''Time'' 100 is an annual list of the 100 most influential people in the world, as assembled by ''Time''. First published in 1999 as a result of a debate among several academics, the list has become an annual event.

History and format

The list was started with a debate at a symposium at Washington, D.C.'s Kennedy Center on February 1, 1998 with panel participants CBS news anchor Dan Rather, historian Doris Kearns Goodwin, former New York governor Mario Cuomo, then–political science professor Condoleezza Rice, neoconservative publisher Irving Kristol and ''Time'' managing editor Walter Isaacson.

The list was first published in 1999, when ''Time'' magazine named the 100 most influential people of the 20th century. Based on the popularity of the installment, in 2004 ''Time'' magazine decided to make it an annual issue, listing the 100 people most influencing the world. Making the list is frequently mistaken as an honor; however, ''Time'' makes it very clear that people are recognized for changing the world, for better or for worse. Those recognized fall in one of five categories: Leaders & Revolutionaries, Builders & Titans, Artists & Entertainers, Scientists & Thinkers, and Heroes & Icons. Within each category, the 20 most influential people (sometimes pairs or small groups) are selected, for a grand total of 100 each year.

Multiple appearances

Although each category is given equal weight during any given year, people from some categories are more likely to make repeat appearances on the list from year to year. Repeat appearances on the ''Time'' 100 are rare. Only the following individuals have appeared more than twice.

Listed nine times

Listed six times

Listed five times

Listed four times

Listed three times

Selection criteria

In 2004 ''Time'' editors "identified three rather distinct qualities", when choosing the ''Time'' 100 explained ''Time'' editor-at-large Michael Elliott:

First, there were those who came to their status by means of a very public possession of power; President George W. Bush is the pre-eminent example. Others, though they are rarely heard from in public, nonetheless have a real influence on the great events of our time. Think of Ali Husaini Sistani, the Grand Ayatullah of Iraq's Shi'ites. Still others affect our lives through their moral example. Consider Nelson Mandela's forgiveness of his captors and his willingness to walk away from the South African presidency after a single term.

In the 2007 ''Time'' 100 list managing editor Richard Strengel explained that the ''Time'' 100 was not a list of the hottest, most popular or most powerful people, but rather the most influential, stating:

Influence is hard to measure, and what we look for is people whose ideas, whose example, whose talent, whose discoveries transform the world we live in. Influence is less about the hard power of force than the soft power of ideas and example. Yes there are Presidents and dictators who can change the world through fiat, but we're more interested in innovators like Monty Jones, the Sierra Leone scientist who has developed a strain of rice that can save African agriculture. Or heroes like the great chessmaster Garry Kasparov, who is leading the lonely fight for greater democracy in Russia. Or Academy Award winning actor George Clooney who has leveraged his celebrity to bring attention to the tragedy in Darfur.

Controversies

The fact that the then British Prime Minister Tony Blair was excluded from the 2004 list caused mild controversy. ''Time'' magazine editor-at-large Michael Elliott defended the decision to consistently exclude Blair:

Gerhard Schröder and Jacques Chirac are not there either. This is a worldwide list. There are no Western European political leaders on it because they are not that powerful or influential at this time.

Although George W. Bush has appeared on the list several times, controversy emerged when he was dropped from the list in 2007 in part because of the Democratic victory in the 2006 congressional election. Former Senator Rick Santorum (R) of Fox News said:

The fact of the matter is, the president of the United States, I don't care who's in that office, is the most powerful man on the face of the Earth and has more influence over various aspects of lives, not just in this country, but around the world. And for ''Time'' magazine to dismiss that just shows you how biased and, I would argue, hateful they are.

"Any U.S. president has a certain built-in influence," explained Adi Ignatius, deputy managing editor at Time, who oversaw the list. "Bush had actually squandered some of that built-in influence. His position on Iraq has cost him support in his own party...To a certain point, he sort of reached a lame-duck status,"

The list has generated controversy over who was included in other years as well. In 2005 conservative commentator Ann Coulter was listed causing Salon.com to observe:

When ''Time'' magazine named Ann Coulter among its 100 "most influential people" last week, alongside such heavyweights as Ariel Sharon, Bill Clinton, Nelson Mandela, Kim Jong Il and the Dalai Lama, the choice produced guffaws online. Plugging the issue on Fox News last week, ''Time'' executive editor Priscilla Painton insisted it was Coulter's use of "humor" that made her so influential, stopping just short of suggesting that Coulter is the conservative Jon Stewart. But even Fox's Bill O'Reilly wasn't buying it. He pressed Painton: "Do you think people, Americans, listen to Ann Coulter? Do you think she has influence in public opinion?"

While ''Time'' magazine defended Coulter on the grounds that she is a best-selling author whose controversial commentary has impacted the discourse of the world's most powerful nation, she was not considered influential enough to make a repeat appearance on the list.

Hacking

In 2009, the winner of the annual ''Time'' 100 online poll was moot, the founder of the 4chan website, who received 16,794,368 votes. ''Time'' magazine claimed that their technical team "did detect and extinguish several attempts to hack the vote". However, it was shown weeks before the poll ended that the results had been heavily edited by hackers. The first letters of the top 21 names spell out "marblecake also the game". Marblecake is the name of the IRC channel where Anonymous started their campaign against Scientology, and "the game" is a reference to "The Game" meme.

Academic research

The ''Time'' 100 has been cited an academic analysis by Craig Garthwaite and Tim Moore, economists at the University of Maryland, College Park. In light of Oprah Winfrey holding the record for most appearances on the ''Time'' 100, the economists decided to measure if Winfrey was influential enough to decide a U.S. presidential election by examining the impact of her endorsement of Barack Obama for president. The economists wrote the following:

Oprah Winfrey is a celebrity of nearly unparalleled influence. She has been named to Time magazine’s list of the 100 most influential people six times—more than any other individual, including the Dalai Lama, Nelson Mandela, Bill Gates, George Clooney and Rupert Murdoch. She was named one of the 100 most influential people of the 20th Century, an honor shared with Albert Einstein, Mohandas Karamchand (Mahatma) Gandhi, and Franklin D. Roosevelt. She was only one of four people who were included on these lists in both the 20th and 21st Century. The others included Mandela, Gates, and Pope John Paul II... The scope of Winfrey’s influence creates a unique opportunity to examine the effect of endorsements on political outcomes.

