Nausea (Latin ''nausea'', from Greek , ''nausiē'', "motion sickness", feeling sick," queasy or "wamble"), is a sensation of unease and discomfort in the upper stomach with an involuntary urge to vomit. It usually, but not always, leads to vomiting.

A common cause is motion sickness (see definition, above) and gastroenteritis (a stomach infection) or food poisoning but nausea also frequently occurs as a medication side effect and in pregnancy. There are some medications, called antiemetics, that improve symptoms of nausea, including diphenhydramine, metoclopramide and ondansetron. Nausea may also be caused by stress and depression.

Differential diagnosis

The causes of nausea are many. One organization listed 700 in 2009. Gastrointestinal infections (37%) and food poisoning are the two most common causes. While side effects from medications (3%) and pregnancy are also relatively frequent. In 10% of people the cause remains unknown.

Food poisoning

Food poisoning usually causes an abrupt onset of nausea and vomiting one to six hours after ingestion of contaminated food and lasts for one to two days. It is due to toxins produced by bacteria in the food.

Medications

Most medications can potentially cause nausea. Some of the most frequently associated include chemotherapy regimens and general anaesthetic agents.

Pregnancy

Nausea or "morning sickness" is a common during pregnancy. In the first trimester nearly 80% of women have some degree of nausea. Pregnancy should therefore be considered as a possible cause of nausea in any women of child bearing age. While usually it is mild and self limiting severe cases known as hyperemesis gravidarum may require treatment.

Disequilibrium

A number of conditions involving balance such as motion sickness and vertigo can lead to nausea and vomiting.

Stress and depression

Nausea may be caused by stress and depression.

Potentially serious

While most causes of nausea are not serious, some serious causes do occur. These include: diabetic ketoacidosis, surgical problems (pancreatitis, small bowel obstruction, meningitis, appendicitis, cholecystitis), Addisonian crisis, Choledocholithiasis (from gallstones) and hepatitis, signs of carbon monoxide poison among others.

Diagnostic approach

Often no investigations are needed, however basic lab tests may be appropriate. If a bowel obstruction is considered, abdominal x-rays may be useful.

Treatment

If dehydration is present, rehydration with oral electrolyte solutions is preferred. If this is not effective, intravenous rehydration may be required.

Medications

Dimenhydrinate (Gravol) is an inexpensive and effective medication for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting. Meclozine is another antihistamine antiemetic. In certain people, cannabinoids may be effective in reducing chemotherapy associated nausea and vomiting. Ondansetron (Zofran) is effective for nausea and vomiting but is expensive. Pyridoxine or metoclopramide are the first line treatments for pregnancy related nausea and vomiting. Medical marijuana may be prescribed where allowed for certain indications.

Prognosis

While short-term nausea and vomiting are generally harmless, they may sometimes indicate a more serious condition. When associated with prolonged vomiting, it may lead to dehydration and/or dangerous electrolyte imbalances.

Epidemiology

Nausea and or vomiting is the main complaint in 1.6% of visits to family physicians in Australia. However only 25% of people with nausea visit their family physician. It is most common in those 15–24 years old and less common in other ages.

References

Category:Symptoms and signs: Digestive system and abdomen Category:Greek loanwords

ar:غثيان gn:Py'ajere bs:Mučnina (simptom) ca:Nàusea cs:Nauzea cy:Cyfog da:Kvalme de:Übelkeit es:Náusea eo:Vomemo eu:Goragale fa:تهوع fr:Nausée (médecine) gl:Náusea ko:구역질 io:Nauzeo it:Nausea he:בחילה lt:Pykinimas ml:ഓക്കാനം nl:Misselijkheid ja:吐き気 no:Kvalme og brekninger pl:Nudności pt:Náusea ru:Тошнота scn:Nàusia simple:Nausea sk:Nauzea sr:Мучнина fi:Pahoinvointi sv:Illamående ta:குமட்டல் tr:Bulantı uk:Нудота yi:איבל zh:恶心

name	Trophy Scars
background	group_or_band
origin	Morristown, New Jersey
genre	Blues / Post-hardcore / Experimental
years active	2002–present
label	The Death Scene Recording Company Small Town Records (UK)
website
current members	Jerry JonesJohn FerraraBrian FerraraAndy FarrellGray Reinhard
past members	Michael SchipperJamie DevineJoshua Z WeinsteinAJ HansonAdam MoutafisJosh Wiseman }}

Trophy Scars is a psychedelic blues band with experimental rock tendencies from Morristown, New Jersey. The group's early efforts predominantly tackle the post-hardcore genre but the band quickly expanded their sound during the interim of their career.

