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Kingdom of Sicily
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Alfonso V of Aragon
Alfonso the Magnanimous (also Alphonso; ; 1396 – 27 June 1458) was the King of Aragon (as Alfonso V), Valencia (as Alfonso III), Majorca, Sardinia and Corsica (as Alfonso II), and Sicily and Count of Barcelona (as Alfonso IV) from 1416 and King of Naples (as Alfonso I) from 1442 until his death. He was one of the most prominent figures of the early Renaissance and a knight of the Order of the Dragon.
http://wn.com/Alfonso_V_of_Aragon -
Arab
http://wn.com/Arab -
Charles I of Anjou
http://wn.com/Charles_I_of_Anjou -
Charles I of Sicily
http://wn.com/Charles_I_of_Sicily -
Charles III of Spain
:Not to be confused with Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor, who briefly ruled parts of Spain during the War of the Spanish Succession as Charles III.
http://wn.com/Charles_III_of_Spain -
Charles of Anjou
http://wn.com/Charles_of_Anjou -
Conradin
Conrad (25 March 1252 – 29 October 1268), called the Younger or the Boy, but usually known by the diminutive Conradin (, ), was the Duke of Swabia (1254–1268, as Conrad IV), King of Jerusalem (1254–1268, as Conrad III), and King of Sicily (1254–1258, de jure until 1268, as Conrad II).
http://wn.com/Conradin -
Constance of Sicily
http://wn.com/Constance_of_Sicily -
Dipold of Vohburg
http://wn.com/Dipold_of_Vohburg -
George of Antioch
George of Antioch (died 1151 or 1152) was the first true ammiratus ammiratorum, successor of the great Christodulus. George was a Greek Melchite, born in Antioch, whence he moved with his father, Michael, and mother to Tunisia. His parents found employment under the Zirid Sultan, Tamim ibn Muizz. George fell out with Tamim's son and successor, Yahya, and secretly left for Christian Sicily, stealing away in disguise aboard a Palermitan ship, then harboured in Mahdia, while his Muslim masters prayed. Upon arrival in the Sicilian capital, George went immediately to the palace and found service with the Norman count, Roger II.
http://wn.com/George_of_Antioch -
Grimoald of Bari
http://wn.com/Grimoald_of_Bari -
Italian Wars
The Italian Wars, often referred to as the Great Italian Wars or the Great Wars of Italy and sometimes as the Habsburg–Valois Wars, were a series of conflicts from 1494 to 1559 that involved, at various times, most of the city-states of Italy, the Papal States, most of the major states of Western Europe (France, Spain, the Holy Roman Empire, England, and Scotland) as well as the Ottoman Empire. Originally arising from dynastic disputes over the Duchy of Milan and the Kingdom of Naples, the wars rapidly became a general struggle for power and territory among their various participants, and were marked with an increasing degree of alliances, counter-alliances, and regular betrayals.
http://wn.com/Italian_Wars -
John II Comnenus
http://wn.com/John_II_Comnenus -
John II of Aragon
John II the Great (June 29, 1398 – January 20, 1479) was the King of Aragon from 1458 until 1479, and jure uxoris King of Navarre from 1425 until his death. He was the son of Ferdinand I and his wife Eleanor of Alburquerque. John is regarded as one of the most memorable and most unscrupulous kings of the 15th century.
http://wn.com/John_II_of_Aragon -
Louis IX
http://wn.com/Louis_IX -
Louis XII
http://wn.com/Louis_XII -
Martin I of Sicily
Martin I of Sicily (c. 1374/1376 — July 25, 1409), called "The Younger", was King of Sicily from 1390 to 1409.
http://wn.com/Martin_I_of_Sicily -
Napoleon
http://wn.com/Napoleon -
Ottoman Empire
The Sublime Ottoman State (Ottoman Turkish, Persian: دَوْلَتِ عَلِيّهٔ عُثمَانِیّه Devlet-i ʿAliyye-yi ʿOsmâniyye, Modern Turkish: Yüce Osmanlı Devleti or Osmanlı İmparatorluğu) was an empire that lasted from 1299 to 1923.
http://wn.com/Ottoman_Empire -
Peter III of Aragon
Peter the Great (, , ; 1239, Valencia – 2 November 1285) was the King of Aragon (as Peter III) of Valencia and of Majorca (as Peter I), and Count of Barcelona (as Peter II) from 1276 to his death. He conquered Sicily and became its king in 1282. He was one of the greatest of medieval Aragonese monarchs.
http://wn.com/Peter_III_of_Aragon -
Philip of Swabia
Philip of Swabia (1177 – June 21, 1208) was king of Germany and duke of Swabia, the rival of the emperor Otto IV.
http://wn.com/Philip_of_Swabia -
Philip V of Spain
Philip V (Spanish: Felipe V; French: Philippe de France; 19 December 1683 - 9 July 1746), fils de France and Duke of Anjou, was King of Spain from 1700 to 14 January 1724, when he abdicated in favor of his son, Louis I of Spain, and from 31 August 1724 to 1746, assuming the throne again upon his son's death. Philip was the first Bourbon king of Spain. His entire reign of 45 years and 21 days is the longest in modern Spanish history.
http://wn.com/Philip_V_of_Spain -
Pope Innocent II
Pope Innocent II (died September 24, 1143), born Gregorio Papareschi, was pope from 1130 to 1143, and was probably one of the clergy in personal attendance on the antipope Clement III (Guibert of Ravenna).
http://wn.com/Pope_Innocent_II -
Pope Innocent III
Pope Innocent III (1160 or 1161 – 16 July 1216) was Pope from 8 January 1198 until his death. His birth name was Lotario dei Conti di Segni, sometimes anglicised to Lothar of Segni.
http://wn.com/Pope_Innocent_III -
Ranulf of Alife
http://wn.com/Ranulf_of_Alife -
René of Anjou
René of Anjou (Rei Rainièr in Occitan) (16 January 1409 – 10 July 1480), also known as René I of Naples and Good King René (French Le bon roi René), was Duke of Anjou, Count of Provence (1434–1480), Count of Piedmont, Duke of Bar (1430–1480), Duke of Lorraine (1431–1453), King of Naples (1438–1442; titular 1442–1480), titular King of Jerusalem (1438–1480) and Aragon (1466–1480) (including Sicily, Majorca, Corsica). He was the father of the English queen Margaret of Anjou, wife of King Henry VI of England and a key figure in the Wars of the Roses.
