- published: 10 Nov 2009
- views: 840054
- author: AlJazeeraEnglish
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- Al-Jazeera
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- Alxa League
- Alxa Left Banner
- Alxa Right Banner
- Aohan Banner
- Ar Khorchin Banner
- Arun Banner
- Arxan
- Baarin Left Banner
- Baarin Right Banner
- Baiyin
- Baoshen Line
- Baotou
- Bayan Nur
- Bayannur
- Beijing
- Binzhou
- Chakhar Mongolian
- Chenggong County
- Chifeng
- Chifeng University
- China Standard Time
- Coal
- Culture of Mongolia
- Daily Mail
- Dalad Banner
- Dengkou County
- Desert
- Dezhou
- Donghe District
- Dongshen
- Dongsheng
- Dongsheng District
- Dongying
- Duolun County
- East Ujimqin Banner
- Ejin Banner
- Ejin Horo Banner
- Electricity
- Erenhot
- Ergun City
- Fengzhen
- Gansu
- GDP
- GDP per capita
- Genhe
- Gobi Desert
- Guyang County
- Haibowan District
- Hailar District
- Hainan District
- Han Chinese
- Hanggin Banner
- Hanggin Rear Banner
- Hanyu Pinyin
- Hanzi
- Harqin Banner
- Henan
- Hexigten Banner
- Hinggan League
- Hohhot
- Holingol
- Horinger County
- Horqin District
- Hot pot
- Huade County
- Hui people
- Huimin District
- Hulunbuir
- Hure Banner
- Inner Mongolia
- Jalaid Banner
- Jarud Banner
- Jiaozuo
- Jinan
- Jining District
- Jiuyuan District
- Jiyuan
- Jungar Banner
- Kaifeng
- Kailu County
- Kangbashi
- Kubuqi Desert
- Kundulun District
- Lanzhou
- Liangcheng County
- Liaocheng
- Linfen
- Linhe District
- Luoyang
- Lüliang
- Manchu
- Mandarin Chinese
- Manzhouli
- Maowusu Desert
- Miss World
- Mojibake
- Mongolian language
- Mongolian script
- Mongols
- Music of Mongolia
- Naiman Banner
- New South China Mall
- Ningcheng County
- Ningxia
- Old Barag Banner
- Ongniud Banner
- Ordos Airport
- Ordos City
- Ordos culture
- Ordos Desert
- Ordos Loop
- Ordos Mongolian
- Otog Banner
- Otog Front Banner
- Petrochemicals
- Pinyin
- Plateau
- Province (China)
- Puyang
- Qingshuihe County
- Renminbi
- Saihan District
- Sanmenxia
- Semi-arid climate
- Shaanxi
- Shandong
- Shangdu County
- Shanxi
- Shiguai District
- Shiretu Juu
- Shizuishan
- Siziwang Banner
- Sonid Left Banner
- Sonid Right Banner
- Tai'an
- Taibus Banner
- Tengger Desert
- Tibetans
- Time zone
- Togtoh County
- Tongliao
- Tumed Left Banner
- Tumed Right Banner
- Tuquan County
- Ulan Hot
- Ulanqab
- Urat Front Banner
- Urat Middle Banner
- Urat Rear Banner
- UTC+8
- Uxin Banner
- Weinan
- West Ujimqin Banner
- Wuda District
- Wuhai
- Wuzhong City
- Xilin Gol League
- Xilinhot
- Xinghe County
- Xinxiang
- Xinzhou
- Yakeshi
- Yan'an
- Yellow river
- Yellow River
- Yinchuan
- YouTube
- Yuanbaoshan District
- Yulin, Shaanxi
- Yuncheng
- Yuquan District
- Zalantun
- Zhaojun Tomb
- Zhengzhou
- Zhongwei
- Zhuozi County
- Zibo
-
Abag Banner
Abag Banner (Mongolian: ᠠᠪᠠᠭᠠ ᠬᠤᠰᠢᠭᠤ Abaga qosigu, Mongolian: Авга хошуу) is a county of Inner Mongolia, China. It is under the administration of Xilin Gol League. The local dialect has variously been classified as Chakhar or Khalkha.
Coordinates: 43°33′23″N 115°20′42″E / 43.5565°N 115.345°E / 43.5565; 115.345
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Alxa League
Coordinates: 38°50′N 105°40′E / 38.833°N 105.667°E / 38.833; 105.667
Alxa League (Mongolian:
, Alaša ayimaγ, Chinese: 阿拉善盟; pinyin: Ālāshàn Méng) is one of 12 prefecture level divisions and three extant leagues of Inner Mongolia. The league borders Mongolia to the north, Bayan Nur to the northeast, Wuhai and Ordos to the east, Ningxia to the southeast, and Gansu to the south and west. The capital is Bayan Hot (older name: 定远营 Dingyuanying) in the aimag's Left Banner. The Mongolian variety spoken in this area is the Alasha dialect.
In the 2000 census, there were 196,279 inhabitants. Alxa is the least populated region of Inner Mongolia.
Alxa is divided into three banners:
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Alxa Left Banner
Alxa Left Banner (Mongolian: Алшаа зүүн хошуу) is a banner of Inner Mongolia, China. It is under the administration of Alxa League.
Coordinates: 38°49′30″N 105°40′12″E / 38.825°N 105.67°E / 38.825; 105.67
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Alxa Right Banner
Alxa Right Banner (Mongolian: Алшаа баруун хошуу) is a banner of Inner Mongolia, China. It is under the administration of Alxa League.
Coordinates: 39°13′19″N 101°40′12″E / 39.22194°N 101.67°E / 39.22194; 101.67
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Aohan Banner
Aohan Banner (simplified Chinese: 敖汉旗; traditional Chinese: 敖漢旗; pinyin: Áohàn Qí) is a banner of southeastern Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China, bordering Liaoning province to the south. It is under the administration of Chifeng City, 85 kilometres (53 mi) to the west.
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Ar Khorchin Banner
Ar Horqin Banner (simplified Chinese: 阿鲁科尔沁旗; traditional Chinese: 阿魯科爾沁旗; pinyin: Ālǔ Kē'ěrqìn Qí) is a banner of eastern Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China. It is under the administration of Chifeng City, about 200 kilometres (120 mi) to the south-southwest. The banner lies on China National Highway 303, running from Ji'an, Jilin to Xilinhot, Inner Mongolia. The Mongolian dialect spoken in Ar Khorchin is not Khorchin, as the name suggests, but Baarin.
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Arun Banner
Arun Banner (simplified Chinese: 阿荣旗; traditional Chinese: 阿榮旗; pinyin: Āróng Qí) is a banner of northeastern Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China, bordering Heilongjiang province to the south and east. It is under the administration of Hulunbuir City, and is 92 kilometres (57 mi) north-northwest of the city of Qiqihar in Heilongjiang province.
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Arxan
Arxan City (pronounced "arshan" Mongolian: Аршаан; spring, spa) is a city district of Inner Mongolia, China. It is under the administration of Hinggan League.
Coordinates: 47°10′40″N 119°56′38″E / 47.1777°N 119.944°E / 47.1777; 119.944
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Baarin Left Banner
Baarin Left Banner (Chinese: 巴林左旗; pinyin: Bālín Zuǒ Qí), or Bairin, is a banner of eastern Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China. It is under the administration of Chifeng City, 195 kilometres (121 mi) to the south-southwest. The distinct Mongolian dialect of this region is called Baarin. It is located at the intersection of two national highways: China National Highway 303 and 305.
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Baarin Right Banner
Baarin Right Banner (Chinese: 巴林右旗; pinyin: Bālín Yòu Qí) is a banner of eastern Inner Mongolia, China. It is under the administration of Chifeng City, 143 kilometres (89 mi) to the south-southeast. The distinct Mongolian dialect of this region is Baarin Mongolian.
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Baiyin
Baiyin (Chinese: 白银; pinyin: Báiyín) is a prefecture-level city in China's Gansu province.
Baiyin is part loess plateau, part desert. Elevation ranges from 1275 to 3321 meters above sea-level. The climate is very arid with only 110-352 mm of annual precipitation. Annual evaporation is 2101 mm resulting in a net loss of approximately 1800 mm. The Yellow River flows from south to north for 214 kilometers through Baiyin.
The area is 21,200 km², 3478 km² of that urban.
Baiyin has 2 urban districts, 3 counties, 64 townships, 18 towns, and 7 sub-districts with a total population of 1,746,800.
The 2002 GDP was 9.5 billion RMB. Average annual income for urban residents was 6409 RMB, and 1688 RMB for rural residents.
There are 2 radio stations and 3 television stations. Numerous national roads, highways, and railroads cross Baiyin.
The Yellow River Stone Forest is a National Park about 40km North of Baiyin. It is famous for its natural stone columns.
Coordinates: 36°33′N 104°09′E / 36.55°N 104.15°E / 36.55; 104.15
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Baotou
Baotou (simplified Chinese: 包头; traditional Chinese: 包頭; pinyin: Bāotóu, Mongolian:
Buɣutu) is a mid-sized industrial city in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China. Governed as a prefecture-level city, its urban areas are home to a population of approximately 1.78 million, with a total population of over 2.65 million accounting for counties under its jurisdiction. The city's Mongolian name means "place with deer", and an alternate name in Chinese is "Lùchéng" (鹿城), meaning "Deer City".
Baotou is divided into 10 county-level divisions, including 7 districts,1 county and 2 banners.
The area now known as Baotou was inhabited since ancient times by nomads, most notably the Mongols. Near the end of the Han Dynasty, Lü Bu, a particularly noteworthy warrior, was born here. Compared to the capital, Hohhot, Baotou's construction as a city came relatively late, being incorporated as a town in 1809. The city's site was chosen because it was in an arable region of the Yellow River's Great Bend.
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Beijing
Beijing (
/beɪˈdʒɪŋ/; Chinese: 北京; pinyin: Běijīng, [peɪ˨˩ t͡ɕiŋ˥]), formerly romanized as Peking ( /piːˈkɪŋ/ or /peɪˈkɪŋ/), is the capital of the People's Republic of China and one of the most populous cities in the world, with a population of 19,612,368 as of 2010. The metropolis, located in northern China, is governed as a direct-controlled municipality under the national government, with 14 urban and suburban districts and two rural counties. Beijing Municipality is surrounded by Hebei Province with the exception of neighboring Tianjin Municipality to the southeast.
Beijing is China's second largest city by urban population after Shanghai and is the country's political, cultural, and educational center, and home to the headquarters for most of China's largest state-owned companies. Beijing is a major transportation hub in the national highway, expressway, railway and high-speed rail network. Beijing's Capital International Airport is the second busiest in the world by passenger traffic.
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Binzhou
Binzhou (simplified Chinese: 滨州; traditional Chinese: 濱州; pinyin: Bīnzhōu) is a prefecture-level city in northern Shandong province, People's Republic of China. Sitting on the northern bank of the Yellow River with two arms extended to the southern bank, Binzhou borders the provincial capital of Jinan to the southwest, Dezhou to the west, Zibo to the south, Dongying to the east, and the province of Hebei to the north. The city also has a short coastline bordering the Bohai Bay.
Humans have been living in the area around Binzhou since the Neolithic era. It was called “Pugu country” in the Shang Dynasty, and was a county in the Qin Dynasty. It was first called Binzhou in era of the Five Dynasties because it borders the Bohai Sea. Nowadays, it has more than 3.7 million inhabitants. The major Industries are based on oil, chemicals and textiles.
The prefecture-level city of Binzhou administers 7 county-level divisions, including 1 district and 6 counties.
Prior to 1983, both Binzhou and neighboring Dongying were not considered large or developed enough to be incorporated into cities. Instead, they formed a "di qu" (literally, a "region") managed by the provincial government. BinZhou used to be named Huimin Prefecture (惠民地区) before it was renamed to BinZhou Prefecture in 1984 and promoted to a prefecture-level city in 1992.
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Chenggong County
Chenggong District (Chinese: 呈贡区; pinyin: Chénggòng Qū) is a city district under the jurisdiction of Kunming Prefecture, Yunnan Province, China. Chenggong, formerly a county situated on east bank of the Dian Lake, its status changed to a district of Kunming in 2011.
Chenggong is the chief zone for the expansion of the city of Kunming, 20 minute drive away – it is the site of the new Kunming City Hall, and new campuses for Yunnan University and Yunnan Normal University.
As of 2010, much new construction in Chenggong is still unoccupied, in a similar situation to Ordos City and the New South China Mall.
Chenggong Industrial Park is among the 30 key industrial parks in Yunnan province, with total planned area of 66.46 sq km.
Chenggong has the largest flower market in Yunnan.[citation needed]
Coordinates: 24°53′30″N 102°47′00″E / 24.89167°N 102.7833333°E / 24.89167; 102.7833333
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Chifeng
Chifeng, also known as Ulanhad hot (pronounced [ʊlaːnxad xɔt], "red cliff"), is a prefecture-level city in southeastern Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China. It borders Xilin Gol to the north and west, Tongliao to the northeast, Chaoyang prefecture of Liaoning province to the southeast, and Chengde prefecture of Hebei province to the south. The city has a total administrative area of 90,275 square kilometres (34,855 sq mi) and has a population of 4,341,245 inhabitants. As of the 2010 census, 1,094,970 of these residents reside within in the urban core districts of Hongshan, Yuanboshan and Songshan even though a large part of Songshan is still rural.
Chifeng has three districts, two counties and seven banners:
In 2004, Chifeng had 4,435,737 inhabitants (49.14 per km²).
According to archeology studies, human existence in the Chifeng area can be traced back almost ten thousand years, and the cultural history can be traced back nearly eight thousand years. The representative ruins and relics of Hongshan Culture, Grassland Bronze Culture, Qindan Nationality-Liao Culture and Mongolian-Yuan Culture have been discovered in Chifeng. The ruins of an ancient village, named Xinglonggou, are regarded as “the first village of China” by historians. The biggest jade dragon unearthed in the area is known as “the first dragon of China”. The discovery of ruins and relics of ancient cultures have come from more than 6,800 sites. Chifeng was the political, economic and cultural center of the Liao Dynasty, therefore, the amount of ruins and relics of the Liao Dynasty in Chifeng is ranked the most important in China.
