government tried to forcibly remove all the Ojibwe to Minnesota west of Mississippi River. The Ojibwe resisted, and there were violent confrontations. In the Sandy Lake Tragedy, the US killed several hundred Ojibwe. Through the efforts of Chief Buffalo and the rise of popular opinion in the US against Ojibwe removal, the bands east of the Mississippi were allowed to return to reservations on ceded territory. A few families were removed to Kansas as part of the Potawatomi removal.

In British North America, the Royal Proclamation of 1763 following the Seven Years War governed the cession of land by treaty or purchase . Subsequently France ceded most of the land in Upper Canada to Great Britain. Even with the Jay Treaty signed between the Great Britain and the United States, the newly formed United States did not fully uphold the treaty. Illegal United States immigration into Ojibwe and other Native American lands continued, and the tribes retaliated in the series of battles called the Northwest Indian War. As it was still preoccupied by war with France, Great Britain ceded to the United States much of the lands in Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, parts of Illinois and Wisconsin, and northern Minnesota and North Dakota to settle the boundary of their holdings in Canada.

Many of the land cession treaties the British made with the Ojibwe provided for their rights for continued hunting, fishing and gathering of natural resources after land sales. The government signed numbered treaties in northwestern Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta. British Columbia had no signed treaties until the late 20th century, and most areas have no treaties yet. The government and First Nations are continuing to negotiate treaty land entitlements and settlements. The treaties are constantly being reinterpreted by the courts because many of them are vague and difficult to apply in modern times. The numbered treaties were some of the most detailed treaties signed for their time. The Ojibwe Nation set the agenda and negotiated the first numbered treaties before they would allow safe passage of many more British settlers to the prairies.

Often, earlier treaties were known as "Peace and Friendship Treaties" to establish community bonds between the Ojibwe and the European settlers. These earlier treaties established the groundwork for cooperative resource-sharing between the Ojibwe and the settlers. The United States and Canada viewed later treaties offering land cessions as offering territorial advantages. The Ojibwe did not understand the land cession terms in the same way because of the cultural differences in understanding the uses of land. The governments of the US and Canada considered land a commodity of value that could be freely bought, owned and sold.

The Ojibwe believed it was a fully shared resource, along with air, water and sunlight. At the time of the treaty councils, they could not conceive of separate land sales or exclusive ownership of land. Consequently, today in both Canada and the US, legal arguments in treaty-rights and treaty interpretations often bring to light the differences in cultural understanding of treaty terms to come to legal understanding of the treaty obligations.

During its Indian Removal of the 1830s, US government attempted to relocate tribes from the east to the west of the Mississippi River as the white pioneers increasingly migrated west. By the late 19th century, the government policy was to move tribes onto reservations within their territories. The government attempted to do this to the ''Anishinaabe'' in the Keweenaw Peninsula in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan.

Culture

The Ojibwe live in groups (otherwise known as "bands"). Most Ojibwe, except for the Great Plains bands, lived a sedentary lifestyle, engaging in fishing and hunting to supplement the women's cultivation of numerous varieties of maize and squash, and the harvesting of ''manoomin'' (wild rice). Their typical dwelling was the ''wiigiwaam'' (wigwam), built either as a ''waginogaan'' (domed-lodge) or as a ''nasawa'ogaan'' (pointed-lodge), made of birch bark, juniper bark and willow saplings.

They developed a form of pictorial writing, used in religious rites of the ''Midewiwin'' and recorded on birch bark scrolls and possibly on rock. The many complex pictures on the sacred scrolls communicate much historical, geometrical, and mathematical knowledge. Ceremonies also used the ''miigis'' shell (cowry shell), which is found naturally in distant coastal areas. Their use of such shells demonstrates there was a vast trade network across the continent at some time. The use and trade of copper across the continent has also been proof of a large trading network that took place for thousands of years, as far back as the Hopewell culture. Certain types of rock used for spear and arrow heads were also traded over large distances. The use of petroforms, petroglyphs, and pictographs was common throughout the Ojibwe traditional territories. Petroforms and medicine wheels were a way to teach the important concepts of four directions and astronomical observations about the seasons, and to use as a memorizing tool for certain stories and beliefs.

During the summer months, the people attend ''jiingotamog'' for the spiritual and ''niimi'idimaa'' for a social gathering (pow-wows or "pau waus") at various reservations in the ''Anishinaabe-Aki'' (Anishinaabe Country). Many people still follow the traditional ways of harvesting wild rice, picking berries, hunting, making medicines, and making maple sugar. Many of the Ojibwe take part in sun dance ceremonies across the continent. The sacred scrolls are kept hidden away until those who are worthy and respect them are given permission to see and interpret them properly.

The Ojibwe would bury their dead in a burial mound. Many erect a ''jiibegamig'' or a "spirit-house" over each mound. A traditional burial mound would typically have a wooden marker, inscribed with the deceased's ''doodem'' (clan sign). Because of the distinct features of these burials, Ojibwe graves have been often looted by grave robbers. In the United States, many Ojibwe communities safe-guard their burial mounds through the enforcement of the 1990 Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act.