http://wn.com/René_of_Anjou -
William of Capparone
William of Capparone was a German captain of Palermo who came to power as the regent of Sicily and guardian of future emperor Frederick II in 1202 after the death of Markward von Anweiler. He held the post for the next four years until 1206. He was called the Great Captain.
http://wn.com/William_of_Capparone -
William of Loritello
William was an Italo-Norman nobleman, the son and successor of Count Robert II of Loritello in 1137.
http://wn.com/William_of_Loritello
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Aegadian Islands
The Aegadian Islands (Sicilian: Ìsuli Ègadi, ; ), are a group of small mountainous islands in the Mediterranean Sea off the northwest coast of Sicily, Italy, near the city of Trapani, with a total area of .
http://wn.com/Aegadian_Islands -
Amalfi
Amalfi is a town and comune in the province of Salerno, in the region of Campania, Italy, on the Gulf of Salerno, c. 35 km southeast of Naples. It lies at the mouth of a deep ravine, at the foot of Monte Cerreto (1,315 meters, 4,314 feet), surrounded by dramatic cliffs and coastal scenery. The town of Amalfi was the capital of the Maritime Republic of Amalfi, an important trading power in the Mediterranean between 839 and around 1200.
http://wn.com/Amalfi -
Ancona
Ancona (; from ) is a city and a seaport in the Marche, a region of central Italy, population 101,909 (2005). Ancona is situated on the Adriatic Sea and is the center of the province of Ancona and the capital of the region.
http://wn.com/Ancona -
Anjou
:
http://wn.com/Anjou -
Apulia
Apulia or Puglia (from Greek Ἀπουλία, in , ) is a region in southeastern Italy bordering the Adriatic Sea in the east, the Ionian Sea to the southeast, and the Strait of Òtranto and Gulf of Taranto in the south. Its southern portion known as Salento, a peninsula, forms a high heel on the "boot" of Italy. The region comprises 19,345 km² (7,469 square miles), and its population is about 4 million. It is bordered by the other Italian regions of Molise to the north, Campania to the west, and Basilicata to the southwest. It neighbors Greece and Albania, across the Ionian and Adriatic Seas, respectively. The region extends as far north as Monte Gargano, and was the scene of the last stages in the Second Punic War.
http://wn.com/Apulia -
Archduchy of Austria
The Archduchy of Austria (), one of the most important states within the Holy Roman Empire, was the nucleus of the Habsburg Monarchy and the predecessor of the Austrian Empire. Over nearly 700 years, it evolved from a margraviate to the center of an empire. With its capital at Vienna, the archduchy was centered in the area of the current Austrian federal state of Lower Austria and included most of what is now Upper Austria as well.
http://wn.com/Archduchy_of_Austria -
Bari
Bari (Bari dialect: Bàre; from Latin: Barium) is the capital city of the province of Bari and of the Apulia (or, in Italian, Puglia) region, on the Adriatic Sea, in Italy. It is the second most important economic centre of mainland Southern Italy after Naples, and is well known as a port and university city, as well as the city of Saint Nicholas. The city itself has a decreasing population of about 320,000, as of 2009, over 116 km², while the fast-growing urban area counts 653,028 inhabitants over 203 km². Another 500,000 people live in the metropolitan area.
http://wn.com/Bari -
British Empire
The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom. It originated with the overseas colonies and trading posts established by England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. At its height it was the largest empire in history and, for over a century, was the foremost global power. By 1922 the British Empire held sway over about 458 million people, one-quarter of the world's population at the time, and covered more than 13 million square miles (34 million km2), almost a quarter of the Earth's total land area. As a result, its political, linguistic and cultural legacy is widespread. At the peak of its power, it was often said that "the sun never sets on the British Empire" because its span across the globe ensured that the sun was always shining on at least one of its numerous territories.
http://wn.com/British_Empire -
Capua
Capua is a city and comune in the province of Caserta, Campania, southern Italy, situated 25 km (16 mi) north of Naples, on the northeastern edge of the Campanian plain. Ancient Capua was situated where Santa Maria Capua Vetere is now. The modern town of Capua was founded after the ancient one had been destroyed by the Saracens in 841 AD.
http://wn.com/Capua -
Catania
Catania' (, Greek: – Katáni; Latin: Catăna and Catĭna) is an Italian city on the east coast of Sicily facing the Ionian Sea, between Messina and Syracuse. It is the capital of the eponymous province, and with 298,957 inhabitants (752,895 in the Metropolitan Area) it is the second-largest city in Sicily and the tenth in Italy.
http://wn.com/Catania -
Florentine
http://wn.com/Florentine -
Girifalco
Girifalco is a comune and town in the province of Catanzaro in the Calabria region of Italy.
http://wn.com/Girifalco -
Gozo
Gozo () is a small island of the Maltese archipelago in the Mediterranean Sea. The island is part of the Southern European country of Malta; after the island of Malta itself, it is the second-largest island in the archipelago. Compared to its southeastern neighbour, Gozo is more rural and known for its scenic hills, which are featured on its coat of arms.
http://wn.com/Gozo -
Italy
Italy (; ), officially the Italian Republic (), is a country located in south-central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia along the Alps. To the south it consists of the entirety of the Italian Peninsula, Sicily, Sardinia — the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea — and many other smaller islands. The independent states of San Marino and the Vatican City are enclaves within Italy, whilst Campione d'Italia is an Italian exclave in Switzerland. The territory of Italy covers some and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 60.4 million inhabitants, it is the sixth most populous country in Europe, and the twenty-third most populous in the world.
http://wn.com/Italy -
Kingdom of Naples
The Kingdom of Naples, comprising the southern part of the Italian peninsula, was the remainder of the old Kingdom of Sicily after secession of the island of Sicily as a result of the Sicilian Vespers rebellion of 1282. Known to contemporaries as the Kingdom of Sicily, it is dubbed Kingdom of Naples to distinguish it from the island-based polity. During much of its existence, the realm was contested between French and Aragonese/Spanish dynasties. In 1816, it again merged with island-based Kingdom of Sicily to form the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.
http://wn.com/Kingdom_of_Naples -
Lipari Islands
http://wn.com/Lipari_Islands -
Lucera
Lucera is a town and comune in the Province of Foggia, in the Apulia region of southern Italy.
http://wn.com/Lucera -
Mahdia
:For the Islamic eschatological figure, see Mahdi.
