Group	Chinese Americans華裔美國人 or 美籍華人; 华裔美国人 or 美籍华人
Regions	New York City Metropolitan Area, San Francisco Bay Area, Los Angeles metropolitan area, and other major American metropolitan areas
Langs	Predominantly English, varieties of Chinese: Mandarin Chinese (''Standard Chinese''), Hokkien, Yue Chinese (''Yuehai Cantonese'', ''Taishanese''), Wu Chinese (''Taihu Wu'', ''Oujiang Wu''), and Min Chinese (''Min Nan'', ''Min Dong'').
Rels	Buddhism, Christianity, Confucianism, Taoism,
Related	Overseas Chinese }}

Chinese Americans (; ) represent Americans of Chinese descent. Chinese Americans constitute one group of overseas Chinese and also a subgroup of East Asian Americans, which is further a subgroup of Asian Americans. Within this community, the term Chinese American is often broadly defined to include not only immigrants from Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, and their descendants but also immigrants and descendants of overseas Chinese people who migrated to the United States from places as diverse as Malaysia, Singapore, and other countries in southeast Asia. The Chinese American community is the largest ethnic group of Asian Americans, consisting of 22.4% of the Asian American population. They constitute 1.2% of the United States as a whole. In 2006, the Chinese American population numbered approximately 3.6 million.

History

The first Chinese immigrants arrived in 1820 according to U.S. government records. 325 men are known to have arrived before the 1848 California Gold Rush which drew the first significant number of laborers from China who mined for gold and performed menial labor.

There were 25,000 immigrants by 1852, and 105,465 by 1880, most of whom lived on the West Coast. They formed over a tenth of California's population. Nearly all the early immigrants were young males with low educational levels from six districts in the Guangdong province.

But Chinese people were banned from immigrating between 1885 and 1943, when the Chinese Exclusion Act was in effect. Since the repeal of the Act in 1943, immigration of Chinese continued to be heavily restricted until 1965. During the 1970s, the vast majority of ethnic Chinese immigration into the United States was from Hong Kong, followed by Taiwan, with relatively few immigrants coming from mainland China. During the 1980s, in part due to the liberalization of emigration restrictions in the mid-1970s, immigrants from mainland China formed a larger proportion of ethnic Chinese immigrating to the United States. Cantonese, historically the language of most Chinese immigrants, is the third most widely spoken non-English language in the United States.

Demographics

According to the 2009 American Community Survey, the three metropolitan areas with the largest Chinese American populations were the Greater New York Combined Statistical Area at about 666,000 people, the San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland Combined Statistical Area at about 562,000 people, and the Greater Los Angeles Combined Statistical Area at about 495,000 people. New York City is home to the highest Chinese American population of any city proper (446,714), while the city of Monterey Park, California in Los Angeles County has the highest percentage of Chinese Americans of any municipality, at 43.7% of its population, or about 26,700 people.

The ten states with the largest estimated Chinese American populations, according to both the 2010 Census and 2009 American Community Survey, were California (1.25 million), New York (575,000), Texas (156,000), New Jersey (134,000), Massachusetts (123,000), Illinois (99,300), Washington (93,800), Pennsylvania (85,000), Maryland (63,300), and Virginia (54,200). The state of Hawaii has the highest concentration of Chinese Americans at 4.0%, or 55,000 people.

The New York City Metropolitan Area, consisting of New York City, Long Island, and nearby areas within the states of New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, and Pennsylvania, is home to the largest Chinese American population of any metropolitan area within the United States, enumerating 665,714 individuals as of the 2009 American Community Survey Census statistical data, and including at least seven Chinatowns. Continuing massive immigration from Mainland China, both legal and illegal in origin, has spurred the ongoing rise of the Chinese American population in the New York metropolitan area; this immigration continues to be fueled by New York's status as an alpha global city, its high population density, its extensive mass transit system, and the New York metropolitan area's enormous economic marketplace.

San Francisco, California has the highest per capita concentration of Chinese Americans of any major city in the United States, at an estimated 19.8%, or 157,747 people, and contains the second-largest total number of Chinese Americans of any U.S. city. San Francisco's Chinatown was established in the 1840s, making it the oldest Chinatown in North America and the largest neighborhood of Chinese people outside of Asia, composed in large part by immigrants hailing from Guangdong province and also many from Hong Kong. The San Francisco neighborhoods of Sunset District and Richmond District also contain significant Chinese populations.

Other metropolitan areas with large Chinese American populations include Los Angeles, Boston, Chicago, Washington, D.C., Houston, Seattle, Philadelphia, Dallas, Portland, San Diego, Sacramento and Las Vegas.

In these cities, there are often multiple Chinatowns, an older one and a newer one which is populated by immigrants from the 1960s and 1970s. In some areas, Chinese Americans maintain close relationships with other Asian groups (i.e. Koreans, Filipinos, Vietnamese and so on).

New York City's Lower East Side, San Francisco's North Beach and Los Angeles' Olvera Street are good examples of Chinese-Americans intermingled with other races and cultures.

In addition to the big cities, smaller pockets of Chinese Americans are also dispersed in rural towns, often university-college towns, throughout the United States. For example, the number of Chinese Americans, including college professors, doctors, professionals and students, has increased over 200% from 2005 to 2010 in Providence, Rhode Island, a small city with a large number of colleges.

Income and social status of these Chinese-American locations vary widely. Although many Chinese Americans in Chinatowns of large cities are often members of an impoverished working class, others are well-educated upper-class people living in affluent suburbs. The upper and lower-class Chinese are also widely separated by social status and class discrimination. In California's San Gabriel Valley, for example, the cities of Monterey Park and San Marino are both Chinese American communities lying geographically close to each other but they are separated by a large socio-economic and income gap.

Influence on American culture

Some of the noteworthy Chinese contributions include building Western half of the Transcontinental railroad and levees in the Sacramento River Delta; the popularization of Chinese American food; technological innovation and entrepreneurship; and the introduction of Chinese and East Asian culture to America, such as Buddhism, Taoism, and Kung fu.

Chinese immigrants to the United States brought many of their ideas, ideals and values with them. Some of these have continued to influence later generations. Among them is Confucian respect for elders and filial piety. Similarly education and the civil service were the most important path for upward social mobility in China. The first Broadway show about Asian Americans was ''Flower Drum Song''.

In most American cities with Chinese populations, the new year is celebrated with cultural festivals and parties. In Seattle, the Chinese Culture and Arts Festival is held every year. Other important festivals include the Dragon Boat Festival and the Mid-Autumn Festival.

Analysis indicated that most non-Asian Americans do not differentiate between Chinese Americans and East Asian Americans generally, and perceptions of both groups are nearly identical. A 2001 survey of Americans' attitudes toward Asian Americans and Chinese Americans indicated that one fourth of the respondents had somewhat or very negative attitude toward Chinese Americans in general. The study did find several positive perceptions of Chinese Americans: strong family values (91%); honesty as business people (77%); high value on education (67%).

Citizenship

Legally all ethnic Chinese born in the United States are American citizens as a result of the Fourteenth Amendment and the 1898 United States v. Wong Kim Ark Supreme Court decision. Upon naturalization, immigrants to the United States must take an oath of loyalty to the United States but are not required to formally renounce their former citizenship. However, the People's Republic of China does not recognize dual citizenship and considers the naturalization of a person as an American citizen to imply a renunciation of PRC citizenship. On the other hand, the Republic of China does not view naturalization in other countries as an automatic renunciation of Chinese nationality.

Language

Chinese, mostly of the Cantonese variety, is the third most-spoken language in the United States, almost completely spoken within Chinese American populations and by immigrants or the descendants of immigrants, especially in California. Over 2 million Americans speak some variety of Chinese, with Standard Chinese becoming increasingly more common due to immigration from mainland China and Taiwan.

In New York City at least, although Mandarin is spoken as a native language among only ten percent of Chinese speakers, it is used as a secondary dialect among the greatest number of them and is on its way to replace Cantonese as their lingua franca. In addition, the immigration from Fujian is creating an increasingly large number of Min speakers. Wu Chinese, a Chinese language previously unheard of in the United States, is now spoken by a minority of recent Chinese immigrants, who hail from Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Shanghai.

Although Chinese Americans grow up learning English, some teach their children Chinese for a variety of reasons: preservation of an ancient civilization, preservation of a unique identity, pride in their cultural ancestry, desire for easy communication with them and other relatives, and the perception that Chinese will be a very useful language as China's economic strength increases.

Politics

Chinese Americans are divided among many subgroups based on factors such as a generation, place of origin, socio-economic level, and do not have uniform attitudes about the People's Republic of China, the Republic of China, the United States, or Chinese nationalism, with attitudes varying widely between active support, hostility, or indifference. Different subgroups of Chinese Americans also have radically different and sometimes very conflicting political priorities and goals. It is for this reason that Chinese Americans do not have any unified political groups or any unified political viewpoints.

In the days leading up to the 2004 U.S. Presidential Election, John Kerry was favored by 58% of Chinese Americans, with George W. Bush being favored by 23% of Chinese Americans and 19% undecided.

In recent decades, many Chinese Americans have started pursuing careers in politics and succeeded in getting elected and/or appointed into political office. In particular, several prominent Chinese Americans have in recent years served as members of the President's cabinet and other federal offices. Elaine Chao became the first Chinese American cabinet member in American history when she was appointed in 2001 to serve as Secretary of Labor under President George W. Bush, a position she held until 2009; she also was the first female Asian American to serve in a cabinet post in American history. In addition, Gary Locke became the first Chinese American governor when he was elected to this position for the state of Washington. He currently serves as Secretary of Commerce. Steven Chu became the first Chinese American Secretary of Energy. Judy Chu became the first Chinese American woman elected to Congress as the Representative for California's 32nd district on July 15, 2009. Others include Mike Eng, Hiram Fong, Daniel Akaka, March Fong Eu, Matt Fong, Thomas Tang, Norman Bay, Leland Yee, John Liu, Charles Djou, David S. C. Chu and David Wu.

During the Cultural Revolution, Chinese Americans, like all overseas Chinese, generally speaking, were viewed as capitalist traitors by the People's Republic of China government. This attitude changed completely in the late 1970s with the reforms of Deng Xiaoping. Increasingly, Chinese Americans were seen as sources of business and technical expertise and capital who could aid in China's economic and other development.

References

Further reading

''Chinese American Understanding: A Sixty-Year Search'', Chih Meng, China Institute in America, 1981, hardcover, 255 pages, OCLC: 8027928

''Chinese Americans and Their Immigrant Parents: Conflict, Identity, and Values'', May Pao-May Tung, Haworth Press, 2000, paperback, 112 pages, ISBN 0-7890-1056-9

''Chinese Americans: The Immigrant Experience'', Dusanka Miscevic and Peter Kwong, Hugh Lauter Levin Associates, 2000, hardcover, 240 pages, ISBN 0-88363-128-8

''Compelled To Excel: Immigration, Education, And Opportunity Among Chinese Americans'', Vivian S. Louie, Stanford University Press, 2004, paperback, 272 pages, ISBN 0-8047-4985-X

The Chinese in America: A Narrative History, Iris Chang, Viking, 2003, hardcover, 496 pages, ISBN 0-670-03123-2

''Being Chinese, Becoming Chinese American'', Shehong Chen, University of Illinois Press, 2002 ISBN 0-252-02736-1 electronic book

ABC Struggles in the Church

''On Gold Mountain: The One-Hundred-Year Odyssey of My Chinese American Family'', Lisa See, 1996. ISBN 0-679-76852-1. See also the website for an exhibition based on this book from the Smithsonian Asian Pacific American Program.