The economists found a statistically significant correlation between the number of Winfrey fans in a geographic region (as estimated by the sales of her magazine and book club selections) and the number of votes Obama received in that region during the race for the 2008 Democratic nomination for president. They found that the correlation even held up when they controlled for all kinds of confounding variables like race, gender, income, education, and sales of other magazines. They further found that the correlation only emerged after Winfrey had endorsed Obama, suggesting that it was the influence of her endorsement that caused the correlation. When they statistically removed the correlation to see how Obama would have performed without Winfrey's endorsement, they found that over one million votes vanished from Obama’s total in the Democratic primary and Clinton receives far more votes than Obama does.

References

External links

TIME 100 - The People of the Century

Category:Time (magazine) 100 Lists Category:Top people lists

bn:টাইম ১০০ de:Time 100 es:Time 100 fa:تایم ۱۰۰ fr:Time 100 id:Time 100 it:Time 100 la:Time 100 ja:タイム100 pt:Time 100 ru:Time 100 tr:TIME 100 listesi zh:时代百大人物

name	The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History
followed by	}}

''The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History'' is a 1978 book by Michael H. Hart, reprinted in 1992 with revisions. It is a ranking of the 100 people who, according to Hart, most influenced human history.

The first person on Hart's list is the Islamic Prophet Muhammad. Hart asserted that Muhammad was "supremely successful" in both the religious and secular realms. He also believed that Muhammad's role in the development of Islam was far more influential than Jesus' collaboration in the development of Christianity. He attributes the development of Christianity to St. Paul, who played a pivotal role in its dissemination.

The 1992 revisions included the demotion of figures associated with Communism, such as Vladimir Lenin and Mao Zedong, and the introduction of Mikhail Gorbachev. Hart took sides in the Shakespearean authorship issue and substituted Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford for William Shakespeare. Hart also substituted Niels Bohr and Henri Becquerel with Ernest Rutherford, thus correcting an error in the first edition. Henry Ford was also promoted from the "Honorary Mentions" list, replacing Pablo Picasso. Finally, some of the rankings were re-ordered, although no one listed in the top ten changed position.

Hart wrote another book in 1999, entitled ''A View from the Year 3000'', voiced in the perspective of a person from that future year and ranking the most influential people in history. Roughly half of those entries are fictional people from 2000–3000, but the remainder are actual people. These were taken mostly from the 1992 edition, with some re-ranking of order.

Hart's Top 10 (from the 1992 edition)

{| class="wikitable" width=90% border="0" cellpadding="1" |- style="height:50px" ! style="width:2em;"|Rank ! width="30%"|Name ! Time Frame ! Image ! Occupation ! Influence |- style="height:50px" valign="middle" align="left" | style="padding-right:9px; text-align:right;"| 1 | Prophet Muhammad | ''ca.'' 570–632 | | Secular and religious leader | The central human figure of Islam, regarded by Muslims as a prophet of God and the last messenger. Active as a social reformer, diplomat, merchant, philosopher, orator, legislator, military leader, humanitarian, philanthropist. |- style="height:50px" valign="middle" align="left" | style="padding-right:9px; text-align:right;"| 2 | Sir Isaac Newton | 1643–1727 | | Scientist | English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, alchemist, and theologian. His law of universal gravitation and three laws of motion laid the groundwork for classical mechanics. |- style="height:50px" valign="middle" align="left" | style="padding-right:9px; text-align:right;"| 3 | Jesus Christ | 7–2 BC – AD 26–36 | | Spiritual leader | The central figure of Christianity, revered by Christians as the Son of God and the incarnation of God. Also regarded as a major prophet in Islam. |- style="height:50px" valign="middle" align="left" | style="padding-right:9px; text-align:right;"| 4 | Siddhārtha Gautama Buddha | 563 BC–483 BC | | Spiritual leader | Spiritual teacher and philosopher from ancient India. Founder of Buddhism and is also considered an Avatar of Vishnu in Hinduism. |- style="height:50px" valign="middle" align="left" | style="padding-right:9px; text-align:right;"| 5 | Confucius | 551 BC–479 BC | | Philosopher | Chinese thinker and social philosopher, whose teachings and philosophy have deeply influenced Chinese, Korean, Japanese, Vietnamese and Indonesian thought and life. Founded Confucianism, and influenced Neo-Confucianism and New Confucianism. |- style="height:50px" valign="middle" align="left" | style="padding-right:9px; text-align:right;"| 6 | St. Paul the Apostle of Tarsus | 5–67 | | Christian apostle | One of the most notable of early Christian missionaries, credited with proselytizing and spreading Christianity outside of Palestine (mainly to the Romans) and author of numerous letters of the New Testament of the Bible. |- style="height:50px" valign="middle" align="left" | style="padding-right:9px; text-align:right;"| 7 | Cài Lún | 50–121 | | Political official in imperial China | Widely regarded as the inventor of paper and the papermaking process. |- style="height:50px" valign="middle" align="left" | style="padding-right:9px; text-align:right;"| 8 | Johannes Gutenberg | 1398–1468 | | Inventor | German printer who invented the mechanical printing press. |- style="height:50px" valign="middle" align="left" | style="padding-right:9px; text-align:right;"| 9 | Christopher Columbus | 1451–1506 | | Explorer | Italian navigator, colonizer and explorer whose voyages led to general European awareness of the American continents. |- style="height:50px" valign="middle" align="left" | style="padding-right:9px; text-align:right;"| 10 | Albert Einstein | 1879–1955 | | Scientist | German theoretical physicist, best known for his theory of relativity and specifically mass–energy equivalence, expressed by the equation ''E'' = ''mc''². |}