The Ojibwe viewed the world in two genders: animate and inanimate, rather than male and female. As an animate, a person could serve the society as a male-role or a female-role. John Tanner and the anthropologist Hermann Baumann have documented that Ojibwe peoples do not live according to the European ideas of gender and its roles. Individuals known as ''egwakwe'' (or Anglicised to "agokwa"), contribute in ways that cross European gender lines. Though these ''egwakweg'' may contribute to their communities in whatever way brings out their best character, these documented male-to-female transsexual ''midew'' among the Ojibwe were more readily noticed by the ethnic European documenters. A well-known ''egwakwe'' warrior and guide in Minnesota history was ''Ozaawindib''.

Several Ojibwe bands in the United States cooperate in the Great Lakes Indian Fish & Wildlife Commission, which manages the treaty hunting and fishing rights in the Lake Superior-Lake Michigan areas. The commission follows the directives of U.S. agencies to run several wilderness areas. Some Minnesota Ojibwe tribal councils cooperate in the 1854 Treaty Authority, which manages their treaty hunting and fishing rights in the Arrowhead Region. In Michigan, the Chippewa-Ottawa Resource Authority manages the hunting, fishing and gathering rights about Sault Ste. Marie, and the resources of the waters of lakes Michigan and Huron. In Canada, the Grand Council of Treaty #3 manages the Treaty 3 hunting and fishing rights related to the area around Lake of the Woods.

Kinship and clan system

Ojibwe understanding of kinship is complex, and includes not only the immediate family but also the extended family. It is considered a modified bifurcate merging kinship system. As with any bifurcate-merging kinship system, siblings generally share the same kinship term term with parallel cousins, because they are all part of the same clan. The modified system allows for younger siblings to share the same kinship term with younger cross-cousins. Complexity wanes further from the speaker's immediate generation, but some complexity is retained with female relatives. For example, ''ninooshenh'' is "my mother's sister" or "my father's sister-in-law"—i.e., my parallel-aunt, but also "my parent's female cross-cousin". Great-grandparents and older generations, as well as great-grandchildren and younger generations, are collectively called ''aanikoobijigan''. This system of kinship speaks of the nature of the Anishinaabe's philosophy and lifestyle, that is, of interconnectedness and balance among all living generations, as well as of all generations of the past and of the future.

The Ojibwe people were divided into a number of odoodeman (clans; singular: ''doodem'') named primarily for animals and birds totems (pronounced ''doodem''). The five original totems were ''Wawaazisii'' (Bullhead), ''Baswenaazhi'' ("Echo-maker", i.e., Crane), ''Aan'aawenh'' (Pintail Duck), ''Nooke'' ("Tender", i.e., Bear) and ''Moozwaanowe'' ("Little" Moose-tail). The Crane totem was the most vocal among the Ojibwe, and the Bear was the largest — so large, in fact, that it was sub-divided into body parts such as the head, the ribs and the feet.

Traditionally, each band had a self-regulating council consisting of leaders of the communities' clans, or ''odoodemaan''. The band was often identified by the principal ''doodem''. In meeting others, the traditional greeting among the Ojibwe peoples is, "What is your 'doodem'?" ("''Aaniin gidoodem?''" or "''Awanen gidoodem?''") to establish social conduct by identifying each of the parties as family, friends or enemies. Today, the greeting has been shortened to "''Aaniin''."

Spiritual beliefs

The Ojibwe have a number of spiritual beliefs passed down by oral tradition under the Midewiwin teachings. These include a creation story and a recounting of the origins of ceremonies and rituals. Spiritual beliefs and rituals were very important to the Ojibwe because spirits guided them through life. Birch bark scrolls and petroforms were used to pass along knowledge and information, as well as for ceremonies. Pictographs were also used for ceremonies.

The sweatlodge is still used during important ceremonies about the four directions, when oral history is recounted. Teaching lodges are common today to teach the next generations about the language and ancient ways of the past. The traditional ways, ideas, and teachings are preserved and practiced in such living ceremonies. The Ojbwe crafted the dreamcatcher. They believe that if one is hung above the head of a sleeper, it will catch and trap bad dreams, preventing them from reaching the dreamer. Traditional Ojibwe use dreamcatchers only for children, as they believe that adults should be able to interpret their dreams, good or bad and use them in their lives.

Popular culture

In legends and fiction

The legend of the Ojibwe ''Wendigo'', in which tribesmen identify with a cannibalistic monster and prey on their families, is a story with many meanings. One points to the consequences of greed and the destruction that results from it. Thomas Pynchon, Ramsey Campbell and Stephen King reference this story in their fiction.

The novelist Louise Erdrich is Anishinaabe. She has written about characters from her culture in ''Tracks'', ''Love Medicine'', and ''The Bingo Palace.''