''Yellow: Race in America Beyond Black and White'', Frank H. Wu, Basic Books, 2003, hardcover, 416 pages, ISBN 0-465-00640-3

External links

Factfinder Chinese Americans 2005 American Community Survey

The Rocky Road to Liberty: A Documented History of Chinese American Immigration and Exclusion

Museum of Chinese in the Americas

Chinese Culture Center & Chinese Culture Foundation of San Francisco

Organization of Chinese Americans

Chinese Historical Society of America

The Asians in America Project - Chinese American Organizations Directory

"Paper Son" - one Chinese American's story of coming to America under the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

Becoming American: The Chinese Experience a PBS Bill Moyers special. Thomas F. Lennon, Series Producer.

Chinese American Contribution to Transcontinental Railroad - Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum

Emerging Information Technology Conference (EITC), organized by several Chinese American organizations

Famous Chinese Americans Comprehensive list of famous Chinese Americans organized by professions. Includes short biographical notes and Chinese names.

Chinese Information and Networking Association (CINA)

Northwest Chinese Professionals Association

The Yung Wing Project hosts the memoir of the first Chinese American graduate of an American university (Yale 1854).

Chinese American Museum

Documentary about the Golden Venture tragedy

Category:Chinese American history Category:American people of Asian descent Category:Ethnic groups in the United States Americans Category:Chinese emigrants to the United States

de:Sino-Amerikaner es:Inmigración china en Estados Unidos fr:Sino-Américains id:Tionghoa-Amerika ms:Cina Amerika nl:Chinese Amerikanen ja:中国系アメリカ人 pl:Amerykanie chińskiego pochodzenia ru:Китайцы в США th:ชาวอเมริกันเชื้อสายจีน zh:美籍华人

Stephen A. Orlins has been President of the National Committee on United States-China Relations since May 1, 2005. Prior to becoming president, Mr. Orlins was the managing director of Carlyle Asia, one of Asia’s largest (USD 750M) private equity funds. Since its founding in 1999, he has been and remains the chairman of the Board of Taiwan Broadband Communications (TBC). TBC is now one of the three largest cable television companies in Taiwan with over 640,000 subscribers. Prior to joining Carlyle, Mr. Orlins was a senior advisor to AEA Investors Inc., a New York based leveraged buyout firm, with responsibility for AEA’s business activities throughout Asia.

From 1983 to 1991, Mr. Orlins was with the investment banking firm of Lehman Brothers where he was a Managing Director from 1985 to 1991. From 1987 to 1990, he served as President of Lehman Brothers Asia. Based in Hong Kong, he supervised over 150 professionals with offices in Hong Kong, Korea, China, Taiwan, Thailand, Manila and Singapore. Prior to joining Lehman Brothers, Mr. Orlins practiced law with Coudert Brothers and Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison in New York, Hong Kong and Beijing.

From 1976 to 1979, Mr. Orlins served in the Office of the Legal Advisor of the United States Department of State, first in the Office of the Assistant Legal Advisor for Political-Military Affairs and then for East Asian and Pacific Affairs. While in that office, he was a member of the legal team that helped establish diplomatic relations with the People’s Republic of China.

References

Category:1950 births Category:Harvard University alumni Category:Living people

name	American Born Chinese
author	Gene Luen Yang
illustrator	Gene Luen Yang
country	USA
language	English
genre	Graphic novel
publisher	First Second Books
release date	2006
media type	Print (paperback & hardback collector's edition)
pages	240 pp (paperback edition)
isbn	ISBN 978-1-59643-152-2
followed by	}}

''American Born Chinese'' is a graphic novel by Gene Luen Yang. Released in 2006 by First Second Books, it was a finalist for the 2006 National Book Awards in the category of Young People's Literature. It won the 2007 Michael L. Printz Award and the 2007 Eisner Award for Best Graphic Album: New. It was the first graphic novel recognized by the National Book Foundation. It was colored by cartoonist Lark Pien, who received the 2007 Harvey Award for Best Colorist for her work on the book.

Background

The book starts out with three seemingly different tales, and then merges them all together at the climax.

The first tale is the legendary folk tale of The Monkey King, which is renowned all through China and in many parts of Asia. This story is from the Chinese classic novel ''Journey to the West'', but is not the same as the traditional one, it changed some details. This tale includes the Monkey king who is born of stone becoming something that he isn't. While doing this he masters the twelve disciplines of Kung-Fu.

The second tale is the story of a second-generation child of immigrants from China named Jin Wang, who still is heavily influenced by Chinese culture. The story follows his life through the making of his best friend, to him falling in love with a girl, and many adventures in between.

The third tale follows the story of an American boy named Danny, whose Chinese cousin Chin-Kee comes and visits every year. Chin-Kee is the ultimate Chinese stereotype in terms of accent, fashion sense, hairstyle, appearance, and hobbies.

The high school Danny attends is called "Oliphant High School", which Yang has said he named after political cartoonist Pat Oliphant, in response to a comic he took offense to. Many of Chin-Kee's stereotypical quirks are also lifted from this cartoon.

Jin Wang is an American born Chinese, who seemingly wants one thing. To fit in.

Character List

The Monkey King

Originally a character from an ancient Chinese legend, the Monkey King is repainted in the novel as the father of a sort of ambassador for Tze-Yo-Tzuh. He wanted respect from other deities, and wanted to be recognized as a real ruler but is not because of his lack of shoes and therefore civilized nature. He is well trained in martial arts.

Tze-Yo-Tzuh

He is the overall ruler that created all deities. His name means “He who is”.

Wong Lai-Tsao

He is a monk sent on a journey for Tze-Yo-Tzuh. He is promised the Monkey King as a disciple.

Jin Wang

Jin is a Chinese American boy, with a fondness of Transformer toys, who wants to fit in at his new school and wants respect from the popular boys in his class. He develops a crush on Amelia Harris, a girl in his class. Jin is uncomfortable with how his family and ethnicity differ from the “American dream” idealism.

Amelia Harris

She is an all American girl that Jin has a crush on. She is not offended by cultural differences like her classmates.

Wei Chen Sun

A Taiwanese immigrant who slowly becomes Jin's best friend. His girlfriend is Suzy Nakamura.

Suzy Nakamura

A young Japanese American girl in Jin and Wei Chen’s class. She starts dating Wei Chen.

Danny

He is a popular American boy, until his Chinese cousin (Chin Kee) comes and stays with him. Chin Kee quickly ruins Danny’s reputation at his new school, as he had done many times in the past.

Chin-Kee

Chin-Kee is a strong negative Chinese stereotype. His name comes from the derogative term “Chinky”, used to refer to people or things from east Asia. His cousin is Danny, although it’s not clear how they are related.

Melanie

Danny has a crush on Melanie, but she doesn’t return the feeling. Danny blames this on his cousin Chin Kee, despite her protests that it’s not about that.

Steve

Danny’s friend from basketball. He is pushed farther away from Danny by Chin Kee.

Lion, Eagle, Ox, Human (Tze-Yo-Tzuh's messengers):

Barely used in any of the stories, but play sizable roles. Messengers that deliever the message of Tze-Yo-Tzuh to the priest and to the monkey king.

Plot

The first tale is about the Monkey King, who is born out of a rock. He begins to learn to master the twelve disciplines of kung-fu. After this, he goes to a celestial dinner party, but is denied entrance because he is a monkey and does not wear shoes. The Monkey king becomes angry and, after showing his aggression to the other gods, demons and celestial beings, he goes back to the mountain from which he came to study even harder.

The second story then begins with a Chinese American boy, Jin Wang, who has moved to a new home. An old woman tells him he can be anything he wants, if he is willing to forfeit his soul. Jin told her he wanted to be a Transformer. When he goes to school, the teacher mispronounces his name, boys pick on him and rumors arise that he is betrothed to a Japanese girl named Suzy Nakamura. Two months later, a new student from Taiwan arrives, named Wei Chen. At first, Jin wants to beat him up (for reasons unknown), but soon after, the two become friends, bonding over Wei Chen's Transformer toy.

The third story is about an American boy named Danny and his Chinese cousin, Chin-Kee. Danny is having a study date with a friend, Melanie. When he is about to ask her out, his parents announce that his cousin, Chin-Kee, has come for his annual visit. Danny, who looks scared and surprised, drops his book and starts to worry. Chin-Kee walks into his home and starts to make everyone feel uncomfortable, especially Melanie. Chin-Kee accidentaly insults Melanie and causes her to leave in a huff.

The first tale about the Monkey King then resumes. He has decreed that all his subjects wear shoes, then locks himself in his chamber to learn the twelve disciplines of kung-fu, when he is summoned to the underwater kingdom to be executed. He goes around causing havoc, until Tze-Yo-Tzuh ("He who is"), his creator, stops him. As a result, Tze-Yo-Tzuh tells him that he cannot escape the hand of himself. The Monkey King flees into the last place of creation and then he inscribes his name on one of the five pillars of gold that he finds. Afterward, he again meets his creator, who shows him his fingers, which were in reality the five pillars of gold. The Monkey King tries to fight Tze-Yo-Tzuh, but he is then buried in a mountain of rubble. (This is a famous Chinese historical tale.)

The second tale resumes at this point. In the 7th grade, Jin begins to notice a classmate of his (a girl named Amelia Harris) and develops a crush on her. Later on, Wei Chen and Suzy start to date. One day, Wei Chen and Amelia get trapped in a supply closet and, while performing extra credit work for one of their classes, Jin eventually comes to their rescue and, being told by Wei Chen, he asks Amelia out, who eagerly accepts.

The third tale resumes. Chin-Kee answers every question the teachers ask, pees in Danny's friend's drink and even brings a dead cat in his food for lunch (this was meant to be stereotypical for an Asian). Chin-Kee overall embarrasses Danny to the full extent of his power.

The first tale resumes yet again. After many years, the Monkey King is asked by an unworthy monk to release himself from the mountain he is buried under so he can be the monk's disciple. At first, he rejects, but when the monk is injured by two giant monsters, he returns to his true form and uses his disciplines to get rid of the giants. The monk refuses to be taken to the nearest village, so they begin their journey to the west.

The second tale now follows Jin taking Amelia to the movies. Because Jin does not have a car, he has to put Amelia on the front of his bike. In doing so, he works up a sweat and starts to stink a bit. Inside of the movie theater, he realizes that it would be perfect to put his arm around her, but he also realizes that he stinks and that it wouldn't be cool if he did. Before he puts his arm around her, Jin remembers his smelly armpits, so he covers up the scent with soap from the bathroom, thanks to advice from his older cousin. About twenty minutes before the credits, Jin enjoys putting his arm around Amelia. However, after the movie, soap bubbles got onto Amelia's shoulder, but then dried off. After the movies, they go to a little shop and eat and talk. The next day, Jin is asked by Greg not to date her again. Jin ignores Amelia because of Greg's request, but later on, as Jin attempts to date Amelia again, he sort of freezes and the fact that Greg is nearby doesn't help either. With no other choice left, Jin turns to Suzy and, while she poured her heart out to him about her day, Jin kissed her. Suzy then punches him. Wei Chen does the same later after Jin told him that he doesn't think he deserves her. That night, he dreamed of the herbalist's wife and woke up with his head hurting. When he looked in the mirror, his reflection revealed him to be Danny, the main character from the third tale.

The third tale now resumes, and Jin (now Danny) fights with Chin-Kee after stopping him from singing loudly on a table in the library. Danny punches his head and it flew off, revealing Chin-Kee to be the Monkey King in disguise.