http://wn.com/Mahdia -
Malta
Malta , officially the Republic of Malta (), is a southern European country and consists of an archipelago situated centrally in the Mediterranean, 93 km south of Sicily and 288 km east of Tunisia, with the Strait of Gibraltar 1,826 km to the west and Alexandria 1,510 km to the east.
http://wn.com/Malta -
Marsala
Marsala is a seaport city located in the Province of Trapani on the island of Sicily in Italy. The low coast on which it is situated is the westernmost point of the island. It is best known as the source of Marsala wine.
http://wn.com/Marsala -
Messina
Messina (, , Sicilian: Missina) is the third largest city on the island of Sicily, Italy and the capital of the province of Messina. It has a population of c. 240,000 inhabitants in the city proper and about 500,000 in the province. It is located near the northeast corner of Sicily, at the Strait of Messina, just opposite Villa San Giovanni on the mainland.
http://wn.com/Messina -
Modica
Modica (Sicilian: Muòrica, Greek: , Latin: Mutyca or Motyca) is a city and comune in the Province of Ragusa, Sicily, southern Italy. The city is situated in the Hyblaean Mountains and, along with Val di Noto, is part of UNESCO Heritage Sites in Italy.
http://wn.com/Modica -
Naples
Naples ( , , Neapolitan: Napule) is a city in Italy; it is the capital of the region of Campania and of the province of Naples. Known for its rich history, art, culture, architecture, music, and gastronomy, Naples has played an important role in the the Italian peninsula and beyond for much of its existence, which began more than 2,800 years ago. Situated on the west coast of Italy by the Gulf of Naples, the city is located halfway between two volcanic areas, Mount Vesuvius and the Phlegraean Fields.
http://wn.com/Naples -
Palermo
Palermo (, Sicilian: Palermu, , from , Panormos, , Balharm) is a historic city in Southern Italy, the capital of both the autonomous region of Sicily and the Province of Palermo. The city is noted for its rich history, culture, architecture and gastronomy, playing an important role throughout much of its existence; it is over 2,700 years old. Palermo is located in the northwest of the island of Sicily, right by the Gulf of Palermo in the Tyrrhenian Sea.
http://wn.com/Palermo -
Pantelleria
:Pantellaria redirects here. For the brachiopod genus, see Pantellaria (brachiopod).
http://wn.com/Pantelleria -
Papal States
The Papal State(s), State(s) of the Church, or Pontifical States (, also Stato della Chiesa, Stati della Chiesa, Stati Pontifici, and Stato Ecclesiastico; , also Dicio Pontificia) were among the major historical states of Italy from roughly the 6th century until the Italian peninsula was unified in 1861 by the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia (after which the Papal States, in less territorially extensive form, continued to exist until 1870).
http://wn.com/Papal_States -
Pisa
Pisa (; ) is a city in Tuscany, Central Italy, on the right bank of the mouth of the River Arno on the Ligurian Sea. It is the capital city of the Province of Pisa. Although Pisa is known worldwide for its Leaning Tower (the bell tower of the city's cathedral), the city of over 87,500 residents contains more than 20 other historic churches, several palaces and various bridges across the River Arno. The city is also home of the University of Pisa, which has a history going back to the 12th century.
http://wn.com/Pisa -
Rome
Rome (; , ; ) is the capital of Italy and the country's largest and most populated city and comune, with over 2.7 million residents in . In 2006 the population of the metropolitan area was estimated by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development to have a population of 3.7 million.
http://wn.com/Rome -
Syracuse, Sicily
Syracuse ( , , – transliterated: Syrakousai) is a historic city in southern Italy, the capital of the province of Syracuse. The city is famous for its rich Greek history, culture, amphitheatres, architecture, and as the birthplace of Archimedes. This 2,700 year-old city played a key role in ancient times, when it was one of the major powers of the Mediterranean world. Syracuse is located in the south-east corner of the island of Sicily, right by the Gulf of Syracuse next to the Ionian Sea.
http://wn.com/Syracuse_Sicily -
Tronto
The Tronto () is a 115 km-long Italian river that arises at Monte della Laghetta and ends in the Adriatic Sea at Porto d'Ascoli, San Benedetto del Tronto. Anciently the Truentus, it traverses the Lazio, Marche, and Abruzzo regions.
http://wn.com/Tronto -
Turin
Turin (, pronounced ; Piedmontese: Turin, pronounced ) is a major city as well as a business and cultural centre in northern Italy, capital of the Piedmont region, located mainly on the left bank of the Po River surrounded by the Alpine arch. The population of the city proper is 909,193 (November 2008) while the population of the urban area is estimated by Eurostat to be 1.7 million inhabitants; the Turin metropolitan area is estimated by OECD to have a population of 2.2 million.
http://wn.com/Turin -
Val di Noto
Val di Noto (English: Vallum of Noto) is a geographical area of south east Sicily; it is dominated by the limestone Iblean plateau.