In his story, "Fathers and Sons", Ernest Hemingway uses two Ojibwe as secondary characters.

Winona LaDuke is a popular political and intellectual voice for the Anishinaabe people.

The Medicine woman ''Keewaydinoquay Peschel'' has written books on ethnobotany and books for children.

The literary theorist and writer Gerald Vizenor has drawn extensively on Anishinaabe philosophies of language.

The writer William Kent Krueger has written a series of crime novels chronicling the adventures of a character named Corcoran “Cork” O’Connor, the Ojibwe sheriff of Aurora, Minnesota. The novels expresses how Cork uses his Ojibwe heritage and Anglo-American culture to solve local crimes. Ojibwe spirituality is an important element of the subtext of many of the storylines.

In music

Composer Ferde Grofe composed a movement, "Father of the Waters", of his ''Mississippi Suite,'' which represents the Chippewa Indians and the headwaters of the Mississippi.

In television

In several episodes of the HBO series ''The Sopranos'' (e.g., "Mayham" and "The Fleshy Part of the Thigh"), an Ojibwe Indian saying is left by the bedside of Tony Soprano whilst he recovers from a gunshot wound: "Sometimes I go about in pity for myself, and all the while, a great wind carries me across the sky".

Bands

In his ''History of the Ojibway People'' (1855), William W. Warren recorded 10 major divisions of the Ojibwe in the United States. He mistakenly omitted the Ojibwe located in Michigan, western Minnesota and westward, and all of Canada. When identified major historical bands located in Michigan and Ontario are added, the count becomes 15:

! English Name	! Ojibwe Name(in double-vowel spelling)	! Location
Saulteaux	''Baawitigowininiwag''
	''Biitan-akiing-enabijig''	St. Croix-Namakegon River valleys in eastern Minnesota and northern Wisconsin
	''Gichi-gamiwininiwag''	south shore of Lake Superior
	''Gichi-ziibiwininiwag''	upper Mississippi River in Minnesota
	''Goojijiwininiwag''
	''Manoominikeshiinyag''
	''Makandwewininiwag''	North-central Minnesota and Mississippi River headwaters
Mississaugas	''Misi-zaagiwininiwag''	north of Lake Erie, extending north of Lake Huron about the Mississaugi River
	''Odishkwaagamiig''	Quebec-Ontario border, about Lake Nipissing
Dokis Band	''N/A''
	''Odaawaa-zaaga'iganiwininiwag''	Lac Courte Oreilles, Wisconsin
	''Zagaakwaandagowininiwag''	north of Lake Superior
	''Waaswaaganiwininiwag''	head of Wisconsin River
	''Wazhashk-Onigamininiwag''	northwest side of Lake Superior at the Canadian border
Nopeming Band	''Noopiming Azhe-ininiwag''	northeast of Lake Superior and west of Lake Nipissing

These 15 major divisions developed into the following Ojibwe Bands and First Nations of today. Bands are listed under their respective tribes where possible. See also the listing of Saulteaux communities.

Aamjiwnaang First Nation

Aroland First Nation

Batchewana First Nation of Ojibways

Bay Mills Indian Community

Biinjitiwabik Zaaging Anishnabek First Nation

Chapleau Ojibway First Nation

Chippewas of Kettle and Stony Point

Chippewas of Lake Simcoe and Huron (Historical)

* Beausoleil First Nation

* Chippewas of Georgina Island First Nation

* Chippewas of Rama First Nation (formerly known as ''Chippewas of Mnjikaning First Nation'')

Chippewas of Nawash Unceded First Nation

Chippewa of the Thames First Nation

Chippewas of Saugeen Ojibway Territory (Historical)

* Chippewas of Nawash Unceded First Nation

* Saugeen First Nation

Chippewa Cree Tribe of Rocky Boys Indian Reservation

Curve Lake First Nation

Cutler First Nation

Dokis First Nation

Eabametoong First Nation

Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians

Garden River First Nation

Grassy Narrows First Nation (Asabiinyashkosiwagong Nitam-Anishinaabeg)