The Monkey King reverts Danny back to Jin and tells him that Wei Chen is his son. He said he visited him often, but after, he was mad about him lying and, therefore, refused his visits. That's why the Monkey King came as Chin-Kee: not to punish Jin, but to serve as his conscience. Afterwords, Jin started visiting a bakery from a business card the monkey king left behind and then saw Wei Chen outside with a car, cigarettes and everything. Jin went out to tell him that he saw his father (the Monkey King) earlier. Jin tells all of this to Wei Chen in an attempt to apologize and Wei Chen accepts his apology.

References

External links

First Second - Creators - Gene Yang - Blog, essay on the book by author Gene Yang

Category:2006 novels Category:Eisner Award winners for Best Graphic Album: New Category:Works based on Journey to the West Category:Asian American novels Category:American graphic novels Category:21st-century American novels Category:Michael L. Printz Award winners (book) Category:Novels set in San Francisco, California

Group	Asian American
Popplace	California, New York City metropolitan area, Texas, Illinois, Hawaii, and elsewhere
Langs	Commonly Asian languages and English
Rels	Agnosticism, Atheism, Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, East Asian religions, other Indian religions, and others }}

Asian Americans are Americans of Asian descent. The U.S. Census Bureau definition of ''Asians'' as "Asian” refers to a person having origins in any of the original peoples of the Far East, Southeast Asia, or the Indian subcontinent, including, for example, Cambodia, China, India, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Pakistan, the Philippine Islands, Thailand, and Vietnam.

It includes people who indicated their race(s) as "Asian" or reported entries such as "Asian Indian," "Chinese," "Filipino," "Korean," "Japanese," "Vietnamese," and "Other Asian" or provided other detailed Asian responses". They comprise 4.8% of the U.S. population alone, while people who are Asian combined with at least one other race make up 5.6%.

The term ''Asian American'' was used informally by activists in the 1960s who sought an alternative to the term ''Oriental'', arguing that the latter was derogatory and colonialist. Formal usage was introduced by academics in the early 1970s, notably by historian Yuji Ichioka, who is credited with popularizing the term. Today, ''Asian American'' is the accepted term for most formal purposes, such as government and academic research, although it is often shortened to ''Asian'' in common usage.

As with other racial and ethnicity based terms, formal and common usage have changed markedly through the short history of this term. The most significant change occurred when the Hart-Celler Act of 1965 eliminated highly restrictive "national origins" quotas, designed, among other things, to restrict immigration of those of Asian racial background. The new system, based on skills and family connections to U.S. residents, enabled significant immigration from every nation in Asia, which led to dramatic and ongoing changes in the Asian American population. As a result of these population changes, the formal and common understandings of what defines Asian American have expanded to include more of the peoples with ancestry from various parts of Asia. Because of their more recent immigration, new Asian immigrants also have had different educational, economic and other characteristics than early 20th century immigrants. They also tend to have different employment and settlement patterns in the United States.

, Asian Americans had the highest educational attainment level and median household income of any racial demographic in the country, and the highest median personal income overall.

Terminology

The most commonly used definition of ''Asian American'' is the US Census Bureau definition of ''Asian'', chiefly because the Census definitions determine many government classifications, notably for equal opportunity programs and measurements. People with origins in the Far East, Southeast Asia and the Indian Subcontinent are included in the Census definition of Asia. The use of a separate "Asian" category in the Census is a recent addition, beginning in 1990. Since then, the Census definitions have varied. The 2000 census divided the ''Asian/Pacific Islander'' group and created ''Pacific Islander'' ethnicities as a separate category.

According to the Oxford English Dictionary, "Asian person" in the United States is sometimes thought of as a person of East Asian descent. In vernacular usage, "Asian" is often used to refer to those of East Asian descent or anyone else of Asian descent with epicanthic eyefolds. This differs from the U.S. Census definition and the Asian American Studies departments of many universities consider those of East, South or Southeast Asian descent with or without epicanthic eyefolds to be "Asian". In the US Census, people who originate from the original peoples of the East Asia, South Asia, and Southeast Asia are classified as part of the Asian race; while peoples from Siberia, Central Asia, and Western Asia are classified as "White".

Before 1980, Census forms listed particular Asian ancestries as separate groups, along with ''White'' and ''Black or Negro''. Asian Americans had also been classified as "other". In 1977, the federal Office of Management and Budget issued a directive requiring government agencies to maintain statistics on racial groups, including on "Asian or Pacific Islander". The 1980 census marked the first classification of Asians as a large group, combining several individual ancestry groups into "Asian or Pacific Islander." By the 1990 census, ''Asian or Pacific Islander (API)'' was included as an explicit category, although respondents had to select one particular ancestry. In the 2000 census, people reporting Middle Eastern ancestry but not reporting race are presumed to be in the white race category rather than Asian.

The definition of ''Asian American'' has variations that derive from the use of the word ''American'' in different contexts. Immigration status, citizenship (by birthright and by naturalization), acculturation, and language ability are some variables that are used to define ''American'' for various purposes and may vary in formal and everyday usage. For example, restricting ''American'' to include only U.S. citizens conflicts with discussions of Asian American businesses, which generally refer both to citizen and non-citizen owners.

In a recent PBS interview, a panel of Asian American writers discussed how some groups include people from the Middle East in the Asian American category. Asian American author Stewart Ikeda has noted, "The definition of "Asian American" also frequently depends on who's asking, who's defining, in what context, and why... the possible definitions of "Asian-Pacific American" are many, complex, and shifting... some scholars in Asian American Studies conferences suggest that Russians, Iranians, and Israelis all might fit the field’s subject of study."

Demographics

The demographics of Asian Americans describe a heterogeneous group of people in the United States who can trace their ancestry to one or more countries in Asia. Because Asian Americans total less than 5% of the entire U.S. population, the diversity of the group is often disregarded in media and news discussions of "Asians" or of "Asian Americans." While there are some commonalities across ethnic sub-groups, there are significant differences among different Asian ethnicities that are related to each group's history.

History

In 1763, Filipinos established the small settlement of Saint Malo, Louisiana, after fleeing mistreatment aboard Spanish ships. Since there were no Filipino women with them, the Manilamen, as they were known, married Cajun and Native American women.

Chinese sailors first came to Hawaii in 1778, the same year that Captain James Cook came upon the island. Many settled and married Hawaiian women. Some Island-born Chinese can claim to be 7th generation. Most Chinese, Korean and Japanese immigrants in Hawaii arrived in the 19th century as laborers to work on sugar plantations. Later, Filipinos also came to work as laborers, attracted by the job opportunities, although they were limited.

Numerous Chinese and Japanese began immigrating to the U.S. in the mid-19th century for work, because of poor economic conditions in their home nations. Many of the immigrants worked as laborers on the transcontinental railroad. Although the absolute numbers of Asian immigrants in the late 19th century were small compared to that from other regions, much of it was concentrated in the West, and the increase caused some Americans to fear the change represented by the growing number of Asians. This fear was referred to as the "yellow peril". The United States passed laws such as Asian Exclusion Act and Chinese Exclusion Act to sharply restrict Asian immigration.

Immigration trends

Filipinos have been in the territories that would become the United States since the 16th century.

There were thousands of Asians in Hawaii when it was annexed to the United States in 1898, and they all gained full US citizenship at that time. The United States Supreme Court in United States v. Wong Kim Ark (1898) interpreted the 14th amendment to mean that every person born in the United States, regardless of race or ancestry is a citizen of the United States.

Congress passed restrictive legislation to nearly all Chinese immigration in the 1880s, which was in effect until the 1940s. Japanese immigration was sharply curtailed by a gentleman's agreement brokered by President Theodore Roosevelt. The immigration restriction laws of the 1920s produced quotas for all countries, with Asian countries getting a zero quota.

After World War II legislation was passed, and judicial rulings gradually increased the ability of Asian Americans to immigrate and become naturalized citizens. Immigration rapidly increased following the enactment of the Immigration and Nationality Act Amendments of 1965 as well as naturalization of refugees from conflicts that occurred in the late 20th century in Southeast Asia.

Notable contributions

Arts and entertainment

Asian Americans have been involved in the entertainment industry since the first half of the 19th century, when Chang and Eng Bunker (the original "Siamese Twins") became naturalized citizens. Acting roles in television, film, and theater were relatively few, and many available roles were for narrow, stereotypical characters. More recently, young Asian American comedians and film-makers have found an outlet on Youtube, allowing them to gain a strong and loyal fanbase among their fellow Asian Americans.

Business

When Asian Americans were largely excluded from labor markets in the 19th century, they started their own businesses. They have started convenience and grocery stores, professional offices such as medical and law practices, laundries, restaurants, beauty-related ventures, hi-tech companies, and many other kinds of enterprises, becoming very successful and influential in American society. They have dramatically expanded their involvement across the American economy. Asian Americans have been disproportionately successful in the hi-tech sectors of California's Silicon Valley, as evidenced by the Goldsea 100 Compilation of America's Most Successful Asian Entrepreneurs.

Compared to their population base, Asian Americans today are well represented in the professional sector and tend to earn higher wages. The Goldsea compilation of Notable Asian American Professionals show that many have come to occupy high positions at leading U.S. corporations, including a surprising number as Chief Marketing Officers.

Asian Americans have made major contributions to the American economy. Fashion designer and mogul Vera Wang, who is famous for designing dresses for high-profile celebrities, started a clothing company, named after herself, which now offers a broad range of luxury fashion products. An Wang founded Wang Laboratories in June 1951. Amar Bose founded the Bose Corporation in 1964. Charles Wang founded Computer Associates, later became its CEO and chairman. Jen-Hsun Huang co-founded the NVIDIA corporation in 1993. Jerry Yang co-founded Yahoo! Inc. in 1994 and became its CEO later. Andrea Jung serves as Chairman and CEO of Avon Products. Vinod Khosla was a founding CEO of Sun Microsystems and is a general partner of the prominent venture capital firm Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers. Steve Chen and Jawed Karim were co-creators of YouTube, and were beneficiaries of Google's $1.65 billion acquisition of that company in 2006. In addition to contributing greatly to other fields, Asian Americans have made considerable contributions in science and technology in the United States, in such prominent innovative R&D; regions as Silicon Valley and The Triangle.

Government and politics

Asian Americans have a high level of political incorporation in terms of their actual voting population. Since 1907, Asian Americans have been active at the national level and have had multiple officeholders at local, state and national levels. the highest ranking Asian American is Senator and President Pro Tempore Daniel Inouye.

Journalism

Connie Chung was one of the first Asian-American national correspondents for a major TV news network, reporting for CBS in 1971. She later co-anchored the ''CBS Evening News'' from 1993 to 1995. At ABC, Ken Kashiwahara began reporting nationally in 1974. In 1990, Sheryl WuDunn, a foreign correspondent in the Beijing Bureau of The New York Times, became the first Asian-American to win a Pulitzer Prize. Ann Curry joined NBC News as a reporter in 1990, later becoming prominently associated with ''The Today Show'' in 1997. Carol Lin is perhaps best known for being the first to break the news of 9-11 on CNN. Dr. Sanjay Gupta is currently CNN's chief health correspondent. Lisa Ling, a former co-host on ''The View'', now provides special reports for CNN and ''The Oprah Winfrey Show'', as well as hosting National Geographic Channel's ''Explorer.'' Fareed Zakaria, a naturalised Indian-born immigrant, is a prominent journalist, and author specialising in international affairs. He is the editor of Newsweek International, and the host of Fareed Zakaria GPS on CNN. Recently (), Juju Chang, James Hatori, John Yang, Veronica De La Cruz, Betty Nguyen, and Julie Chen have become familiar faces on television news. John Yang won a Peabody Award. Alex Tizon, a Seattle Times staff writer, won a Pulitzer Prize in 1997.