http://wn.com/Val_di_Noto
- Aegadian Islands
- Alfonso V of Aragon
- All Souls' Day
- Amalfi
- Ancona
- Anjou
- Apulia
- Arab
- Arab Egypt
- Arab-Norman culture
- Aragonese
- Archduchy of Austria
- Assizes of Ariano
- Assizes of Capua
- augustalis
- Bari
- British Empire
- Byzantine
- Byzantine Emperor
- Byzantine Empire
- Calabria
- Capua
- Catania
- Charles I of Anjou
- Charles I of Sicily
- Charles II of Naples
- Charles III of Spain
- Charles of Anjou
- cheese
- cloth
- Conrad IV of Germany
- Conradin
- Constance of Sicily
- County of Sicily
- Crown of Aragon
- dinar
- Dipold of Vohburg
- ducat
- Duchy of Apulia
- Duke of Bavaria
- Eastern Orthodoxy
- emir
- Emirate of Sicily
- feudalism
- fief
- Flag of Italy
- Florentine
- George of Antioch
- Girifalco
- Giuseppe Garibaldi
- Gozo
- grain
- Greek Orthodoxy
- Grimoald of Bari
- Hauteville family
- hemp
- Henry the Proud
- Henry VII of Germany
- hide
- History of Malta
- Holy Roman Emperor
- house of Anjou
- house of Aragon
- house of Bourbon
- House of Habsburg
- House of Savoy
- Ifriqiya
- Islam
- Italian Wars
- Italy
- John II Comnenus
- John II of Aragon
- King of Aragon
- King of Spain
- Kingdom of Naples
- Knights Hospitaller
- Liber Augustalis
- Lipari Islands
- litre
- Louis IX
- Louis XII
- Lucera
- Mafia
- Mahdia
- Malta
- margrave
- Marsala
- Martin I of Sicily
- Mediterranean Sea
- Messina
- Mezzogiorno
- miliaresion
- Modica
- Monarch
- Mount Etna
- Naples
- Napoleon
- Normans
- nuts
- oil
- Ottoman Empire
- Palermo
- Pantelleria
- Papacy
- Papal States
- Peregrine Falcon
- Peter III of Aragon
- Philip of Swabia
- Philip V of Spain
- Pisa
- Pope Innocent II
- Pope Innocent III
- qadi
- Ranulf of Alife
- Redshirts (Italy)
- Regent
- René of Anjou
- Republic of Genoa
- Republic of Pisa
- Republic of Venice
- Robert II of Capua
- Roger I of Sicily
- Roger II of Sicily
- Roger of Andria
- Roger_II_of_Sicily
- Roman Catholicism
- Rome
- Schism (religion)
- Sicilian piastra
- Sicilian Vespers
- Sicily
- Solidus (coin)
- Sovereign state
- Syracuse, Sicily
- Tancred of Lecce
- Tancred of Sicily
- tarì
- timber
- Treaty of Mignano
- Treaty of Utrecht
- Tronto
- Turin
- Two Sicilies
- University of Naples
- urbanization
- Val di Noto
- viceroy
- Victor Amadeus II
- Walter of Palearia
- William I of Sicily
- William II of Sicily
- William of Capparone
- William of Loritello
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Let's Play Medieval 2 Total War Sicily Campaign Part 23
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:29
- Published: 07 Nov 2011
- Updated: 21 Dec 2011
What will happen in the Kingdom of Sicily today? :)
http://wn.com/Let's_Play_Medieval_2_Total_War_Sicily_Campaign_Part_23
Let's Play Medieval 2 Total War Sicily Campaign Part 39
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:58
- Published: 18 Nov 2011
- Updated: 12 Feb 2012
What will happen in the Kingdom of Sicily today? :)
http://wn.com/Let's_Play_Medieval_2_Total_War_Sicily_Campaign_Part_39
Let's Play Medieval 2 Total War Sicily Campaign Part 60
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:43
- Published: 01 Dec 2011
- Updated: 01 Dec 2011
What will happen in the Kingdom of Sicily today? :)
http://wn.com/Let's_Play_Medieval_2_Total_War_Sicily_Campaign_Part_60
Let's Play Medieval 2 Total War Sicily Campaign Part 18
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:55
- Published: 03 Nov 2011
- Updated: 03 Nov 2011
What will happen in the Kingdom of Sicily today? :)
http://wn.com/Let's_Play_Medieval_2_Total_War_Sicily_Campaign_Part_18
Let's Play Medieval 2 Total War Sicily Campaign Part 14
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:55
- Published: 30 Oct 2011
- Updated: 31 Oct 2011
What will happen in the Kingdom of Sicily today? :)
http://wn.com/Let's_Play_Medieval_2_Total_War_Sicily_Campaign_Part_14
Let's Play Medieval 2 Total War Sicily Campaign Part 12
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:54
- Published: 27 Oct 2011
- Updated: 29 Oct 2011
What will happen in the Kingdom of Sicily today? :)
http://wn.com/Let's_Play_Medieval_2_Total_War_Sicily_Campaign_Part_12
Let's Play Medieval 2 Total War Sicily Campaign Part 13
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:37
- Published: 29 Oct 2011
- Updated: 29 Oct 2011
What will happen in the Kingdom of Sicily today? :)
http://wn.com/Let's_Play_Medieval_2_Total_War_Sicily_Campaign_Part_13
Let's Play Medieval 2 Total War Sicily Campaign Part 30
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:55
- Published: 12 Nov 2011
- Updated: 13 Nov 2011
What will happen in the Kingdom of Sicily today? :)
http://wn.com/Let's_Play_Medieval_2_Total_War_Sicily_Campaign_Part_30
Let's Play Medieval 2 Total War Sicily Campaign Part 26
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:55
- Published: 08 Nov 2011
- Updated: 08 Nov 2011
What will happen in the Kingdom of Sicily today? :)
http://wn.com/Let's_Play_Medieval_2_Total_War_Sicily_Campaign_Part_26
Let's Play Medieval 2 Total War Sicily Campaign Part 27
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:41
- Published: 10 Nov 2011
- Updated: 10 Nov 2011
What will happen in the Kingdom of Sicily today? :)
http://wn.com/Let's_Play_Medieval_2_Total_War_Sicily_Campaign_Part_27
Let's Play Medieval 2 Total War Sicily Campaign Part 56
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:40
- Published: 29 Nov 2011
- Updated: 29 Nov 2011
What will happen in the Kingdom of Sicily today? :)
http://wn.com/Let's_Play_Medieval_2_Total_War_Sicily_Campaign_Part_56
Let's Play Medieval 2 Total War Sicily Campaign Part 40
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:43
- Published: 19 Nov 2011
- Updated: 19 Nov 2011
What will happen in the Kingdom of Sicily today? :)
http://wn.com/Let's_Play_Medieval_2_Total_War_Sicily_Campaign_Part_40
Let's Play Medieval 2 Total War Sicily Campaign Part 35
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:47
- Published: 16 Nov 2011
- Updated: 16 Nov 2011
What will happen in the Kingdom of Sicily today? :)
http://wn.com/Let's_Play_Medieval_2_Total_War_Sicily_Campaign_Part_35
Let's Play Medieval 2 Total War Sicily Campaign Part 29
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:01
- Published: 12 Nov 2011
- Updated: 12 Nov 2011
What will happen in the Kingdom of Sicily today? :)
http://wn.com/Let's_Play_Medieval_2_Total_War_Sicily_Campaign_Part_29
Let's Play Medieval 2 Total War Sicily Campaign Part 54
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:28
- Published: 28 Nov 2011
- Updated: 28 Nov 2011