Biography

Trophy Scars was formed by Jerry Jones (vocals), John Ferrara (guitar), and Brian Ferrara (drums) in June 2002. Originally, the band was developed as a passion project only to last the duration of that particular summer. The group, which also included members Joshua Weinstein on bass and Mike Schipper on guitar, began playing local shows and gaining a modest but dedicated following. When fans presented a high demand for recorded material, Trophy Scars decided to establish themselves as a serious music group.

Trophy Scars signed to Brooklyn based record label, the Death Scene Recording Company (US), in 2005 and with Small Town Records (UK) in 2007. However, in 2009 they were no longer contractually obligated to either label and decided to release all forthcoming material independently. The band cited having complete control over their art and work schedule as a major reason for doing so.

Since 2002, Trophy Scars has incurred multiple member changes. The core group remain intact, however; Jerry Jones, John Ferrara, and Brian Ferrara are still concrete players, as well as Andy Farrell, who has been playing bass with the group since 2005. Studio personnel is also a rotating door of auxiliary musicians with producer, Chris Badami, as the sole stationary component to all of Trophy Scars' albums. Badami acts as the "fifth" Trophy Scars member; as Jones cites: "(He is) our George Martin."

Trophy Scars have released three full length records, three EPs, a single, and a compilation of demos and unreleased material. Their first full-length, ''Darts to the Sea'', was recorded in John Ferrara's basement using primitive sound engineering equipment. The record was released in 2003 and reissued in 2006 with a companion disc, ''Sand in the Sea'', which included unreleased b-sides and demos from 2003-2004. Trophy Scars gained the attention of critics with their second release, ''Hospital Music for the Aesthetics of Language'' EP in 2004. The EP was the first output they recorded with Chris Badami and saw the band taking an unconventional, progressive approach to post-hardcore. The EP was reissued with new packaging and artwork in 2007.

Trophy Scars followed ''Hospital Music'' with a second EP, ''Goodnight Alchemy'', in 2005. ''Goodnight Alchemy'' was another turning point for the band; the EP was markedly much more dense and heavy than its predecessor. It was also the first Trophy Scars effort distributed by a label (The Death Scene Recording Company). 2006 saw the release of their second full-length album, ''Alphabet. Alphabets.'' Trophy Scars demonstrated a conglomeration of different musical genres and styles while still retaining their unique take on post-hardcore. Following the release, the group became a full time touring band when Jones graduated from Fordham University.

In mid-2007, Trophy Scars rented a beach house in Charleston, South Carolina to begin work on their follow-up full length to ''Alphabets.'' The band was heavily influenced by the warm climate, the city's nightlife, and psychedelia. Yet again, Trophy Scars readjusted their sound; this time to a blues-centric style. Jones titled the album ''Bad Luck'' as a reaction to the death of his best friend, Ben Brown. Ironically, when the writing was completed for ''Bad Luck'', the band invested their savings into a European tour, but was canceled last minute by the headlining act. Unable to get a refund on their European travel expenses and with their recording contract with the Death Scene dissolved, the band could not afford to tour or raise money for the album. The band was forced to go on an indefinite hiatus with no foreseeable plans to release ''Bad Luck''. Trophy Scars fans, however, banned together and started the "Bad Luck Foundation", which allowed internet users to donate money to the band. Within a month, Trophy Scars was financially stable and able to record their third full-length. In January 2010, ''Bad Luck'' was named the 10^th best album of 2009 by popular music critic website, Sputnik Music.