Military

Since the War of 1812 Asian Americans have served and fought on behalf of the United States. Serving in both segregated and non-segregated units until the desegregation of the US Military in 1948, 31 have been awarded the nation's highest award for combat valor, the Medal of Honor. Twenty-one of these were conferred upon members of the mostly Japanese American 100th Infantry Battalion of the 442nd Regimental Combat Team of World War II, the most highly decorated unit of its size in the history of the United States Armed Forces.

Science and technology

Asian Americans have made many prominent and notable contributions to Science and Technology. Chien-Shiung Wu was known to many scientists as the "First Lady of Physics" and played a pivotal role in experimentally demonstrating the violation of the law of conservation of parity in the field of particle physics. Tsung-Dao Lee and Chen Ning Yang received the 1957 Nobel Prize in Physics for theoretical work demonstrating that the conservation of parity did not always hold and later became American citizens. Har Gobind Khorana shared the 1968 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work in genetics and protein synthesis. Samuel Chao Chung Ting received the 1976 Nobel Prize in physics for discovery of the subatomic particle J/ψ. The Chinese American mathematician Shing-Tung Yau won the Fields Medal in 1982 and Terence Tao won the Fields Medal in 2006. The geometer Shiing-Shen Chern received the Wolf Prize in Mathematics in 1983. Andrew Yao was awarded the Turing Award in 2000. Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar shared the 1983 Nobel Prize in Physics and had the Chandra X-ray Observatory named after him. In 1984, Dr. David D. Ho first reported the "healthy carrier state" of HIV infection, which identified HIV-positive individuals who showed no physical signs of AIDS. Charles J. Pedersen shared the 1987 Nobel Prize in chemistry for his methods of synthesizing crown ethers. Steven Chu shared the 1997 Nobel Prize in Physics for his research in cooling and trapping atoms using laser light. Daniel Tsui shared the 1998 Nobel Prize in Physics in 1998 for helping discover the fractional Quantum Hall effect. In 2008, biochemist Roger Tsien won the Nobel in Chemistry for his work on engineering and improving the green fluorescent protein (GFP) that has become a standard tool of modern molecular biology and biochemistry. Yoichiro Nambu received the 2008 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the consequences of spontaneously broken symmetries in field theories. In 2009, Charles K. Kao was awarded Nobel Prize in Physics "for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibres for optical communication" and Venkatraman Ramakrishnan won the prize in Chemistry "for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome". Ching W. Tang was the inventor of the Organic light-emitting diode and Organic solar cell and was awarded the 2011 Wolf Prize in Chemistry for this achievement. Min Chueh Chang was the co-inventor of the combined oral contraceptive pill and contributed significantly to the development of in vitro fertilisation at the Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology. Michio Kaku has popularized science and has appeared on multiple programs on television and radio.

Space

LTC Ellison Onizuka became the first Asian American (and third person of Asian descent) when he made his first space flight aboard STS-51-C in 1985. Onizuka later died aboard the Space Shuttle Challenger in 1986. Taylor Gun-Jin Wang became the first person of Chinese ethnicity and first Chinese American, in space in 1985; he has since been followed by Leroy Chiao in 1994, and Ed Lu in 1997. In 1986, Franklin Chang-Diaz became the first Asian Latin American in space. Eugene H. Trinh became the first Vietnamese American in space in 1992. In 2001, Mark L. Polansky, a Jewish Korean American, made his first of three flights into space. In 2003, Kalpana Chawla became the first Indian American in space, but died aboard the ill fated Space Shuttle Columbia. She has since been followed by CDR Sunita Williams in 2006.

Sports

Wataru Misaka broke the NBA color barrier when he played for the New York Knicks in the 1947–48 season. The next Asian-American NBA player was Raymond Townsend, who played for the Golden State Warriors and Indiana Pacers from 1978 to 1982. Erik Spoelstra is a Filipino-Dutch-Irish who became the youngest coach ever in NBA history. He is currently the head coach of the Miami Heat. Current Kansas Jayhawks coach Kurtis Townsend is Raymond Townsend's brother. After a distinguished collegiate basketball career at Harvard University, point guard Jeremy Lin signed with the NBA's Golden State Warriors in 2010. In doing so, he became the first Asian-American to play in the NBA in over 50 years.

Asian Americans first made an impact in Olympic sports in the late 1940s and in the 1950s. Sammy Lee became the first Asian American to earn an Olympic Gold Medal, winning in platform diving in both 1948 and 1952. Victoria Manalo Draves won both gold in platform and springboard diving in the 1948. Harold Sakata won a weightlifting silver medal in the 1948 Olympics, while Japanese Americans Tommy Kono (weightlifting), Yoshinobu Oyakawa (100-meter backstroke), and Ford Konno (1500-meter freestyle) each won gold and set Olympic records in the 1952 Olympics. Konno won another gold and silver swimming medal at the same Olympics and added a silver medal in 1956, while Kono set another Olympic weightlifting record in 1956. Also at the 1952 Olympics, Evelyn Kawamoto won two bronze medals in swimming.

Amy Chow was a member of the gold medal women's gymnastics team at the 1996 Olympics; she also won an individual silver medal on the uneven bars. Gymnast Mohini Bhardwaj won a team silver medal in the 2004 Olympics. Hapa Bryan Clay won the decathlon gold medal in the 2008 Olympics, the silver medal in the 2004 Olympics, and was the sport's 2005 world champion.

Since Tiffany Chin won the women's US Figure Skating Championship in 1985, Asian Americans have been prominent in that sport. Kristi Yamaguchi won three national championships, two world titles, and the 1992 Olympic Gold medal. Michelle Kwan has won nine national championships and five world titles, as well as two Olympic medals (silver in 1998, bronze in 2002).

In football, Asian Americans' contributions are also gaining notice. Wally Yonamine played professionally for the San Francisco 49ers in 1947. Norm Chow is currently the offensive coordinator for UCLA after a short stint with the Tennessee Titans of the NFL, after 23 years of coaching other college teams, including four successful years as offensive coordinator at USC. Dat Nguyen was an NFL middle linebacker who was an all-pro selection in 2003. In 1998, he was named an All-American and won the Bednarik Award as well as the Lombardi Award, while playing for Texas A&M;. Hines Ward is an NFL wide receiver who was the MVP of Super Bowl XL.

Michael Chang was a top-ranked tennis player for most of his career. He won the French Open in 1989. Tiger Woods, who is of mostly Asian descent, is the most successful golfer of his generation and one of the most famous athletes in the world. Eric Koston is one of the top street skateboarders and placed first in the 2003 X-Games street competition.

There are several top ranked Asian American mixed martial artists. BJ Penn is a former UFC lightweight and welterweight champion. Cung Le is a former Strikeforce middleweight champion. Ben Henderson is the former WEC lightweight champion.

Cultural influence

Health and medicine

{|class="wikitable" align="right" style="font-size:85%; margin-left:15px;" |+Origins of foreign doctors in the US |- bgcolor="#EFEFEF" !Country of Origin !width="100"|Percentage of Total IMGs in US |- |India |19.9% (47,581) |- ||Philippines |8.8% (20,861) |- ||Pakistan |4.8% (11,330) |- ||South Korea |2.1% (4,982) |- ||China |2.0% (4,834) |} {|class="wikitable" align="right" style="font-size:85%; margin-left:15px;" |+Origins of foreign dentists in the US |- bgcolor="#EFEFEF" !Country of Origin !width="100"|Percentage of Total IDGs in US |- |India |25.8 |- ||Philippines |11.0 |- |China |3.2 |- ||South Korea |3.2 |- ||Pakistan |2.9 |} {|class="wikitable" align="right" style="font-size:85%; margin-left:15px;" |+Origins of foreign nurses in the US |- bgcolor="#EFEFEF" !Country of Origin !width="100"|Percentage of Total INGs in US |- |Philippines |50.2 |- |India |1.3 |- |Hong Kong |1.2 |- ||Israel |1.0 |- |South Korea |1.0 |} Asian immigrants are also changing the American medical landscape through increasing number of Asian medical practitioners in this country. Beginning in the 1960s and 70s, the US government invited a number of foreign physicians particularly from India and the Philippines to address the acute shortage of physicians in rural and medically-underserved urban areas. The trend in importing foreign medical practitioners, however, became a long-term, chronic solution as US medical schools failed to produce enough physicians to match the increasing American population. Amid decreasing interest in medicine among American college students due to high rates job dissatisfaction, loss of morale, stress, and lawsuits, Asian American immigrants maintained a supply of healthcare practitioners for millions of Americans. It is well documented that Asian American international medical graduates including highly skilled guest workers using the J1 Visa program for medical workers, tend to serve in health professions shortage areas (HPSA) and specialties that are not filled by US medical graduates especially primary care and rural medicine. Thus, Asian American immigrants play a key role in averting a medical crisis in the US.

A lasting legacy of Asian American involvement in medicine is the forcing of US medical establishment to accept minority medical practitioners. One could speculate that the introduction of Asian physicians and dentists to the American society could have triggered an acceptance of other minority groups by breaking down stereotypes and encouraging trust.

Traditional Asian concepts and practices in health and medicine have attracted greater acceptance and are more widely adopted by American doctors. India’s Ayurveda and traditional Chinese medicine (which also includes acupuncture) are two alternative therapy systems that have been studied and adopted to a great extent. For instance, in the early 1970s the US medical establishment did not believe in the usefulness of acupuncture. Since then studies have proven the efficacy of acupuncture for different applications, especially for treatment of chronic pain. It is now covered by many health insurance plans.

Meditation and mindfulness practices are taught in mainstream medical schools and hospitals. Increasingly they are seen as part of a holistic approach to health. Doctors and hospitals treating diseases such as heart disease and cancer have adopted meditation as a practice recommended for patients.

Herbalism and massage therapy (from Ayurveda) are sweeping the spas across America. Meditation and yoga (from India) have also been widely adopted by health spas, and spiritual retreats of many religious bases. They are also part of the spiritual practice of the many Americans who are not affiliated with a mainline religious group.

Education

+ Educational Attainment: 2004 (25 and Older)
Ethnicity	High School Graduation Rate	Bachelor's Degree or More

Among America's major racial categories, Asian Americans have the highest educational qualifications. This varies, however, for individual ethnic groups. Dr. C.N. Le, Director of the Asian & Asian American Studies Certificate Program at the University of Massachusetts, writes that although 42% of all Asian American adults have at least a college degree, Vietnamese Americans have a degree attainment rate of only 16% while Laotians and Cambodians only have rates around 5%. According to the US Census Bureau, while the high school graduation rate for Asian Americans is on par with those of other ethnic groups, 48% of Asian Americans have attained at least a bachelor's degree as compared with the national average of 27%, and 29% for non-Hispanic Whites. Indian Americans have some of the highest education rates, with nearly 68% having attained at least a bachelor's degree.

Religious trends

Some scholars see a movement of religions, as Buddhism, Hinduism and Sikhism have moved into American culture, and Christianity has been adopted by more East Asians. Most Filipinos are also already Christian (Catholic or other denominations) when they immigrate. Many South Koreans, especially, are already Christian when they immigrate to the US, and hence most Korean Americans are born into Christian families. Besides Indian religions, there has also been strong influence of the American adoption of yoga, meditation, Ayurveda and vegetarianism from India.