See also

Time 100

References

External links

Religious Affiliation of History's 100 Most Influential People

Category:1978 books Category:20th-century history books Category:History books about people Category:Top people lists

ar:الخالدون المئة (كتاب) ca:Els 100, un rànquing de les persones més influents en la història de:Die 100 es:Los 100 fa:صد (کتاب) id:The 100 (buku) lt:100 įtakingiausių asmenybių pasaulio istorijoje hu:100 híres ember ml:ദ ഹൻഡ്രഡ് (ഗ്രന്ഥം) ms:100 (buku) nl:The 100 pl:100 postaci, które miały największy wpływ na dzieje ludzkości pt:As 100 Maiores Personalidades da História ru:The 100 fi:Ihmiskunnan 100 suurinta zh:影响人类历史进程的100名人排行榜

name	Justin Bieber
background	solo_singer
birth name	Justin Drew Bieber
birth date	March 01, 1994
birth place	London, Ontario, Canada
origin	Stratford, Ontario, Canada
instrument	Vocals, guitar, piano, percussion, trumpet
genre	Pop, R&B;, teen pop
occupation	Singer, musician, actor
years active	2009–present
label	Island, RBMG
associated acts	Usher
website	justinbiebermusic.com }}

Justin Drew Bieber ( , born March 1, 1994) is a Canadian pop/R&B; singer, songwriter and actor. Bieber was discovered in 2008 by Scooter Braun, who came across Bieber's videos on YouTube and later became his manager. Braun arranged for him to meet with Usher in Atlanta, Georgia, and Bieber was soon signed to Raymond Braun Media Group (RBMG), a joint venture between Braun and Usher, and then to a recording contract with Island Records offered by L.A. Reid. Bieber's debut single, "One Time", was released in 2009 and peaked in the top ten in Canada and charted in the top thirty in several international markets. His debut album, the seven-track EP ''My World'', followed in November 2009, and was soon certified platinum in the United States. He became the first artist to have seven songs from a debut album chart on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100.

Bieber's first full-length studio album, ''My World 2.0'', was released in March 2010. It debuted at number one or within the top ten in several countries and was certified platinum in the United States. It was preceded by the worldwide top-ten single, "Baby". The music video of "Baby" is currently ranked as the most viewed and most discussed YouTube video. Bieber followed-up the release of his debut album with his first headlining tour, the My World Tour, the remix albums ''My Worlds Acoustic'' and ''Never Say Never – The Remixes'', and the 3D biopic-concert film ''Justin Bieber: Never Say Never'' – which had an opening weekend gross that nearly matched the record for the biggest opening weekend for a concert-film. Bieber released his second studio album, ''Under the Mistletoe'' in November 2011, which debuted at number one on the ''Billboard'' 200. Bieber has received numerous awards, including Artist of the Year at the 2010 American Music Awards — and has been nominated for numerous awards, including Best New Artist and Best Pop Vocal Album at the 53rd Grammy Awards.

Life and career

1994–2007: Childhood and youth

Bieber was born on March 1, 1994, in London, Ontario, and was raised in Stratford, Ontario. Bieber's mother, Patricia Lynn "Pattie" Mallette, was 18 years old when she became pregnant with her son. Mallette, originally from Stratford, raised her son with the help of her parents, Bruce and Diane. Mallette worked a series of low-paying office jobs, raising Bieber as a single mother in low-income housing. Bieber has maintained contact with his father, Jeremy Jack Bieber, who married another woman and had two children. Bieber's paternal great-grandfather was a German immigrant to Canada. His mother's ancestry is French Canadian. Bieber attended French immersion school at Stratford school Jean Sauve.

During his childhood, Bieber was interested in hockey, soccer, and chess; he often kept his musical aspirations to himself. As he grew up, Bieber taught himself to play the piano, drums, guitar, and trumpet. In early 2007, when he was twelve, Bieber sang Ne-Yo's "So Sick" for a local singing competition in Stratford and placed second. Mallette posted a video of the performance on YouTube for their family and friends to see. She continued to upload videos of Bieber singing covers of various R&B; songs, and Bieber's popularity on the site grew. Chris Hicks, Bieber's A&R; at Island/Def Jam, explained the young artist's huge online following to HitQuarters by saying:

"He was doing something different. He was an attractive white kid singing very soulful R&B; hits. That set him apart immediately from anyone in his range because no one was covering or singing these kind of records. But equally important was that you believed in these songs – it was real. And you wanted to hear more."

2008–09: Discovery and ''My World''

While searching for videos of a different singer, Scooter Braun, a former marketing executive of So So Def, clicked on one of Bieber's 2007 videos by accident. Impressed, Braun tracked down the theater Bieber was performing in, located Bieber's school, and finally contacted Mallette. Mallette was reluctant because of Braun's Jewish religion; she remembered praying, "God, I gave him to you. You could send me a Christian man, a Christian label! ... you don’t want this Jewish kid to be Justin’s man, do you?" However, after praying with her church elders and receiving their encouragement, she permitted Braun to fly Bieber, then 13, to Atlanta, Georgia, to record demo tapes. A week after arriving, Bieber sang for R&B; singer/songwriter Usher. Bieber was soon signed to Raymond Braun Media Group (RBMG), a joint venture between Braun and Usher. Justin Timberlake was also reportedly in the running to sign Bieber, but lost the bidding war to Usher. Usher then sought assistance in finding a label home for the artist from then manager Chris Hicks, who helped engineer an audition with his contact Antonio L.A. Reid of Island Def Jam Music Group. Reid signed Bieber to Island Records in October 2008 (resulting in a joint venture between RBMG and Island Records) and appointed Hicks as executive Vice-President of Def Jam where he would be able manage Bieber's career at the label. At that point, Bieber and his mother moved to Atlanta temporarily, also the home of Usher and Braun, to record and get counseling from Braun. Braun became Bieber's manager.

Bieber's first single, "One Time", was released to radio while Bieber was still recording his debut album. The song reached number 12 on the Canadian Hot 100 during its first week of release in July 2009, and later peaked at number 17 on the Billboard Hot 100. During fall 2009 it had success in international markets. The song was certified Platinum in Canada and the US and Gold in Australia and New Zealand. Bieber's first release, an extended play entitled ''My World'', was released on November 17, 2009. The album's second single, "One Less Lonely Girl", and two promo singles, "Love Me", and "Favorite Girl", were released exclusively on the iTunes store and charted within the top forty of the Billboard Hot 100. "One Less Lonely Girl" was later also released to radio and peaked within the top fifteen in Canada and the US, being certified Gold in the latter. ''My World'' was eventually certified Platinum in the US and Double Platinum in both Canada and the UK. To promote the album, Bieber performed on several live shows such as mtvU's VMA 09 Tour, European program ''The Dome'', YTV's ''The Next Star'', ''The Today Show'', ''The Wendy Williams Show'', ''Lopez Tonight'', ''The Ellen DeGeneres Show'', ''It's On with Alexa Chung'', ''Good Morning America'', ''Chelsea Lately'', and BET's ''106 & Park'' with Rihanna. Bieber also guest starred in an episode of ''True Jackson, VP'' in late 2009.