Islands in the Trent Waters

Keeseekoowenin Ojibway First Nation

Koocheching First Nation

Lac des Mille Lacs First Nation

Lac La Croix First Nation

Lac Seul First Nation

Lake Nipigon Ojibway First Nation

Lake Superior Chippewa Tribe

* Bad River Chippewa Band

* Lac Vieux Desert Band of Lake Superior Chippewa

* Keweenaw Bay Indian Community

** L'Anse Band of Chippewa Indians

** Ontonagon Band of Chippewa Indians

* Lac Courte Oreilles Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians

** Bois Brule River Band of Lake Superior Chippewa

** Chippewa River Band of Lake Superior Chippewa

** Lac Courte Oreilles Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians

** Removable St. Croix Chippewa Indians of Wisconsin

* Lac du Flambeau Band of Lake Superior Chippewa

* Red Cliff Band of Lake Superior Chippewa

* Sokaogon Chippewa Community

* St. Croix Chippewa Indians of Wisconsin

Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Indians

Magnetawan First Nation

Minnesota Chippewa Tribe

Mississaugi First Nation

* Bois Forte Band of Chippewa

** Bois Forte Band of Chippewa

** Lake Vermilion Band of Lake Superior Chippewa

** Little Forks Band of Rainy River Saulteaux

* Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa

* Grand Portage Band of Chippewa

* Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe

** Cass Lake Band of Chippewa

** Lake Winnibigoshish Band of Chippewa

** Leech Lake Band of Pillagers

** Removable Lake Superior Bands of Chippewa of the Chippewa Reservation

** White Oak Point Band of Mississippi Chippewa

* Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe

** Mille Lacs Indians

** Sandy Lake Band of Mississippi Chippewa

** Rice Lake Band of Mississippi Chippewa

** St. Croix Band of Chippewa Indians of Minnesota

*** Kettle River Band of Chippewa Indians

*** Snake and Knife Rivers Band of Chippewa Indians

* White Earth Band of Chippewa

** Gull Lake Band of Mississippi Chippewa

** Otter Tail Band of Pillagers

** Rabbit Lake Band of Mississippi Chippewa

** Removable Mille Lacs Indians

** Removable Sandy Lake Band of Mississippi Chippewa

** Rice Lake Band of Mississippi Chippewa

North Caribou Lake First Nation

Ojibway Nation of Saugeen First Nation

Ojibways of the Pic River First Nation

Osnaburg House Band of Ojibway (Historical)

* Cat Lake First Nation

* Mishkeegogamang First Nation (formerly known as ''New Osnaburgh First Nation'')

* Slate Falls First Nation

Pembina Band of Chippewa Indians (Historical)

Pikangikum First Nation

Poplar Hill First Nation

Red Lake Band of Chippewa Indians

* Lac des Bois Band of Chippewa Indians

Sagamok Anishnawbek First Nation

Saginaw Chippewa Tribal Council

Sault Tribe of Chippewa Indians

Saulteaux First Nation

Shawanaga First Nation

Southeast Tribal Council

* Berens River First Nation

* Bloodvein First Nation

* Brokenhead First Nation

* Buffalo Point First Nation (Saulteaux)

* Hollow Water First Nation

* Black River First Nation

* Little Grand Rapids First Nation

* Pauingassi First Nation (Saulteaux)

* Poplar River First Nation

Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians

Wabaseemoong Independent Nation

Wabauskang First Nation

Wabun Tribal Council

* Beaverhouse First Nation

* Brunswick House First Nation

* Chapleau Ojibwe First Nation

* Matachewan First Nation

* Mattagami First Nation

* Wahgoshig First Nation

Wabigoon Lake Ojibway Nation

Wahnapitae First Nation

Washagamis Bay First Nation

Whitefish Bay First Nation

Whitefish Lake First Nation

Whitefish River First Nation

Whitesand First Nation

Whitewater Lake First Nation

Wikwemikong Unceded First Nation

Other tribes known by their Ojibwe/Ottawa names

! KnownName	! OjibweName	! OjibweMeaning	! OwnName
	Aakaanzhish(ag)	Dang little Kansas	''Ugahxpa'' (down-stream people)
	Asiniibwaan(ag)	Stoney Cookers	''Nakota'' (allies)
Blackfoot	Makadewanazid(ag)	Black-foot	''Niitsítapi'' (original people)
Chipewyan	Ojiibwayaan(ag)	Pointed Skin	''Dënesųłiné''
Eskimo	Ashki-amaw	Eats It Raw	''Inupiaq''
	Nebagindibe(g)	Flat-head	''Salish''
Iroquois	Naadowe(g)	Massassauga Rattlesnake	''Akunęhsyę̀niʼ'' in Tuscarora, ''Rotinonsionni'' in Mohawk
	Aakaans(ag)	[Lives at the] Little Hell-hole	''Kaw'' (People of the South Wind)
Kaskaskia	Gaaskaaskeyaa(g)	Hide-scraper
	Giiwigaabaw(ag)	Stands here-and-there	''Kiikaapoa''
Menominee	Omanoominii(g)	Wild Rice People	''Omāēqnomenew''
	Omaamii(g)	Downstream people	''Myaamia''
	Miijimaa(g)	Allied-Brothers	''Mi'kmaq / L'nu''
Moingwena	Moowiingwenaa(g)	Have a Filthy Face
	Odaawaa(g)	Trader	Odawa
Potawatomi	Boodewaadamii(g)	Fire Keeper	''Bodéwadmi''
	Ozaagii(g)	[Lives at the] Outlet	''Asakiwaki''
Shawnee	Zhaawanoo(g)	Southerners	Chowanoc
Sioux	Naadowensiw(ag)	Little like the Iroquois
	Ginebigowinini(wag)	Snake People	''Panamint'' (grass house), ''Tukuaduka'' (sheep eaters), or ''Toi Ticutta'' (cattail eaters)
Wea	Waawiyaataan(oog)	[Those at the] Rounded [Lake]	''Waayaahtanwa''
	Wiinibiigoo(g)	[Lives at the] Stinking Waters	''Ho-Chunk'' ([people of the] Big Voice)

