Lamb, mutton, and hogget (UK, New Zealand and Australia) are the meat of domestic sheep. The meat of a sheep in its first year is ''lamb''; that of a juvenile sheep older than 1 year is ''hogget''; and the meat of an adult sheep is ''mutton''.

Distinct from the meat, lamb also describes a live juvenile sheep (species ''Ovis aries''), which may or may not be used for its meat. In Australia, the term prime lamb is often used to refer to lambs raised for meat.

Classifications and nomenclature

The strict definitions for lamb, hogget and mutton vary considerably between countries. In New Zealand for example, they are defined as follows:

Lamb — ''a young sheep under 12 months of age which does not have any permanent incisor teeth in wear''

Hogget — ''a sheep of either sex having no more than two permanent incisors in wear''

Mutton — ''a female (ewe) or castrated male (wether) sheep having more than two permanent incisors in wear.''

In Australia the definitions are extended to include ewes and rams, as well as being stricter on the definition for lamb which is:

Lamb — ''0 permanent incisors; female or castrate entire male ovine 0–12 months'' (note that the Australian definition requires 0 permanent incisors, whereas the New Zealand definition allows 0 incisors 'in wear'.)

Under current United States federal regulations, only the term 'lamb' is used: Lamb — ''ovine animals of any age, including ewes and rams'' The term 'mutton' is rare, and 'hogget' unknown, in the United States.

Younger lambs are smaller and more tender. Mutton is meat from a sheep over two years old, and has a less tender flesh. In general, the darker the colour, the older the animal. Baby lamb meat will be pale pink, while regular lamb is pinkish-red.

Other definitions include:

Lamb — a young sheep that is less than one year old

Baby lamb — a milk-fed lamb between six and eight weeks old

Spring lamb — a milk-fed lamb, usually three to five months old, born in late winter or early spring and sold usually before July 1

Yearling lamb — a young sheep between 12 and 24 months old.

Milk-fed lamb — meat from an unweaned lamb, typically 4 to 6 weeks old and weighing 5.5 to 8 kg; this is almost unavailable in countries such as the USA and the UK, where it is considered uneconomic. The flavour and texture of milk-fed lamb when grilled (such as the tiny lamb chops known as ''chuletillas'' in Spain) or roasted (''lechazo asado'' or ''cordero lechal asado'') is generally thought to be finer than that of older lamb. The areas in northern Spain where this can be found include Asturias, Cantabria, Castile and León, and La Rioja. Milk-fed lambs (and kids) are especially prized for Easter in Greece, when they are roasted on a spit. Sucker lambs — a term used in Australia — includes young milk-fed lambs as well as slightly older lambs up to about 7 months of age which are also still dependent on their mothers for milk. Carcases from these lambs usually weigh between 14 and 30 kg. Older weaned lambs which have not yet matured to become mutton are known as old-season lambs.

Saltbush mutton - a term used in Australia for the meat of mature Merinos which have been allowed to graze on atriplex plants.

Salt marsh lamb (also known as 'saltmarsh lamb' or by its French name, ''agneau de pré-salé'') — the meat of sheep which graze on salt marsh in coastal estuaries that are washed by the tides and support a range of salt-tolerant grasses and herbs such as samphire, sparta grass, sorrel and sea lavender. Depending on where in the world the salt marsh is located, the nature of the plants may be subtly different. Salt marsh lamb has long been appreciated in France and is growing in popularity in the United Kingdom. Places where salt marsh lamb are reared in the UK include Harlech and the Gower Peninsula in Wales, the Somerset Levels and Morecambe Bay.

In many Eastern countries including the Indian sub-continent, Malaysia and Singapore, the term ''mutton'' refers to goats' meat (which is properly called ''chevon'') and usually not to sheep's meat. Often, the mutton curries of the Indian cuisine use goat meat when cooked at home.

Butchery and cookery

The meat of a lamb is taken from the animal between one month and one year old, with a carcase (''carcass'' in American English) weight of between 5.5 and 30 kilograms (12 and 65 lbs). This meat generally is more tender than that from older sheep and appears more often on tables in some Western countries. Hogget and mutton have a stronger flavour than lamb because they contain a higher concentration of species-characteristic fatty acids and are preferred by some. Mutton and hogget also tend to be tougher than lamb (because of connective tissue maturation) and are therefore better suited to casserole-style cooking, as in Lancashire hotpot, for example.

Lamb is often sorted into three kinds of meat: forequarter, loin, and hindquarter. The forequarter includes the neck, shoulder, front legs, and the ribs up to the shoulder blade. The hindquarter includes the rear legs and hip. The loin includes the ribs between the two.