Bieber performed Stevie Wonder's "Someday at Christmas" for U.S. President Barack Obama and first lady Michelle Obama at the White House for ''Christmas in Washington'', which was broadcast on December 20, 2009, on U.S. television broadcaster TNT. Bieber was also one of the performers at Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve with Ryan Seacrest on December 31, 2009. Bieber was a presenter at the 52nd Grammy Awards on January 31, 2010. He was invited to be a vocalist for the remake of We Are The World (a song written by Michael Jackson and Lionel Richie) for its 25th anniversary to benefit Haiti after the earthquake. Bieber sings the opening line, which was sung by Lionel Richie in the original version. On March 12, 2010, a version of K'naan's "Wavin' Flag" recorded by a collective of Canadian musicians known as Young Artists for Haiti was released. Bieber is featured in the song, performing the closing lines.

2010: ''My World 2.0'' and continued success

"Baby", the lead single from his debut album, ''My World 2.0'', which features Ludacris, was released in January 2010 and became his biggest hit thus far, charting at number five in the U.S. and reaching the top ten in seven other countries. Two promo singles "Never Let You Go", and "U Smile" were top thirty hits on the U.S. Hot 100, and top twenty hits in Canada. According to review aggregator Metacritic, the album has received "generally favorable reviews". It debuted at number one on the U.S. ''Billboard'' 200, making Bieber the youngest solo male act to top the chart since Stevie Wonder in 1963. ''My World 2.0'' also debuted at number one on the Canadian Albums Chart, Irish Albums Chart, and Australian Albums Chart, and the New Zealand Albums Chart and reached the top ten of fifteen other countries. To promote the album, Bieber appeared on several live programs including ''The View'', the 2010 Kids Choice Awards, ''Nightline'', ''The Late Show with David Letterman'', ''The Dome'' and ''106 and Park''. Bieber collaborated with Sean Kingston on his single "Eenie Meenie" which also appeared on Bieber's debut album. The song reached the top ten in the United Kingdom and Australia, and the top-twenty of most other markets. thumb|left|Bieber performing at the Conseco Fieldhouse, in August 2010 On April 10, 2010, Bieber was the musical guest on ''Saturday Night Live''. On July 4, 2010, Bieber performed at the Macy's Fourth of July Fireworks Spectacular in New York City. The second single from ''My World 2.0'', "Somebody to Love", was released in April 2010, and a remix was released featuring Bieber's mentor Usher. The single reached number ten in Canada, number fifteen in the United States, and the top twenty in multiple international countries.

On June 23, 2010, Bieber went on his first official headlining tour, the My World Tour, starting in Hartford, Connecticut, to promote ''My World'' and ''My World 2.0''. In July 2010, it was reported that Bieber was the most searched for celebrity on the Internet. That same month his music video, "Baby", surpassed Lady Gaga's "Bad Romance" to become the most viewed, and most disliked YouTube video ever. In September 2010, it was reported that Bieber accounted for three percent of all traffic on Twitter, according to an employee of the social-networking site.

Bieber began recording his second album in July 2010 in New York City. At this point, because of puberty, his voice was deeper than it was when he recorded his first album. In April 2010, the singer discussing his vocals remarked, "It cracks. Like every teenage boy, I'm dealing with it and I have the best vocal coach in the world. [...] Some of the notes I hit on "Baby" I can't hit anymore. We have to lower the key when I sing live." British singer/songwriter Taio Cruz confirmed in July 2010 that he is writing songs for Bieber's next album. Hip hop producer Dr. Dre produced two songs with Bieber in July 2010 but it is unknown if they were made for the album, which is currently due for a 2011 release. Bieber guest-starred in the season premiere of the CBS crime drama ''CSI: Crime Scene Investigation'', aired on September 23, 2010. He played a "troubled teen who is faced with a difficult decision regarding his only brother", who is also a serial bomber. Bieber was also in a subsequent episode which aired on February 17, 2011, in which his character is killed. Bieber performed a medley of "U Smile", "Baby", and "Somebody to Love" and briefly played the drums at the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards on September 12, 2010. Bieber announced in October 2010 that he would release an acoustic album, called ''My Worlds Acoustic''. It was released on Black Friday in the United States and featured acoustic versions of songs from his previous albums, and accompanied the release of a completely new song titled "Pray".

2011–present: ''Never Say Never'' film, ''Under the Mistletoe'' and ''Believe''

A 3-D part-biopic, part-concert film starring Bieber entitled ''Justin Bieber: Never Say Never'', was released on February 11, 2011, directed by ''Step Up 3D'' director Jon Chu. It topped the box office with an estimated grossing of $12.4 million on its opening day from 3,105 theaters. It grossed $30.3 million for the weekend and was narrowly beaten by the romantic comedy ''Just Go With It'', which grossed $31 million. ''Never Say Never'' is said to have exceeded industry expectations, nearly matching the $31.1 million grossed by Miley Cyrus's 2008 3-D concert film, Hannah Montana & Miley Cyrus: Best of Both Worlds Concert, which holds the record for the top debut for a music-documentary. The film is accompanied by his second remix album, ''Never Say Never – The Remixes'', released February 14, 2011, and features remixes of songs from his debut album, with guest appearances from Miley Cyrus, Chris Brown, and Kanye West, among others.

On February 27, 2011, Bieber attended the 2011 Vanity Fair Oscar Party with American actress and singer Selena Gomez, confirming several months of media speculation about a romantic relationship between the pair.

In June 2011, Bieber was ranked number 2 on the Forbes list of Best-Paid Celebrities under 30. He is the youngest star and 1 of 7 musicians on the list raking in with $53 million earned in a 12 month period. On November 1, 2011, Bieber released ''Under the Mistletoe'', his second studio album. It debuted at number one on the ''Billboard'' 200, selling 210,000 copies in its first week of release. Bieber is currently recording his third studio album entitled ''Believe''. Kanye West and Drake are confirmed to be featured on the album.