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Dalad Banner
Dalad Banner (simplified Chinese: 达拉特旗; traditional Chinese: 達拉特旗; pinyin: Dálātè Qí) is a banner of western Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China, lying on the southern (right) bank of the Yellow River. It is under the administration of Ordos City, although it is closer to the city of Baotou, 33 kilometres (21 mi) to the north-northwest.
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Dengkou County
Dengkou County (磴口县), is a county with 120,000 inhabitants (2004) under the administration of Baynnur, Inner Mongolia. The total area of the county is 4,167 km² with the Bayangol.
Coordinates: 40°19′40″N 107°00′11″E / 40.3278°N 107.003°E / 40.3278; 107.003
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Dezhou
Dezhou (Chinese: 德州; pinyin: Dézhōu) is a prefecture-level city in northwestern Shandong province, People's Republic of China. It borders the provincial capital of Jinan to the southeast, Liaocheng to the southwest, Binzhou to the northeast, and the province of Hebei to the north.
The municipality of Dezhou comprises thirteen county-level sub divisions:
Cities (县级市 xianji shi) administered by Dezhou are:
Counties (县 xian) administered by Dezhou are:
Dezhou lies on the main rail route from Beijing to Shanghai,which is known as Jinghu Railway. Dezhou has always been an important transport hub since ancient times(especially after Ming Dynasty), when its reputation of "Junction of Nine Arteries"(九达天衢）and "Portal of Capital City"(神京门户）gradually developed. Except for the two railways(the other is Shide Railway leading to Shijiazhuang), National Highway 104, NH105 and a few provincial roads cross the city as well. The Yellow River and the Grand Canal (China) run through it.
Dezhou's biggest historical attraction is the tomb of Sultan Paduka Pahala of Sulu (Philippines), who died in Dezhou on his return journey from a visit to the Yongle Emperor in 1417. The tomb is well preserved and has been declared a national heritage site. Descendants of the sultan's Muslim followers still live in Dezhou today, and are classified as the Hui minority.
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Donghe District
Donghe District (simplified Chinese: 东河区; traditional Chinese: 東河區; pinyin: Dōnghé Qū) is a district of Baotou, the largest city of Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China.
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Dongsheng
Dongsheng District (simplified Chinese: 东胜区; traditional Chinese: 東勝區; pinyin: Dōngshèng Qū) is a District and the seat of Ordos City, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China. It has a district population of 230,579, with 162,317 in the urban area. The district is predominantly Han Chinese, but has a significant Mongol minority.
Dongsheng is also the fastest growing district of Ordos City, half of the district being under construction. To enable further expansion, officials in 2003 planned the near-by district of Kangbashi, a brand new (city) 25 kilometres (16 mi) from Dongsheng.
Coordinates: 39°46′31.73″N 109°55′45.37″E / 39.7754806°N 109.9292694°E / 39.7754806; 109.9292694
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Dongsheng District
Dongsheng District (simplified Chinese: 东胜区; traditional Chinese: 東勝區; pinyin: Dōngshèng Qū) is a District and the seat of Ordos City, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China. It has a district population of 230,579, with 162,317 in the urban area. The district is predominantly Han Chinese, but has a significant Mongol minority.
Dongsheng is also the fastest growing district of Ordos City, half of the district being under construction. To enable further expansion, officials in 2003 planned the near-by district of Kangbashi, a brand new (city) 25 kilometres (16 mi) from Dongsheng.
Coordinates: 39°46′31.73″N 109°55′45.37″E / 39.7754806°N 109.9292694°E / 39.7754806; 109.9292694
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Duolun County
Duolun County (simplified Chinese: 多伦县; traditional Chinese: 多倫縣; pinyin: Duōlún Xiàn) is a county of Inner Mongolia, China. It is under the administration of Xilin Gol League.
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East Ujimqin Banner
East Ujimqin Banner (simplified Chinese: 东乌珠穆沁旗; traditional Chinese: 東烏珠穆沁旗; pinyin: Dōng Wūzhūmùqìn Qí; Mongolian: Зүүн Үзэмчин хошуу) is a banner in the northeast of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China. It is under the administration of Xilin Gol League.
East Ujimqin features a cold semi-arid climate (Köppen BSk), marked by long, cold and very dry winters, hot, somewhat humid summers, and strong winds, especially in spring. The monthly daily mean temperature in January, the coldest month, is −20.8 °C (−5.4 °F), and in July, the warmest month, 21.1 °C (70.0 °F), with the annual mean at 1.38 °C (34.5 °F). The annual precipitation is approximately 260 millimetres (10.2 in), with more than half of it falling in July and August alone. Due to the aridity and elevation, temperature differences between day and night can be large. Sunshine is abundant year-round, with an annual total of 3000 hours.
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Ejin Banner
Ejin Banner (Mongolian: Эзнээ хошуу) is a banner of Inner Mongolia, China. It is under the administration of Alxa League.
Eljin Banner is served by the Jiayuguan-Ceke and the Linhe-Ceke Railways.
Coordinates: 41°44′44″N 100°19′05″E / 41.7456°N 100.318°E / 41.7456; 100.318
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Ejin Horo Banner
Ejin Horo Banner, also written as Ejin Horo Qi (Chinese: 伊金霍洛旗; pinyin: Yījīn Huòluò Qí), is a banner under the administration of Ordos City, in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China. As of 2009, Ejin Horo Qi covers an area of almost 5,600 square kilometers, with a population of nearly 160,000, the majority of whom are ethnically Han Chinese.
China's growing economy has led, in recent years, to increased development in the area of Ejin Horo Qi, with the construction or improvement of roads, transportation centers, and accommodation for travelers and tourists.
Ejin Horo Qi, as part of Ordos City, lies on a plateau in the southern portion of the Ordos Desert. The land surface consists primarily of arid grassland or sandy dunes. A tributary of the Yellow River flows through Ejin Horo Qi.
Pasture degradation, soil erosion, and desertification were ongoing problems during the late 20th century. From the 1950s through the 1970s, the use of fuel wood and overgrazing from sheep and goats caused up to an estimated annual loss of 1,000 km2 of arable land. During the 1980s, the rate decreased substantially due to government programs and the availability of coal as a household fuel.
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Erenhot
Erenhot (Mongolian:
, Эрээн хот; Chinese: 二连浩特; pinyin: èrliánhàotè, commonly shortened to Ereen or Erlian) is a city located in the Gobi Desert, in the Xilin Gol league of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China (PRC). It has 16,330 inhabitants (estimated 2006) and the elevation is 966 metres (3,169 ft). The city is located on the border with Mongolia and a big rainbow arch marks the road border crossing just outside of town.
The town across the Mongolian border is Zamyn-Üüd.
Erenhot is a stop on the Trans-Mongolian Railway. International trains change bogies in here, because of the break-of-gauge between China and Mongolia. China uses the standard gauge, while Mongolia uses the Russian 1520 mm gauge. The town is also the northern terminus of China National Highway 208, Erenhot - Changzhi. The city profits a lot from cross-border trade with Mongolia. Most small-scale traders cross the border by car and board the trains in Zamyn-Üüd.
The manual bogie exchange is to be supplemented with the faster, automatic Variable gauge axle system of the SUW 2000 type made by ZNTK.
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Ergun City
Ergun (Chinese: 额尔古纳市, É'ěrgǔnà Shì; Mongolian: Эргүн, Ergün), formerly Ergun Right Banner (Chinese: 额尔古纳右旗; pinyin: E'erguna You Qi), is a county-level city in China's autonomous region of Inner Mongolia. Administratively, Ergun is part of the prefecture-level city of Hulunbuir. It occupies 28,400 km² on the right (south-eastern) bank of the Argun River, which forms China's border with Russia's Zabaykalsky Krai (formerly, Chita Oblast).
The county-level city had the population of 85162 people as of 2006.
The county-level city of Ergun is divided into 2 towns, 2 ethnic townships, and two subdistricts (街道办事处). As of 2006, their population was reported as follows:
Ethnic composition of the county-level city of Ergun, as of 2006, was reported as follows:
There are two international border crossings in the county-level city.
Ergun panorama
Coordinates: 50°14′30″N 120°10′40″E / 50.24167°N 120.17778°E / 50.24167; 120.17778
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Gansu
Coordinates: 38°0′N 102°20′E / 38°N 102.333°E / 38; 102.333
Gansu (help·info) (simplified Chinese: 甘肃; traditional Chinese: 甘肅; pinyin: Gānsù; Wade–Giles: Kan-su, Kansu, Kan-suh) is a province located in the northwest of the People's Republic of China.
It lies between the Tibetan and Huangtu plateaus, and borders Mongolia, Inner Mongolia, and Ningxia to the north, Xinjiang and Qinghai to the west, Sichuan to the south, and Shaanxi to the east. The Yellow River passes through the southern part of the province.
Gansu has a population of 26 million (2009) and has a large concentration of Hui Chinese, and the historical home, along with Shaanxi of the dialect of the Dungans, who are Hui who migrated to Central Asia. The southwestern corner of Gansu is home to a large Tibetan population. The capital is Lanzhou, located in the southeast part of the province. Gansu is abbreviated as "甘" (Gān) or "陇" (Lǒng), and is also known as Long West or Long Right, in reference to the Long Mountain east of Gansu.
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Genhe
Genhe (Gegengol) (Mongolian: Gegen Gôûl Hôt; Chinese: 根河; pinyin: Gēnhé), formerly Ergun Left Banner or Ergun Zuoqi (Chinese: 额尔古纳左旗; pinyin: E'erguna Zuo Qi), is a city in the far northeast of Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China. It is administratively a county-level city of Hulunbuir City.
Genhe has a subarctic climate (Köppen Dwc), and is the coldest officially-designated city in China, with an average annual temperature at nearby Tulihe of −4.4 °C (24.1 °F). Winters are long, severely cold, and very dry in terms of total precipitation, while summers are short and warm. Monthly mean temperatures range from −28.7 °C (−19.7 °F) in January to 16.6 °C (61.9 °F) in July.
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Gobi Desert
The Gobi (Mongolian: Говь, Govi, "semidesert"; Chinese: 戈壁; pinyin: Gēbì) is a large desert region in Asia. It covers parts of northern and northwestern China, and of southern Mongolia. The desert basins of the Gobi are bounded by the Altai Mountains and the grasslands and steppes of Mongolia on the north, by the Hexi Corridor and Tibetan Plateau to the southwest, and by the North China Plain to the southeast. The Gobi is most notable in history as part of the great Mongol Empire, and as the location of several important cities along the Silk Road.
The Gobi is made up of several distinct ecological and geographic regions based on variations in climate and topography. One is the Eastern Gobi desert steppe Ecoregion, a Palearctic ecoregion in the Deserts and xeric shrublands Biome, home to the Bactrian camel and various other animals.. It is a rain shadow desert formed by the Himalaya range blocking rain-carrying clouds from reaching the Gobi from the Indian Ocean.
The Gobi measures over 1,610 km (1,000 mi) from southwest to northeast and 800 km (500 mi) from north to south. The desert is widest in the west, along the line joining the Lake Bosten and the Lop Nor (87°-89° east). It occupies an arc of land 1,295,000 km2 (500,002 sq mi) in area as of 2007, making it the fifth largest in the world[clarification needed] and Asia's largest. Much of the Gobi is not sandy but is covered with bare rock.
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Guyang County
Guyang County (simplified Chinese: 固阳县; traditional Chinese: 固陽縣; pinyin: Gùyáng Xiàn) is a county in western Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China. It is under the administration of Baotou City, 44 kilometres (27 mi) to the south-southwest.
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Haibowan District
Haibowan District (simplified Chinese: 海勃湾区; traditional Chinese: 海勃灣區; pinyin: Hǎibówān Qū) is a district of the city of Wuhai, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China.
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Hainan District
Hainan District (simplified Chinese: 海南区; traditional Chinese: 海南區; pinyin: Hǎinán Qū) is a district of the city of Wuhai, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China, bordering Ningxia to the southwest.
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Hanggin Banner
Hanggin (or Hangjin) Banner (simplified Chinese: 杭锦旗; traditional Chinese: 杭錦旗; pinyin: Hángjǐn Qí) is a banner in the southwest of Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China, bordering Dalad Banner to the east, Otog Banner to the southwest, and Bayan Nur to the north. It is under the administration of Ordos City.
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Hanggin Rear Banner
Hanggin Rear Banner (杭锦后旗), 1,767 km², 300,000 inhabitants (2004), administrative center: Shanba (陕坝镇).
Hanggin Rear Banner is served by the Linhe-Ceke Railway.
Coordinates: 40°49′45″N 107°00′47″E / 40.82917°N 107.01306°E / 40.82917; 107.01306
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Harqin Banner
Harqin Banner (Mongolian ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠴᠢᠨ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠣ Qaračin qosiγu; Chinese: 喀喇沁旗; pinyin: Kèlǎqìn Qí) is a banner of southeastern Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China. It is under the administration of Chifeng City, 40 kilometres (25 mi) to the north-northeast.
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Hexigten Banner
Hexigten Qi (aka Hexigten Banner or Keshiketeng Qi, Chinese: 克什克腾旗) is a banner of Inner Mongolia, China.
It has a population of more than 256,000, which includes 8 ethnic groups, ie. Han, Mongol, Hui, Manchu, Daur, Korean, Dong and Zhuang. It is under the jurisdiction of Chifeng.
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Hohhot
Hohhot (Mongolian:
, Chinese: 呼和浩特; pinyin: Hūhéhàotè, abbreviated Hū Shì (Chinese: 呼市); also romanized as Huhehot or Huhhot), is a city in north-central China and the capital of the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region, serving as the region's administrative, economic, and cultural centre.