Eight months after the release of ''Bad Luck'', Trophy Scars put out a 7" vinyl split with the band, The Saddest Landscape. The offering included a new, orchestral song, "August, 1980", inspired by Bram Stoker's Dracula and The Saddest Landscape's "So Lightly Thrown." Trophy Scars released their latest EP, ''Darkness, Oh Hell'', in October 2010. The EP is a further throwback to the blues and psychedelic rock music of the late 1960s while retaining a sinister edge. ''Darkness, Oh Hell'' was included in Sputnik Music's Top 50 Albums of 2010 as one of the best EPs of the year.

Trophy Scars released the follow-up to ''Darkness, Oh Hell'', another EP, titled ''Never Born, Never Dead'' on July 19, 2011. A DVD containing videos that span their career, as well as new documentary footage and a live concert recorded in November, 2010, is to surface after the release of ''Never Born, Never Dead''.

Influences have been said to range from The Beatles to Aesop Rock, from Converge to Tom Waits. The entire Trophy Scars song catalog is embossed by major themes such as time, memory, language, and romantic tragedy. Known for their intimate live shows and independent booking techniques, Trophy Scars evokes a strong DIY regiment.

Members

Current

Jerry Jones - vocals

John Ferrara - guitar, vocals

Brian Ferrara - drums, vocals

Andy Farrell - bass, vocals

Gray Reinhard - piano, vocals

Former

Michael Schipper - guitar (2002–2003)

Jamie Devine - guitar (2004)

Joshua Z Weinstein - bass (2002–2005)

AJ Hanson - guitar, vocals (2005–2008)

Adam Moutafis - guitar, piano, vocals (2006–2010)

Josh Wiseman - guitar, vocals (2008–2010)

Discography

''Darts to the Sea'' (Over and Out Records, 2003)

''Hospital Music for the Aesthetics of Language'' (Independent, 2004)

''Goodnight Alchemy'' (The Death Scene Recording Company, 2005)

''Darts to the Sea / Sand in the Sea'' (AoA Records, 2006)

''Alphabet. Alphabets.'' (The Death Scene Recording Company, 2006)

''Hospital Music for the Aesthetics of Language'' (Reap What You Sew, 2007)

''Bad Luck'' (Independent, 2009)

''7" Split w/ The Saddest Landscape'' (Bear Records, 2009)

''Darkness, Oh Hell'' (Independent, 2010)

''Never Born, Never Dead...'' (Independent, 2011)

External links

MySpace

PureVolume

References

Category:American punk rock groups Category:American post-hardcore musical groups

de:Trophy Scars lt:Trophy Scars

{{infobox newspaper |name	The Gazette |logo |image |type Daily newspaper |format Broadsheet |foundation 1778 |owners Postmedia Network |political Canadian federalism, has both Conservative and Liberal columnists |headquarters 1010 St. Catherine St. West, Suite 200, Montreal, Quebec |editor Catherine Wallace |circulation 454,200 |website www.montrealgazette.com }}

''The Gazette'', often called the ''Montreal Gazette'' to avoid ambiguity, is the only English-language daily newspaper published in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, with three other daily English newspapers all having shut down at different times during the second half of the 20th century.

History

In 1778, Fleury Mesplet, founded the French-language newspaper called ''La Gazette du commerce et littéraire, pour la ville et district de Montréal''. This paper was shut down in 1779, with Mesplet and the editor, Valentin Jautard, being imprisoned. Mesplet began a second weekly in 1785, ''La Gazette de Montréal'', which was the direct ancestor of the current newspaper. ''The Gazette'' evolved from a French-language newspaper to a dual French-English format to the present English-only paper.

For many years, ''The Gazette'' was caught in a three-way fight for the English newspaper audience in Montreal with the tabloid ''Montreal Herald'' and the broadsheet ''Montreal Star''. ''The Gazette'' was second in circulation to the ''Montreal Star'', which sold more newspapers in the city and had a significant national reputation in the first half of the 20th century. The ''Montreal Herald'' closed in 1957, after publishing for 146 years. The ''Montreal Star'', part of the Free Press chain (which owned ''The Globe and Mail'' and the ''Winnipeg Free Press''), was hit by a long strike action and ceased publication in 1979, less than a year after the strike was settled.