Image

''The Observer'' newspaper in the UK published a report indicating that Justin Bieber is more influential in the social networking sphere than Barack Obama or The Dalai Lama. According to Jan Hoffman of ''The New York Times'', part of Bieber's appeal stems from his YouTube channel. Long before he released his EP, ''My World'', in mid-November, the YouTube videos attracted millions of views. Braun recognized the appeal. Prior to flying him to Atlanta, Braun wanted to "build him up more on YouTube first" and had Bieber record more home videos for the channel. "I said: 'Justin, sing like there’s no one in the room. But let's not use expensive cameras.' We'll give it to kids, let them do the work, so that they feel like it's theirs", recalled Braun. Bieber continues to upload videos to the same channel and has opened a Twitter account, from which he interacts with fans regularly; his account was reported in November 2010 to have over 6 million followers. Since then he has been consistently gaining followers at an average of 24,000 per day. The accounts also serve marketing purposes; for example, Bieber's music video for "One Time" only began selling quickly after it was uploaded to YouTube. Usher comments that while he and Bieber were both signed at the same age, "I had the chance to ramp up my success, where this has happened to Bieber abruptly." As a result, Usher, Braun, Bieber's bodyguard Kenny, and other adults surrounding Bieber constantly coach him on handling fame and his public image. After signing Bieber, Usher appointed one of his former assistants, Ryan Good, to be Bieber's road manager and stylist. Good, once nicknamed Bieber's "swagger coach", created a "streetwise look" for the singer which consisted of baseball caps, hoodies, dog chains and flashy sneakers. Amy Kaufman of ''The Los Angeles Times'' comments, "Though a product of a middle-class suburban upbringing in Stratford, Ontario, Bieber's manner of dress and speech ("Wassup man, how you doin'?" or "It's like, you know, whateva' ") suggest he's mimicking his favorite rappers."

Bieber is often featured in teen magazines such as ''Tiger Beat'', and has been labeled as a "teen hearthrob". Bieber has released a collection of nail varnishes to raise awareness for charity. Wax statues of Bieber are on display at Madame Tussauds wax museums in New York, Amsterdam and London. His change of hairstyle in 2010, and the consequent alterations to Bieber products, led to it being called 'the most expensive musical haircut of all time; one company spent $100,000 to fix its dolls for the 2011 Christmas season.

Bieber has been criticized for looking and sounding younger than his age, his teen-pop music, image, and frequent media attention. He has been a frequent target of Internet bloggers and message board posters, notably by users of Internet message board 4chan and users of YouTube. Nick Collins of ''The Daily Telegraph'' speculated that "Bieber's character also appears to strike a particularly sour note with his Internet critics, with many remarks commenting on his youthful appearance, his teen-pop songs, his image as a heart-throb to young teenage girls and his manner of speech".

Personal views

Bieber is a Christian, and said he has a relationship with Jesus, talks to him and that "he's the reason I'm here".

Bieber's comments in a February 2011 profile in ''Rolling Stone'' sparked controversy. Asked whether a person should wait until marriage to have sex, Bieber responded, "I don't think you should have sex with anyone unless you love them." Asked about his opinion on abortion, Bieber said he does not "believe in abortion" and that it is "like killing a baby". When asked about abortion in cases of rape, he said, "Well, I think that's really sad, but everything happens for a reason. I don't know how that would be a reason. I guess I haven't been in that position, so I wouldn't be able to judge that." In the same interview, Bieber talked about homosexuality, stating that "It's everyone's own decision to do that. It doesn’t affect me and shouldn't affect anyone else", and ''Rolling Stone'' commented, "It is not clear whether he intended to label homosexuality as a lifestyle choice." However, Bieber has also contributed to the It Gets Better Project, a project started in response to the suicide of Billy Lucas, a teenager who was the target of anti-gay bullying.

Bieber has said he is not interested in obtaining United States citizenship, praising Canada as being "the best country in the world", citing its health care system as an example.

Discography

''My World 2.0'' (2010)

''Under the Mistletoe'' (2011)

''Believe'' (2012)

Tours

2009: Urban Behavior Tour

2010–2011: My World Tour

Filmography

rowspan="4" ''Extreme Makeover: Home Edition'' Himself

Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
rowspan="2"	2009	''True Jackson, VP''	>rowspan="3"| Guest star
''My Date With...''
	Silent Library (MTV series)>Silent Library''
''School Gyrls (film)	School Gyrls''	Cameo
''Saturday Night Live''
''CSI: Crime Scene Investigation''	Jason McCann
''Hubworld''	Guest star
''The X Factor (UK)''	Performer
rowspan="9"	2011	|	Guest star
''CSI: Crime Scene Investigation''	Jason McCann
''Khloé & Lamar''	|Episode:The Father In Law (uncredited) Himself playing the NBA Celebrity All Star Game
''Saturday Night Live''
''Justin Bieber: Never Say Never''	Himself
''Dancing With The Stars''	Guest star
''So Random!''	Himself
''Disney Parks Christmas Day Parade''	Guest star
''The X Factor (UK)''	Performer

Awards and nominations

References

Further reading

External links

Category:1994 births Category:Canadian child singers Category:Canadian Christians Category:Canadian dance musicians Category:Canadian expatriate musicians in the United States Category:Canadian Internet personalities Category:Canadian male singers Category:Canadian people of French descent Category:Canadian people of German descent Category:Canadian pop singers Category:Canadian rhythm and blues singers Category:Child pop musicians Category:Hip hop singers Category:Island Records artists Category:Musicians from Ontario Category:People from Stratford, Ontario Category:Living people

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name	Chris Colfer
birth name	Christopher Paul Colfer
birth date	May 27, 1990
birth place	Clovis, California, United States
occupation	Actor, singer, producer and writer
years active	2009–present
spouse	}}

Christopher Paul "Chris" Colfer (born May 27, 1990) is an American actor, singer, and writer known for his portrayal of Kurt Hummel on the television series ''Glee'', for which he won a 2011 Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actor and is also nominated for a 2011 Emmy.