The city was founded by Mongol ruler Altan Khan in the late 16th century. It was chosen as the region's administrative centre in 1952, replacing Ulanhot. A city with a rich cultural background, Hohhot is known for its historical sites and temples and is one of the major tourist destinations of Inner Mongolia. It is also nationally known as the home of China's dairy giants Mengniu and Yili, and was declared "Dairy Capital of China" by the China Dairy Industry Association and the Dairy Association of China in 2005.
The name of the city in Mongolian means "Blue City." The color blue in Mongolian culture is associated with the sky, eternity and purity; in Chinese, the name can be translated as Qīng Chéng (Chinese: 青城), literally, "Blue/Green City."
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Holingol
Holingol (aka Huolin Gol or Huolinguole, Chinese: 霍林郭勒) is a county-level city of Inner Mongolia, China.
It has a population of more than 70,000, which includes 17 ethnic groups. It is under the jurisdiction of Tongliao.
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Horinger County
Horinger (aka Helinge'er, Chinese: 和林格尔) is a county of Inner Mongolia, China. It is under the jurisdiction of Huhhot.
Tuchengzi, the capital of the Zhenwu County of the Liao Empire was located within today's Horinger County. It is a major archaeological site now.
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Horqin District
Horqin District (simplified Chinese: 科尔沁区; traditional Chinese: 科爾沁區; pinyin: Kē'ěrqìn Qū) is a district of the city of Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China. The local Mongolian dialect is Khorchin Mongolian.
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Huade County
Huade County (simplified Chinese: 化德县; traditional Chinese: 化德縣; pinyin: Huàdé Xiàn) is a county of central Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China, bordering Hebei province to the southeast, Xilin Gol League to the northeast, and Shangdu County to the west. It is under the administration of Ulaan Chab city.
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Huimin District
Huimin District (simplified Chinese: 回民区; traditional Chinese: 回民區; pinyin: Huímín Qū) is a district of Hohhot, the capital of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.
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Hure Banner
Hure Banner (simplified Chinese: 库伦旗; traditional Chinese: 庫倫旗; pinyin: Kùlún Qí) is a banner of southeastern Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China, bordering Liaoning province to the south. It is under the administration of Tongliao City, 106 kilometres (66 mi) to the north-northeast.
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Inner Mongolia
Coordinates: 44°N 113°E / 44°N 113°E / 44; 113
Inner Mongolia (Mongolian: s
, Öbür Monggol and c Өвөр Монгол, Övör Mongol; Chinese: 内蒙古; pinyin: Nèi Měnggǔ, but officially romanized to Nei Mongol) is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China, located in the northern region of the country. Inner Mongolia shares an international border with the countries of Mongolia and the Russian Federation. Its capital is Hohhot and the largest city is Baotou.
Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region was established in 1947 on the area of former Republic of China provinces of Suiyuan, Chahar, Rehe, Liaobei and Xing'an along with the northern parts of Gansu and Ningxia. It is the third-largest subdivision of China spanning about 1,200,000 km² (463,000 sq mi) or 12% of China's total land area. It has a population of about 24 million as of 2004. The majority of the population in the region are Han Chinese, with a substantial Mongol minority. The official languages are Chinese and Mongolian, the latter written in the Mongolian script, as opposed to the Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet used in the state of Mongolia.
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Jarud Banner
Jarud Banner (simplified Chinese: 扎鲁特旗; traditional Chinese: 扎魯特旗; pinyin: Zālǔtè Qí) is a banner of eastern Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China. It is under the administration of Tongliao City, 150 kilometres (93 mi), and the China National Highway 304 passes through the area.
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Jinan
Coordinates: 36°40′N 116°59′E / 36.667°N 116.983°E / 36.667; 116.983
Jinan (Chinese: 济南; pinyin: Jǐnán; Mandarin pronunciation: [t͡ɕi˧˩nan˧˥];) is the capital of Shandong province in Eastern China. The area of present-day Jinan has played an important role in the history of the region from the earliest beginnings of civilisation and has evolved into a major national administrative, economic, and transportation hub. The city, which holds sub-provincial administrative status, is located in north-western Shandong about 400 kilometres (250 mi) south of the national capital of Beijing, it borders Liaocheng to the southwest, Dezhou to the northwest, Binzhou to the northeast, Zibo to the east, Laiwu to the southeast, and Tai'an to the south.
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Jiuyuan District
Jiuyuan District (simplified Chinese: 九原区; traditional Chinese: 九原區; pinyin: Jiǔyuán Qū) is a district of Baotou, the largest city of Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China.
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Jiyuan
Jiyuan (simplified Chinese: 济源; traditional Chinese: 濟源; pinyin: Jǐyuán) is a sub-prefecture-level city in northwestern Henan province of Central China. It borders the prefecture-level cities of Jiaozuo and Luoyang to the east and southwest respectively, as well as the province of Shanxi to the north.
The sub-prefecture-level city of Jiyuan administers 8 towns, 4 townships and 4 subdistricts. Jiyuan is named after the Ji river whose source is said to be a spring located on the west of the city.
Jiyuan was a county belonging to Jiaozuo city in the past, then it was divided from the city. Jishui River, one of the ancient "Four Rivers" with the Yangzi River, Yellow River and Huai River, originates from Jiyuan, literally the source of Jishui, hence deriving its name. According to the latest archaeological findings, as early as around 10,000 years ago, precisely at the end of the Paleolithic Period and the beginning of the Neolithic Period, people have lived here. It used to be the capital of the Xia Dynasty and was well known for its wealth between the Period of Warring States and Han Dynasty.
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Jungar Banner
Jungar Banner (simplified Chinese: 准格尔旗; traditional Chinese: 准格爾旗; pinyin: Zhǔngé'ěr Qí) is a banner of western Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China, lying on the western (right) bank of the Yellow River and bordering the provinces of Shanxi to the southeast and Shaanxi to the southwest. It is under the administration of Ordos City.
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Kaifeng
Kaifeng (simplified Chinese: 开封; traditional Chinese: 開封; pinyin: Kāifēng; Wade–Giles: K'aifeng), known previously by several names (see below), is a prefecture-level city in east-central Henan province, Central China. Nearly 5 million people live in the metropolitan area. Located along the southern bank of the Yellow River, it borders the provincial capital of Zhengzhou to the west, Xinxiang to the northwest, Shangqiu to the east, Zhoukou to the southeast, Xuchang to the southwest, and the province of Shandong to the northeast.
The Chinese Postal Map Romanisation for the city is Kaifeng whilst its abbreviation is biàn (汴). Historically it has also been known as:
The name "Kaifeng" first appeared as the area's name after the Qin Dynasty's conquering of China in the 2nd century BC, and literally means "expand the borders".
The prefecture-level city of Kaifeng administers five districts and five counties.
Kaifeng is one of the Seven Ancient Capitals of China. As with Beijing, there have been many reconstructions during its history.
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Kailu County
Kailu County (simplified Chinese: 开鲁县; traditional Chinese: 開魯縣; pinyin: Kāilǔ Xiàn) is a county in the east of Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China. It is under the administration of Tongliao City, 76 kilometres (47 mi) to the east, and China National Highway 303 passes through it.
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Kangbashi
Kangbashi (Chinese: 康巴什新区; Pinyin: Kāngbāshí) is a district of the Chinese city of Ordos, Inner Mongolia, situated in Northern China.
With an expanding district due to economic exploitation of the local natural resources, but dwindling water supplies due to the continual expansion of the Ordos Desert, Ordos officials were faced with a local infrastructure planning problem. Hence in 2003, Ordos city officials launched the creation of a new 1 million person city district. Located on a 355 square kilometres (137 sq mi) site 25 kilometres (16 mi) from the existing city of Dongsheng, the new city is located next to three existing reservoirs on the site of two former villages.
As of 2010, the current city on a site 35 square kilometres (14 sq mi) of has capacity for at least 300,000 people, created with an estimated investment of around 1.1 trillion yuan ($161 billion).
Local industrial projects include a Hawtai Motor 50,000 vehicles/year factory,[citation needed] and cooperation with Beijing CICC and Inner Mongolia Power (group) Co Ltd in building a 4,300 thousand-watt power plant, a key project in the Chinese State's Eleventh Five-Year Plan for Inner Mongolia.
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Kundulun District
Kundulun District (Mongolian Cyrillic: Хөндлөн дүүрэг; simplified Chinese: 昆都仑区; traditional Chinese: 昆都侖區; pinyin: Kūndūlún Qū) is a district of Baotou, the largest city of Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China.
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Lanzhou
Lanzhou (simplified Chinese: 兰州; traditional Chinese: 蘭州; pinyin: Lánzhōu; Postal map spelling: Lanchow) is the capital and largest city of Gansu Province in Northwest China. A prefecture-level city, it is a key regional transportation hub, allowing areas further west to maintain railroad connections to the eastern half of the country. Lanzhou is home to 3,616,163 inhabitants at the 2010 census and 2,177,130 in the built-up area (urban) on 1,088 km².
Originally in the territory of the Western Qiang peoples, Lanzhou became part of the territory of Qin (state) in the 6th century BC.
In 81 BC, under the Han dynasty (206 BC–220 AD), it was taken from the Huns' Huandi Chanyu and made the seat of Jincheng commandery (jùn), and later of the Jincheng county (xiàn), later renamed Yunwu. The city used to be called the Golden City, and since at least the first millennium BC it was a major link on the ancient Northern Silk Road, and also an important historic Yellow River crossing site. To protect the city, the Great Wall of China was extended as far as Yumen.
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Liangcheng County
Liangcheng County (simplified Chinese: 凉城县; traditional Chinese: 涼城縣; pinyin: Liángchéng Xiàn) is a county of south-central Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China, bounded by Shanxi province to the south. It is under the administration of Ulaan Chab city, and borders Fengzhen City to the east, Zhuozi County to the north, and the regional capital of Hohhot to the west.
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Liaocheng
Liaocheng (Chinese: 聊城; pinyin: Liáochéng), also known as the Water City, is a prefecture-level city in western Shandong province, People's Republic of China. It borders the provincial capital of Jinan to the southeast, Dezhou to the northeast, Tai'an to the south, and the provinces of Hebei and Henan to the west. The Grand Canal flows through the city center.
During the Song dynasty, the area of present-day Liaocheng included the prefectures of Bozhou (博州) and Jizhou (濟州).
The prefecture-level city of Liaocheng administers eight county-level divisions, including one district, one county-level city, and six counties.
These are further divided into 134 township-level divisions.
In August 1949 Liaocheng was detached from Shandong and attached to Pingyuan. In November 1952 Pingyuan was dissolved and Liaocheng returned to Shandong.
Liaocheng is a sister city of the following cities.
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Lüliang
Lüliang (simplified Chinese: 吕梁; traditional Chinese: 呂梁; pinyin: Lǚliáng) is a prefecture-level city in the west of Shanxi province, People's Republic of China, bordering Shaanxi province to the west, Jinzhong and the provincial capital of Taiyuan to the east, Linfen to the south, and Xinzhou to the north. It has a total area of 21,000 square kilometers and total population of 3,600,000.
Lüliang has direct jurisdiction over 1 district, 2 county-level cities, and 10 counties:
Lüliang has a monsoon-influenced continental climate, that, under the Köppen climate classification, falls on the borderline between the semi-arid (Köppen BSk) and humid continental (Dwa) regimes, and features large diurnal temperature variation. Winters are cold and very dry, while summers are hot and slightly humid. The monthly daily average temperature ranges from −7.5 °C (18.5 °F) in January to 23.3 °C (73.9 °F) in July, while the annual mean is 9.13 °C (48.4 °F). Close to three-fourths of the annual precipitation occurs from June to September.
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Manzhouli
Manzhouli (simplified Chinese: 满洲里; traditional Chinese: 滿洲裏 or 满洲里; pinyin: Mǎnzhōulǐ; Mongolian: Манжуур / Manǰuur, Russian: Маньчжу́рия / Маньчжоули́) is a sub-prefecture-level city located in Hulunbuir prefecture-level city, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China (PRC). It is the PRC's busiest land port of entry. It has an area of 696.3 square kilometres (268.8 sq mi) and a population of more than 300,000 (in 2010).
In ancient times the area was inhabited by many tribes that lived in Manchuria, including the Donghu, the Xiongnu, the Xianbei, the Khitan, the Jurchen, and the Mongols. From the early Qing Dynasty onwards the Argun River, which originates in this area, became the border between the China and Russia.
In 1901, the China Far East Railway was completed in accordance with the Sino-Russian Secret Treaty of 1896, linking Siberia, Manchuria, and the Russian Far East. A settlement then formed around Manchzhuriya Station, the first stop within Manchuria for Russians. It was the beginning of the modern city of Manzhouli and the name of Manzhouli came from Russian Manchzhuriya (Маньчжурия i.e. Manchuria).
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Mongolian language
The Mongolian language (in Mongolian script:
,Mongγol kele; in Mongolian Cyrillic: Монгол хэл, Mongol khel) is the official language of Mongolia and the best-known member of the Mongolic language family. The number of speakers across all its dialects may be 5.2 million, including the vast majority of the residents of Mongolia and many of the Mongolian residents of the Inner Mongolia autonomous region of China. In Mongolia, the Khalkha dialect, written in Cyrillic, is predominant, while in Inner Mongolia, the language is more dialectally diverse and is written in the traditional Mongolian script. In the discussion of grammar to follow, the variety of Mongolian treated is Standard Khalkha Mongolian (i.e., the standard written language as formalized in the writing conventions and in the school grammar), but much of what is to be said is also valid for vernacular (spoken) Khalkha and other Mongolian dialects, especially Chakhar.
Mongolian has vowel harmony and a complex syllabic structure for a Mongolic language that allows clusters of up to three consonants syllable-finally. It is a typical agglutinative language that relies on suffix chains in the verbal and nominal domains. While there is a basic word order, subject–object–predicate, ordering among noun phrases is relatively free, so grammatical roles are indicated by a system of about eight grammatical cases. There are five voices. Verbs are marked for voice, aspect, tense, and epistemic modality/evidentiality. In sentence linking, a special role is played by converbs.
