Conflict | Operation Unified Protector |
---|---|
Partof | 2011 military intervention in Libya |
Date | 23 March 2011–ongoing |
Place | Libyan airspace and Mediterranean Sea off the coast of Libya |
Casus | United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 |
Commander1 | James G. Stavridis(SACEUR) Charles Bouchard(Operational Commander) Ralph Jodice(Air Commander) Rinaldo Veri(Maritime Commander) |
Commander2 | Muammar Gaddafi(De-facto Commander-in-Chief) Abu-Bakr Yunis Jabr(Minister of Defense) Khamis al-Gaddafi(Khamis Brigade Commander) |
Combatant1 | -led coalition Belgium Bulgaria Canada Denmark France Greece Italy Jordan Netherlands Norway Qatar Romania Spain Sweden Turkey United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States |
Combatant2 | |
Strength1 | See deployed forces |
Casualties1 | }} |
Operation Unified Protector is an ongoing NATO operation enforcing United Nations Security Council resolutions 1970 and 1973 concerning the 2011 Libyan civil war and adopted on 17 February and 17 March respectively. These resolutions imposed sanctions on key members of the Gadaffi government and authorized NATO to implement an arms embargo, a no-fly zone and to use all means necessary, short of foreign occupation, to protect Libyan civilians and civilian populated areas. The operation started on 23 March and gradually expanded during the following weeks, by integrating more and more elements of the multinational military intervention, which had started on 19 March in response to the same UN resolutions. As of 31 March 2011 it encompasses all international operations in Libya.
The operation started on 23 March with a naval arms embargo, while command of the no-fly zone and the air strikes against Libyan Armed Forces remained under command of the international coalition, led by France, the United Kingdom and the United States, due to lack of consensus between NATO members. On 24 March NATO decided to take control of the no-fly zone enforcement, by integrating the air assets of the international coalition under NATO command, although the command of air strikes on ground targets remained under national authority. A few days later, on 27 March, NATO decided to implement all military aspects of the UN resolution and formal transfer of command occurred at 06:00 GMT on 31 March 2011, formally ending the national operations such as the U.S.-coordinated Operation Odyssey Dawn.
The arms embargo is carried out using mainly ships from NATO's Standing Maritime Group 1 and Standing Mine Countermeasures Group 1 already patrolling the Mediterranean Sea at the time of the resolution, enforced with additional ships, submarines and maritime surveillance aircraft from NATO members. They are to "monitor, report and, if needed, interdict vessels suspected of carrying illegal arms or mercenaries". The no-fly zone is enforced by aircraft transferred to Unified Protector from the international coalition, with additional aircraft from NATO and other allied nations. The air strikes, although under central NATO command, are only conducted by aircraft of the nations agreeing to enforce this part of the UN resolution.
The situation further escalated into armed conflict, with rebels establishing a provisional government named the National Transitional Council based in eastern city of Benghazi and controlling the eastern part of the country and the western city of Misrata. The International Criminal Court warned Gaddafi that he and members of his government may have committed crimes against humanity. The United Nations Security Council passed an initial resolution 1970, freezing the assets of Gaddafi and ten members of his inner circle, and restricting their travel. The resolution also referred the actions of the government to the International Criminal Court for investigation.
In early March, Gaddafi's forces rallied, pushed eastwards and re-took several coastal cities and finally began attacking the rebel stronghold of Benghazi on 19 March 2011. Two days earlier a second U.N. resolution, UNSC Resolution 1973, was passed which authorized member states to establish and enforce an arms embargo, a no-fly zone over Libya and to use all means necessary, short of foreign occupation, to protect Libyan civilians. In response to the resolution, the Gaddafi government announced a ceasefire, but failed to uphold it and continued to advance on the rebels and the Second Battle of Benghazi began.
The U.S. initially coordinated the effort and took strategic and tactical command at UCC USAFRICOM, led by Carter Ham, and the Joint Task Force Odyssey Dawn, led by Samuel J. Locklear aboard the command ship USS Mount Whitney (LCC-20), respectively. From there on command was split between the air and naval components of the operation at which level the different participating countries commanded their assets in accordance with their rules of engagement and through liaison officers.
After the initial intervention, the U.S. wanted to scale down their involvement significantly to a supporting role. Due to lack of consensus within NATO, the only other body capable of commanding a multinational operation of this size, however, this was not possible immediately. As consensus grew during the next days, NATO took more and more parts of the operation under its command until taking command of all military operations on 31 March.
In late May, HMS ''Ocean'' (L12) deployed with embarked Apache attack helicopters to the waters off Libya.
The Royal Norwegian Air Force F-16 fighters have flown daily missions and as of the end of July 2011, the Royal Norwegian Air Force dropped around 600 bombs during the conflict, some 15 % of the total bombs dropped during the mission at that point.
Category:Conflicts in 2011 Category:Foreign intervention in the 2011 Libyan civil war Category:International security Category:Military operations involving NATO Category:Military operations involving Canada Category:Military operations involving Denmark Category:Military operations involving France Category:Military operations involving Greece Category:Military operations involving Italy Category:Military operations involving the Netherlands Category:Military operations involving Norway Category:Military operations involving Spain Category:Military operations involving Turkey Category:Military operations involving the United Kingdom Category:Military operations involving the United States Category:No-fly zone operations
es:Operación Protector Unificado nl:Operatie Unified Protector ja:ユニファイド・プロテクター作戦 pl:Operacja Unified Protector sr:Операција Уједињени заштитник sv:Operation Unified ProtectorThis text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
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