Colfer was named to ''Time'' magazine's 2011 list of the world's 100 most influential people.

Early life and education

Colfer was born in Clovis, California, the son of Irish parents Karyn (née Boling) and Tim Colfer. MSN UK Colfer has Irish ancestry, "I’m very Irish, my family is all Irish and St. Patrick’s day in my house is crazy." While a student at Clovis East High School, Colfer was involved with the Speech & Debate program where he won "many speech and debate Champion titles," including placing 9th in the State Competition for Dramatic Interpretation, the drama club, the FFA, "was president of the Writer’s Club, editor of the school's literary magazine, and captain of Destination ImagiNation." As a high school senior, he wrote, starred in, and directed a spoof of ''Sweeney Todd'' entitled "Shirley Todd", in which all of the roles were gender-reversed. One of his real in-school experiences was later turned into a sub-plot for his character on ''Glee'', when the high school teachers denied him the chance to sing "Defying Gravity" from the musical ''Wicked'' because it is traditionally sung by a woman. His grandmother, a minister, let him sing the song in her church.

Career

When he was younger, he also starred in a version of ''The Sound of Music'' as the character 'Kurt'.

At the age of eighteen, Colfer starred as Russel Fish in ''Russel Fish: The Sausage and Eggs Incident,'' a short film where an awkward teenager must pass a Presidential Physical Fitness test or fail gym class and lose his admission to Harvard University.

''Glee''

Colfer's first TV role came in 2009 when he was cast as Kurt Hummel on Fox's ''Glee'' - a fashionable gay countertenor who is routinely bullied at school, not only for being gay, but also for being part of the very unpopular Glee Club; and is dating Blaine Anderson played by Darren Criss. Colfer auditioned for the part of Artie Abrams, who uses a wheelchair, which eventually went to Kevin McHale. The show's creator, Ryan Murphy, was so impressed with Colfer that he created the role of Kurt specifically for him, and in the process, scrapped a planned character called Rajish so they could add Hummel. In a 2010 interview with Allison Kugel, Colfer stated that "There have been a couple of times when I have gone to Ryan Murphy and told him a couple of things that have happened to me, and then he writes it into the show. Or he’ll ask me what song I would want to sing, in this situation or in that situation. I don’t think any of us directly try to give input on the character or on the storyline, but they definitely steal things from us."

Ryan Murphy revealed in an interview with the Hollywood Reporter that at the conclusion of ''Glee'''s third season, Colfer's character Kurt will graduate from Mckinley High along with Rachel (actress Lea Michele) and Finn (Cory Monteith). At the 2011 San Diego Comic-Con, producer Brad Falchuk stated that "because they’re graduating doesn’t mean they’re leaving the show." Falchuck also stated "it was never our plan or our intention to let them go…. They are not done with the show after this season."

Hummel's characterization

Colfer has explained that Hummel "puts on a very confident, 'I'm better than you' persona, but underneath it all he's the same anxious and scared teen everyone is/was at some point. In later episodes, he goes through an identity crisis, accepting and finding acceptance for who he is. [...] He's a tough guy in designer clothes." The character is also gay, which is at the crux of many of his conflicts on the show. Colfer has a high vocal range, as displayed in the episode "Wheels", in which his character demonstrates the unusual ability (for a man) of singing a "high F" (actually an F5). However, his character deliberately pretends to be unable to sing the note in order to spare his father the harassment he would receive for having a gay son.

At 20 years old, Colfer won the 2010 Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actor in a Television Series for his performance as Kurt Hummel. He was twice nominated for an Emmy in the Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series category for his portrayal of Kurt.

Writing and other work

Colfer will star in the coming-of-age comedy ''Struck by Lightning'' that has been set up with David Permut (''Youth in Revolt''). The plot revolves around Chris Colfer's character is struck and killed by a bolt of lightning and chronicles his exploits as he blackmails his fellow senior classmates into contributing to a literary magazine he's publishing. Colfer also wrote the script for ''Lightning'', which is to be shot during the ''Glee'' hiatus in the summer of 2011.

On June 8, 2011, Colfer signed a book deal to write two novels for kids, the first of which, ''The Land of Stories'', is scheduled for release in 2012.

Personal life

Colfer is openly gay and shared on ''Access Hollywood'' that his parents were accepting of him but he was frequently bullied at school. Colfer's sister, Hannah, suffers from severe epilepsy, and often experiences over fifty seizures in an hour. Colfer has commented that when he was younger he used acting as a method of escaping the stress involved with having a family member with disabilities.

Colfer appeared on the English chat show ''Friday Night with Jonathan Ross'' on June 18, 2010, along with his fellow ''Glee'' co-stars Amber Riley and Matthew Morrison. He demonstrated his skill with a pair of sai, revealing that he bought a pair of them on eBay and regularly practices in his trailer when not shooting. He also mentioned during the interview that he would like it if his sai swords could be worked in to an episode of Glee.

Filmography

Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
rowspan	2009	''Russel Fish: The Sausage and Eggs Incident''	Russel Fish
2009–present		Kurt Hummel	Main CastGolden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries or Television Film (2011)Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series (2010)Nominated - Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series (2010)Nominated - Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series (2011)Nominated - Monte-Carlo TV Festival Award for Outstanding Actor - Comedy SeriesNominated - Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries or Television Film (2009–2010)Nominated - Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Comedy Series (2010)Nominated - Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series (2011)Nominated - Lesbian/Bi People's Choice Awards "Favorite Music Duo or Group" (shared with ''Glee'' Cast) (2011)
	2010	''Marmaduke (film)	Marmaduke''	Drama Dog #2Shrooms Dog #1Beach Dog No.4
2011	''The Cleveland Show''	Kurt Hummel	Season 2, Episode 11, "How Do You Solve a Problem Like Roberta?"(Voice Role)
2011	''Glee: The 3D Concert Movie''	Kurt Hummel/Himself
2011			Writer, Producer
2011	''Saturday Night Live''	Himself (cameo)	Appeared in the What Up With That sketch, had no lines
2012		Carson Phillips	Lead role, Writer, Producer

Discography

''Glee: The Music, Volume 1'' (2009)

''Glee: The Music, Volume 2'' (2009)

''Glee: The Music, The Power of Madonna'' (2010)

''Glee: The Music, Volume 3 Showstoppers'' (2010)