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Naiman Banner
Naiman Banner (Chinese: 奈曼旗; pinyin: Nàimàn Qí) is a banner of Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China. It is under the administration of Tongliao City, 156 kilometres (97 mi) to the northeast, and lies on the China National Highway 111.
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New South China Mall
New South China Mall (Chinese: 新华南MALL; pinyin: Xinhuánán MALL) in Dongguan, China is the largest mall in the world based on gross leasable area, and ranked second in total area to the Dubai Mall. However, it is largely vacant. Unlike other "dead malls", which have been characterized by the departure of tenants, the New South China Mall has been 99% vacant since its 2005 opening as very few merchants have ever signed up.
Dongguan, with a population in excess of 10 million, is located in southern China's Guangdong province, east of the province's largest city, Guangzhou. The mall was built on land formerly used for farming, in the Wanjiang District of the city. The project was spearheaded by Hu Guirong (Alex Hu), who became a billionaire in the instant noodle industry.
The mall contains sufficient space for as many as 2,350 stores in approximately 659,612 square metres (7,100,000 sq ft) of leasable space and 892,000 square metres (9,600,000 sq ft) of total area.
The mall has seven zones modeled on international cities, nations and regions, including Amsterdam, Paris, Rome, Venice, Egypt, the Caribbean, and California. Features include an 25 metres (82 ft) replica of the Arc de Triomphe, a replica of Venice's St Mark's bell tower, a 2.1 kilometres (1.3 mi) canal with gondolas, and a 553-meter indoor-outdoor roller coaster.
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Ningcheng County
Ningcheng County (simplified Chinese: 宁城县; traditional Chinese: 寧城縣; pinyin: Níngchéng Xiàn) is a county of southeastern Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China, bordering Liaoning province to the east. It is under the administration of Chifeng City.
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Old Barag Banner
Old Barag Banner (simplified Chinese: 陈巴尔虎旗; traditional Chinese: 陳巴爾虎旗; pinyin: Chén Bā'ěrhǔ Qí) is a banner of northeastern Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China. It is located 28 kilometres (17 mi) from Hailar District, the administrative centre of Hulunbuir City, which administers this banner.
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Ongniud Banner
Ongniud Banner (Chinese: 翁牛特旗; pinyin: Wēngniútè Qí) is a banner of eastern Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China. It is under the administration of Chifeng City, 76 kilometres (47 mi) to the south-southwest.
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Ordos Airport
Ordos Ejin Horo Airport (Chinese: 鄂尔多斯机场) (IATA: DSN, ICAO: ZBDS) is an airport serving the city of Ordos in China's Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. It is located in Ejin Horo Banner. First built in 1959 as Dongsheng Airport, the airport was rebuilt in 2005 at a cost of 350 million yuan, and re-opened in July 2007.
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Ordos City
Ordos (Mongolian:
, Ordos; Chinese: 鄂尔多斯; pinyin: È'ěrduōsī) is one of the twelve major subdivisions of Inner Mongolia, China. It is located within the Ordos Loop of the Yellow River. Although mainly rural, Ordos is administered as a prefecture-level city. The administrative seat is at Dongsheng.
The area had been administered as Yekhe Juu League (Chinese: 伊克昭盟; pinyin: Yikezhao Meng) since the 17th century, and was redesignated a prefecture-level city and renamed to Ordos on 26 February 2001. "Ordos" means "palaces" in the Mongolian language; the name is sometimes claimed to be related to the eight white yurts of Genghis Khan. Linguistically, the Ordos dialect of Mongolian is quite different from neighboring Chakhar Mongolian. Ordos is known for its lavish government projects, including the new Ordos City, a city of exquisite buildings and abundant infrastructure seldom used by residents. It will be hosting 2012 Miss World Final.
Ordos's prefectural administrative region occupies 86,752 square kilometres (33,495 sq mi) and covers the bigger part of the Ordos Desert, although the urban area itself is relatively small. The region borders the prefectures of Hohhot to the east, Baotou to the northeast, Bayan Nur to the north, Alxa League to the northwest, Wuhai to the west, the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region to its southwest, and the provinces of Shaanxi and Shanxi to the south.
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Otog Banner
Otog Banner (Mongolian: Otgiin khoshuu; Chinese: 鄂托克旗; pinyin: Ètuōkè Qí) is a banner of southwestern Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China. It is under the administration of Ordos City, and borders Otog Front Banner to the southwest and Uxin Banner to the southeast.
Otog Banner is located in the southwest of Inner Mongolia and the west of Ordos City's administration, with a latitude range of 38° 18' to 40° 11' N and a longitude range of 106° 41' to 108° 54', spanning 209 kilometres (130 mi) north to south and 188 kilometres (117 mi) west to east. Its total area is 20,064 square kilometres (7,747 sq mi).
Otog Banner has a monsoon-influenced, continental cold desert climate (Köppen BWk), with long, cold and very dry winters, and hot, slightly wetter summers. The monthly daily average temperature ranges from −9.9 °C (14.2 °F) in January to 24.1 °C (75.4 °F) in July, and the annual mean is 8.08 °C (46.5 °F). Only during the summer months does significant rainfall occur, and there is an average of 146 millimetres (5.7 in) of precipitation annually. There are 3,000 hours of sunshine and 122 frost-free days per year.
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Otog Front Banner
Otog Front Banner (Mongolian: Otgiin Ömnöd khoshuu; Chinese: 鄂托克前旗; pinyin: Ètuōkè Qiánqí) is a banner of southwestern Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China, bordering Ningxia to the southwest and Shaanxi province to the southeast. It is under the administration of Ordos City.
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Puyang
Puyang is a prefecture-level city in northeastern Henan province, China. Located on the northern shore of the Yellow River, it borders Anyang in the west, Xinxiang in the southwest, and the provinces of Shandong and Hebei in the east and north respectively.
The prefecture-level city of Puyang administers 1 district and 5 counties.
Affected by the south-east Asian monsoon circulation around the year and located in the mid-latitude region, the city is categorized as the warm temperate continental monsoon climate which features clearly demarcated seasons. In spring, it is usually dry, windy and sandy. High temperatures and heavy rainfall mark the whole summer. In autumn there are plenty of sunny days as well as long periods of sunshine. In winter, it is characterized by less snow and rainfall. The adequate sunshine meets the needs for crops growing. The annual average temperature stands at 13.3°C, the highest of which reaches 43.1°C, the lowest -21℃. The non-frost period lasts 205 days. The annual precipitation is around 502.3mm～601.3mm. Puyang, a city exuberant with personality and glamour, is like a gem shining bright in the Central Plains.
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Qingshuihe County
Qingshuihe County (simplified Chinese: 清水河县; traditional Chinese: 清水河縣; pinyin: Qīngshuǐhé Xiàn) is a county of Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China, bordering Shanxi province to the south and east. It is the southernmost county-level division of the regional capital of Hohhot, which lies more than 100 kilometres (62 mi) to the north.
In 2005, the county council started development on a new city, 20 kilometres (12 mi) north of the existing town[which?], closer to Hohhot. Chinese media reports said the scheme would have cost more than $6b yuan ($880m, £610m) in total, many times more than the county government's annual expenditure. The council expected either local, regional or national help to complete the project, but this was not approved. In 2007, money for the project ran out, and development stopped, leaving both a half-developed and unoccupied city, as well as a lack of finances and resource to maintain the existing town.
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Saihan District
Saihan District is (simplified Chinese: 赛罕区; traditional Chinese: 賽罕區; pinyin: Sàihǎn Qū) a district of Hohhot, the capital of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.
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Shaanxi
Shaanxi (help·info) (simplified Chinese: 陕西; traditional Chinese: 陝西; pinyin: Shǎnxī; Wade–Giles: Shan-hsi; Postal map spelling: Shensi) is a province in the central part of Mainland China, and it includes portions of the Loess Plateau on the middle reaches of the Yellow River in addition to the Qinling Mountains across the southern part of this province. Shaanxi is the historical home, along with Gansu of the dialect of the Dungans, of the Hui people, who emigrated out of China to Central Asia.
By regular Hanyu Pinyin rules, if tone marks are not written, both Shaanxi and the neighbouring province of Shanxi, to the east of Shaanxi, should be spelled "Shanxi"; the difference is in tone: Shānxī (山西) and Shǎnxī (陕西). To make the difference clear without tonal marks, the spelling "Shaanxi" was contrived (following the romanization system of Yuen Ren Chao) for the province of Shǎnxī, while "Shanxi" is used for the province of Shānxī. Shaanxi is the official spelling on Chinese Government's official web portal. This makes "Shaanxi" the only name of Chinese provinces that has not been romanized according to pinyin rules.
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Shandong
Coordinates: 36°24′N 118°24′E / 36.4°N 118.4°E / 36.4; 118.4
Shandong (help·info) (simplified Chinese: 山东; traditional Chinese: 山東; pinyin: Shāndōng; Wade–Giles: Shan1-tung1) is a coastal province of the People's Republic of China, and is part of the East China region. Shandong has played a major role in Chinese history from the beginning of Chinese civilization along the lower reaches of the Yellow River and served as a pivotal cultural and religious site for Taoism, Chinese Buddhism, and Confucianism. Shandong's Mount Tai is the most revered mountain of Taoism and one of the world's sites with the longest history of continuous religious worship. The Buddhist temples in the mountains to the south of the provincial capital of Jinan were once among the foremost Buddhist sites in China. The city of Qufu is the birthplace of Confucius, and was later established as the center of Confucianism. Shandong's location at the intersection of ancient as well as modern north-south and east-west trading routes have helped to establish it as an economic center. After a period of political instability and economic hardship that began in the late 19th century, Shandong has emerged as one of the most populous (95,793,065 inhabitants at the 2010 Census) and most affluent provinces in the People's Republic of China (GDP of 3.94 trillion CNY in 2010).
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Shangdu County
Shangdu County (simplified Chinese: 商都县; traditional Chinese: 商都縣; pinyin: Shāngdū Xiàn) is a county of south-central Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China. It is under the administration of Ulanqab City and has an area of 4,353 square kilometres (1,681 sq mi), and in 2004 had about 330,000 inhabitants.
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Shanxi
Coordinates: 37°42′N 112°24′E / 37.7°N 112.4°E / 37.7; 112.4
Shanxi (help·info) (Chinese: 山西; pinyin: Shānxī; Wade–Giles: Shan-hsi; Postal map spelling: Shansi) is a province of the People's Republic of China, located in the North China region. Its one-character abbreviation is "晋" (pinyin: Jìn), after the state of Jin that existed here during the Spring and Autumn Period.
The name Shanxi literally means "mountain's west", which refers to the province's location west of the Taihang Mountains. Shanxi borders Hebei to the east, Henan to the south, Shaanxi to the west, and Inner Mongolia to the north and is made up mainly of a plateau bounded partly by mountain ranges. The capital of the province is Taiyuan.
Shanxi, the territory of state of Jin during the Spring and Autumn Period (722 BC - 403 BC), underwent a three-way split into the states of Han, Zhao and Wei in 403 BC, the traditional date taken as the start of the Warring States Period (403 BC - 221 BC). By 221 BC all of these states had fallen to the state of Qin, which established the Qin Dynasty (221 BC - 206 BC).
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Shiguai District
Shiguai District (simplified Chinese: 石拐区; traditional Chinese: 石拐區; pinyin: Shíguǎi Qū) is an outlying district of Baotou, the largest city of Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China.
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Sonid Left Banner
Sonid Left Banner (Mongolian: Сөнид зүүн хошуу) is a banner of Inner Mongolia, China. It is under the administration of Xilin Gol League.
Coordinates: 43°51′25″N 113°39′00″E / 43.85694°N 113.65°E / 43.85694; 113.65
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Sonid Right Banner
Sonid Right Banner (Mongolian: Сөнид баруун гарын хошуу) is a banner of Inner Mongolia, China. It is under the administration of Xilin Gol League.
Coordinates: 42°44′49″N 112°39′36″E / 42.74694°N 112.66°E / 42.74694; 112.66
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Tai'an
Tai'an (Chinese: 泰安; pinyin: Tàiān) is a prefecture-level city in western Shandong province, People's Republic of China.
Centered around Mount Tai, the city borders the provincial capital of Jinan to the north, Laiwu to the northeast, Zibo to the east, Linyi to the southeast, Liaocheng to the extreme west and Jining to the south. To the west, Tai'an is separated from the province of Henan by the Yellow River.
Its population is 5,494,200 at the 2010 census whom 1,594,877 in the built up area made of 2 urban districts (Xintai and Feicheng).
The prefecture-level city of Tai'an administers 6 county-level divisions, including 2 districts, 2 county-level cities and 2 counties.
In the neolithic, the area of present day Tai'an was home to the Dawenkou culture. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the region belonged to the states of Qi and Lu. The site of major historical and cultural significance in the area is Mount Tai.
Tai'an is centered around the south side of Mount Tai.
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Taibus Banner
Taibus Banner is a banner of Inner Mongolia, China. It is under the administration of Xilin Gol League.
Coordinates: 41°52′44″N 115°16′59″E / 41.87889°N 115.28306°E / 41.87889; 115.28306
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Tengger Desert
The Tengger Desert (Mongolian: Тэнгэр цөл, lit. Sky Desert, Chinese: 腾格里沙漠, Mandarin: Ténggélǐ Shāmò) covers about 36,700 km2 and is mostly in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in China.
Coordinates: 38°42′N 104°42′E / 38.7°N 104.7°E / 38.7; 104.7
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Togtoh County
Togtoh County (simplified Chinese: 托克托县; traditional Chinese: 托克托縣; pinyin: Tuōkètuō Xiàn) is a county in west-central Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China, located on the north bank of the Yellow River at which point that great river turns out of the Ordos Loop toward the south. It is under the administration of the regional capital of Hohhot, 78 kilometres (48 mi) to the northeast, with a population of around 200,000.
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Tumed Left Banner
Tumed Left Banner (Chinese: 土默特左旗) is a banner of west-central Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China. It is under the administration the regional capital of Hohhot, which is some distance to the east-northeast.