Notable people

Ah-shah-way-gee-she-go-qua (''Aazhawigiizhigokwe''/Hanging Cloud) (Warrioress)

David Wayne "Famous Dave" Anderson (Business Entrepreneur)

Arron Asham (Canadian professional ice hockey player for the Pittsburgh Penguins)

Edward Benton Banai (Writer)

Dennis Banks (Political Activist)

James Bartleman (Diplomat, Author)

Adam Beach (Actor, Writer)

Carl Beam (Artist)

Jason Behr (Actor)

Archibald "Grey Owl" Belaney (Naturalist and Writer) —English, but presented himself an Ojibwe

Clyde Bellecourt (Social Activist)

Vernon Bellecourt (Social Activist)

Chief Bender (Baseball player)

Benjamin Chee Chee (Artist)

Henry Boucha (American former professional ice hockey player, United States Hockey Hall of Fame)

Al Hunter (Poet and Writer)

George Copway (Missionary and Writer)

Eddy Cobiness (Artist)

Jim Denomie (Artist)

Patrick DesJarlait (Commercial Artist)

Louise Erdrich (Writer)

Phil Fontaine (Politician)

William Gardner—(One of the Untouchables)

Carl Gawboy (Artist, Historian)

Gordon Henry Jr. (Writer)

Tara Hedican (World Junior Wrestling Champion 2001)

Virgil Hill (Boxer)

Vincent J Holland-Mason (Young Atlanta icon, Writer, Broadcastor)

Basil Johnston (Historian and Cultural Essayist)

Peter Jones (Missionary and Writer)

Ke-che-waish-ke (''Gichi-Weshkiinh''/Buffalo) (Chief)

Maude Kegg (Author, Cultural Embassidor)

Winona LaDuke (Activist and Writer)

Carole LaFavor (Writer)

Joe Lumsden (Chairman, Sault Tribe of Chippewa Indians)

Loma Lyns (Singer, Songwriter)

Karinn Martel (Poet and Author of the Vampires and Chocolate Book Series)

Cody McCormick (Canadian professional ice hockey player for the Colorado Avalanche)

Rod Michano (AIDS Activist/Educator)

Norval Morrisseau (Artist)

Ted Nolan (Canadian former professional ice hockey player and coach, Jack Adams Award winner)

Jim Northrup (Columnist)

O-zaw-wen-dib (''Ozaawindib''/Yellow Head) (Warrioress, Guide)

Francis Pegahmagabow, warrior

Leonard Peltier (Political Activist, Prisoner)

Mel Pervais (Entrepreneur)

Po-go-ne-gi-shik (''Bagonegiizhig''/Hole in the Day) (Chief)

Tommy Prince (Soldier)

D'Arcy Rheault (Writer, Philosopher, College Professor)

Buffy Sainte-Marie (Singer)

Keith Secola (Rock and Blues Singer)

Chris Simon (Canadian professional ice hockey player, Stanley Cup winner w/ 1996 Colorado Avalanche)

John Smith/''Gaa-binagwiiyaas'') (Chief)—reported to have lived 137 years

Drew Hayden Taylor (Playwright, Author and Journalist)

Roy Thomas (Artist)

Anton Treuer (Writer, Historian, Professor of Ojibwe)

David Treuer (Writer)

Dale Turner (Dartmouth College Professor)

Shania Twain (Singer)—non-Ojibwe of Cree heritage adopted by her Ojibwe stepfather

E. Donald Two-Rivers (Poet, Playwright)

Alfred Michael "Chief" Venne (Athletic manager and coach)

Gerald Vizenor (Writer)

Wawatam (Chief)

''Waabaanakwad'' (White Cloud) (Chief)

John Whitecloud (Radio Personality)

William Whipple Warren (Historian, Politician)

Gregory L. Ybarra (N8HXQ ARES/RACES Radio Officer and Genesee County Emergency Coordinator).