''Glee: The Music, Journey to Regionals'' (2010)

''Glee: The Music, The Rocky Horror Glee Show'' (2010)

''Glee: The Music, The Christmas Album'' (2010)

''Glee: The Music, Volume 4'' (2010)

''Glee: The Music, Volume 5'' (2011)

''Glee: The Music Presents the Warblers'' (2011)

''Glee: The Music, Volume 6'' (2011)

''Glee: The 3D Concert Movie (Motion Picture Soundtrack)'' (2011)

References

Further reading

External links

Category:1990 births Category:Actors from California Category:American male singers Category:American television actors Category:Best Musical or Comedy Actor Golden Globe (television) winners Category:Countertenors Category:Gay actors Category:LGBT musicians from the United States Category:Living people Category:Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Screen Actors Guild Award winners Category:People from Clovis, California Category:Singers from California

cs:Chris Colfer da:Chris Colfer de:Chris Colfer es:Chris Colfer fr:Chris Colfer hr:Chris Colfer id:Chris Colfer it:Chris Colfer he:כריס קולפר nl:Chris Colfer ja:クリス・コルファー nn:Chris Colfer pl:Chris Colfer pt:Chris Colfer ru:Колфер, Крис fi:Chris Colfer sv:Chris Colfer tr:Chris Colfer uk:Крістофер Колфер

name	Wael Ghonim
birth date	December 23, 1980
birth place	Cairo, Egypt
death date
resting place coordinates
residence	Dubai, United Arab Emirates
nationality	Egyptian
ethnicity	Egyptian
alma mater	Cairo University (B.S.)American University in Cairo (M.B.A.)
occupation	Head of Marketing of Google Middle East and North Africa Internet Activist Computer Engineer
years active	1998-present
employer	Google Inc. (on sabbatical)
religion	Muslim
wife	American Muslim
children	2
website

Wael Ghonim (, ; other transliterations include: ''Ghoneim, Ghonaim'') (born 23 December 1980 in Cairo, Egypt) is an Internet activist and computer engineer with an interest in social entrepreneurship.

In 2011, he became an international figure and energized pro-democracy demonstrations in Egypt after his emotional interview following 11 days of secret incarceration by Egyptian police—during which he was interrogated regarding his work as the administrator of the Facebook page, "We are all Khaled Saeed", which helped spark the revolution. The ''TIME'' magazine added him in its "Time 100" list of 100 most influential people of 2011.

Background

Wael Ghonim was born to a middle-class family on 23 December 1980 in Cairo, Egypt and grew up in Abha Saudi Arabia until he was 13 years old, then he moved back to Cairo and currently resides in the United Arab Emirates, in a time where demands for freedom and Islamic Activism are rising.

He earned a BS in computer engineering from Cairo University in 2004 and an MBA, with honors, in marketing and finance from the American University in Cairo in 2007.

Career

From 1998–2002 Wael helped in the launch of one of the most visited websites in the Arab world. Until 2005 he was Marketing and Sales Manager of Gawab. From 2005–2008 he was Founder and General Manager of Mubasher.info. November 2008–January 2010 – Regional Product & Marketing Manager of Google Middle East and North Africa based at Google Egypt.. In January 2010 Wael became Head of Marketing of Google Middle East and North Africa based at Google's UAE office in Dubai Internet City in Dubai. During the Egyptian revolution of 2011 Wael took leave from Google to focus on his work in Egypt and the Middle East. He has also been a consultant on the development of the Egyptian e-government portal, and a participant in the ongoing political discussion after the resignation of Hosni Mubarak.

Involvement in the Egyptian Revolution of 2011

In 2010, Wael Ghonim founded a Facebook page titled, "We Are All Khaled Said," supporting Khaled Said, a young Egyptian who was tortured to death by police in Alexandria. Wael Ghonim used this page in moving and integrating the anti-government protests of the 25th of Jan revolution.

In January 2011, Ghonim persuaded Google to allow him to return to Egypt, citing a "personal problem". He came to egypt to partake in the Egyptian Revolution but he disappeared on 27 January during the nationwide unrest in Egypt. His family told Al-Arabiya and other international media that he was missing. Google also issued a statement confirming the disappearance. Many bloggers like Chris DiBona and Habib Haddad campaigned in an attempt to identify his whereabouts.

On 5 February 2011, Mostafa Alnagar, a major Egyptian opposition figure, reported that Wael Ghonim was alive and detained by the authorities and to be released 'within hours'. On 6 February 2011, Amnesty International demanded that the Egyptian authorities disclose where Ghonim was and to release him.

On 7 February, Ghonim was released after 11 days in detention. Upon his release, he was greeted with cheers and applause when he stated: "We will not abandon our demand and that is the departure of the regime."

The same day, Ghonim appeared on the Egyptian channel DreamTV on the ''10:00 pm'' programme hosted by Mona El-Shazly. In the interview he praised the protesters and mourned the dead as the host read their names and showed their pictures, eventually rising, "overwhelmed," and walking off camera. The host followed. In the interview, he also urged that they deserved attention more than he did, and calling for the end of the Mubarak regime, describing it again as 'rubbish'. He also asserted his allegiance to Egypt, saying that he would never move to the United States, the homeland of his wife. Becoming a symbol of the revolution in Egypt, Ghonim stated that he is "ready to die" for the cause.

At the end ..., he gathered himself for a few seconds and tried to make the most of the platform [El-Shazly] had given him. 'I want to tell every mother and every father who lost a child, I am sorry, but this is not our mistake,' he said. 'I swear to God, it’s not our mistake. It’s the mistake of every one of those in power who doesn’t want to let go of it.'"

On 9 February, Ghonim addressed the crowds in Tahrir Square, telling the protesters: "This is not the time for individuals, or parties, or movements. It's a time for all of us to say just one thing: Egypt above all."

Wael Ghonim also made an appearance on "60 Minutes", sitting down with Harry Smith. During his interview he said:

"Our revolution is like Wikipedia, okay? Everyone is contributing content, [but] you don't know the names of the people contributing the content. This is exactly what happened. Revolution 2.0 in Egypt was exactly the same. Everyone contributing small pieces, bits and pieces. We drew this whole picture of a revolution. And no one is the hero in that picture."