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Tumed Right Banner
Tumed Right Banner (Chinese: 土默特右旗; pinyin: Tǔmòtè Yòuqí) is a banner of western Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China. It is under the administration of Baotou City, 59 kilometres (37 mi) to the west, and is located along on the Jingzang Expressway, running from Beijing to Tibet.
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Tuquan County
Tuquan County (simplified Chinese: 突泉县; traditional Chinese: 突泉縣; pinyin: Tūquán Xiàn) is a county of Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China, facing Jilin province to the east. It is under the administration of Hinggan League, bordering Horqin Right Middle Banner to the south and Horqin Right Front Banner to the north.
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Ulan Hot
Ulanhot (Mongolian:
, Ulaγanqota, lit. red town; Chinese: 乌兰浩特市; pinyin: Wūlánhàotè Shì), formerly known as Wangyehmiao (Chinese: 王爺廟) is a county-level city and the administrative center of Hinggan League in the East of Inner Mongolia autonomous region. Between the years 1947 and 1950, Ulanhot was the capital of Inner Mongolia Region. In 1950, the capital moved to Zhangjiakou and then again in 1952 it moved to Hohhot, which remains the capital to this day.
The city is connected to Baicheng, Jilin by the Baicheng−Arxan railway (白阿铁路), which runs through the pass south of Ulanhot[citation needed]. China's National Highway 302 runs from Tumen, Jilin to Ulanhot. In the 7918 Network of Highways it will be on the route from Hunchun to Ulanhot[clarification needed]. The city is also served by Ulanhot Airport (ICAO code ZBUL, IATA code HLH). Routes flown by Air China and Hainan Airlines connect Ulanhot with Beijing Capital International Airport.
Just outside the city is a tomb from the Yuan dynasty and a temple dedicated to Genghis Khan. The temple was constructed in 1940. In the year 2002 it received funds for significant expansion.
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Urat Front Banner
Urat Front Banner (simplified Chinese: 乌拉特前旗; traditional Chinese: 烏拉特前旗; pinyin: Wūlātè Qián Qí) is a banner of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China. It is located in the west of the region, situated on the northern (left) bank of the Yellow River, on the Ordos Loop, and in between the cities of Bayan Nur and Baotou. Administratively, it is part of Bayan Nur City, and has a total area of 7,476 square kilometres (2,886 sq mi) and in 2004 had 340,000 inhabitants. Its seat is the town of Ulashan (乌拉山镇).
Coordinates: 40°44′N 108°39′E / 40.733°N 108.65°E / 40.733; 108.65
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Urat Middle Banner
Urat Middle Banner (simplified Chinese: 乌拉特中旗; traditional Chinese: 烏拉特中旗; pinyin: Wūlātè Zhōng Qí) is a banner of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China. It is located in the west of the region, and administratively is part of Bayan Nur City. It has a total area of 22,606 square kilometres (8,728 sq mi) and in 2004 had a population of 140,000. Its seat is located in the town of Haliut (海流图镇).
Coordinates: 41°34′N 108°32′E / 41.567°N 108.533°E / 41.567; 108.533
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Urat Rear Banner
Urad Rear Banner (Mongolian: , vrad-un hcitv hcsigv; simplified Chinese: 乌拉特后旗; traditional Chinese: 烏拉特後旗; pinyin: Wūlātè Hòu Qí) or Urad Houqi is a banner of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China. It is located in the west of the region, 44 kilometres (27 mi) northwest of the city of Bayan Nur, which administers this banner. The banner has a total area of 24,925 square kilometres (9,624 sq mi) and in 2004 had a population of 60,000. Its seat is located in the town of Bayan Bolag ( bayanbclag balgasu; 巴音宝力格镇).
Coordinates: 41°05′N 107°04′E / 41.083°N 107.067°E / 41.083; 107.067
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Uxin Banner
Uxin (or Wushen) Banner (simplified Chinese: 乌审旗; traditional Chinese: 烏審旗; pinyin: Wūshěn Qí) is a banner in the southwest of Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China, bounded to the south by Shaanxi province. It borders the banners of Ejin Horo to the northeast, Hanggin to the north, Otog to the northwest, and Otog Front to the southwest. It is under the administration of Ordos City.
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Weinan
Weinan (Chinese: 渭南; pinyin: Wèinán) is a Municipality (prefecture-level city) in the province of Shaanxi, PRC. The Grand Historian Sima Qian was born in Weinan.
The municipal executive, legislature and judiciary are in Linwei District (临渭区), together with the CPC and Public Security bureaux.
Coordinates: 34°30′N 109°30′E / 34.5°N 109.5°E / 34.5; 109.5
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West Ujimqin Banner
West Ujimqin Banner Mongolian: Баруун Үзэмчин хошуу) is a banner of Inner Mongolia, China. It is under the administration of Xilin Gol League.
Coordinates: 44°35′42″N 117°36′50″E / 44.595°N 117.61389°E / 44.595; 117.61389
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Wuda District
Wuda District (simplified Chinese: 乌达区; traditional Chinese: 烏達區; pinyin: Wūdá Qū) is a district of the city of Wuhai, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China, located on the west (left) bank of the Yellow River.
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Wuhai
Wuhai (simplified Chinese: 乌海; traditional Chinese: 烏海; pinyin: Wūhǎi; Mongolian:
, Ükhai) is a prefecture-level city and regional center in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China. It is located on the Huang He between the Gobi and Ordos deserts. Wuhai became a single city occupying both banks of the Huang He river with the amalgamation on 1976 of left-bank (west) Uda (then administrated by Bayan Nuur League) together with Haibowan on the right (east) bank (then administrated by Ikh Juu league). Wuhai is one of very few cities with an antipode which is not only on land (as opposed to open ocean), but which is another inhabited city; the antipode of Wuhai is almost exactly on the city of Valdivia, Chile.
Wuhai has an area of 1,754 km² and, as of 2000, 427,553 inhabitants (243.76 inhabitants/km²).
Wuhai city is divided into three districts:
The city's economy is heavily based on coal mining, electric power generation, metal-working and chemical industries, but also on fruit (grapes, winemaking) and dairy farming. Wuhai is a stop on the Baotou-Lanzhou rail line, and an airport was opened in 2003.
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Xilin Gol League
Xilin Gol (Mongolian:
, Sili-yin γoul ayimaγ, Chinese: 锡林郭勒; pinyin: Xílín Guōlè) is one of 12 prefecture level divisions of Inner Mongolia. The capital is Xilinhot, the area is 202,580 km². The league's economy is based on mining and agriculture.
Xilin Gol borders Mongolia to the north, Chifeng, Tongliao and Hinggan League to the east, Ulanqab to the west and Hebei's Chengde and Zhangjiakou cities to the south.
In 2000, there were 975,168 inhabitants:
Xilin Gol is divided into two county-level cities, one county and nine banners:
After the alleged murder of a Mongolian herder, Mergen, by a Chinese truck driver who was blocking the way for Chinese coal trucks to pass through his pasture on May 10, 2011. Protests with some thousand protestors have broken out in Xilin gol. To prevent the spreading of protests, the Chinese government sealed off the Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities in Tongliao and the Nationalities University in Hohhot, the only two universities where lessons are predominantly taught in Mongolian. In addition, it enforced tight control on the internet and shut down QQ chatrooms.
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Xinghe County
Xinghe County (simplified Chinese: 兴和县; traditional Chinese: 興和縣; pinyin: Xīnghé Xiàn) is a county of south-central Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China, bordering the provinces of Hebei to the east and Shanxi to the south. It is under the administration of Ulaan Chab City, and is situated on the China National Highway 110 between Ulaan Chab and Zhangjiakou in Hebei province. Bordering county-level divisions include Fengzhen City to the southwest, Chahar Right Front Banner to the west, Chahar Right Back Banner to the northwest, and Shangdu County to the north.
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Xinxiang
Xinxiang (simplified Chinese: 新乡; traditional Chinese: 新鄉; pinyin: Xīnxiāng; Postal map spelling: Sinsiang) is a prefecture-level city in northern Henan province, People's Republic of China. It borders the provincial capital of Zhengzhou to its southwest, Kaifeng to its southeast, Hebi and Anyang to its north, Jiaozuo to its west, and the provinces of Shanxi and Shandong to its northwest and east respectively.
Its population is 5,707,801 at the 2010 census whom 779,775 in the built up area made of 3 urban districts (Weibin, Hongqi and Muye). As the city is expanding very quickly, in a few years, Huixian and Weihui cities as well as Fengquan district and Xinxiang county will be added to the built up area.
The prefecture-level city administers 4 districts, 2 county-level cities and 6 counties.
Xinxiang was site of the Battle of Muye where the Shang Dynasty was overthrown by the Zhou. Xinxiang dates from the Sui dynasty (581-618) and was a small market center before being developed as an industrial center in the 1950s. It also served as the capital of the short-lived Pingyuan province (平原省),which covers neighbouring cities Anyang,Hebi,Puyang,Jiaozhuo and Heze, between 1949 and 1952, for the purpose of exterminating banditi.
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Xinzhou
Xinzhou (Chinese: 忻州; pinyin: Xīnzhōu) is a prefecture-level city of the People's Republic of China province of Shanxi.
Xinzhou has numerous public schools, including Xin Zhou Yi Zhong Xue (Xin Zhou Number One High School), which is considered the most prestigious of public high schools in the region.
Another public high school of interest is the nearby laboratory high school. It functions as an extension of the Xin Zhou Teacher's University. A third type of high school is the Xin Zhou Shi Yan Zhong Xue (Xin Zhou Experimental High School). This school was initiated as a public-private partnership. The school is partially funded by the Chinese government, follows national educational standards, and maintains close ties (and even joint faculty) with Xin Zhou Yi Zhong Xue; however, it maintains a greater independence from the government than traditional public schools. The experimental school also runs a small primary school program (generally only one class per grade level) which is populated almost exclusively by the children of Yi Zhong Xue and Shi Yan Zhong Xue faculty members.
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Yakeshi
Yakeshi (Chinese: 牙克石; pinyin: Yákèshí) is a county-level city of Hulunbuir, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China.
It has a population of 391,627 and an area of 27,590 square kilometres (10,650 sq mi). It is situated next to the Hailar River 70 kilometres (43 mi) east of Hailar District, the seat of Hulunbuir, and on the north side of the Greater Khingan Range.
The city's economy is based on forestry industry, wood products, traditional Chinese medicines, gold, coal, iron, copper, wheat, rapeseed farming, sheep raising and dairy industries.
Beginning of the year 2008 the automobile industry established their car testing business in Yakeshi. As part of the Electronic stability control (ESC)-development for new cars, special prototype cars are tested under winter conditions on frozen lakes and special snow-tracks. The first kind of such test facilities have been set up in the city by the German automobile supplier Robert Bosch GmbH whose development center for the Chinese car market is located in the town of Suzhou in Eastern China.
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Yan'an
Yan'an (Chinese: 延安; pinyin: Yán'ān; Wade–Giles: Yen-an), is a prefecture-level city in the Shanbei region of Shaanxi province in China, administering several counties, including Zhidan County (formerly Bao'an), which served as the Chinese communist capital before the city of Yan'an proper took that role.
Yan'an was near the endpoint of the Long March, and became the center of the Chinese communist revolution from 1936 to 1948. Chinese communists celebrate Yan'an as the birthplace of the revolution.
In medieval China, Yan'an was once called Yanzhou, a location of strategic military importance for the Chinese empire and Tanguts of the Western Xia Dynasty. It was once successfully defended by the Song Dynasty (960–1279) era Chinese scientist, statesman, and general Shen Kuo (1031–1095 AD). However, it was eventually taken over by the Tanguts in 1082 once Shen's defensive victories were marginalized and sacrificed by the new Chancellor Cai Que (who handed the city over to the Tanguts as terms of a peace treaty). Yan'an and the whole of Shaanxi were taken over by the Mongols in the late 1220s, only after their leader Genghis Khan had died during the siege of the Western Xia capital in 1227. The city was maintained by the successive Chinese Ming Dynasty (1368–1644), as well as the Manchu Qing Dynasty (1644–1911). After the fall of the Qing Dynasty, the city fell into the hands of the newly-created Republic of China.
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Yellow river
The Yellow River or Huang He, formerly spelled Hwang Ho, is the second-longest river in China after the Yangtze and the sixth-longest in the world at the estimated length of 5,464 kilometers (3,395 mi). Originating in the Bayan Har Mountains in Qinghai Province in western China, it flows through nine provinces of China and empties into the Bohai Sea. The Yellow River basin has an east-west extent of 1900 km (1,180 mi) and a north-south extent of 1100 km (684 mi). Its total basin area is 742,443 km² (290,520 mi²).
The Yellow River is called "the cradle of Chinese civilization" as its basin – specifically, the Wei valley that cuts across the long Ordos loop – was the birthplace of ancient Chinese civilizations and the most prosperous region in early Chinese history. However, frequent devastating floods and course changes produced by the continual elevation of the river bed, sometimes above the level of its surrounding fields has also earned it the unenviable names "China's Sorrow" and "Scourge of the Sons of Han."
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Yellow River
The Yellow River or Huang He, formerly spelled Hwang Ho, is the second-longest river in China after the Yangtze and the sixth-longest in the world at the estimated length of 5,464 kilometers (3,395 mi). Originating in the Bayan Har Mountains in Qinghai Province in western China, it flows through nine provinces of China and empties into the Bohai Sea. The Yellow River basin has an east-west extent of 1900 km (1,180 mi) and a north-south extent of 1100 km (684 mi). Its total basin area is 742,443 km² (290,520 mi²).
The Yellow River is called "the cradle of Chinese civilization" as its basin – specifically, the Wei valley that cuts across the long Ordos loop – was the birthplace of ancient Chinese civilizations and the most prosperous region in early Chinese history. However, frequent devastating floods and course changes produced by the continual elevation of the river bed, sometimes above the level of its surrounding fields has also earned it the unenviable names "China's Sorrow" and "Scourge of the Sons of Han."