Many Asians Americans are also Muslim with ancestry from Pakistan, Indonesia, India, Bangladesh, Malaysia and China among others. Eight percent of Asian Americans are Muslim and they represent 33% of the American Muslim population.

Beats on the West Coast were among those attracted to Buddhism in the 1950s. American Buddhist groups established then and in the 1970s have built temples, ordained numerous American Buddhist monks, and taught generations of new practitioners. Buddhist concepts and practices such as mindfulness have penetrated mainstream culture.

While much West Coast practice was first influenced by Japanese Zen Buddhism, which originated in China (known as Ch'an Buddhism), more recent generations throughout the country have been influenced also by Vietnamese and Tibetan Buddhist monks who have lived and taught in the West.

As a historic first, President Barack Obama appointed two Indian Americans, Eboo Patel (a Muslim) and Anju Bhargava (a Hindu), to the President’s Advisory Council on Faith-Based and Neighborhood Partnerships. The Advisory Council is part of the White House Office of Faith Based and Neighborhood Partnerships and is composed of religious and secular leaders and scholars from different backgrounds.

Cultural issues

Illegal immigration

, Filipinos and Indians accounted for the highest number of illegal immigrants for "Asian-Americans" with an estimated illegal population of 270,000 and 200,000 respectively. Indian Americans are also the fastest growing illegal immigrant group in the United States, an increase in illegal immigration of 125% since 2000. This is followed by Koreans (200,000) and Chinese (120,000).

Model minority

Asian Americans are sometimes characterized as a model minority because the culture encourages a strong work ethic, a respect for elders, a high degree of professional and academic success, a high valuation of family, education and religion. Statistics such as high household income and low incarceration rate, low rates of many diseases and higher than average life expectancy are also discussed as positive aspects of Asian Americans.

The implicit advice is that the other minorities should stop protesting and emulate the Asian American work ethic and devotion to higher education. Some critics say the depiction replaces biological racism with cultural racism, and should be dropped.

This concept appears to elevate Asian Americans by portraying them as an elite group of successful, highly educated, highly intelligent, and wealthy individuals, but it can also be considered an overly narrow and overly one-dimensional portrayal of Asian Americans, leaving out other human qualities such as vocal leadership, negative emotions, risk taking, ability to learn from mistakes, and desire for creative expression. Furthermore, Asian Americans who do not fit into the model minority mold can face challenges when people's expectations based on the model minority myth do not match with reality. Traits outside of the model minority mold can be seen as negative character flaws for Asian Americans despite those very same traits being positive for the general American majority (e.g., risk taking, confidence, empowered). For this reason, some believe Asian Americans encounter a "bamboo ceiling," the Asian American equivalent of the glass ceiling in the workplace.

The model minority concept can also affect Asians' public education. By comparison with other minorities, Asians often achieve higher test scores and grades compared to other Americans. Stereotyping Asian American as over-achievers can lead to harm if school officials or peers expect all to perform higher than average. The very high educational attainments of Asian Americans has often been noted; in 1980, for example, 74% of Chinese Americans, 62% of Japanese Americans, and 55% of Korean Americans aged 20–21 were in college, compared to a third of the whites. The disparity at postgraduate levels is even greater, and the differential is especially notable in fields making heavy use of mathematics. By 2000, a majority of undergraduates at elite California schools such as Berkeley and Stanford were Asian American. The pattern is rooted in the pre-World War II era. Native-born Chinese and Japanese Americans reached educational parity with majority whites in the early decades of the 20th century.

Those who consider Asian Americans a "model minority" fail to realize that Asian American is a broad category encompassing many different ethnic groups with different histories. When divided up by ethnicity, it can be seen that the economic and academic successes supposedly enjoyed by Asian Americans are concentrated into a few ethnic groups. Cambodians, Hmong, and Laotians (and to a lesser extent, Vietnamese), all of whose relatively low achievement rates are possibly due to their refugee status, and that they are non voluntary immigrants as other ethnicities are more likely to be.

Furthermore, the model minority concept can even be emotionally damaging to Asian Americans, particularly since they are expected to live up to their peers who are part of the model minority. However, studies have shown that Asian Americans suffer from higher rates of stress, depression, mental illnesses, and suicides in comparison to other races. The pressures to achieve and live up to the model minority image have taken a mental and psychological toll on Asian Americans.

Race based violence

Historically Asian Americans have been the target of violence based on their race and or ethnicity. This includes, but are not limited to, such events as the Rock Springs massacre, Watsonville Riots, attacks upon Japanese Americans following the attack on Pearl Harbor., and Korean American businesses targeted during the 1992 Los Angeles riots. Violence against Asian Americans continue to occur based on their race, with at least one source asserting that Asian Americans are the fastest growing targets of hate crimes and violence.

After the September 11 attacks, Sikh Americans were targeted, being the recipient of numerous hate crimes including murder. Other Asian Americans have also been the victim of race based violence in Brooklyn, Indiana, Philadelphia, and San Francisco. Furthermore, it has been reported that young Asian Americans are more likely to be a target of violence than their peers.

Stereotypes

Until the late 20th century, the term "Asian American" was adopted mostly by activists, while the average person of Asian ancestries identified with his specific ethnicity. The murder of Vincent Chin in 1982 was a pivotal civil rights case, and it marked the emergence of Asian Americans as a distinct group in United States.

Study has indicated that most non-Asian Americans do not generally differentiate between Asian Americans of different ethnicities. Stereotypes of both groups are nearly identical. A 2002 survey of Americans' attitudes toward Asian Americans and Chinese Americans indicated that 24% of the respondents disapprove of intermarriage with an Asian American, second only to African Americans; 23% would be uncomfortable supporting an Asian-American presidential candidate, compared to 15% for an African American, 14% for a woman and 11% for a Jew; 17% would be upset if a substantial number of Asian Americans moved into their neighborhood; 25% had somewhat or very negative attitude toward Chinese Americans in general. The study did find several positive perceptions of Chinese Americans: strong family values (91%); honesty as business people (77%); high value on education (67%).

There is a widespread perception that Asian Americans are not "American" but are instead "perpetual foreigners". Asian Americans often report being asked the question, "Where are you really from?" by other Americans, regardless of how long they or their ancestors have lived in United States. Many Asian Americans are themselves not immigrants but rather born in the United States. Many are asked if they are Chinese or Japanese, an assumption based on major groups of past immigrants.

See also

References

Further reading

Chan, Sucheng. "The changing contours of Asian-American historiography," ''Rethinking History,'' March 2007, Vol. 11 Issue 1, pp 125–147; surveys 100+ studies of defining events; Asian diasporas; social dynamics; cultural histories.

Chan, Sucheng. ''Asian Americans: an interpretive history'' (Twayne, 1991). ISBN 978-0-8057-8437-4

Chau Trinh-Shevrin, Nadia Shilpi Islam, Mariano Jose Rey. ''Asian American Communities and Health: Context, Research, Policy, and Action'' (Public Health/Vulnerable Populations), 2009. ISBN 978-0-7879-9829-5

Chin, Gabriel J., Ed., ''U.S. Commission on Civil Rights: Reports on Asian Pacific Americans'' (2005) ISBN 978-0-8377-3105-6

Chiu, Monica, ed. ''Asian Americans in New England: Culture and Community'' (Durham: University of New Hampshire Press, 2009. xviii, 252 pp.) isbn 978-1-58465-794-1

Kwong, Peter and Dusanka Miscevic. ''Chinese America: The Untold Story of America's Oldest New Community'' (2005)

Lowe, Lisa ''Immigrant Acts: On Asian American Cultural Politics'' Durham: Duke University Press, 1996. ISBN 978-0-8223-1864-4

Okihiro, Gary Y. ''The Columbia Guide to Asian American History'' (Columbia UP, 2005) excerpt and text search

Pyong Gap Min ''Asian Americans: Contemporary Trends and Issues'' Thousand Oaks, Ca.: Pine Science Press, 2005. ISBN 978-1-4129-0556-5

Takaki, Ronald ''Strangers from a Different Shore: A History of Asian Americans'' New York: Little, Brown, 1998. ISBN 978-0-316-83130-7

Tamura, Eileen H. "Using the Past to Inform the Future: An Historiography of Hawaii's Asian and Pacific Islander Americans," ''Amerasia Journal,'' 2000, Vol. 26 Issue 1, pp 55–85

Wu, Frank H. ''Yellow: Race in American Beyond Black and White'' New York: Basic Books, 2002. ISBN 978-0-465-00639-7

Zia, Helen ''Asian American Dreams: The Emergence of an American People'' New York: Farrar, Strauss and Giroux, 2000. ISBN 978-0-374-52736-5.

Zhou, Min and Carl L. Bankston III ''Growing Up American: How Vietnamese Children Adapt to Life in the United States'' New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1998. ISBN 978-0-871-54995-2.

Journals

''Journal of Asian American Studies''

''Kartika Review''

External links

Population: Estimates and Projections by Age, Sex, Race/Ethnicity, The 2010 Statistical Abstract, U.S. Census Bureau

UCLA Asian American Studies Center

Asian-Nation Asian American History, Culture, Statistics, & Issues

Asians in America - National organizations directory, job posts and news

Korean-Americans in America - National organizations, business directory, job posts and news

U.S. Asian Population, Census 2000, infoplease.com..

Video: Panel Discussion on 'Asian Americans Changing the Landscape' Asia Society, New York, May 19, 2010

Category:Articles with inconsistent citation formats Category:Asian American issues Category:Asian American culture

de:Asiatische Amerikaner fr:Asio-Américains nl:Aziatische Amerikanen ja:アジア系アメリカ人 zh:亞裔美國人

The poets listed below were either born in the United States or else published much of their poetry while living in that country.