In 1988, a competing English-language daily, ''The Montreal Daily News'', was launched. ''The Montreal Daily News'' adopted a tabloid format and introduced a Sunday edition, forcing ''The Gazette'' to respond. After ''The Montreal Daily News'' folded in 1989, after less than two years in operation, ''The Gazette'' kept its Sunday edition going. In 1968, ''The Gazette'' was acquired by the Southam newspaper chain, which owned major dailies across Canada. In 1996, the Southam papers were bought by Conrad Black's Hollinger Inc. Then in August, 2000, Hollinger sold the Southam newspapers, including ''The Gazette'', to Canwest Global Communications Corp., controlled by the Winnipeg-based Asper family. To celebrate its 150th anniversary, ''The Gazette'' published a facsimile of one of its earliest issues. Much effort was made to use a type of paper that imitated 18th century paper, with fake chainlines and laidlines to make the paper look old.

Today

Today, ''The Gazette'''s audience is primarily Quebec's official English-speaking minority, which accounts for about 13 per

cent of the population of the province. Out of the four dailies published in Montreal, the other three being the French-language newspapers (''La Presse'', ''Le Journal de Montréal'', and ''Le Devoir''), ''The Gazette'' has the third largest circulation, behind ''Le Journal de Montréal'' and ''La Presse''.

In recent years, ''The Gazette'' has stepped up efforts to reach bilingual francophone professionals and adjusted its coverage accordingly. The publisher of The Gazette is Alan Allnutt, who served as editor-in-chief of the paper from 1996 to 2000. The current executive editor is Raymond Brassard, while the managing editor is Catherine Wallace.

Past and present personalities

{| |-valign=top |

Aislin

Nick Auf der Maur

Dave Bist

Ted Blackman

Richard Burnett

Edgar Andrew Collard

T'cha Dunlevy

Michael Farber

| width=40 | |

Red Fisher

Joan Fraser

Pat Hickey

William Johnson

Dane Lanken

Don Macpherson

L. Ian MacDonald

| width=40 | |

Mordecai Richler

Tommy Schnurmacher

Joseph A. Schwarcz

Jack Todd

Norman Webster

Paul Wells

Adrian Waller

|}

See also

List of Quebec media

Montreal newspapers

''La Presse''

''Le Journal de Montréal''

''Montreal Daily News'' ''(defunct)''

''The Montreal Star'' ''(defunct)''

Footnotes

References

A digitized version of an issue of ''The Gazette'' from 1779

External links

Official website

Official mobile website

Digital microfilm archive 1878-1986 from Google news archive.

bicentennial issue

Gazette, The Gazette, The Gazette, The Category:Digital newspapers published in Canada Category:Publications established in 1785

de:The Gazette (Montreal) fr:The Gazette pl:Montreal Gazette zh:宪报 (蒙特利尔)

name	Mourning Beloveth
background	group_or_band
origin	Athy/Kildare, Ireland
genre	Death/doom
years active	1992–present
label	Grau Records
current members	Darren MooreFrank BrennanBrendan RochePauric GallagherTimmy Johnson
past members	Adrian Butler Brian Delaney Dermod Smyth
notable instruments	}}

Mourning Beloveth is an Irish doom metal band.

Biography

Mourning Beloveth were formed in the winter of 1992 and recorded their first untitled demo, entitled Debut, in 1996 with Darren Moore (vocals), Frank Brennan (guitar), Brian Delany (bass), and Tim Johnson (drums). The demo was recorded in only eight hours with Adrian Butler at the mixing desk. It contains two songs and is a raw indication of where Mourning Beloveth were leading to. Butler joined on bass soon after and Delany switched to guitar. This was the line-up that recorded the second demo ''Autumnal Fires'' in 1998.