Ojibwe treaties

;Tribal Treaty Administrants

1854 Treaty Authority—1854CT

Chippewa Ottawa Resource Authority—1836CT fisheries

Grand Council of Treaty 3—Treaty 3

Grand Council of Treaty 8—Treaty 8

Great Lakes Indian Fish & Wildlife Commission—1837CT, 1836CT, 1842CT and 1854CT

Nishnawbe Aski Nation—Treaty 5 and Treaty 9

Red Lake Band of Chippewa—1886CT and 1889CT

Union of Ontario Indians—RS, RH1, RH2, misc. pre-confederation treaties

;Treaties with France

La Grande Paix de Montréal (1701)

;Treaties with Great Britain

Treaty of Fort Niagara (1764)

Treaty of Fort Niagara (1781)

Indian Officers' Land Treaty (1783)

The Crawford Purchases (1783)

Between the Lakes Purchase (1784)

The McKee Purchase (1790)

Between the Lakes Purchase (1792)

Chenail Ecarte (Sombra Township) Purchase (1796)

London Township Purchase (1796)

Land for Joseph Brant (1797)

Penetanguishene Bay Purchase (1798)

St. Joseph Island (1798)

Toronto Purchase (1805)

Head-of-the-Lake Purchase (1806)

Lake Simcoe-Lake Huron Purchase(1815)

Lake Simcoe-Nottawasaga Purchase (1818)

Ajetance Purchase (1818)

Rice Lake Purchase (1818)

The Rideau Purchase (1819)

Long Woods Purchase (1822)

Huron Tract Purchase (1827)

Saugeen Tract Agreement (1836)

Manitoulin Agreement (1836)

The Robinson Treaties

* Ojibewa Indians of Lake Superior (1850)

Ojibewa Indians of Lake Huron (1850)

Manitoulin Island Treaty (1862)

;Treaties with Canada

Treaty No. 1 (1871)—Stone Fort Treaty

Treaty No. 2 (1871)

Treaty No. 3 (1873)—Northwest Angle Treaty

Treaty No. 4 (1874)—Qu'Appelle Treaty

Treaty No. 5 (1875)

Treaty No. 6 (1876)

Treaty No. 8 (1899)

Treaty No. 9 (1905–1906)—James Bay Treaty

Treaty No. 5, Adhesions (1908–1910)

The Williams Treaties (1923)

* The Chippewa Indians

* The Mississauga Indians

Treaty No. 9, Adhesions (1929–1930)

;Treaties with the United States

Treaty of Fort McIntosh (1785)

Treaty of Fort Harmar (1789)

Treaty of Greenville (1795)

Fort Industry (1805)

Treaty of Detroit (1807)

Treaty of Brownstown (1808)

Treaty of Springwells (1815)

Treaty of St. Louis (1816)—Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi

Treaty of Miami Rapids (1817)

St. Mary's Treaty (1818)

Treaty of Saginaw (1819)

Treaty of Saúlt Ste. Marie (1820)

Treaty of L'Arbre Croche and Michilimackinac (1820)

Treaty of Chicago (1821)

Treaty of Prairie du Chien (1825)

Treaty of Fond du Lac (1826)

Treaty of Butte des Morts (1827)

Treaty of Green Bay (1828)

Treaty of Prairie du Chien (1829)

Treaty of Chicago (1833)

Treaty of Washington (1836)—Ottawa & Chippewa

Treaty of Washington (1836)—Swan Creek & Black River Bands

Treaty of Detroit (1837)

Treaty of St. Peters (1837)—White Pine Treaty

Treaty of Flint River (1837)

Saganaw Treaties

* Treaty of Saganaw (1838)

* Supplemental Treaty (1839)

Treaty of La Pointe (1842)—Copper Treaty

* Isle Royale Agreement (1844)

Treaty of Potawatomi Creek (1846)

Treaty of Fond du Lac (1847)

Treaty of Leech Lake (1847)

Treaty of La Pointe (1854)

Treaty of Washington (1855)

Treaty of Detroit (1855)—Ottawa & Chippewa

Treaty of Detroit (1855)—Sault Ste. Marie Band

Treaty of Detroit (1855)—Swan Creek & Black River Bands

Treaty of Sac and Fox Agency (1859)

Treaty of Washington (1863)

Treaty of Old Crossing (1863)

Treaty of Old Crossing (1864)

Treaty of Washington (1864)

Treaty of Isabella Reservation (1864)

Treaty of Washington (1866)

Treaty of Washington (1867)

Gallery

Notes

References

F. Densmore, ''Chippewa Customs'' (1929, repr. 1970)

H. Hickerson, ''The Chippewa and Their Neighbors'' (1970)

R. Landes, ''Ojibwa Sociology'' (1937, repr. 1969)

R. Landes, ''Ojibwa Woman'' (1938, repr. 1971)

F. Symington, ''The Canadian Indian'' (1969)

Further reading

Aaniin Ekidong: Ojibwe Vocabulary Project. St. Paul: Minnesota Humanities Center, 2009.http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_sb_ss_i_0_6?url=search-alias%3Dstripbooks&field-keywords;=aaniin+ekidong&sprefix;=aaniin

Bento-Banai, Edward (2004). Creation- From the Ojibwa. The Mishomis Book.

Danziger, E.J., Jr. (1978). ''The Chippewa of Lake Superior''. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.

Densmore, F. (1979). ''Chippewa customs''. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press. (Published originally 1929)

Grim, J.A. (1983). ''The shaman: Patterns of religious healing among the Ojibway Indians''. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.