Lamb chops are cut from the rib, loin, and shoulder areas. The rib chops include a rib bone; the loin chops include only a chine bone. Shoulder chops are usually considered inferior to loin chops; both kinds of chop are usually grilled. Breast of lamb (baby chops) can be cooked in an oven.

Leg of lamb is a whole leg; saddle of lamb is the two loins with the hip. Leg and saddle are usually roasted, though the leg is sometimes boiled. Roasted leg and saddle may be served anywhere from rare to well-done.

Forequarter meat of sheep, as of other mammals, includes more connective tissue than some other cuts, and, if not from a young lamb, is best cooked slowly using either a moist method, such as braising or stewing, or by slow roasting or American barbecuing. It is, in some countries, sold pre-chopped or diced.

Lamb shank definitions vary, but generally include:

Lamb shank is cut from the arm of shoulder, contains leg bone and part of round shoulder bone, and is covered by a thin layer of fat and fell (a thin, paperlike covering).

Lamb shank is a cut of meat from the upper part of the leg.

According to Jewish Kosher law, sheep may be eaten but as with cows, they must be killed while conscious and the sciatic nerve, as well as certain types of fat on the back half of the animal, may not be eaten. This makes certain cuts, such as leg or steaks, very difficult to produce in some countries. Similar rules apply for the Islamic dietary code, Halal.

Thin strips of fatty mutton can be cut into a substitute for bacon called macon.

Cuts

Australia, UK and Canada

Approximate zones of the usual UK cuts of lamb:

Scrag end (of neck)

Middle neck

Best end (of neck)

Loin

Chump (and chump chops)

Leg (gigot in Scotland)

Shank

Shoulder

Breast

USA

Square cut shoulder – shoulder roast, shoulder chops and arm chops

Rack – rib chops and riblets, rib roast

Loin – loin chops or roast

Leg – sirloin chops, leg roast (leg of lamb)

Neck

Breast

Shanks (fore or hind)

Flank

National cuisines

Meat from sheep features prominently in several cuisines of the Mediterranean, for example in Greece; in North Africa and the Middle East; in the Basque culture, both in the Basque country of Europe and in the shepherding areas of the Western United States. In Northern Europe, mutton and lamb feature in many traditional dishes, including those of the North Atlantic islands and of the United Kingdom, particularly in the western and northern uplands, Scotland and Wales. It is also very popular in Australia. Lamb and mutton are very popular in Central Asia and South Asia, and in certain parts of China - where other red meats may be eschewed for religious or economic reasons - and in India, Iran and Pakistan. Barbecued mutton is also a specialty in some areas of the United States and Canada. However, meat from sheep is generally consumed far less in North America than in many European, Central American and Asian cuisines. In Mexico lamb is the meat of choice for the popular barbacoa dish, in which the lamb is roasted or steamed wrapped in maguey leaves underground.

Lamb's liver, known as ''lamb's fry'' in Australia, is eaten in many countries and, along with the lungs and heart, is a major ingredient in the traditional Scottish dish of haggis. Lamb testicles, also known as ''lamb's fries'' (a term also used for other lamb offal), is another delicacy. Lamb's liver is the most common form of offal eaten in the UK, traditionally used in the family favourite (and pub grub staple) of liver with onions and/or bacon and mashed potatoes. Split grilled lamb kidneys are a popular breakfast item in Ireland, often eaten on 16 June especially, in the mistaken belief that Leopold Bloom ate one in ''Ulysses'', whereas he actually ate a pork kidney.

See also

Mutton Renaissance Campaign

Rack of lamb

Smalahove

Bibliography

K.F. Warner, "Boning Lamb Cuts", Leaflet 74, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Animal Industry, June 1931. full text

Notes

External links

Food Dictionary

Category:Meat Category:Sheep *

az:Qoyun əti br:Kig oan cs:Jehněčí maso de:Lammfleisch es:Carne de cordero eo:Ŝafidaĵo fr:Viande d'agneau hr:Janjetina nl:Lamsvlees en schapenvlees ja:羊肉 no:Lammedeig pl:Baranina pt:Carne de cordeiro ru:Баранина sv:Lamm- och fårkött uk:Баранина ug:قوي گۆشى zh:羊肉

Name	The Mutton Birds
Background	group_or_band
Origin	New Zealand
Years active	1991–2002
Label	EMIVirgin Records
Past members	Don McGlashanRoss BurgeDavid LongChris SheehanAlan GreggTony Fisher}}

The Mutton Birds was a band from New Zealand formed in 1991 by Don McGlashan, Ross Burge, and David Long.

