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Lorrain was a dedicated disciple of dandyism, and (for the times) openly gay. Lorrain wrote a number of collections of verse, including La forêt bleue (1883) and L'ombre ardente, (1897). He is also remembered for his decadent novels and short stories, such as Monsieur de Phocas (1901) and Histoires des masques (1900), as well as for one of his best novels, Sonyeuse, which he links to portraits exhibited by Antonio de La Gandara in 1893.
Category:1855 births Category:1906 deaths Category:People from Seine-Maritime Category:French poets Category:French fantasy writers Lorrain
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Dred Scott (1799 – September 17, 1858), was an African-American slave in the United States who sued unsuccessfully for his freedom in the Dred Scott v. Sandford case of 1857. His case was based on the fact that although he and his wife Harriet Scott were slaves, he had lived with his master Dr. John Emerson in states and territories where slavery was illegal according to both state laws and the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, including Illinois and Minnesota (which was then part of the Wisconsin Territory). The United States Supreme Court ruled seven to two against Scott, finding that neither he, nor any person of African ancestry, could claim citizenship in the United States, and therefore Scott could not bring suit in federal court under diversity of citizenship rules. Moreover, Scott's temporary residence outside Missouri did not bring about his emancipation under the Missouri Compromise, since that would improperly deprive Scott's owner of his legal property.
Scott had traveled with his master Dr. John Emerson, who was in the US Army and often transferred. Scott's extended stay with his master in Illinois, a free state, gave him the legal standing to make a claim for freedom, as did his extended stay at Fort Snelling in the Wisconsin Territory (now Minnesota), where slavery was also prohibited. But Scott did not file a petition for freedom while living in the free lands—perhaps because he was unaware of his rights at the time, or because he was fearful of possible repercussions. After two years, the army transferred Emerson to territory where slavery was legal: first to St. Louis, Missouri, then to Louisiana. In just over a year, the recently married Emerson summoned his slave couple. Instead of staying in the free territory of Wisconsin (now Minnesota), or going to the free state of Illinois, the two traveled nearly 1,250 miles (2000 km), apparently unaccompanied, down the Mississippi River to meet their master. Only after Emerson's death in 1843, when Emerson's widow hired out Scott to an army captain, did Scott seek freedom for himself and his wife. First he offered to buy his freedom from Emerson's widow, Irene Emerson—then living in St. Louis—for 300, about $}} in current value. After she refused his request, Scott sought freedom in the St. Louis Circuit Court.
In 1830 the Blow family took Scott with them when they relocated to St. Louis, Missouri. They sold him to John Emerson, a doctor serving in the United States Army. Scott traveled with Dr. Emerson as he worked throughout Illinois and the Wisconsin Territories, where the Northwest Ordinance prohibited slavery.
Dr. Emerson would soon meet and marry Irene Sanford, and the Emersons and Scotts returned to Missouri in 1842. When Dr. Emerson died the following year, his widow took over the estate. Scott offered to purchase his freedom from the widow Emerson, but she refused his request.
In 1850, a Missouri jury decided that Scott and his wife should be freed because of their former residence in Illinois and Wisconsin. The widowed Irene Emerson appealed. In 1852 the Missouri Supreme Court struck down the lower court ruling, saying, "Times now are not as they were when the previous decisions on this subject were made." The disheartened Scotts were returned to their master's wife.
The widow Irene Emerson married Dr. Calvin C. Caffee, who was affiliated with anti-slavery and Knownothing supporters. Under Missouri law at the time, the powers of the Emerson estate transferred to her brother, John F. A. Sanford. Because Sanford was a citizen of New York, Scott's lawyers "claimed the case should now be brought before the Federal courts, on the grounds of diverse citizenship."
With the aid of new lawyers (including Montgomery Blair), the Scotts sued in the federal court. After losing the first round, they appealed to the United States Supreme Court in Dred Scott v. Sandford. (The name is spelled 'Sandford' in the court decision due to a clerical error.) On March 6, 1857, Chief Justice Roger B. Taney delivered the majority opinion. Taney ruled that:
In effect, the Court had ruled that African-American slaves had no claim to freedom. Since they were not citizens, they had no standing to bring suit in a federal court. Since slaves were private property, the federal government could not revoke a slave owner's rights based on where he lived, thus nullifying the essence of the Missouri Compromise, which divided territories into jurisdictions either free or slave. Speaking for the majority, Taney ruled that since Scott was considered private property, he was subject to the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which prohibits taking property from its owner "without due process".
The decision heightened tensions between the North and the South, causing outrage among abolitionists, slaves and their sympathizers.
Following the decision, Scott and his family were returned as property to Emerson's widow. In the meantime, her brother John Sanford had been committed to an insane asylum. In 1850, Irene Sanford Emerson had remarried. Her new husband, Calvin C. Chaffee, was an abolitionist, who shortly after was elected to the US Congress. Chaffee was apparently unaware that his wife owned the most prominent slave in the United States until one month before the Supreme Court decision. By then it was too late for him to intervene, and Chaffee was severely criticized for being married to a slaveholder. He persuaded his wife Irene to return Scott to his original owners, the Blow family. By this time, they had become opponents of slavery, and as Missouri residents, they could emancipate him and his wife.
Dred Scott and his wife were formally freed by Henry Taylor Blow on May 26, 1857, less than three months after the Supreme Court decision. Scott worked as a porter in St. Louis for about 17 months before he died from tuberculosis in September 1858. He was survived by his wife Harriet, and his daughters Eliza and Lizzie Scott.
Scott was interred in Calvary Cemetery, St. Louis, Missouri. A local tradition later developed of placing Lincoln pennies on top of Scott's gravestone for good luck.
Harriet Scott was long thought to be buried near her husband, but it was recently proven that she was buried in Greenwood Cemetery in Hillsdale, Missouri. She outlived her husband by 18 years, dying on June 17, 1876. f
Their daughter Eliza Scott married and had two sons. Lizzie never married, but following her sister's early death, she helped raise her nephews. One of Eliza's sons died young, but the other married and has descendants. Some descendants of them live in St. Louis to this day.
Category:1799 births Category:1858 deaths Category:American slaves Category:Freedom suits in the United States Category:United States slavery case law Category:Deaths from tuberculosis Category:People from St. Louis, Missouri Category:Infectious disease deaths in Missouri Category:People from Southampton County, Virginia
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