What will happen in the Kingdom of Sicily today? :)
http://wn.com/Let's_Play_Medieval_2_Total_War_Sicily_Campaign_Part_54
Let's Play Medieval 2 Total War Sicily Campaign Part 37
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:03
- Published: 17 Nov 2011
- Updated: 17 Nov 2011
What will happen in the Kingdom of Sicily today? :)
http://wn.com/Let's_Play_Medieval_2_Total_War_Sicily_Campaign_Part_37
Let's Play Medieval 2 Total War Sicily Campaign Part 34
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:57
- Published: 15 Nov 2011
- Updated: 15 Nov 2011
What will happen in the Kingdom of Sicily today? :)
http://wn.com/Let's_Play_Medieval_2_Total_War_Sicily_Campaign_Part_34
Let's Play Medieval 2 Total War Sicily Campaign Part 42
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:51
- Published: 21 Nov 2011
- Updated: 21 Nov 2011
What will happen in the Kingdom of Sicily today? :)
http://wn.com/Let's_Play_Medieval_2_Total_War_Sicily_Campaign_Part_42
Let's Play Medieval 2 Total War Sicily Campaign Part 28
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:57
- Published: 11 Nov 2011
- Updated: 11 Nov 2011
What will happen in the Kingdom of Sicily today? :)
http://wn.com/Let's_Play_Medieval_2_Total_War_Sicily_Campaign_Part_28
Let's Play Medieval 2 Total War Sicily Campaign Part 45
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:56
- Published: 23 Nov 2011
- Updated: 23 Nov 2011
What will happen in the Kingdom of Sicily today? :)
http://wn.com/Let's_Play_Medieval_2_Total_War_Sicily_Campaign_Part_45
Let's Play Medieval 2 Total War Sicily Campaign Part 49
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:55
- Published: 24 Nov 2011
- Updated: 24 Nov 2011
What will happen in the Kingdom of Sicily today? :)
http://wn.com/Let's_Play_Medieval_2_Total_War_Sicily_Campaign_Part_49
Let's Play Medieval 2 Total War Sicily Campaign Part 58
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:32
- Published: 30 Nov 2011
- Updated: 30 Nov 2011
What will happen in the Kingdom of Sicily today? :)
http://wn.com/Let's_Play_Medieval_2_Total_War_Sicily_Campaign_Part_58
Let's Play Medieval 2 Total War Sicily Campaign Part 46
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:20
- Published: 23 Nov 2011
- Updated: 07 Dec 2011
What will happen in the Kingdom of Sicily today? :)
http://wn.com/Let's_Play_Medieval_2_Total_War_Sicily_Campaign_Part_46
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| Coordinates | 40°26′30″N80°00′00″N |
|---|---|
| Native name | ''Regnum Siciliae'' ''Regno di Sicilia'' |
| Conventional long name | Kingdom of Sicily |
| Common name | Sicily |
| Continent | Europe |
| Country | Italy |
| Government type | Absolute monarchy |
| Year start | 1130 |
| Event start | Established |
| Event end | Reunification with the Kingdom of Naples |
| Year end | 1816 |
| Event1 | Split in half |
| Date event1 | 1282 |
| P1 | County of Sicily |
| P2 | Duchy of Apulia |
| S3 | Kingdom of the Two Sicilies |
| Flag s3 | Flag of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (1738).svg |
| Image coat | Arms of the Aragonese Kings of Sicily(Crowned).svg |
| Image map caption | The Kingdom of Sicily as it existed at the death of its founder, Roger of Sicily, in 1154. |
| Capital | Palermo (1130-1266)Naples (1266-1282)Catania (1282-1401)Palermo (1401-1816) |
| Religion | Roman Catholicism, Greek Orthodoxy, Islam (tolerated until 1350) |
| Leader1 | Roger II |
| Year leader1 | 1130-1154 |
| Leader2 | William I of Sicily |
| Year leader2 | 1154-1166 |
| Leader3 | William II of Sicily |
| Year leader3 | 1166-1189 |
| Leader4 | Tancred of Sicily |
| Year leader4 | 1190-1194 |
| Leader5 | Henry VI of Sicily |
| Year leader5 | 1194-1198 |
| Leader6 | Frederick II of Sicily |
| Year leader6 | 1198-1250 |
| Leader7 | Charles I of Anjou |
| Year leader7 | 1266-1282 |
| Leader8 | Martin I |
| Year leader8 | 1390-1409 |
| Leader9 | Ferdinand III |
| Year leader9 | 1759-1816 |
| Title leader | King |
| Currency | Sicilian piastra |
| Today | |
}} |
The Kingdom of Sicily (, , , ) was a state that existed in the south of Italy from its founding by Roger II in 1130 until 1816. It was a successor state of the County of Sicily, which had been founded in 1071 during the Norman conquest of southern Italy. Until 1282 the Kingdom (sometimes called the ''regnum Apuliae et Siciliae'') covered not only the island of Sicily, but also the whole Mezzogiorno region of southern Italy and the Maltese archipelago. The island was divided into three regions: Val di Mazara, Val Demone and Val di Noto.
In 1282 a revolt against the Angevin rule, known as the Sicilian Vespers, threw off Charles of Anjou's rule of the island of Sicily. The Angevins managed to maintain control in the mainland part of the kingdom, which became a separate entity also styled ''Kingdom of Sicily'', although it is commonly referred to as the Kingdom of Naples, after its capital. The island became a separate kingdom, under the rule of a Catalan dynasty that ruled over the kingdom of Aragon. After 1302 the island kingdom was sometimes called the Kingdom of Trinacria. Often the kingship was vested in another monarch such as the King of Aragon, the King of Spain or the Holy Roman Emperor. In 1816 the island Kingdom of Sicily merged with the Kingdom of Naples to form the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. In 1861 its areas were united with the Kingdom of Italy.
History
Norman kingdom
The Norman Kingdom was created in 1130 by Roger II of Sicily. Roger united the lands he inherited from his father Roger I of Sicily. These areas included the Duchy of Apulia and the County of Sicily, which belonged to his cousin William II, Duke of Apulia, until his death in 1127, and the other Norman vassals. Roger threw his support behind the Antipope Anacletus II, who enthroned him ''King of Sicily'' on Christmas Day 1130.In 1136, the rival of Anacletus, Pope Innocent II, convinced Lothair III, Holy Roman Emperor to attack the Kingdom of Sicily with help from the Byzantine Emperor John II Comnenus. Two main armies, one led by Lothair, the other by Duke of Bavaria Henry the Proud, invaded Sicily. On the river Tronto, William of Loritello surrendered to Lothair and opened the gates of Termoli to him. This was followed by Count Hugh II of Molise. The two armies were united at Bari, from where in 1137 they continued their campaign. Roger offered to give Apulia as a fief to the Empire, which Lothair refused after being pressured by Innocent. At the same period the army of Lothair revolted.