The scholar Fouad Ajami writes about the revolution:

"No turbaned ayatollah had stepped forth to summon the crowd. This was not Iran in 1979. A young Google executive, Wael Ghonim, had energized this protest when it might have lost heart, when it could have succumbed to the belief that this regime and its leader were a big, immovable object. Mr. Ghonim was a man of the modern world. He was not driven by piety. The condition of his country—the abject poverty, the crony economy of plunder and corruption, the cruelties and slights handed out to Egyptians in all walks of life by a police state that the people had outgrown and despaired of—had given this young man and others like him their historical warrant."

International Monetary Fund (IMF) annual meeting

Wael Ghonim attended the International Monetary Fund (IMF) meeting this year, stating that "I feel like Joe the Plumber," referring to the conservative activist who became a shorthand for populist outrage during the 2008 U.S. presidential election. "When I was coming here, a lot of people were criticizing me for it. The perception is that the IMF was part of the problem. It made these regimes survive and put these countries into debt." Ghonim said he had come to the IMF to represent "people like me who don't understand economics." To which Strauss-Kahn replied, "Wael, you understand a lot more than you say."

According to Ghonim, the kind of macroeconomic discussions at the panel were far from the mindset of activists in Tahrir Square:

" Honestly we were just thinking of how to get rid of the nightmare, not to start dreaming. I went to the street because of two things: I hate it when I see people eating from the trash. I work for a corporation, I'm well paid, and a lot of us just sympathized with those people, but they're not willing to pay the price of really helping them out. It's not just me; it's thousands of Egyptians. One of my friends who lost his eye [during the protests] actually drives a Ferrari. He went on the day of 25th. The second was dignity. We wanted our dignity back. And dignity does have an economic aspect. "

He also took issue with Strauss-Kahn's characterization of "mistakes" made by the international community during the Mubarak era:

" It's such an understatement to say mistake. To me, what was happening was a crime. The way the international community was dealing with the injustice and dictators in the region was basically a crime -- partners in crime. "

Ghonim continued his criticism of the IMF's aid to the Mubarak regime and expressed a hope that the days of Egypt relying on international aid would soon be over.

Role after the revolution

In April 2011 Ghonim announce he was taking a "long term sabbatical" from Google in order to start a "technology focused NGO to help fight poverty & foster education in Egypt."

In May 2011 Ghonim said that he has signed "Revolution 2.0" book deal with US & UK publishers. All proceeds from the book going to charity & families of victims of the revolution.The Book will be released in Arabic and English on Jan25 2012. The book deal is 2.25 million USD (All given to Egypt charities & families of Jan25 victims) & $500k worth of books to be given to public schoolsR

Awards

Wael Ghonim topped Time magazine’s yearly list of the world’s 100 most influential people. On 26 April, He arrived in New York to be honored at the 2011 Time 100 Gala ceremony where he begain his speech with a moment of silence to mark those killed in protests around the Arab world.

On 3 May,World Press Freedom Day, Wael Ghonim was awarded with the Press Freedom prize from the Swedish division of Reporters without Borders.

Wael Ghonim also received the JFK Profile in Courage Award. On 23 May, Caroline Kennedy, daughter of President John F. Kennedy, presented the awards to Elizabeth Redenbaugh and Wael Ghonim, who was named a recipient on behalf of “the people of Egypt.” Kennedy said she could think of no better recipients.

Wael Ghonim was ranked the second most powerful Arab in Arabian Business's annual Power 500 of the world's most influential arabs.

The magazine's annual report stated Ghonim as the primary contributor to the promotion and coordination of the movement of Egyptian youth through "Facebook", adding that Ghonim came to international fame via commercial news outlets word of mouth after his leadership of the Egyptian revolution.

Criticism

Ghonim's social media feeds and public statements have been attracting increasing criticism. Shortly before the resgination of former Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak, Ghonim presented a deal to the Egyptian people according to which Mubarak could have remained in Cairo with an "honorary status." He later appeared on Al Arabiya TV to deny having said this, and added: "I am stronger than Hosni Mubarak. I am stronger than Omar Sulaiman."

From 18 May 2011, a major campaign on Twitter gained momentum with the hashtag #unfollowedghonimbecause, criticising Ghonim for various failings and an exaggerated focus on the Egyptian economy.

He has also been criticised for failing to publicly remedy doubts about the genesis of the We are all Khalid Said Facebook page, which is believed to have had at least one more initiator.

In response to the above criticism, some of Ghonim's supporters have launched a Facebook page, trying to declare him the spokesperson for the Egyptian revolutionaries - a role which, at any rate, Ghonim has consistently rejected. More than 300,000 people have joined the page.

Personal life

Ghonim is married to an American muslim -Ilka Johannson- and has two children, Israa and Adam.

Notes

See also

April 6 Youth Movement

Asmaa Mahfouz

Death of Khaled Mohamed Saeed

Wael Abbas

References

External links

Wael Ghonim LIVE at India Today Conclave on 19th March 2011 at 12:15pm IST India Today Conclave

We Are All Khaled Said blog

Wael Ghonim on LinkedIn

Profile: Egypt's Wael Ghonim, BBC News, 8 February 2011

Detention of Wael Ghonim(?), YouTube

Photos of Wael Ghonim and information concerning his disappearance

Wael Ghonim on His Release After 12 Days in Egyptian Jail, ''Democracy Now!'', February 8, 2011

Wael Ghonim reacts on CNN to Omar Soliman's ABC Interview, YouTube

CBS "60 Minutes" Talks To The Man Who Has Emerged As The Symbol of Egypt's Revolution, 11min, February 13, 2011

his favorite song (Wael: "The most amazing song for the revolution")

The Egyptian Internet Activist Wael Ghonim: The Face of the Egyptian Protest Movement Qantara.de

Wael Ghonim: Inside the Egyptian revolution, talk at TED conference March 2011

Wael, one of "TIME 100" people 2011: 5min speech at the gala, and: honoured from M.ElBaradei and short statement

Category:Living people Category:1980 births Category:Google employees Category:American University in Cairo alumni Category:Cairo University alumni Category:Missing people Category:People from Cairo Category:People from Dubai Category:People of the 2011 Egyptian revolution Category:Internet activists

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