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Yinchuan
Yinchuan is the capital of the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China, and former capital of the Western Xia Empire of the Tanguts. It has an area of 4,467 km² and a total population of 1.99 million. Its built up area is home to 1,290,170 inhabitants spread on 3 urban districts. The name of the city literally means "silver river"; the character for "river" (川) is the same as that in Sichuan, but not as those in, for example, the Yellow River (黄河) or Yangtze River (长江).
Yinchuan originally was a xian (county) under the name of Fuping in the 1st century BC; its name was changed to Huaiyuan in the 6th century AD. After the fall of the Tang dynasty in 907, it was occupied by the Tangut Xi-Xia dynasty, of which it was the capital. After the destruction of the Xi-Xia dynasty by the Mongols in 1227, it came under the rule of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty. Under the Ming (1368–1644) and Qing (1644–1911) dynasties, it was a prefecture of Ningxia. In 1928, when the province of Ningxia was formed from parts of Gansu and Inner Mongolia, it became the capital city. In 1954, when Ningxia province was abolished, the city was put in Gansu province; but, with the establishment of the Ningxia Hui autonomous region in 1958, Yinchuan once again became the capital.
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Yuanbaoshan District
Yuanbaoshan District (simplified Chinese: 元宝山区; traditional Chinese: 元寶山區; pinyin: Yuánbǎoshān Qū) is a district of the city of Chifeng, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China.
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Yuncheng
Yuncheng (simplified Chinese: 运城; traditional Chinese: 運城; pinyin: Yùnchéng) is the southernmost municipality in Shanxi province, China. It borders Linfen and Jincheng municipalities to the north and east, and Henan and Shaanxi provinces to the south and west.
The Olympic Torch Relay went through this city June 25, 2008 on its way to Beijing.
The Municipal executive, legislature and judiciary are in Yanhu District (盐湖区), together with the CPC and Public Security bureaux.
In early China, it was the location of the state of Kunwu (昆吾).
Rural communities in the Yuncheng Municipal region have been the hunting grounds of Snakeheads, Chinese Human trafficking mafia. Rural children, typically middle school students fit for labour, were "recruited" with the promise of jobs in in China's far southwest -- Longchuan County in Yunnan's Dehong Prefecture. Once in Longchuan the children were whisked ("through sugar-cane fields on a motorcycle") over the international border into Kachin State and imprisoned. They were made to sign demands for ransom (e.g. 40 - 80 000 RMB). They are subjected to Torture (burnt by cigarette, violated by chopstick, fingernails pulled by pliers, forced into fights by starvation, terrorised by captive animals) prior to making telephone appeals home.
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Yuquan District
Yuquan District (simplified Chinese: 玉泉区; traditional Chinese: 玉泉區; pinyin: Yùquán Qū; literally "jade spring") is a district of Hohhot, the capital of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.
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Zhaojun Tomb
The Zhaojun Tomb (Chinese: 昭君墓; pinyin: Zhāojūnmù), located by the Da Hi River nine kilometers south of Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, the People's Republic of China, is said to be the resting place of Wang Zhaojun, a commoner woman from the Chinese Han Empire who married a Xiongnu Chanyu. The cemetery is 13,000 m², with a 33 metre mound containing Zhaojun's coffin, making it a landmark of the region.
The first Chinese mention of the cemetery in written record is in the Tang Dynasty, by Du You (杜佑) in A Comprehensive Guide (通典 Tong Dian).
It is called by the local Mongols Temür Urkhu (?) (特木爾烏爾虎), meaning "Iron Wall". The nickname "Green Mound" (青塚 Qīn Zhǒng) refers to a legend that in autumn, when grass and trees wither, those plants on the cemetery mound continue to prosper.
Coordinates: 40°42′30″N 111°40′36″E / 40.70833°N 111.67667°E / 40.70833; 111.67667
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Zhengzhou
Zhengzhou (Chinese: 郑州; pinyin: Zhèngzhōu; Mandarin pronunciation: [tʂɤ̂ŋtʂóu̯]; Postal map spelling: Chengchow), is the capital and largest city of Henan province in north-central China. A prefecture-level city, it also serves as the political, economic, technological, and educational centre of the province, as well as a major transportation hub for Central China. The city centre lies on the southern bank of the Yellow River, and is one of the Eight Great Ancient Capitals of China.
With 8,626,505 inhabitants according to the 2010 census and 3,980,250 in its built-up area (6 urban districts + 5 City + 1 County), the city is one of the main built up areas of Henan region. Zhengzhou is now a rapidly growing city.
The Shang Dynasty established Aodu (隞都) or Bodu (亳都) in Zhengzhou (see also: History of China). This pre-historical city had been long lost even before the time of the First Emperor of China. Since 1950 archaeological finds in a walled city in Eastern Zhengzhou known have provided evidence of Neolithic Shang Dynasty settlements in the area.[citation needed] Outside this city, in addition to remains of large public buildings, a complex of small settlements has been discovered. The site is generally identified with the Shang capital of Ao. It is preserved in the Shang Dynasty Ruins monument in Guanchen District. The Shang, who continually moved their capital due to frequent natural disasters, left Ao at around 13th century BC. The site, nevertheless, remained occupied; Zhou (post-1050 BC) tombs have also been discovered. Traditionally it is held that in the Western Zhou period (1111–771 BC) it became the fief of a family named Guan. From this derives the name borne by the county (xian) since the late 6th century BC — Guancheng (City of the Guan). The city first became the seat of a prefectural administration in AD 587, when it was named Guanzhou. In 605 it was first called Zhengzhou — a name by which it has been known virtually ever since.
wn.com/Zhengzhou -
Zhongwei
Zhongwei (simplified Chinese: 中卫; traditional Chinese: 中衛; pinyin: Zhōngwèi; Wade–Giles: Chung-wei) is a prefecture-level city of Ningxia, People's Republic of China.
It has an area of 16986.1 km² and a population of 1,041,821.
Zhongwei's main attraction is Gao Miao, a temple that has hosted Confucian, Buddhist, and Taoist ceremonies. A bomb shelter was also built beneath the temple during the Cultural Revolution. It has since been converted into a rendition of the Buddhist hell.
Desert Lake
Desert Lake
Desert Lake
wn.com/Zhongwei -
Zhuozi County
Zhuozi (Chinese: 卓资县) is a county of Ulanqab prefecture-level city, which in turn is part of Inner Mongolia, China. It has an area of 3,119 km², and in 2004 had about 230,000 inhabitants (2004).
Coordinates: 40°53′42″N 112°34′48″E / 40.895°N 112.58°E / 40.895; 112.58
wn.com/Zhuozi_County -
Zibo
Zibo (Chinese: 淄博; pinyin: Zībó) is a prefecture-level city in central Shandong province, People's Republic of China. It borders the provincial capital of Jinan to the west, Laiwu and Tai'an to the southwest, Linyi to the south, Weifang to the east, Dongying to the northeast, and Binzhou the north.
Located in the middle part of Shandong Province, Zibo is an important transportation hub. Zibo governs 5 districts (Zhangdian, Zichuan, Boshan, Zhoucun and Linzi) and each of these districts has a distinct downtown area of their own. The T-shaped city has a total area of 5,938 square kilometers-three counties (Huantai, Gaoqing and Yiyuan) included ; the total population of the city is 4.53 million at the 2010 census, of which nearly 3 million are in the city proper.
wn.com/Zibo
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Beijing
Beijing ( /beɪˈdʒɪŋ/; Chinese: 北京; pinyin: Běijīng, [peɪ˨˩ t͡ɕiŋ˥]), formerly romanized as Peking ( /piːˈkɪŋ/ or /peɪˈkɪŋ/), is the capital of the People's Republic of China and one of the most populous cities in the world, with a population of 19,612,368 as of 2010. The metropolis, located in northern China, is governed as a direct-controlled municipality under the national government, with 14 urban and suburban districts and two rural counties. Beijing Municipality is surrounded by Hebei Province with the exception of neighboring Tianjin Municipality to the southeast.
Beijing is China's second largest city by urban population after Shanghai and is the country's political, cultural, and educational center, and home to the headquarters for most of China's largest state-owned companies. Beijing is a major transportation hub in the national highway, expressway, railway and high-speed rail network. Beijing's Capital International Airport is the second busiest in the world by passenger traffic.
wn.com/Beijing -
Gansu
Coordinates: 38°0′N 102°20′E / 38°N 102.333°E / 38; 102.333
Gansu (help·info) (simplified Chinese: 甘肃; traditional Chinese: 甘肅; pinyin: Gānsù; Wade–Giles: Kan-su, Kansu, Kan-suh) is a province located in the northwest of the People's Republic of China.
It lies between the Tibetan and Huangtu plateaus, and borders Mongolia, Inner Mongolia, and Ningxia to the north, Xinjiang and Qinghai to the west, Sichuan to the south, and Shaanxi to the east. The Yellow River passes through the southern part of the province.
Gansu has a population of 26 million (2009) and has a large concentration of Hui Chinese, and the historical home, along with Shaanxi of the dialect of the Dungans, who are Hui who migrated to Central Asia. The southwestern corner of Gansu is home to a large Tibetan population. The capital is Lanzhou, located in the southeast part of the province. Gansu is abbreviated as "甘" (Gān) or "陇" (Lǒng), and is also known as Long West or Long Right, in reference to the Long Mountain east of Gansu.
wn.com/Gansu -
Hui people
The Hui people (Chinese: 回族; pinyin: Huízú, Xiao'erjing: حُوِ ذَو / حواري) are a predominantly Muslim ethnic group in China. Hui people are found throughout the country, though they are concentrated mainly in the provinces of Ningxia, Qinghai, and Gansu. According to a 2000 census, China is home to approximately 9.8 million Hui people, the majority of whom are Chinese-speaking practitioners of Islam, though some practice other religions. Although many Hui people are ethnically similar to Han Chinese, the group has retained some Persian and Central Asian features, their ethnicity and culture having been shaped profoundly by their position along the Silk Road trading route.
In the People's Republic of China, the Hui people are one of 56 officially recognized ethnic groups. Under this definition, the Hui people are defined to include all historically Muslim communities in People's Republic of China that are not included in China's other ethnic groups. Since China's Muslims speaking various Turkic, Mongolic, or Iranian languages are all included into those other groups (e.g., Uyghurs, Dongxiang, or Tajiks) the "officially recognized" Hui ethnic group consists predominantly of Chinese speakers. In fact, the "Hui nationality" is unique among China's officially recognized ethnic minorities in that it does not have any particular non-Chinese language associated with it.
wn.com/Hui_people -
Inner Mongolia
Coordinates: 44°N 113°E / 44°N 113°E / 44; 113
Inner Mongolia (Mongolian: s, Öbür Monggol and c Өвөр Монгол, Övör Mongol; Chinese: 内蒙古; pinyin: Nèi Měnggǔ, but officially romanized to Nei Mongol) is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China, located in the northern region of the country. Inner Mongolia shares an international border with the countries of Mongolia and the Russian Federation. Its capital is Hohhot and the largest city is Baotou.
Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region was established in 1947 on the area of former Republic of China provinces of Suiyuan, Chahar, Rehe, Liaobei and Xing'an along with the northern parts of Gansu and Ningxia. It is the third-largest subdivision of China spanning about 1,200,000 km² (463,000 sq mi) or 12% of China's total land area. It has a population of about 24 million as of 2004. The majority of the population in the region are Han Chinese, with a substantial Mongol minority. The official languages are Chinese and Mongolian, the latter written in the Mongolian script, as opposed to the Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet used in the state of Mongolia.
wn.com/Inner_Mongolia -
Jinan
Coordinates: 36°40′N 116°59′E / 36.667°N 116.983°E / 36.667; 116.983
Jinan (Chinese: 济南; pinyin: Jǐnán; Mandarin pronunciation: [t͡ɕi˧˩nan˧˥];) is the capital of Shandong province in Eastern China. The area of present-day Jinan has played an important role in the history of the region from the earliest beginnings of civilisation and has evolved into a major national administrative, economic, and transportation hub. The city, which holds sub-provincial administrative status, is located in north-western Shandong about 400 kilometres (250 mi) south of the national capital of Beijing, it borders Liaocheng to the southwest, Dezhou to the northwest, Binzhou to the northeast, Zibo to the east, Laiwu to the southeast, and Tai'an to the south.
wn.com/Jinan -
Manchu
The Manchus (Manchu:
Manju; simplified Chinese: 满族; traditional Chinese: 滿族; pinyin: Mǎnzú) are an ethnic minority of China who originated in Manchuria (northeastern China).
For centuries, the Manchu ethnicity has acculturated with the majority Han ethnicity of China. Most Manchu today speak Standard Chinese, while the Manchu language is only spoken by elderly people in remote northeastern China and a few scholars; there are around ten thousand speakers of Xibe, a closely related language spoken in the Ili region of Xinjiang. In recent years, however, there has been a resurgence of interest in Manchu culture among both ethnic Manchus and Han. The number of Chinese today with some Manchu ancestry is quite large—with 10.68 million members (in China), Manchu is the 3rd largest ethnic group in China after the Han and the Zhuang. The adoption of favorable policies towards ethnic minorities (such as preferential university admission, government employment opportunities and exemption from the one child policy) has encouraged some people with mixed Han and Manchu ancestry to re-identify themselves as Manchu.
wn.com/Manchu -
Mongols
Mongols (Mongolian: Монголчууд (help·info)), Mongolchuud) are a Central-East Asian ethnic group that lives mainly in the countries of Mongolia, China, and Russia. Owing to wars and migrations, Mongols are also found in some Central Asian states such as Kazakhstan. In China, ethnic Mongols can be found mainly in the central north region of China such as Inner Mongolia (a smaller number of Mongols can also be found in Xinjiang in northwest China). The Buryat branch of the Mongol ethnic group can be found in the autonomous republic of Buryatia, Russia. Ethnic Mongols are bound together by a common language and culture. They speak languages belonging to the Mongolic languages. The contiguous territories inhabited by ethnic Mongols is also known as Greater Mongolia[disambiguation needed 
]. There are approximately 10 million ethnic Mongols in total.