Then Lothair, who had hoped for the complete conquest of Sicily, gave Capua and Apulia from the Kingdom of Sicily to Roger's enemies. Innocent protested, claiming that Apulia fell under papal claims. Lothair turned north, but died while crossing the Alps on December 4, 1137. At the Second Council of the Lateran in April 1139, Innocent excommunicated Roger for maintaining a schismatic attitude. On March 22, 1139, at Galluccio, Roger's son Roger III, Duke of Apulia ambushed the papal troops with a thousand knights and captured the pope. On March 25, 1139, Innocent was forced to acknowledge the kingship and possessions of Roger with the Treaty of Mignano.
Roger spent most of the decade, beginning with his coronation and ending with the Assizes of Ariano, enacting a series of laws with which Roger intended to centralise the government, fending off multiple invasions and quelling rebellions by his premier vassals: Grimoald of Bari, Robert II of Capua, Ranulf of Alife, Sergius VII of Naples and others. It was through his admiral George of Antioch that Roger then proceeded to conquer the Mahdia in Africa (Ifriqiya), taking the unofficial title "King of Africa". At the same time Roger's fleet attacked the Byzantine Empire, making Sicily the leading maritime power in the Mediterranean Sea for almost a century.
Roger's son and successor was William I of Sicily, known as "William the Bad", though his nickname derived primarily from his lack of popularity with the chroniclers, who supported the baronial revolts which William suppressed. His reign ended in peace (1166), but his son, William II, was a minor. Until the end of the boy's regency in 1172, the kingdom saw turmoil which almost brought the ruling family down. The reign of William II is remembered as two decades of almost continual peace and prosperity. For this more than anything, he is nicknamed "the Good". He died in 1189 without having heirs, which led the kingdom to decline.
Tancred of Lecce seized the throne but had to contend with the revolt of his distant cousin Roger of Andria and the invasion of Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor on behalf of his wife, Constance, the daughter of Roger II. Constance and Henry eventually prevailed and the kingdom fell in 1194 to the House of Hohenstaufen. Through Constance, the Hauteville blood was passed to Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor.
Hohenstaufen kingdom
The accession of Frederick, a child who would then become also the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II in 1197, greatly affected the immediate future of Sicily. For a land so used to centralised royal authority, the king's young age caused a serious power vacuum. His uncle Philip of Swabia moved to secure Frederick's inheritance by appointing Markward von Anweiler, margrave of Ancona, regent in 1198. Meanwhile, Pope Innocent III had reasserted papal authority in Sicily, but recognised Frederick's rights. The pope was to see papal power decrease steadily over the next decade and was unsure about which side to back at many junctures.The Hohenstaufen's grip on power, however, was not secure. Walter III of Brienne had married the daughter of Tancred of Sicily. She was sister and heiress of the deposed King William III of Sicily. In 1201 William decided to claim the kingdom. In 1202, an army led by the chancellor Walter of Palearia and Dipold of Vohburg was defeated by Walter III of Brienne. Markward was killed, and Frederick fell under the control of William of Capparone, an ally of the Pisans. Dipold continued the war against Walter on the mainland until the claimant's death in 1205. Dipold finally wrested Frederick from Capparone in 1206 and gave him over to the guardianship of the chancellor, Walter of Palearia. Walter and Dipold then had a falling out, and the latter captured the royal palace, where he was besieged and captured by Walter in 1207. After a decade, the wars over the regency and the throne itself had ceased.
The reform of the laws began with the Assizes of Ariano in 1140 by Roger II. Frederick continued the reformation with the Assizes of Capua (1220) and the promulgation of the Constitutions of Melfi (1231, also known as ''Liber Augustalis''), a collection of laws for his realm that was remarkable for its time. The Constitutions of Melfi were created in order to establish a centralized state. For example, citizens were not allowed to carry weapons or wear armour in public unless they were under royal command. As a result, rebellions were reduced. The Constitutions made the Kingdom of Sicily an absolute monarchy, the first centralized state in Europe to emerge from feudalism; it also set a precedent for the primacy of written law. With relatively small modifications, the ''Liber Augustalis'' remained the basis of Sicilian law until 1819. During this period, he also built the Castel del Monte, and in 1224, he founded the University of Naples, now called Università Federico II. It remained the sole athenaeum of Southern Italy for centuries.
After the death of Frederick, the Kingdom was ruled by Henry VII of Germany and Conrad IV of Germany. The next legitimate heir was Conrad II, who was too young at the period to rule. Manfred of Sicily, the illegitimate son of Frederick, took the power and ruled the kingdom for fifteen years while other Hohenstaufen heirs were ruling various areas in Germany. After long wars against the Papal States, the Kingdom managed to defend its possessions, but the Papacy declared the Kingdom escheated because of disloyalty of the Hohenstaufen. Under this pretext he came to an agreement with Louis IX, King of France. Louis's brother, Charles of Anjou, would become king of Sicily. In exchange, Charles recognized the overlordship of the Pope in the Kingdom, paid a portion of the papal debt, and agreed to pay annual tribute to the Papal States. The Hohenstaufen rule in Sicily ended after the 1266 Angevin invasion and the death of Conradin, the last male heir of Hohenstaufen, in 1268.
Angevin and Aragonese kingdoms
In 1266, conflict between the Hohenstaufen house and the Papacy led to Sicily's conquest by Charles I, Duke of Anjou. Opposition to French officialdom and taxation combined with inciment of rebellion by Aragonese and Byzantine agents led to the Sicilian Vespers insurrection and successful invasion by king Peter III of Aragon in 1282. The resulting War of the Sicilian Vespers lasted until the Peace of Caltabellotta in 1302, dividing the old Kingdom of Sicily in two. The island of Sicily, called the "Kingdom of Sicily beyond the Lighthouse" or the Kingdom of Trinacria, went to Frederick III of the house of Aragon, who had been ruling it. The peninsular territories (the Mezzogiorno), contemporaneously called Kingdom of Sicily but called Kingdom of Naples by modern scholarship, went to Charles II of the house of Anjou, who had likewise been ruling it. Thus, the peace was formal recognition of an uneasy ''status quo''. Despite the king of Spain were able to seize both the two crowns starting from the XVI century, the administrations of the two halves of the Kingdom of Sicily remained separated until 1816, when they were reunited in the Kingdom of Two Sicilies (for the history regarding the continental half of the kingdom, see: Kingdom of Naples).