The ''Autumnal Fires'' demo can be regarded as a 40 minute piece of music as the songs were intertwined with classical piano. It shows a huge progression in the writing and recording stakes. Mainly classified as doom/death metal, this was a step into achieving their sound, and it saw the integration of clean vocals. An extensive tour of Ireland followed being topped off by a support slot to Cathedral in May 1999. Over 1,200 copies of ''Autumnal Fires'' were sold.

Mourning Beloveth recorded their debut album ''Dust'' in Academy studios. After seven intense days, ''Dust'' was completed; recorded was sixty six minutes of doom metal harking back to the days of the early 1990s Doom/Death scene. ''Dust'' is a mixture of old and new songs and is very heavy and melancholic. The atmosphere and originality is helped by the greater usage of clean and growling vocals and the cleaner production. The strength of the material is helped by the fact that the same lineup has been together for five years at the time of recording ''Dust''.

In March 2001, Mourning Beloveth played concerts with Cradle of Filth, which helped expose the band. Following this Mourning Beloveth hit all four corners of Ireland and gained many new fans along the way and even managed to play in Leeds, Bradford (UK).

Towards the end of the summer 2001 and into the winter the writing process began for the new album. It was now February and they had eight songs written, six of which were finally chosen and recorded at Academy studios, again with Mags at the helm, from April 20 to May 5, 2002.

''The Sullen Sulcus'' is a long listen that requires the usual Mourning Beloveth listening patience and obedience - with six songs clocking over 65 minutes. The album was released in December 2002 by Aftermath Music.

Sentinel Records from Ireland have re-released ''Dust'' with new artwork, a new song from the latest recording sessions and "Forever Lost Emeralds" (taken from the ''Autumnal Fires'' demo), all of which was remastered by Stuart Anstis. Also released by Sentinel is a split picture 7" from Mourning Beloveth with Lunar Gate with one exclusive song, titled "Part 1" and it is limited to 300 copies.

A European tour was completed and went from February 7, 2003 to 21st titled "The Doomination of Europe" in support of the new album and Mourning Beloveth were joined on the tour by Morgion (USA) and The Prophecy (UK). The tour started off in Ireland, travelled to the UK, France, Spain, Portugal, Belgium, Netherlands. Shortly thereafter, an American tour has also taken place in August 2003 for 24 dates with Morgion, The Prophecy and Orodruin.

Their third studio album is named ''A Murderous Circus''. It was released in late March 2005. A limited edition contains two bonus tracks and four live tracks recorded in Vera, Groningen on a second CD. The album contains five songs lasting 75 minutes. They have strayed somewhat from the approach taken on their previous efforts and written simpler, bleaker and longer songs.

In November 2006 it was announced that Adrian left the band (due to a relocation to Spain) and was replaced by Brendan Roche. Adrian can still be contacted via his new company Lugga Music Productions.

Album "A Disease For The Ages" was released in May 2008.

on December 31, 2009 Brian Delaney announced he has left the band and that Pauric Gallagher of the Irish Death/Doom band Decayor has replaced him.

Members

Darren Moore - Vocals

Frank Brennan - Guitars, Vocals

Timmy Johnson - Drums

Pauric Gallagher - Guitar

Brendan Roche - Bass

*

Former members

*

Adrian Butler - Bass

Brian Delaney - Guitar

Discography

Debut (demo, 1996)

''Autumnal Fires'' (demo, 1998)

''Dust'' (2001)

''The Sullen Sulcus'' (2002)

''Dust'' (re-issue, 2002)

Split with Lunar Gate (2003)

''A Murderous Circus'' (2005)

''A Disease for the Ages'' (2008)

''The Weeping Song'' Split 10" with Wreck of the Hesperus (2010)

External links

Official Mourning Beloveth website

Mourning Beloveth Vampire-Magazine page

Category:Irish doom metal musical groups Category:Musical groups established in 1992 Category:Musical quintets Category:Irish heavy metal musical groups

de:Mourning Beloveth it:Mourning Beloveth pl:Mourning Beloveth ru:Mourning Beloveth