Gross, L.W. (2002). ''The comic vision of Anishinaabe culture and religion''. American Indian Quarterly, 26, 436-459.

Howse, Joseph. ''A Grammar of the Cree Language; With which is combined an analysis of the Chippeway dialect''. London: J.G.F. & J. Rivington, 1844.

Johnston, B. (1976). ''Ojibway heritage''. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart.

Long, J. ''Voyages and Travels of an Indian Interpreter and Trader Describing the Manners and Customs of the North American Indians, with an Account of the Posts Situated on the River Saint Laurence, Lake Ontario, & C., to Which Is Added a Vocabulary of the Chippeway Language ... a List of Words in the Iroquois, Mehegan, Shawanee, and Esquimeaux Tongues, and a Table, Shewing the Analogy between the Algonkin and the Chippeway Languages''. London: Robson, 1791.

Nichols, J.D., & Nyholm, E. (1995). ''A concise dictionary of Minnesota Ojibwe''. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

•Treuer, Anton. ''The Assassination of Hole in the Day''. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2011.

Treuer, Anton. Ojibwe in Minnesota. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society, 2010. Ojibwe in Minnesota. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2010.

Treuer, Anton. Living Our Language: Ojibwe Tales & Oral Histories. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2001. http://www.amazon.com/Living-Our-Language-Ojibwe-Histories/dp/0873514041/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s;=books&qid;=1274417157&sr;=8-2

Vizenor, G. (1972). ''The everlasting sky: New voices from the people named the Chippewa''. New York: Crowell-Collier Press.

Vizenor, G. (1981). ''Summer in the spring: Ojibwe lyric poems and tribal stories''. Minneapolis: The Nodin Press.

Vizenor, G. (1984). ''The people named the Chippewa: Narrative histories''. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

Warren, William W. (1851). ''History of the Ojibway People.''

White, Richard (1991). ''The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650-1815'' (Studies in North American Indian History) Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, ISBN 0-521-37104-X

White, Richard (July 31, 2000). Chippewas of the Sault. The Sault Tribe News.

Wub-e-ke-niew. (1995). ''We have the right to exist: A translation of aboriginal indigenous thought''. New York: Black Thistle Press.

External links

Great Lakes Indian Fish & Wildlife Commission

Chief Buffalo and Benjamin Armstrong

Ojibwe culture and history, a lengthy and detailed discussion

Kevin L. Callahan's ''An Introduction to Ojibway Culture and History''

Ojibwe Song Pictures, recorded by Frances Desmore

Digital recreation of the 'Chippewa' entry from ''Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico'', edited by Frederick Webb Hodge

Ojibwa migration through Manitoba

video: The Making of an Ojibwe Hand Drum

Nindoodemag: The Significance of Algonquian Kinship Networks in the Eastern Great Lakes Region, 1600–1701

Ojibwe Waasa-Inaabidaa—PBS documentary featuring the history and culture of the Anishinaabe-Ojibwe people of the Great Lakes (United States-focused).

* Ojibwe migratory map from Ojibwe Waasa-Inaabidaa

Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture - Chippewa

1836 Chippewa-Ottawa Resource Authority

Grand Council of Treaty #3

Batchewana First Nation of Ojibways

Red Cliff Band of Lake Superior Chippewa

Mississaugi First Nation

Southeast Tribal Council

Wabun Tribal Council

Category:Ojibwe Category:Anishinaabe peoples Category:Anishinaabe lands Category:Algonquian ethnonyms Category:Algonquian peoples Category:Great Lakes tribes Category:Plains tribes Category:First Nations in Alberta Category:First Nations in Ontario Category:First Nations in Manitoba Category:First Nations in Saskatchewan Category:First Nations in Quebec Category:Native American tribes in Michigan Category:Native American tribes in Minnesota Category:Native American tribes in Montana Category:Native American tribes in North Dakota Category:Native American tribes in Wisconsin Category:Upper Peninsula of Michigan

ar:أجيبوي bar:Ojibwe ca:Chippewa de:Anishinabe es:Ojibwa eo:Oĝibvoj fr:Ojibwés hr:Chippewa it:Ojibway lv:Anišināpi lt:Odžibviai mg:Ojibway ml:ഒജിബ്‌‌വാ nl:Ojibweg ja:オジブワ no:Ojibwa pl:Odżibwejowie pt:Ojíbuas ru:Оджибве (народ) fi:Ojibwayt sv:Ojibwa tr:Ojibva uk:Оджибва zh:欧及布威族

Name	Jana Mashonee
Background	solo_singer
Birth name	Jana Sampson
Origin	Robeson County, North Carolina, United States
Genre	Pop, R&B;, Electronic
Occupation	Singer-songwriter, actress
Years active	1997–present
Label	Miss Molly Records
Website	janamashonee.com }}

Jana Mashonee is a singer, songwriter and actress. She is Lumbee and Tuscarora, originally from Robeson County, North Carolina, currently residing near New York City, in Greenwich, CT. She is currently releasing her music through Miss Molly Records.