The insular kingdom of Sicily under Aragon and Spain
Sicily was ruled as an independent kingdom by relatives or cadet branch of the house of Aragon until 1409 and thence as part of the Crown of Aragon. The Kingdom of Naples was ruled by the Angevin ruler René of Anjou until the two thrones were reunited by Alfonso V of Aragon, after the successful siege of Naples and the defeat of René on June 6, 1443. Eventually, Alfonso of Aragon divided the two kingdoms during his rule. He gave the rule of Naples to his illegitimate son Ferdinand I of Naples, who ruled from 1458 to 1494, and Aragon and Sicily to Alfonso's brother John II of Aragon. From 1494 to 1503 successive kings of France Charles VIII and Louis XII, who were heirs of Angevins, tried to conquer Naples (see Italian Wars) but failed. Eventually the Kingdom of Naples was reunited with the Aragonese Kingdom.The titles were held by the Aragonese kings of the Catalan-Aragonese Crown until 1516, followed by the Kings of Spain until the end of the Spanish branch of the House of Habsburg in 1700.
The War of the Spanish Succession
From 1713 until 1720 the Kingdom of Sicily was ruled briefly by the House of Savoy, which had received it by the terms of the Treaty of Utrecht, which brought an end to the War of the Spanish Succession. The kingdom was a reward to the Savoyards, who were thus elevated to royal rank. The new king, Victor Amadeus II, travelled to Sicily in 1713 and remained a year before returning to his mainland capital, Turin, where his son the Prince of Piedmont had been acting as regent. In Spain the results of the war had not been truly accepted, and the War of the Quadruple Alliance was the result. Sicily was occupied by Spain in 1718. When it became evident that Savoy had not the strength to defend as remote a country as Sicily, Austria stepped in and exchanged its Kingdom of Sardinia for Sicily. Victor Amadeus protested this exchange, Sicily being a rich country of over one million inhabitants and Sardinia a poor country of a few hundred thousand, but he was unable to resist his "allies". Spain was finally defeated in 1720, and the Treaty of the Hague ratified the changeover. Sicily belonged to the Austrian Habsburgs, who already ruled Naples. Victor Amadeus, for his part, continued to protest for three years, and only in 1723 decided to recognize the exchange and desist from using the Sicilian royal title and its subsidiary titles (such as King of Cyprus and Jerusalem).
The two kingdoms under the house of Bourbon
In 1735, Naples and Sicily were attacked by King Philip V of Spain, a Bourbon, who installed his younger son, Duke Charles of Parma, as King Charles VII of Naples and Sicily, starting a cadet branch of the house of Bourbon. In 1799 Napoleon conquered Naples, governed by Ferdinand IV of Naples (later Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies) at the time. It was formed into the Parthenopaean Republic with French support. Under British pressure, especially from Lord William Bentinck, who was commander of British troops in Sicily, Naples was then handed back to Ferdinand, being forced to create a constitution for the Kingdom of Sicily.A two-chamber parliament in Palermo and in Naples was formed. The formation of the parliament brought the end of feudalism in the Kingdom. After the defeat of Napoleon in 1815 Ferdinand repealed all reforms. The people of Sicily rebelled but were defeated by Spanish and Austrian forces. In 1848 another Sicilian revolution of independence occurred, which was put down by Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies, who was surnamed ''Re Bomba'' after his 5-day bombardment of Messina. From 1816 to 1861 the kingdoms were united under the name Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.
Malta under the Knights
In 1530, in an effort to protect Rome from Ottoman invasion from the south, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, as Charles I of Spain, gave the Islands of Malta and Gozo to the Knights Hospitaller in perpetual fiefdom, in exchange for an annual fee of two (one for the emperor and one for the viceroy of Sicily) Maltese falcons, which they were to send on All Souls' Day to the Viceroy of Sicily. The Maltese Islands had formed part of the Duchy, and later the Kingdom of Sicily, since 1127. The feudal relationship between Malta and the Kingdom of Sicily was continued throughout the rule of the Knights, until Malta was seized by Napoleon, in 1798.
Unification with the Kingdom of Italy
On April 4, 1860 a revolt against the Bourbon regime broke out. Giuseppe Garibaldi assisted the revolt with his forces. He arrived at Marsala on May 11, 1860 with 1,000 Redshirts. The arrival of the Redshirts is known as the Expedition of the Thousand () On May 15, the Italian forces defeated the Spanish army, consisting of 15,000 troops, two weeks later Palermo was freed. Francis II of the Two Sicilies tried to regain control of the Kingdom. On June 25, 1860 he restored the constitution of the Kingdom, adopted the Italian tricolour as the national flag, and promised special institutions for the Kingdom.On October 21, 1860 a referendum regarding the unification with Italy was conducted. The majority of the Kingdom's population (99%) voted for the unification: most Sicilians viewed the unification as acceptance of the House of Savoy, in which belonged Victor Emmanuel II, the first king of Italy.
Society
During the Norman Kingdom of Sicily, the local communities maintained their privileges. The rulers of the Hohenstaufen Kingdom replaced the local nobility with lords from northern Italy, leading to clashes and rebellions against the new nobility in many cities and rural communities. These revolts resulted in the destruction of many agrarian areas and the rise of middle class nationalism, which eventually led to urban dwellers becoming allies of the Aragonese. This situation was continued during the short rule of the Angevin until their overthrowing during the Sicilian Vespers. The Angevin began feudalising the country, increasing the power of the nobility by granting them jurisdiction over high justice. During the 15th century due to the isolation of the Kingdom, the Renaissance had no impact on it.At the same period the feudalisation of the Kingdom of Sicily was intensified, through the enforcement of feudal bonds and relations among its subjects. In 1669 the eruption of Mount Etna destroyed Catania. In 1693, 5% of the Kingdom's population was killed because of earthquakes. In that period there were also plague outbreaks. The 17th and 18th century were an era of decline of the Kingdom. Corruption was prevalent among the upper and middle classes of the society. Widespread corruption and maltreatment of the lower classes by the feudal lords led to the creation of groups of brigands, attacking the nobility and destroying their fiefs. These groups which were self-named "Mafia", were the foundation of the modern Mafia. The escalation of revolts against the monarchy eventually led to the unification with Italy.