History

All three members came into the band with experience: McGlashan came from Blam Blam Blam and The Front Lawn, guitarist Long had played in the Six Volts and Burge had played in the Spines and Sneaky Feelings. Burge was also playing in Dribbling Darts alongside the Mutton Birds. They gained bassist Alan Gregg, also from Dribbling Darts in 1992 and recorded their first self-titled album. It went platinum in New Zealand and gained them notice outside college radio, notably for a cover of Wayne Mason's "Nature" - originally recorded by Mason in 1970 with The Fourmyula and subsequently voted in 2002 as New Zealand's greatest song of the previous 75 years. The Mutton Birds debut album remained on the charts for over a year.

For their second album, ''Salty'', they signed with EMI Australia. It was self-produced and mixed by Tchad Blake. Again the album went platinum in NZ but received little notice beyond Australia and New Zealand.

Their next album, ''Nature'', was a collection of songs from their first two CDs with production assistance from Neil Finn, released by Virgin Records.

Their third proper CD, ''Envy of Angels'', was recorded in Wales and released in 1996 worldwide. It sold typically well in Australia and New Zealand, and sales increased from those of Nature in the rest of the world. This year also saw The Mutton Birds' contribution to the soundtrack of Peter Jackson's film ''The Frighteners'' with a remake of Blue Öyster Cult's 1976 classic "(Don't Fear) The Reaper". The band now moved to the United Kingdom where they would remain based until 2000.

As they began touring, David Long quit, replaced by Chris Sheehan. Two self-released CDs followed, ''Angle of Entry'' (an acoustic live album) in 1997 and ''Too Hard Basket'' (subtitled ''B-sides and Bastards'', it contained various rarities) in 1998 as the band looked for a record company. By 1999, Alan Gregg had decided to leave the band. He was replaced by Tony Fisher for their latest CD, ''Rain, Steam, and Speed'' which was also released independently. Another independently released live album (''Live in Manchester'') was issued in time for the 2000 UK tour. A greatest hits collection called ''Flock'' was released in 2002.

Discography

Albums

!Date of Release	!Title	!Label	!Charted	!Country	!Catalog Number
1992		Bag Records (EMI)		NZ	8282612
1993		Virgin Records		NZ
1995	''Nature''			-
1996	''Envy of Angels''	EMI
1997	''Angle of Entry''			-	GRAVY CD1
1998	''Too Hard Basket''		-	GRAVY CD2
1999	''Rain, Steam, and Speed''			-	SHCDA 001
2000	''Live in Manchester''		-	None on Sleeve or CD
2002	''Flock: The Best of the Mutton Birds''	EMI		-

Featured appearances

The group have appeared on many compilation albums since the inception in New Zealand. The following is a list of these albums that have featured tracks by the Mutton Birds.

(1999) - ''The Best Beer Drinking Songs In The World'' (EMI) - "Nature"

(2001) - ''Live At Helen's'' (Festival Mushroom Records) - "Pulled Along By Love"

(2001) - ''100% Kiwi Rock'' (Warner Music) - "Dominion Road"

(2002) - ''Nature's Best'' (Sony Music) - "Dominion Road"

(2002) - ''Absolute Bliss'' (Festival Records) - "Dominion Road"

(2002) - ''Nature's Best 2'' (Sony Music) - "Anchor Me"

(2009) - ''The Great New Zealand Songbook'' (Sony Music) - "Dominion Road"

Singles

!Year	!Single	!Album	!Charted	!Certification
1992				-
1992		''The Mutton Birds''		-
1992	"Giant Friend"	''The Mutton Birds''		-
1993	"Your Window"	''The Mutton Birds''		-
1994				-
1994		''Salty''		-
1994		''Salty''		-
1994		''Salty''		-
1996		''Envy of Angels''		-
1997		''Envy of Angels''		-
1999		''Rain, Steam, and Speed''		-

References

Dix, John, ''Stranded In Paradise'', Penguin, 2005. ISBN 0-14-301953-8

Eggleton, David, ''Ready To Fly'', Craig Potton, 2003. ISBN 1-877333-06-9

Shute, Gareth, ''NZ Rock 1987-2007'', Auckland, Random House, 2008. ISBN 978-1-86979-000-4

Spittle, Gordon, ''Counting The Beat'', GP Publications, 1997. ISBN 1-86956-213-5

Mick Thomas has covered 'Dominion Road'

External links

A Religion Of A Kind - The Mutton Birds and beyond

Don McGlashan's Official Homepage

Mutton Birds, The