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z __NOTOC__

A

Henry Abbey (1842–1911)

Sam Abrams (born 1935)

Seth Abramson (born 1976)

Diane Ackerman (born 1956)

Duane Ackerson (born 1942)

Mercedes de Acosta (1893–1968)

Virginia Hamilton Adair (1913–2004)

Helen Adam (1909–1993)

John Adams (poet) (1704–1740)

Léonie Adams (1899–1988)

Kim Addonizio (born 1954)

James Agee (1909–1955)

Kelli Russell Agodon (born 1969)

Ai (poet) (1947-2010)

Conrad Aiken (1889-1973)

Salman Akhtar (born 1946)

Ammiel Alcalay (born 1956)

Bronson Alcott

Sherman Alexie (born 1966)

Felipe Alfau (1902–1999)

Alice Corbin Henderson (1881–1949)

William Allegrezza (born 1974)

Dick Allen (born 1939)

Donald Allen (1912–2004)

Elizabeth Chase Allen (1832 – 1911)

Ron Allen (born 1947)

Washington Allston (1779 – 1843)

Alurista (born 1947)

Julia Álvarez (born 1950)

Alta (Alta Gerrey) (born 1942)

Indran Amirthanayagam (born 1960)

A.R. Ammons (1926-2001)

Victor Anderson (1917-2001)

Bruce Andrews (born 1948)

Kevin Andrews (writer) (1924 – 1989)

Ron Androla (born 1954)

Ralph Angel (born 1951)

Maya Angelou (born 1928)

David Antin (born 1932)

Antler (born 1946)

"Brother Antoninus" — William Everson (1912–1994)

Susanne Antonetta (born 1956)

Philip Appleman (born 1926)

Adrian Arancibia (born 1971)

Rae Armantrout (born 1947)

Richard Armour (poet) (1906–1989)

Craig Arnold (born 1967)

Robert P. Arthur (born 1943)

M. K. Asante, Jr. (born 1982)

John Ashbery (born 1927)

Augusta Emma Stetson (1842–1928)

Joseph Auslander (1897–1965)

Paul Auster (born 1947)

James L. Avery, Sr. (born 1948)

Sevan Aydinian (born 1983)

Jody Azzouni (born 1954)

B

Jimmy Santiago Baca (born 1952)

Bellamy Bach (pseudonym used by a group of writers)

Joseph M. Bachelor (1889–1947)

Mahnaz Badihian

Vyt Bakaitis (born 1940)

David Baker (born 1954)

John Balaban, (born 1943)

Jesse Ball (born 1978)

Russell Banks

Amiri Baraka (aka Leroi Jones) (born 1934)

Coleman Barks (born 1937)

Mary Barnard

Djuna Barnes

Tim Barnes

Catherine Barnett

Candy Barr

Laird Barron

Bertha Hirsch Baruch

Todd Bash

Ellen Bass, (born 1947)

Arlo Bates

David Bates (poet)

Dawn-Michelle Baude

Eric Baus

Charles Baxter (author)

Abel Beach

Ray Young Bear

Kenneth Lawrence Beaudoin

George Beck

Julian Beck

Larry Beckett

Joshua Beckman

Ethel Lynn Beers

Erin Belieu, (born 1957)

Marvin Bell

Stephen Vincent Benét

William Rose Benét

Park Benjamin (poet)

Nelson Bentley

Bill Berkson

David Berman (musician)

Charles Bernstein (born 1950)

Steven Jesse Bernstein (1950–1991)

Anselm Berrigan

Ted Berrigan (1934–1983)

Wendell Berry (born 1934)

John Berryman (1914–1972)

Mei-mei Berssenbrugge

Lorraine Bethel

Helen Bevington

Frank Bidart (born 1939)

Ambrose Bierce

Linda Bierds

David Biespiel

Elizabeth Bishop (1911–1979)

Sophie Cabot Black (born 1958)

John Peale Bishop

Sherwin Bitsui, (born 1975)

Baxter Black

Paul Blackburn (1926–1971)

Paul Blackburn (U.S. poet)

Nicole Blackman

Kimberly M. Blaeser

Don Blanding

Robin Blaser

Anthony Bleecker

Adrian Blevins, (born 1964)

Benjamin Paul Blood (1832–1919)

Henry Ames Blood

Roberts Blossom

Robert Bly (born 1926)

Anne Bradstreet (ca. 1612–1672)

D. A. Blyler

Maxwell Bodenheim

Jean Boese

Louise Bogan

Arna Bontemps

Bruce Boston

David Bottoms, (born 1949)

Jenny Boully

Kay Boyle, (1902–1992)

William Brandon (author)

Beth Brant

Richard Brautigan (1935–1984)

Kate Braverman

Donari Braxton

Joseph Payne Brennan (1918–1990)

Ken Brewer (1941–2006)

Martha Wadsworth Brewster

Kim Bridgford

Robert Bringhurst, (born 1946)

John Malcolm Brinnin (1916–1999)

James Brock (born 1958)

Joseph Brodsky (1940 – 1996),

Louis Daniel Brodsky (born 1941)

David Bromige (1933 - )

William Bronk (1918–1999)

Charles Timothy Brooks

Gwendolyn Brooks (1917–2000)

Maria Gowen Brooks (1795?–1845)

"Brother Antoninus" — William Everson (1912–1994)

Olga Broumas, (born 1949)

Alice Brown (writer)

Rita Mae Brown

Francis Fisher Browne

William Cullen Bryant (1794–1878)

Jack Buck

David Budbill, (born 1940)

Charles Bukowski (1920–1994)

David R. Bunch

Henry Cuyler Bunner

José Antonio Burciaga

Stanley Burnshaw

Amelia Josephine Burr

Maxwell Struthers Burt

Raegan Butcher

Ray Buttigieg (born 1955)

W. E. Butts

Witter Bynner

Gilbert Byron

C

Alex Caldiero

James Edwin Campbell (poet)

Mary Baine Campbell

Melville Henry Cane

Skipwith Cannell

Joe Cardarelli

Jim Carroll

Hayden Carruth, (1921–2008)

Guy Wetmore Carryl (1873–1904)

Jared Carter

Raymond Carver (1938–1988)

Phoebe Cary

Cyrus Cassells, (born 1957)

Sandra M. Castillo

Ana Castillo

Madison Cawein

Thomas Centolella

Joseph Ceravolo

William Ellery Channing (1818–1901)

Arthur Chapman (1874–1935)

John Jay Chapman

Fred Chappell

Alexander Chee

Neeli Cherkovski (born 1945)

Maxine Chernoff

Bob Cherry

Kelly Cherry

Chrystos

Angélico Chávez

James Wm. Chichetto

William Childress

John Ciardi (1916–1986)

Noah Cicero

Sandra Cisneros

Carson Cistulli (born 1979)

Amy Clampitt

Tom Clark (poet)

Walter Van Tilburg Clark (1909 - 1971)

John Clarke (poet)

Lucille Clifton, (1936–2010)

Joshua Clover

Florence Earle Coates (1850–1927)

Grace Stone Coates (1881–1976)

Stanton A. Coblentz

Andrei Codrescu

Robert P. T. Coffin

Ira Cohen

Nan Cohen

Jim Cohn

Henri Cole

Norma Cole

Wanda Coleman

Billy Collins (born 1941)

Betsy Colquitt (born 1927)

Shanna Compton (born 1970)

Hilda Conkling

Evan S. Connell

Leo Connellan (1928–2001)

Gillian Conoley

J. Gordon Coogler

Rose Terry Cooke

Ina Coolbrith

Clark Coolidge

Dennis Cooper

Jake Copass

William Corbett

Billy Corgan

Cid Corman (1924–2004)

Alfred Corn, (born 1943)

Gregory Corso (1930–2001)

Jayne Cortez

Joe Cottonwood

Henri Coulette

John Cournos

Elise Cowen

Louis O. Coxe

Christopher Pearse Cranch

Hart Crane, (1899–1932)

Stephen Crane, (1871–1900)

Adelaide Crapsey

Gary William Crawford

Robert Creeley (1926–2005)

Judson Crews (born 1917)

Harry Crosby (1898–1929)

Countee Cullen (1903–1946)

E. E. Cummings (1894-1962)

J.V. Cunningham (1911–1985)

Bloodgood Cutter

D

Bob Dylan (born 1941)

Beverly Dahlen (born 1934)

Hugh Antoine d'Arcy

H.D. (Hilda Doolittle)

Steve Dalachinsky

Enid Dame

S. Foster Damon

Jim Daniels (born 1956)

Tina Darragh

Robert von Dassanowsky

Guy Davenport

Donald Davidson (poet)

Gustav Davidson

Michael Davidson (born 1944)

Alan Davies (poet)

Dale Davis (poet)

Gwen Davis

Jon Davis (poet)

Clarence Day

Jaime de Angulo

Caridad de la Luz

Philip F. Deaver

Madeline DeFrees, (born 1919)

Edwin Denby (poet)

Richard Denner

Reuel Denney

Carl Dennis

Tory Dent

Babette Deutsch

Jennifer K Dick

Ray DiPalma

George Dickerson

James Dickey (1923–1997)

Emily Dickinson (1830–1886)

Roger Dickinson-Brown (born 1944)

Matthew Dickman, (born 1975)

Michael Dickman, (born 1975)

R. H. W. Dillard (born 1937)

George Dillon

Ray DiPalma (born 1943)

Diane Di Prima (born 1934)

Thomas M. Disch (1940–2008)

Patricia Dobler

Stephen Dobyns (1941)

Owen Dodson

John Dolan (writer)

Nathan Haskell Dole

Sonya Dorman

Ed Dorn (1929–1999)

Julia Caroline Dorr

Mark Doty

Franz Douskey

Rita Dove (1952)

Kirby Doyle

Joseph Rodman Drake (1795–1820)

Will Allen Dromgoole

Celia Dropkin

Norman Dubie, (born 1945)

Bruce Ducker

Peter Kane Dufault

Alan Dugan (born 1923–2003)

Henry Dumas

Paul Laurence Dunbar (1872–1906)

Robert Duncan (1919–1988)

Jim Dunlap

Stephen Dunn

Rachel Blau DuPlessis

Job Durfee

Stuart Dybek (born 1942)

E

Cornelius Eady

Pliny Earle (physician)

Richard Eberhart (1904-2005)

David Edelstadt

Russell Edson

Kari edwards

Terry Ehret, (born 1955)

Max Ehrmann

Larry Eigner (1927–1996)

Loren Eiseley

Che Elias

T. S. Eliot (1888–1965)

James Emanuel

Lynn Emanuel

Claudia Emerson

Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803–1882)

Paul Engle

Theodore Enslin (born 1925)

Daniel Mark Epstein

Clayton Eshleman (born 1935)

Martín Espada

Willard R. Espy

Maggie Estep

Jerry Estrin (1947–1993)

David Allan Evans

Mari Evans

Landis Everson (1926 – 2007)

William Everson — Brother Antoninus (1912–1994)

F

Ruth Fainlight

B.H. Fairchild

William Clark Falkner

Roger Fanning

Norma Farber

Patricia Fargnoli

John C. Farrar

Jessie Redmon Fauset

Kenneth Fearing

Frederick Feirstein

Irving Feldman (born 1928)

Paul Fericano

Lawrence Ferlinghetti, (born 1919)

Eugene Field

Rachel Field

James Thomas Fields

Fireside Poets

Annie Finch

Ann Fisher-Wirth

Bob Flanagan

John Gould Fletcher

Roland Flint

Nick Flynn

Jack Foley (poet)

Carolyn Forché (born 1950)

John M. Ford

Sam Walter Foss (1858–1911)

FrancEye (Frances Dean Smith)

Robert Frazier

Philip Freneau (1752–1832)

Robert Frost (1874–1963)

Gwen Frostic

Gene Frumkin (born 1928)

Nan Fry

Gloria Frym (born 1947)

Alice Fulton (born 1952)

G

Tess Gallagher

James Galvin (born 1951)

Forrest Gander (born 1956)

Deborah Garrison (born 1965)

Theodor Seuss Geisel (1904–1991)

Dan Gerber, (born 1940)

Charles Ghigna (Father Goose) (born 1946)

Jack Gilbert

Strickland Gillilan (1869–1954)

Vicky Gilpin

Allen Ginsberg (1926–1997)

Daniela Gioseffi (born 1941)

Nikki Giovanni (born 1943)

Michael Gizzi (1949 – 2010)

Peter Gizzi (born 1959)

Jesse Glass (born 1954)

Louise Glück (born 1943)

Patricia Goedicke, (1931–2006)

Kenneth Goldsmith (born 1961)

Laurence Goldstein

Rodolfo Gonzales

Rigoberto González

Elaine Goodale

Kevin Goodan

Alice Goodman

Paul Goodman (writer)

Hedwig Gorski (born 1949)

Janice Gould

David Graham (American poet)

Jorie Graham

Judy Grahn

Linda Gregerson

Linda Gregg

Debora Greger

Horace Gregory

Robert Grenier (poet)

Susan Griffin

Angelina Weld Grimke

Charlotte Forten Grimké

Lee Groban

Allen Grossman

Gabriel Gudding

Charles Guenther (1920–2008)