Demographics
During the reign of Frederick II the kingdom had a population of about 2.5 million. During the Hohenstaufen era, the Kingdom had 3 towns with a population of over 20,000 each. After the loss of the northern provinces in 1282 during the Sicilian Vespers and several natural disasters like the eruption of Mount Etna in 1669, the population of the Kingdom of Sicily was reduced.ref name="fromr"/> In 1803 the population of the Kingdom was 1,656,000. The main cities of the Kingdom at that period were Palermo, Catania, Messina, Modica, Syracuse.| + Population of the Kingdom of Sicily in 1803 | Division !! Population | |
| Val di Mazzara | 643,000 | |
| Val di Demona | 521,000 | |
| Val di Noto | 459,000 | |
| Lipari Islands | 18,000 | |
| Aegadian Islands | 12,000 | |
| Pantelleria | Pantelleria Island | 3,000 |
| ! Total Population | 1,656,000 |
| + Population of the main cities of the Kingdom of Sicily in 1803 | City !! Population | |
| Palermo | 120,000 | |
| Catania | 40,000 | |
| Messina | 36,000 | |
| Modica | 23,500 | |
| Syracuse, Sicily | Syracuse | 17,000 |
Economy
The high fertility of the land led the Norman kings to bring settlers from neighbouring regions or to resettle farmers to areas where cultivation of land was needed. This led to increase of agrarian production. The main sources of wealth for the Kingdom of Sicily at that period were its maritime cities, most important of which were Naples and Amalfi, from which local products were exported. The main export was hard grain, with other products exported including nuts, timber, oil, bacon, cheese, skins, hides, hemp and cloth. Grain and other dry products were measured in salme, which was equivalent to 275.08 litres in the western part of the Kingdom, and 3.3 litres in the eastern part. The salma was divided in 16 tumoli. One tumolo was equivalent to 17,193 litres. Weight was measured in cantari. One cantaro was equivalent to and was divided in one hundred rottoli. Cloth was measured in canne. One canna was 2.06 meters long. By the end of the 12th century Messina had become one of the leading commercial cities of the kingdom.The main trading partners of Sicily were Genoa, Pisa, the Byzantine Empire, and Egypt. Various treaties with Genoa secured and strengthened the commercial power of Sicily. The feudalising of the society during the Angevin rule reduced royal wealth and treasury. The dependence of the Angevin on north Italian commerce and financing by Florentine bankers were the main factors which led to the decline of the Kingdom's economy. The continuation of the economic decline combined with the increased population and urbanization led to decrease of agrarian production. In 1800 one-third of the available crops was cultivated, with obsolete cultivation methods escalating the problem. In the later period of Spanish rule the trading system was also inefficient in comparison with previous periods because of high taxes on exports and monopolising corporations which had total control of prices.
Coinage
The Norman kings in the 12th century used the tari, which had been used in Sicily from 913 as the basic coin. One tari weighed about one gram and was of gold. The Arab dinar was worth four tari, and the Byzantine solidus six tari. In the kingdom one onza was equivalent to thirty tari or five florins. One tari was worth twenty grani. One grana was equivalent to six denari. After 1140 the circulation of the copper coin romesina stopped and it was replaced by the follaris. Twenty four follari were equivalent to one Byzantine miliaresion.After defeating the Tunisians in 1231 Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor minted the augustalis. It was minted in carats and weighed 5.28 grams. In 1490 the triumphi were minted in Sicily. They were equivalent to the Venetian ducat. One triumpho was worth aquilae. One aquila was worth twenty grani. In transactions tari and pichuli were mainly used.
Religion
The three dominant religions of the Kingdom of Sicily during the Norman reign were: Roman Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, and Islam. While the practice of every religion in local communities was not interrupted, the change of authority empowered Roman Catholicism. Bishops of the Eastern Orthodox rite were obliged to recognize the claims of the Roman Catholic Church in Sicily, while Muslim communities were no longer ruled by local emirs. As a result of religious tolerance, intermarriage between members of all religions increased until it became a common practice. In many cities, each religious community had its own administrative and judicial order. In Palermo, Muslims were allowed to publicly call for prayer in mosques, and their legal issues were settled by qadis, judges who rule in accordnance to the Islamic law.After the establishment of Hohenstaufen authority Roman Catholic and Orthodox believers maintained their privileges, but the Muslim population lost most of its privileges. The settlements of Italians brought from northern Italy led many Muslim communities in revolting or resettling in mountainous areas of Sicily. These revolts resulted in massacres and deportations of most Muslim communities. Eventually, the government gathered the entire Muslim population in Lucera in Apulia and Girifalco in Calabria. The Jewish community was expelled after the establishment of the Spanish Inquisition from 1493 to 1513 in Sicily. The remaining Jews were gradually assimilated, and most of them converted to Roman Catholicism.
See also
References
Category:1861 disestablishments Category:States and territories established in 1130 Category:Post-medieval constructs about the Middle Ages Category:High Middle Ages Category:Former countries on the Italian Peninsula Category:Former monarchies of Europe Category:History of Sicily Category:Crown of Aragon Category:Medieval Italy Category:13th century in Italy Category:Napoleonic Wars *
ar:مملكة صقلية an:Reino de Secilia az:Siciliya krallığı be:Каралеўства Сіцылія br:Rouantelezh Sikilia bg:Сицилианско кралство ca:Regne de Sicília cs:Sicilské království da:Kongeriget Sicilien el:Βασίλειο της Σικελίας es:Reino de Sicilia eu:Siziliako Erresuma fr:Royaume de Sicile ko:시칠리아 왕국 hr:Kraljevina Sicilija id:Kerajaan Sisilia it:Regno di Sicilia lt:Sicilijos karalystė hu:Szicíliai Királyság nl:Koninkrijk Sicilië ja:シチリア王国 nap:Regno 'e Sicilia no:Kongedømmet Sicilia nn:Kongedømet Sicilia pl:Królestwo Sycylii pt:Reino da Sicília ru:Королевство Сицилия scn:Regnu di Sicilia sk:Sicílske kráľovstvo sr:Краљевство Сицилија fi:Sisilian kuningaskunta sv:Kungariket Sicilien th:ราชอาณาจักรซิซิลี tr:Sicilya Krallığı uk:Сицилійське королівство vi:Vương quốc Sicilia zh:西西里王國This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
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