A definition includes the Mongols proper, who can be approximately divided into the eastern Mongols (the Khalkha Mongols, the Inner Mongolians, the Buryats), and the Oirats. In a wider sense, the Mongol people includes all people who speak a Mongolic language, such as the Kalmyks of eastern Europe.
wn.com/Mongols -
Province (China)
In the context of Chinese government, a province (sheng), formally provincial level division, is the highest-level administrative division. The People's Republic of China (PRC) currently administers 33 such divisions, classified as 22 provinces, 4 municipalities, 5 autonomous regions and 2 special administrative regions.
Additionally, the PRC claims sovereignty over Taiwan Province, but since the Chinese Civil War ended in 1949 this area has been administered by the Republic of China (ROC) under a province of the same name. The ROC also administers some offshore islands including Quemoy/Kinmen (Jinmen) and Matsu (Mazu), which form Fujian Province, ROC. These were part of an originally unified Fujian province, which since 1949 has been divided between the PRC and ROC.
In the People's Republic of China, every province has a Communist Party of China provincial committee, headed by a secretary beside the two special administrative regions. The committee secretary is in charge of the province, rather than the governor of the provincial government.
wn.com/Province_(China) -
Shaanxi
Shaanxi (help·info) (simplified Chinese: 陕西; traditional Chinese: 陝西; pinyin: Shǎnxī; Wade–Giles: Shan-hsi; Postal map spelling: Shensi) is a province in the central part of Mainland China, and it includes portions of the Loess Plateau on the middle reaches of the Yellow River in addition to the Qinling Mountains across the southern part of this province. Shaanxi is the historical home, along with Gansu of the dialect of the Dungans, of the Hui people, who emigrated out of China to Central Asia.
By regular Hanyu Pinyin rules, if tone marks are not written, both Shaanxi and the neighbouring province of Shanxi, to the east of Shaanxi, should be spelled "Shanxi"; the difference is in tone: Shānxī (山西) and Shǎnxī (陕西). To make the difference clear without tonal marks, the spelling "Shaanxi" was contrived (following the romanization system of Yuen Ren Chao) for the province of Shǎnxī, while "Shanxi" is used for the province of Shānxī. Shaanxi is the official spelling on Chinese Government's official web portal. This makes "Shaanxi" the only name of Chinese provinces that has not been romanized according to pinyin rules.
wn.com/Shaanxi -
Shandong
Coordinates: 36°24′N 118°24′E / 36.4°N 118.4°E / 36.4; 118.4
Shandong (help·info) (simplified Chinese: 山东; traditional Chinese: 山東; pinyin: Shāndōng; Wade–Giles: Shan1-tung1) is a coastal province of the People's Republic of China, and is part of the East China region. Shandong has played a major role in Chinese history from the beginning of Chinese civilization along the lower reaches of the Yellow River and served as a pivotal cultural and religious site for Taoism, Chinese Buddhism, and Confucianism. Shandong's Mount Tai is the most revered mountain of Taoism and one of the world's sites with the longest history of continuous religious worship. The Buddhist temples in the mountains to the south of the provincial capital of Jinan were once among the foremost Buddhist sites in China. The city of Qufu is the birthplace of Confucius, and was later established as the center of Confucianism. Shandong's location at the intersection of ancient as well as modern north-south and east-west trading routes have helped to establish it as an economic center. After a period of political instability and economic hardship that began in the late 19th century, Shandong has emerged as one of the most populous (95,793,065 inhabitants at the 2010 Census) and most affluent provinces in the People's Republic of China (GDP of 3.94 trillion CNY in 2010).
wn.com/Shandong -
Shanxi
Coordinates: 37°42′N 112°24′E / 37.7°N 112.4°E / 37.7; 112.4
Shanxi (help·info) (Chinese: 山西; pinyin: Shānxī; Wade–Giles: Shan-hsi; Postal map spelling: Shansi) is a province of the People's Republic of China, located in the North China region. Its one-character abbreviation is "晋" (pinyin: Jìn), after the state of Jin that existed here during the Spring and Autumn Period.
The name Shanxi literally means "mountain's west", which refers to the province's location west of the Taihang Mountains. Shanxi borders Hebei to the east, Henan to the south, Shaanxi to the west, and Inner Mongolia to the north and is made up mainly of a plateau bounded partly by mountain ranges. The capital of the province is Taiyuan.
Shanxi, the territory of state of Jin during the Spring and Autumn Period (722 BC - 403 BC), underwent a three-way split into the states of Han, Zhao and Wei in 403 BC, the traditional date taken as the start of the Warring States Period (403 BC - 221 BC). By 221 BC all of these states had fallen to the state of Qin, which established the Qin Dynasty (221 BC - 206 BC).
wn.com/Shanxi -
Tibetans
The Tibetan people (Tibetan: བོད་པ།་, Wylie: Bodpa; Chinese: 藏族; pinyin: Zàng Zú) are an ethnic group that is native to Tibet, which is mostly in the People's Republic of China. They number 5.4 million and are the 10th largest ethnic group in the country. Significant Tibetan minorities also live in India, Nepal, and Bhutan. The Khampas of Tibet are originally from Mongolia.
Tibetans speak the Tibetan language, which belongs to the Sino-Tibetan languages and has many mutually unintelligible dialects. The traditional, or mythological, explanation of the Tibetan people's origin is that they are the descendants of the monkey Pha Trelgen Changchup Sempa and rock ogress Ma Drag Sinmo. Most Tibetans practice Tibetan Buddhism, though some observe the indigenous Bön and others are Muslims. Tibetan Buddhism influences Tibetan art, drama, and architecture, while the harsh geography of Tibet has produced an adaptive culture of Tibetan medicine and cuisine.
As of 2008, there are 5.4 million Tibetans in China. The SIL Ethnologue in 2009 documents an additional 189,000 Tibetan language speakers living in India, 5,280 in Nepal, and 4,800 in Bhutan. The Central Tibetan Administration's (CTA) own refugee register counts 145,150 Tibetans outside Tibet: a little over 100,000 in India; in Nepal there are over 16,000; over 1,800 in Bhutan and more than 25,000 in other parts of the world. There are Tibetan communities in the Australia, Canada, Costa Rica, France, Mexico, Norway, Taiwan, Switzerland, United Kingdom, and USA.[citation needed]
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China's empty city - 10 Nov 09
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:22
- Updated: 02 Dec 2012
China's economy is continuing to grow despite the global recession, helped by a massive government stimulus package of $585bn. But doubts remain whether such strong growth can be sustained by public spending alone. Al Jazeera's Melissa Chan reports from Inner Mongolia, where a whole town built with government money is standing empty.
http://wn.com/China's_empty_city_10_Nov_09
China's economy is continuing to grow despite the global recession, helped by a massive government stimulus package of $585bn. But doubts remain whether such strong growth can be sustained by public spending alone. Al Jazeera's Melissa Chan reports from Inner Mongolia, where a whole town built with government money is standing empty.
China's empty city of Ordos
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:07
- Updated: 01 Dec 2012
Despite high inflation levels, China's economy is the world's second largest. And as it continues to grow, so too do the building projects. Investors see them as a safe bet to place their money. Al Jazeera's Melissa Chan has this report from Ordos, a wealthy coal-mining town in Inner Mongolia, originally designed to house one million people, yet hardly anyone lives there.
http://wn.com/China's_empty_city_of_Ordos
Despite high inflation levels, China's economy is the world's second largest. And as it continues to grow, so too do the building projects. Investors see them as a safe bet to place their money. Al Jazeera's Melissa Chan has this report from Ordos, a wealthy coal-mining town in Inner Mongolia, originally designed to house one million people, yet hardly anyone lives there.
- published: 09 Sep 2011
- views: 125344
- author: AlJazeeraEnglish
China's Empty City: government stimulus & central planning at work
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:08
- Updated: 29 Nov 2012
New Ordos is "the city that government built"...a product of central government planning and "stimulus" spending. This is the result of when governments attempt to steer economies. The article is reproduced in accordance with Section 107 of title 17 of the Copyright Law of the United States relating to fair-use and is for the purposes of criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research.
http://wn.com/China's_Empty_City_government_stimulus_central_planning_at_work
New Ordos is "the city that government built"...a product of central government planning and "stimulus" spending. This is the result of when governments attempt to steer economies. The article is reproduced in accordance with Section 107 of title 17 of the Copyright Law of the United States relating to fair-use and is for the purposes of criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research.
- published: 14 Dec 2010
- views: 46491
- author: WideWorldOfWisdom
Ordos 100
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 60:39
- Updated: 04 Nov 2012
Directed by Ai Weiwei (China, 2012). Official Selection International Film Festival Rotterdam 2012. Ordos 100 is a construction project curated by Herzog & de Meuron and Ai Weiwei. One hundred architects from 27 countries were chosen to participate and each design a 1000-square-meter villa to be built in a new community in Inner Mongolia. The 100 villas would be designed to fit a master plan designed by Ai Weiwei. On January 25, 2008, the 100 architects gathered in Ordos for a first visit to the site. The film Ordos 100 documents a total of three site visits, during which time the master plan and design of each villa was completed. As of this date, the Ordos 100 project remains unrealized (Ai Weiwei Studio).
http://wn.com/Ordos_100
Directed by Ai Weiwei (China, 2012). Official Selection International Film Festival Rotterdam 2012. Ordos 100 is a construction project curated by Herzog & de Meuron and Ai Weiwei. One hundred architects from 27 countries were chosen to participate and each design a 1000-square-meter villa to be built in a new community in Inner Mongolia. The 100 villas would be designed to fit a master plan designed by Ai Weiwei. On January 25, 2008, the 100 architects gathered in Ordos for a first visit to the site. The film Ordos 100 documents a total of three site visits, during which time the master plan and design of each villa was completed. As of this date, the Ordos 100 project remains unrealized (Ai Weiwei Studio).
- published: 02 Feb 2012
- views: 16918
- author: iffrotterdam
Exploring Ordos: A Skate Odyssey
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:10
- Updated: 28 Nov 2012
Filmmaker Charles Lanceplaine and a handful of skateboarders trekked to the oasis of Ordos, deep in the sands of Inner Mongolia, to skate the smooth planes of a modern city built for millions, but home to only a few thousand.
http://wn.com/Exploring_Ordos_A_Skate_Odyssey
Filmmaker Charles Lanceplaine and a handful of skateboarders trekked to the oasis of Ordos, deep in the sands of Inner Mongolia, to skate the smooth planes of a modern city built for millions, but home to only a few thousand.
- published: 18 Oct 2012
- views: 1047
- author: ESPN
Ghost Town Skateboarding - Ordos
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:10
- Updated: 06 Dec 2012
Ghost Town Skateboarding in the incredible town of Ordos! Built for 1 million people and currently inhabited by just a few thousand. It's been called the Dubai of northern China, showered with wealth, packed with public infrastructure and located near to precious natural resources in a region plagued by water-supply troubles. Ordos is a ghost town located in Inner Mongolia. Seeing the potential of this city in terms of spots we decided to organize a skate trip and be the first ones to skate such a surreal place. Directed, filmed & edited by: Charles Lanceplaine Additional filming: Patrik Wallner & Tommy Zhao Music: You Me by Hamacide + Chacha Sound mix: Gaetan Lourmiere Logo: jmartdesign.com Skaters: Jay Meador, Gustav Nymans, Tommy Zhao, Alexander Hwang, James Capps, Elliott Zelinskas & Brian Dolle The X-Treme Channel features awesome extreme sports action from all over the world! Subscribe To X-Treme Here: goo.gl Website: www.x-tremevideo.com Twitter twitter.com Facebook: www.facebook.com
http://wn.com/Ghost_Town_Skateboarding_Ordos
Ghost Town Skateboarding in the incredible town of Ordos! Built for 1 million people and currently inhabited by just a few thousand. It's been called the Dubai of northern China, showered with wealth, packed with public infrastructure and located near to precious natural resources in a region plagued by water-supply troubles. Ordos is a ghost town located in Inner Mongolia. Seeing the potential of this city in terms of spots we decided to organize a skate trip and be the first ones to skate such a surreal place. Directed, filmed & edited by: Charles Lanceplaine Additional filming: Patrik Wallner & Tommy Zhao Music: You Me by Hamacide + Chacha Sound mix: Gaetan Lourmiere Logo: jmartdesign.com Skaters: Jay Meador, Gustav Nymans, Tommy Zhao, Alexander Hwang, James Capps, Elliott Zelinskas & Brian Dolle The X-Treme Channel features awesome extreme sports action from all over the world! Subscribe To X-Treme Here: goo.gl Website: www.x-tremevideo.com Twitter twitter.com Facebook: www.facebook.com
- published: 19 Oct 2012
- views: 15111
- author: XTremeVideo
House Prices Plunge in Ordos, Inner Mongolia, China - Asia Investor
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:27
- Updated: 03 Sep 2012
This is Ordos, Inner Mongolia, China. It is known as China's Ghost Town
http://wn.com/House_Prices_Plunge_in_Ordos,_Inner_Mongolia,_China_Asia_Investor
This is Ordos, Inner Mongolia, China. It is known as China's Ghost Town
- published: 08 May 2012
- views: 582
- author: Greg Chen
Ordos Museum by MAD
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:17
- Updated: 28 Nov 2012
This movie tours a remote museum in Inner Mongolia, recently completed by Beijing architects MAD. The polished metal-clad museum is located in Ordos, where 100 private villas by different architects were masterplanned by artist Ai Weiwei back in 2008 -- see all our stories about the project here.
http://wn.com/Ordos_Museum_by_MAD
This movie tours a remote museum in Inner Mongolia, recently completed by Beijing architects MAD. The polished metal-clad museum is located in Ordos, where 100 private villas by different architects were masterplanned by artist Ai Weiwei back in 2008 -- see all our stories about the project here.