Barbara Guest (1920–2006)

Edgar Guest (1891–1959)

Louise Imogen Guiney

Arthur Guiterman

R. S. Gwynn

Brion Gysin (1916–1986)

H

Hermann Hagedorn

Jessica Hagedorn

Richard Hague

Kimiko Hahn (born 1955)

John Haines, (born 1924)

Donald Hall

Irma P. Hall

Fitz-Greene Halleck

Moyshe-Leyb Halpern

Barbara Hamby

Jupiter Hammon

Jeff Hardy

William Harmon

Jim Harrison (born 1937)

Carla Harryman (born 1952)

Robert Hass

Katherine Hastings

Julian Hawthorne

Robert Hayden (1913–1980)

Terrance Hayes

Paul Hamilton Hayne

William Shakespeare Hays

Trebor Healey

Eloise Klein Healy

Anthony Hecht (1923–2004)

Jennifer Michael Hecht

Allison Hedge Coke

Lyn Hejinian (born 1941)

Michael Heller

Essex Hemphill

Alice Corbin Henderson

Nancy A. Henry

Oliver Herford

William Heyen

Leland Hickman (1934 – 1991)

Bob Hicok

Dick Higgins

Scott Hightower (born 1952)

Conrad Hilberry (born 1928)

Donora Hillard (born 1982)

Robert Hillyer

Ellen Hinsey

Edward Hirsch

Jane Hirshfield (born 1953)

Jack Hirschman

George Hitchcock (1914–2010)

H.L. Hix

Allen Hoey (born 1952)

Linda Hogan (born 1947)

Tony Hoagland

Daniel Hoffman

Roald Hoffmann

John Hollander (born 1929)

Bill Holm (poet)

Bob Holman

M. Carl Holman

Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr. (1809–1894)

Dennis Holt (born 1942)

Garrett Hongo

Edwin Honig (born 1919)

George Moses Horton

Joan Houlihan

Richard Howard (born 1929)

Robert E. Howard (1906–1936)

Fanny Howe (born 1940)

Julia Ward Howe

Marie Howe

Susan Howe (born 1937)

Helen Hoyt

Thomas Hubbard (born 1938)

Detrick Hughes (born 1966)

Langston Hughes (1902–1967)

Richard Hugo (1923–1982)

Constance Hunting (1925–2006)

Cynthia Huntington

Siri Hustvedt

I-J

David Ignatow (1914–1997)

Arthur Crew Inman

P. Inman

Josephine Jacobsen

Afdhere Jama

James Cummins

J. J. Jameson

Patricia Janus

Joseph Jarman

Lisa Jarnot (born 1967)

Randall Jarrell (1914–1965)

Robinson Jeffers, (1887–1962)

Ted Joans

Orrick Glenday Johns

Denis Johnson

Georgia Douglas Johnson

Helene Johnson

Josephine Winslow Johnson

James Weldon Johnson (1871–1938)

Robert Underwood Johnson (1853–1937)

Kathryn Johnston (2007–2010)

Richard Jones (poet)

Sarah Jones (stage)

June Jordan

Pierre Joris

Andrew Joron

Lawrence Joseph

Matthew Josephson

Frank Judge

Donald Justice

K

Jim Kacian

Mary Elizabeth Kail(1828-1890)

Sheema Kalbasi

Chester Kallman

Ilya Kaminsky

Lenore Kandel

Mary Karr

Julia Kasdorf

Laura Kasischke (born 1961)

Janet Kauffman (born 1945)

Herbert Kaufman

Shirley Kaufman, (born 1923)

Sarah Kay (poet)

W. B. Keckler

John Keene (writer)

Weldon Kees (1914–1955)

Brigit Pegeen Kelly (born 1951)

Jamie Kennedy (poet)

Richard Kenney

Maurice Kenney

Jane Kenyon

Jack Kerouac (1922–1969)

Sophie Kerr

Francis Scott Key

Laurel Elizabeth Keyes

Alicia Keys

Kerry Shawn Keys (born 1946)

Bill Keith

D. Kildare

Aline Murray Kilmer

Joyce Kilmer

Val Kilmer

H.T. Kirby-Smith

Suji Kwock Kim

Kimiko Hahn

Haven Kimmel

Galway Kinnell (born 1927)

Susan Kinsolving

Mary Kinzie

David Kirby (poet)

Lincoln Kirstein (1907–1996)

Carolyn Kizer, (born 1925)

August Kleinzahler (born 1949)

William Kloefkorn

Etheridge Knight(1933–1991)

Kenneth Koch (1925–2002)

Ruth Ellen Kocher

Wayne Koestenbaum

Yusef Komunyakaa (born 1948)

Ted Kooser, (born 1939)

Carolyn Kreiter-Foronda, (born 1946)

Alfred Kreymborg

Maxine Kumin

Stanley Kunitz (1905–2006)

Laurie Kutchins

Stephen Kuusisto, (born 1955)

Joanne Kyger (born 1934)

L

Philip Lamantia

Fran Landesman

Joseph Langland

Sidney Lanier (1842–1881)

Dorothea Lasky

George Parsons Lathrop

Richmond Lattimore

Sanders Anne Laubenthal

James Laughlin, (1914 – 1997)

Ann Lauterbach

Dorianne Laux

James Lavilla-Havelin

Anne Mary Lawler (1908–1980)

William P. Lawrence

Robert Lax (1915–2000)

Emma Lazarus

Kelly Le Fave

David Lee (poet), (born 1966)

Li-Young Lee

Malka Lee

Lemon (poet)

Aya de Leon

Ben Lerner, (born 1979)

David Lerner

Jimmy Lerner

Rika Lesser

Denise Levertov (1923–1997)

Dana Levin, (born 1965)

Philip Levine (born 1928)

Larry Levis

D. A. Levy

William Levy

Alonzo Lewis

Charles Lillard

Shirley Geok-lin Lim

Tao Lin

Sarah Lindsay

Vachel Lindsay (1879–1931)

Amon Liner

Sara Jane Lippincott

Jonathan Lamas

George Cabot Lodge

Ron Loewinsohn

John Logan (1923 – 1987)

Naomi Long Madgett (born 1923)

James Longenbach

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807–1882)

Audre Lorde, (born 1934)

Amy Lowell (1874–1925)

James Russell Lowell (1819–1891)

Maria White Lowell

Robert Lowell (1917–1977)

Walter Lowenfels

Mina Loy

Felipe Luciano

Lydia Lunch

Masiela Lusha

Thomas Lux

William Whittingham Lyman Jr

Henry Lyman

Thomas Lynch (born 1948)

M

Lewis MacAdams (born 1944)

Morgan Kalani MacLean

Jackson Mac Low

Carlyle Ferren MacIntyre

Percy MacKaye

Nathaniel Mackey

Archibald MacLeish (1892–1982)

Naomi Long Madgett

Haki R. Madhubuti

John Gillespie Magee, Jr.

Clarence Major, (born 1936)

Taylor Mali

Frank Richard Maloney

Tom Mandel (poet)

Djelloul Marbrook

Morton Marcus (1936–2009)

Joseph Moncure March

Edwin Markham

Don Marquis

Camille Martin

David Mason

Matt Mason

Steve Mason

Edgar Lee Masters (1868–1950)

Harry Mathews

William Matthews (1942–1997)

John Matthias

Kevin Max

Bernadette Mayer

Frances Mayes

Janet McAdams

Robert McAlmon

Jack McCarthy

J. D. McClatchy

Michael McClure

Michael McFee

Bryant H. McGill (born 1969)

Karyna McGlynn

Mac McGovern (born 1950)(poet/author)

Michael McGovern

Campbell McGrath

Thomas McGrath (1916–1990)

Heather McHugh (born 1948)

Claude McKay (1889–1948)

Louis McKee

Rod McKuen

James McMichael (born 1939)

Wesley McNair

Louise McNeill

Alexander Beaufort Meek

Abel Meeropol

David Meltzer

Herman Melville (born 1819–1890)

Samuel Menashe (born 1925)

Nancy Mercado (born 1959)

William Meredith (born 1919)

Billy Merrell

Eve Merriam

James Merrill (1926–1995)

Stuart Merrill (1863–1915)

Thomas Merton (1915–1968)

W.S. Merwin (born 1927)

Tom Meschery

Sarah Messer (born 1966)

Henry Meyer (1840-1925)

Robert Mezey

William Michaelian (born 1956)

Diane Middlebrook

Josephine Miles (1911–1985)

Joseph Millar

Edna St. Vincent Millay (1892–1950)

Alice Duer Miller

Jane Miller

Rev. Jen Miller

Joaquin Miller (1837–1913)

Leslie Adrienne Miller

May Miller

Tim Miller

Vassar Miller

Deborah A. Miranda

Gary Miranda

John Kearsley Mitchell

Susan Mitchell

Anis Mojgani

Paul Monette

Mong-Lan

Marion Montgomery

José Montoya

William Vaughn Moody

Clara Jessup Moore

Charles Leonard Moore

Daniel Moore

Jacqueline S. Moore

Jessica Care Moore

Julia A. Moore

Marianne Moore (1887–1972)

Pat Mora

Barbara Moraff

A. F. Moritz

Hilda Morley (1916–1998)

George Frederick Morgan (1922–2004)

Richard Morris

Tracie Morris

Jim Morrison (1943–1971)

Bradford Morrow

Elizabeth Cutter Morrow

Jennifer Moxley (born 1964)

Viggo Mortensen

Howard Moss

Thylias Moss

Louise Chandler Moulton

Anna Cora Mowatt

Lisel Mueller (born 1924)

Harryette Mullen

Charles Muñoz

Erin Murphy

Sheila Murphy

Pauli Murray

Sheila Murphy

N

Vladimir Nabokov

Ogden Nash (1902–1971)

John Neal

John Neihardt

Jill Neimark

Howard Nemerov (1920–1991)

Arthur Nersesian

Kenn Nesbitt (born 1962)

F. A. Nettelbeck (born 1950)

Celeste Newbrough

Aimee Nezhukumatathil (born 1974)

Lorine Niedecker (1903–1970)

Audrey Niffenegger

John Frederick Nims

Lucille Nixon

Eric "Big Daddy" Nord

Jessica Nordell

Charles North

Jessica Nelson North

Jim Northrup (writer)

Harry Northup (born 1940)

Alice Notley

Naomi Shihab Nye (born 1952)

O

Edward Joseph Harrington O'Brien

Geoffrey G. O'Brien

Ed Ochester

David E. Oprava

Blanche Oelrichs

Ron Offen

Frank O'Hara (1926–1966)

Sharon Olds (born 1942)

Mary Oliver (born 1935)

Alix Olson

Charles Olson (1910–1970)

George Oppen (1908–1984)

Mary Oppen (1908–1990)

James Oppenheim

Joel Oppenheimer

Peter Oresick

Gregory Orr (born 1947)

Alicia Ostriker

P

Ron Padgett (born 1942)

Grace Paley

Cheryl Pallant

Condé Benoist Pallen

Michael Palmer (born 1943)

Jay Parini

Dorothy Parker (1893–1967)

Lee Passarella

Linda Pastan (born 1932)

Kenneth Patchen (1911–1972)

Josephine Preston Peabody

Richard Peabody

Molly Peacock

Harry Thurston Peck

Bryan Penberthy

Rob Penny

James Gates Percival

Eleanor Percy Lee

William Alexander Percy

Sam Pereira (born 1949)

Bob Perelman

Lucia Perillo

Alice N. Persons

Robert Peters

Marge Piercy (1936)