Biography

Jana was discovered by producer/songwriter, Rodney Shelton, when Jana was singing funk in her "weekend band" Peace 'N' Love near Charlotte, NC. Shelton recorded a demo of "''What I Am To You''" and presented it to Curb Records' Mike Curb who immediately signed Jana to his label.

Jana has described herself as an "Urban Indian":

Jana is also active motivational speaker for Native American youth, supporting such organizations as U.N.I.T.Y. (United Native Indian Tribal Youth), and her own motivational program "Jana's Kids". Jana also designs jewelry in her lines ''Urban Indian'' and ''Indian Spirit'', with the profits going directly to her motivational program, "Jana's Kids."

Discography

Albums

''Flash of a Firefly''2005, Radikal Records2006 Nammy Award Winner ''American Indian Christmas''2005, Standing Stone/SOAR Records ''American Indian Story''2006, Standing Stone/SOAR Records2007 Grammy Award nominated ''New Moon Born''2009, Miss Molly Records

Singles

"What Am I To You" (1997) - Top Forty on the Radio & Records’ rhythmic chart (Curb records)

"Near Me" (1998) - A cover of a song originally by the artist Sheryl Crow. (Curb Records)

"Ooh, Baby, Baby" (1999) - A success on radio and in the Radio & Records, DMA, Hitmakers, and Gavin charts. Billboard magazine named "''Ooh, Baby, Baby''" pop ''Single of the Week'' in October. (Curb Records)

"More Than Life" (2001) - Reached the Top 10 on Billboard's Artists to Watch chart and peaked in Billboard Magazine’s Hot Shot Debut At #29. Remixes where made by DJ Skribble and Anthony Acid. (Curb Records)

"Two Out of Three Ain't Bad" (2001) - A cover of a song originally by the artist Meat Loaf. (Curb Records).

"Stairway to Heaven" (2002) - Peaked at #7 on Billboard's Hot Dance Singles Sales chart, and was remixed by DJ Skribble. (Radikal Records)

"Found A Love" (2003) - (Radikal Records)

"I'll Be With You" (2006) - (Standing Stone/Radikal Records)

"A Change Is Gonna Come" (2009) - Miss Molly Records

Awards and nominations

Merit Award 2009 - The Indie Fest for "A Change Is Gonna Come" video

Grammy Award nominations

*Nominated 2007 - Best Native American Music Album for ''American Indian Story''.

*Nominated 2001 - Pop/Contemporary Gospel Album. Co-writing on the song ''"Kiss and Tell"'' with Crystal Lewis, which appears on Lewis' album ''Fearless''.

Native American Music Awards (NAMMY's)

*2001-2002

**Best Pop Artist

**Best Pop/Rock Recording (''More Than Life'')

*2002-2003*

**Song of the Year (''Stairway to Heaven'')

**Best Female Artist (''Found a Love'')

*2005-2006

** Record of the Year - ''Flash of a Firefly''

** Best Producer (Stephan Galfas and Alex Salzman) for Jana's ''American Indian Christmas''

*2007

**Best Pop Recording (''American Indian Story'')

*2008

**Best Short Form Music Video (''The Enlightened Time'')

**Best Producer (Stephan Galfas & Alex Salzman) for Jana's ''American Indian Christmas''

*2009

**Song/Single of the Year "A Change is Gonna Come"

'''2009 American Indian Film Festival

**Best Video "A Change is Gonna Come"

Queens International Film Festival

*2007

*Winner Best Domestic Music Video (''The Enlightened Time'')

Acting career

Jana appeared in the 2002 romantic comedy ''Dream Weaver'', alongside prominent Native American actor Wes Studi.

Jana will star as Abbi in the upcoming film ''Raptor Ranch''.

Jana also made a cameo in the 2008 independent film ''Blue Gap Boy'z'' as a singing contestant.

Miscellaneous

Jana Performed "A Change Is Gonna Come" at the American Indian Inaugural Ball January 20, 2009

Jana performed for the First Lady Laura Bush during the First Lady's Luncheon (April 27, 2006). One of the songs she sang was her own "One Spirit." The theme of the function was "The First Americans."

Jana performed before a huge audience (+70,000) at the 2001 National Scout jamboree.

Jana performed at the 2001 Inaugural Ball.

Jana chosen as Good Will Ambassador for The International Museum of Twenty-first Century Art (TIMOTCA)

References

External links

JanaMashonee.com - Jana Mashonee's official website.

Jana Mashonee at ReverbNation

[ Jana's] Allmusic.com biography

SingerUniverse Magazine March Best Vocalist Of The Month Winner Jana Mashonee

Category:American female singers Category:American film actors Category:American pop singers Category:Living people Category:Native American singers Category:Davidson College alumni Category:People from Robeson County, North Carolina

de:Jana Mashonee