Nick Piombino

Robert Pinsky (1940)

Carl Phillips

Wanda Phipps

Anthony Piccione

John Pierpont

Josephine Pinckney

Edward Coote Pinkney

Clarissa Pinkola Estés

Sylvia Plath (1932–1963)

Edgar Allan Poe (1809–1849)

Lanny Poffo

Robert Polito

Ralph Pomeroy (poet)

Paul Martinez Pompa

Marie Ponsot (born 1921)

Carol Potter

Charles Potts (1943)

Ezra Pound (1885–1972)

Kevin Powell

Julien de Lallande Poydras

Jack Prelutsky (1940)

Elizabeth Prentiss

Reynolds Price

Frederic Prokosch

Kevin Prufer

Q

George Quasha (born 1942)

R

Kevin Rabas

Burton Raffel

Sam Ragan

Carl Rakosi (1903–2004)

Lee Ranaldo

Dudley Randall (1914–2000)

James Ryder Randall

Julia Randall

Claudia Rankine (born 1963)

John Crowe Ransom (1888–1974)

Sadi Ranson

Ron Rash

Stephen Ratcliffe (born 1948)

Linda Ravenswood

David Ray (born 1932)

Wayne Ray (Alabama b. 1950, now in Canada)

Thomas Buchanan Read

Janice Rebibo

Spencer Reece

Ishmael Reed (born 1938)

Lizette Woodworth Reese

Naomi Replansky

Paul Reps

Carter Revard

Donald Revell (born 1954)

Eben E. Rexford

Kenneth Rexroth (1905–1982)

Charles Reznikoff (1894–1976)

William Henry Rhodes

René Ricard

Cale Young Rice

Stan Rice

Adrienne Rich (born 1929)

Beah Richards

Laura E. Richards

Monica Richards

Lola Ridge (1873–1941)

Laura Riding

James Whitcomb Riley

Alberto Ríos

Tomás Rivera

Amélie Louise Rives

James J. Roberts (born 1947)

Howard W. Robertson

Edwin Arlington Robinson (1869–1935)

Edouard Roditi

Luis J. Rodriguez

Theodore Roethke (1908–1963)

Pattiann Rogers

Matthew Rohrer

Henry Rollins

David Romtvedt

Ronald Talney

Raymond Roseliep

Franklin Rosemont (born 1943)

J. Allyn Rosser

Terry Rossio

Jerome Rothenberg (born 1934)

Michael Rothenberg

Anne Rouse (born 1954)

Thomas Rowley (1721–1796)

Gibbons Ruark (born 1941)

Anne Rouse

Thomas Rowley (poet)

Gibbons Ruark

Mary Ruefle

Muriel Rukeyser

Nipsey Russell

Archibald Rutledge

Carl Hancock Rux

Abram Joseph Ryan

Kay Ryan

Michael Ryan (poet)

S

Benjamin Alire Saenz (born 1954)

Michael Salinger

Mary Jo Salter (born 1954)

Benjamin Saltman (1927–1999)

Francis Saltus Saltus

Carl Sandburg (1878–1967)

Robert Charles Sands

Aram Saroyan

May Sarton

Minot Judson Savage

Jeannine Savard

John Godfrey Saxe

Gitl Schaechter-Viswanath

Peter Schjeldahl

Michael Schmidt (poet)

Dennis Schmitz (born 1937)

Gjertrud Schnackenberg (born 1953)

Dan Schneider

Pat Schneider

Jane Johnston Schoolcraft (1800–1842)

Susan Polis Schutz

James Schuyler (1923–1991)

Delmore Schwartz (1913–1966)

Patricia Roth Schwartz

Armand Schwerner

Peter Seaton (1942 – 2010)

Alan Seeger

Calvin Seerveld

Frederick Seidel

Rebecca Seiferle

Martha Serpas

Dr. Seuss

Anne Sexton (1928–1974)

Tom Sexton

Ntozake Shange

Ravi Shankar (1901–2008)

David Shapiro

Karl Shapiro (1913–2000)

G. S. Sharat Chandra

Brenda Shaughnessy (born 1970)

Scott Shaw

Aaron Shurin

Eli Siegel

Lydia Sigourney

Richard Siken

Leslie Marmon Silko (born 1948)

Edward Rowland Sill

Ron Silliman (born 1946)

Murray Silverstein

Shel Silverstein (1930–1999)

Charles Simic

Jim Simmerman

William Gilmore Simms

Marge Simon

Louis Simpson

John Sinclair (poet)

Hal Sirowitz (born 1949)

Judith Skillman

Myra Sklarew (born 1934)

Ed Skoog (born 1971)

Clark Ashton Smith

Edwin E. Smith

Elbert H. Smith

Elizabeth Oakes Smith

Langdon Smith

Marc Smith

Margaret Smith (poet)

Patti Smith

R. T. Smith

Rod Smith

Rolland Smith

Tracy K. Smith (born 1972)

William Jay Smith

W. D. Snodgrass (born 1926)

Eliza Roxcy Snow

Craig Snyder

Laurel Snyder

Gary Snyder (born 1930)

Gustaf Sobin (1935–2005)

Roberto Solis

Gilbert Sorrentino

Gary Soto

Juliana Spahr

Anne Spencer (1882–1975)

Jack Spicer

Harriet Elizabeth Prescott Spofford

Kim Stafford

William Stafford (1914–1993)

Ann Stanford (1916–1987)

Frank Stanford (1948–1978)

Henry Throop Stanton

George Starbuck

William Force Stead

Edmund Clarence Stedman

Elizabeth Clementine Stedman

Gertrude Stein (1874–1946)

Edward Steinhardt (born 1961)

Mattie Stepanek

George Sterling

Gerald Stern (born 1925)

C. J. Stevens (born 1927)

James Thomas Stevens

Wallace Stevens (1880–1955)

Anne Stevenson

Susan Stewart (born 1952)

Trumbull Stickney

John Stigall

James Still

Charles Warren Stoddard

Dejan Stojanović (born 1959)

Donna J. Stone (1933–1994)

Ruth Stone (born 1915)

William Wetmore Story

Mark Strand (born 1934)

Joseph Stroud (born 1943)

Lucien Stryk

Jesse Stuart

Michael Sturdy

A. M. Sullivan

Sekou Sundiata

Barton Sutter

Thomas Burnett Swann

John Swanwick

Robert Sward (born 1933))

Cole Swensen (born )

Karen Swenson (born 1936)

May Swenson (1913–1989)

Arthur Sze (born 1950)

T

Eileen Tabios

John Taggart

Amber Tamblyn

Luci Tapahonso

Nathaniel Tarn (born 1928)

Allen Tate (1899–1979)

James Tate (born 1943)

Bayard Taylor

Bert Leston Taylor

Edward Taylor (1645-1729)

Michelle Tea

Sara Teasdale

Michael Teig

Robbie Q. Telfer

Todd Temkin (born 1964)

Elaine Terranova (born 1939)

Lucy Terry

Steve Tesich

Celia Thaxter

Ernest Thayer (1863–1940)

Scofield Thayer

William Roscoe Thayer

Edith Matilda Thomas

Lewis Thomas

Lorenzo Thomas (poet)

Dunstan Thompson

Lady Gwen Thompson

Maurice Thompson

William Irwin Thompson

Henry David Thoreau (1817–1862)

Tamara Thorne (born 1957)

Richard Tillinghast (born 1940)

Henry Timrod (1828–1867)

Melvin B. Tolson (1898–1966)

Stephen Tomajczyk

Lee Tonouchi

Nick Tosches

Tony Tost

William Tremblay

Natasha Trethewey

David Trinidad

Quincy Troupe

John Trumbull (poet)

Frederick Goddard Tuckerman

Lewis Turco (born 1934)

Brian Turner (American poet)

Genya Turovskaya

Chase Twichell

E. Donald Two-Rivers

U-V

David Unger (born 1950)

Louis Untermeyer (born 1885–1977)

Charles Upton (born 1948)

Amy Uyematsu (born 1947)

Catherynne M. Valente (born 1979)

Jean Valentine (born 1934)

Cor van den Heuvel

Mark Van Doren (born 1894–1972)

Mona Van Duyn (born 1921–2004)

Sheldon Vanauken (born 1914–1996)

Reetika Vazirani (1962–2003)

Janine Pommy Vega (born 1942)

Jones Very (born 1813–1880)

George Sylvester Viereck (born 1884–1962)

Peter Viereck (born 1916–2006)

Nick Virgilio (born 1928–1989)

Gerald Vizenor (born 1934)

Judith Vollmer (born 1951)

W

Buddy Wakefield

Diane Wakoski (born 1937)

Diane Wald

Anne Waldman

Rosmarie Waldrop (born 1935)

Keith Waldrop (born 1932)

Alice Walker (born 1944)

Lonie Walker

Margaret Walker

Connie Wanek, (born 1952)

BJ Ward

Diane Ward

Catherine Anne Warfield

Emily Warn

Robert Penn Warren (1905–1989)

William John Watkins

Barrett Watten (born 1948)

Jim Webb

Rebecca Wee

Hannah Weiner

Eliot Weinberger (born 1949)

James Welch

Lew Welch

Joe Wenderoth

Theodore Weiss (1916–2003)

Paul West (poet)

Philip Whalen

Mark Whalon

John Wheatcroft

Phillis Wheatley (1753–1784)

John Hall Wheelock

John Brooks Wheelwright

Edward Lucas White

Gary J. Whitehead (born 1965)

Ruth Whitman

Walt Whitman (1819–1892)

Adeline Dutton Train Whitney

Reed Whittemore

John Greenleaf Whittier (1807–1892)

Margaret Widdemer

John Wieners

Richard Wilbur (born 1921)

Carlos Wilcox

Ella Wheeler Wilcox

Richard Henry Wilde

Charlotte Wilder

Charles Willeford

C. K. Williams

Jonathan Williams (poet)

Oscar Williams (1900–1964)

Paul O. Williams

Philip Lee Williams (born 1950)

Sarah Williams

William Carlos Williams (1883–1963)

Elizabeth Willis (born 1961)

Nathaniel Parker Willis

Eleanor Wilner, (born 1937)

Edmund Wilson

Peter Lamborn Wilson (born 1945)

Christian Wiman, (born 1966)

Anne Winters

Yvor Winters

Sam Witt

Larry Woiwode

John Barton Wolgamot

Nellie Wong

George Edward Woodberry

Samuel Woodworth

Gamel Woolsey

Bryan Thao Worra

Patience Worth

C. D. Wright, (born 1949)

Charles Wright (poet)

Franz Wright

James Wright (1927–1980)

Jay Wright (poet)

Kirby Wright

Richard Wright (author) (1908–1960)

Elinor Wylie

X-Z

Emanuel Xavier (born 1971)

Lois-Ann Yamanaka (born 1961)

Leo Yankevich

John Yau (born 1950)

Al Young (born 1939)

C. Dale Young (born 1969)

Dean Young (poet) (born 1955)

Kevin Young (poet) (born 1970)

Matthew Zapruder (born 1967)

Marya Zaturenska (1902–1982)

Andrew Zawacki (born 1972)

Calvin Ziegler (1854–1930)

Joaquin Zihuatanejo

Louis Zukofsky (1904–1978)

See also

United States poetry

List of poets

List of English language poets

List of years in poetry

Academy of American Poets

List of Jewish American poets

United States Poet poets

fr:Liste de poètes américains ro:Listă de poeți din Statele Unite sl:Seznam ameriških pesnikov