- published: 20 Sep 2011
- views: 12304
- author: mxarq
Miss World 2012 will be in Ordos, Inner Mongolia China
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:41
- Updated: 27 Nov 2012
The host for the Miss World 2012 Final is Ordos, Inner Mongolia China. Announced at the Miss World 2011 final competition. For more information on Miss World, contestants and more visit us at: www.missworld.com Visit us on facebook for live news updates, exclusive photographs and more at www.facebook.com Subscribe to our youtube channel for instant notifications on exclusive web videos! www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Miss_World_2012_will_be_in_Ordos,_Inner_Mongolia_China
The host for the Miss World 2012 Final is Ordos, Inner Mongolia China. Announced at the Miss World 2011 final competition. For more information on Miss World, contestants and more visit us at: www.missworld.com Visit us on facebook for live news updates, exclusive photographs and more at www.facebook.com Subscribe to our youtube channel for instant notifications on exclusive web videos! www.youtube.com
- published: 09 Nov 2011
- views: 30797
- author: OfficialMissWorld
Emperor: Battle for Dune - House Ordos intro
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:51
- Updated: 29 Nov 2012
The intro for House Ordos. Downloaded free at: ftp.westwood.com
http://wn.com/Emperor_Battle_for_Dune_House_Ordos_intro
The intro for House Ordos. Downloaded free at: ftp.westwood.com
- published: 16 Feb 2007
- views: 186870
- author: jaltesorensen
The Mausoleum of Genghis Khan, Ordos - Miss World 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:07
- Updated: 21 Aug 2012
Video uploaded from my mobile phone.
http://wn.com/The_Mausoleum_of_Genghis_Khan,_Ordos_Miss_World_2012
Video uploaded from my mobile phone.
- published: 23 Jul 2012
- views: 8512
- author: OfficialMissWorld
Dune 2000: Ordos Introduction
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:24
- Updated: 01 Sep 2012
Full-Motion cutscene from Westwood Studio's Dune 2000. The insidious House Ordos hails from the frozen planet of Draconis IV. On the glacier covered world the Executrix Council rule over a plutocratic society. The citizens know little of the outside universe, and it is rumored that they are ritualistically drugged to remain domesticated. The planet naturally has no resources, and so, House Ordos has been forced to live a life of smuggling, deception, trading, and economics. Controlled by some of the wealthiest individual in CHOAM, some doubt that it is an actual House, and more of a consortium. Regardless, its shadowy presence in the Landsraad keeps many other Houses in check through espionage and saboteurs. The Ordos maintain their supremacy for flaunting the conventions of the Butlerian Jihad and smuggling illegal technology from House Ix. One such technology has resulted in Edric O, the Ordos Mentat. How much of him is human and how much is a thinking machine, is uncertain, but regardless of either, he has been made very powerful, and no doubt cost several handfuls of Spice. To the Ordos, profit equals life. There is no middle ground. Its armies are filled with mercenaries and forbidden technologies. But its not the technology of House Ix, or the superior Edric O who will win the battles on Arrakis. It is the Commander, who has a contractual obligation to ensure the wealth-ridden planet for his masters.
http://wn.com/Dune_2000_Ordos_Introduction
Full-Motion cutscene from Westwood Studio's Dune 2000. The insidious House Ordos hails from the frozen planet of Draconis IV. On the glacier covered world the Executrix Council rule over a plutocratic society. The citizens know little of the outside universe, and it is rumored that they are ritualistically drugged to remain domesticated. The planet naturally has no resources, and so, House Ordos has been forced to live a life of smuggling, deception, trading, and economics. Controlled by some of the wealthiest individual in CHOAM, some doubt that it is an actual House, and more of a consortium. Regardless, its shadowy presence in the Landsraad keeps many other Houses in check through espionage and saboteurs. The Ordos maintain their supremacy for flaunting the conventions of the Butlerian Jihad and smuggling illegal technology from House Ix. One such technology has resulted in Edric O, the Ordos Mentat. How much of him is human and how much is a thinking machine, is uncertain, but regardless of either, he has been made very powerful, and no doubt cost several handfuls of Spice. To the Ordos, profit equals life. There is no middle ground. Its armies are filled with mercenaries and forbidden technologies. But its not the technology of House Ix, or the superior Edric O who will win the battles on Arrakis. It is the Commander, who has a contractual obligation to ensure the wealth-ridden planet for his masters.
- published: 09 Jan 2008
- views: 43544
- author: smithdanger
ORDOS - Skateboarding a Ghost Town in Northern China
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:10
- Updated: 05 Dec 2012
Ordos is a ghost town located in northern China; built for one million people and only inhabited by a few thousand. Seeing its potential, a group of skaters decided they were going to be first to skate this surreal city. Directed, filmed & edited by: Charles Lanceplaine / vimeo.com Additional filming: Patrik Wallner & Tommy Zhao Music: You Me by Hamacide + Chacha Sound mix: Gaetan Lourmiere Logo: jmartdesign.com Skaters: Jay Meador, Gustav Nymans, Tommy Zhao, Alexander Hwang, James Capps, Elliott Zelinskas & Brian Dolle
http://wn.com/ORDOS_Skateboarding_a_Ghost_Town_in_Northern_China
Ordos is a ghost town located in northern China; built for one million people and only inhabited by a few thousand. Seeing its potential, a group of skaters decided they were going to be first to skate this surreal city. Directed, filmed & edited by: Charles Lanceplaine / vimeo.com Additional filming: Patrik Wallner & Tommy Zhao Music: You Me by Hamacide + Chacha Sound mix: Gaetan Lourmiere Logo: jmartdesign.com Skaters: Jay Meador, Gustav Nymans, Tommy Zhao, Alexander Hwang, James Capps, Elliott Zelinskas & Brian Dolle
- published: 18 Oct 2012
- views: 6542
- author: boardworld
Geisterstadt Ordos (9.10.2011)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:02
- Updated: 05 Dec 2012
Ordos- eine Geisterstadt in der inneren Mongolei. Droht China ein Immobilienchrash, ein Platzen des aufgeblähten Immobiliensektors? Wie auch immer, Ordos kann sich bisher nicht über zu viel Verkehr und Luftverschmutzung beklagen... ;-) Quelle: ARD Weltspiegel
http://wn.com/Geisterstadt_Ordos_9102011
Ordos- eine Geisterstadt in der inneren Mongolei. Droht China ein Immobilienchrash, ein Platzen des aufgeblähten Immobiliensektors? Wie auch immer, Ordos kann sich bisher nicht über zu viel Verkehr und Luftverschmutzung beklagen... ;-) Quelle: ARD Weltspiegel
- published: 10 Oct 2011
- views: 14019
- author: TheBahnhofskino
Miss World 2012 ORDOS Final Part 1.mp4
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 120:11
- Updated: 05 Dec 2012
Miss World Final 18th Aug 2012 from ORDOS China Part 1 of show with Contestants walk down
http://wn.com/Miss_World_2012_ORDOS_Final_Part_1mp4
Miss World Final 18th Aug 2012 from ORDOS China Part 1 of show with Contestants walk down
- published: 29 Aug 2012
- views: 8214
- author: OfficialMissWorld
Miss World Ordos Promo 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:11
- Updated: 26 Sep 2012
A promotional video for Miss World 2012 in Ordos, China
http://wn.com/Miss_World_Ordos_Promo_2012
A promotional video for Miss World 2012 in Ordos, China
- published: 11 Jul 2012
- views: 35726
- author: OfficialMissWorld
Dune 2000 - Ordos Mission 9 - Hard Difficulty - Map 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 46:20
- Updated: 03 Dec 2012
Campaign play-through, hard settings, no turrets used, fast paced combat, no long boring missions or sped up games. High definition 1080 video. If you liked the video, make sure to leave a comment and don't forget to subscribe. For list of all Campaign and other videos check out Dune2k forum: forum.dune2k.com
http://wn.com/Dune_2000_Ordos_Mission_9_Hard_Difficulty_Map_2
Campaign play-through, hard settings, no turrets used, fast paced combat, no long boring missions or sped up games. High definition 1080 video. If you liked the video, make sure to leave a comment and don't forget to subscribe. For list of all Campaign and other videos check out Dune2k forum: forum.dune2k.com
- published: 01 Apr 2012
- views: 5229
- author: radim22
Ghost Town Skateboard Video : Ordos
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:10
- Updated: 01 Dec 2012
It's brilliant that people would take us on a journey, using our passions or interests as a vessels. For more awesome videos check out www.hiddenpublic.com Ordos was once regarded as the Dubai of Northern China. This Inner Mongolian city, once built for millions, houses only a few thousand. Plagued by water supply troubles, it's now virtually a ghost town---a wonderland for any true skateboarder. Directed filmed & edited by Charles Lanceplaine Additional filming: Patrik Wallner & Tommy Zhao Music: You Me by Hamacide + Chacha Sound mix: Gaetan Lourmiere Logo: jmartdesign.com Skaters: Jay Meador, Gustav Nymans, Tommy Zhao, Alexander Hwang, James Capps, Elliott Zelinskas & Brian Dolle
http://wn.com/Ghost_Town_Skateboard_Video_Ordos
It's brilliant that people would take us on a journey, using our passions or interests as a vessels. For more awesome videos check out www.hiddenpublic.com Ordos was once regarded as the Dubai of Northern China. This Inner Mongolian city, once built for millions, houses only a few thousand. Plagued by water supply troubles, it's now virtually a ghost town---a wonderland for any true skateboarder. Directed filmed & edited by Charles Lanceplaine Additional filming: Patrik Wallner & Tommy Zhao Music: You Me by Hamacide + Chacha Sound mix: Gaetan Lourmiere Logo: jmartdesign.com Skaters: Jay Meador, Gustav Nymans, Tommy Zhao, Alexander Hwang, James Capps, Elliott Zelinskas & Brian Dolle
- published: 15 Oct 2012
- views: 3515
- author: AllYouCan Love
Top Sports woman 2012 Ordos
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:41
- Updated: 30 Aug 2012
Top Sports woman 2012 Ordos China
http://wn.com/Top_Sports_woman_2012_Ordos
Top Sports woman 2012 Ordos China
- published: 30 Aug 2012
- views: 224
- author: OfficialMissWorld
Beach Fashion 2012 Ordos
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:42
- Updated: 06 Nov 2012
http://wn.com/Beach_Fashion_2012_Ordos
- published: 30 Aug 2012
- views: 884
- author: OfficialMissWorld
lamborghini Blancpain super trofeo Asia highlights race2 ordos Rizal Ramli
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 16:58
- Updated: 29 Sep 2012
Highlights of race 2 at Ordos international Circuit China. Anthony Liu/Davide Rizzo qualified on pole followed by Charlie-Ro-Charlz in 2nd and Rizal Ramli 3rd on the grid.
http://wn.com/lamborghini_Blancpain_super_trofeo_Asia_highlights_race2_ordos_Rizal_Ramli
Highlights of race 2 at Ordos international Circuit China. Anthony Liu/Davide Rizzo qualified on pole followed by Charlie-Ro-Charlz in 2nd and Rizal Ramli 3rd on the grid.
- published: 28 Aug 2012
- views: 990
- author: jejai88
Lamborghini Super Trofeo Asia - Round 3 Ordos, China
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:38
- Updated: 04 Dec 2012
For more info: www.GridMotorsportCo.com Lamborghini Super Trofeo Asia - Round 3 Ordos, China CELEBRATES FIRST EVER RACE WEEKEND IN CHINA August 19, 2012, Ordos, China -- Lamborghini and Blancpain have yet again made history this weekend, celebrating their first ever China held race of the Lamborghini Blancpain Super Trofeo Asia Series at the Ordos International Circuit. This first race weekend in China allowed many of the Series' international drivers to experience for the first time the unique and challenging features of the Ordos International Circuit. Built in 2010, the circuit boasts 18 turns and a length of 3751 meters, with straights allowing for a top speed of 296km/h. In what has been dubbed the first mountain circuit in China, the driving teams were able to put their experience from the Fuji International Speedway to good use as they negotiated challenging uphill and downhill turns across the circuit. The first race on Saturday took off in sunny conditions, with favorites Liu/Rizzo (#37) from China in third position, following Ramli (#9) from Malaysia and Charlz (#99) from Singapore in pole position. After an unfortunate start in Sepang, Ramli (#9) surprised spectators in Fuji, jumping from 14th to 2nd position between race 1 and race 2. Now competing in Ordos, Ramli pulled an incredible performance to finish first on the podium with a best lap time of 1:46:522, ahead of previously undefeated Liu/Rizzo (#37), with Charlz (#99) following closely in third position ...
http://wn.com/Lamborghini_Super_Trofeo_Asia_Round_3_Ordos,_China
For more info: www.GridMotorsportCo.com Lamborghini Super Trofeo Asia - Round 3 Ordos, China CELEBRATES FIRST EVER RACE WEEKEND IN CHINA August 19, 2012, Ordos, China -- Lamborghini and Blancpain have yet again made history this weekend, celebrating their first ever China held race of the Lamborghini Blancpain Super Trofeo Asia Series at the Ordos International Circuit. This first race weekend in China allowed many of the Series' international drivers to experience for the first time the unique and challenging features of the Ordos International Circuit. Built in 2010, the circuit boasts 18 turns and a length of 3751 meters, with straights allowing for a top speed of 296km/h. In what has been dubbed the first mountain circuit in China, the driving teams were able to put their experience from the Fuji International Speedway to good use as they negotiated challenging uphill and downhill turns across the circuit. The first race on Saturday took off in sunny conditions, with favorites Liu/Rizzo (#37) from China in third position, following Ramli (#9) from Malaysia and Charlz (#99) from Singapore in pole position. After an unfortunate start in Sepang, Ramli (#9) surprised spectators in Fuji, jumping from 14th to 2nd position between race 1 and race 2. Now competing in Ordos, Ramli pulled an incredible performance to finish first on the podium with a best lap time of 1:46:522, ahead of previously undefeated Liu/Rizzo (#37), with Charlz (#99) following closely in third position ...
- published: 22 Aug 2012
- views: 553
- author: gridmotorsportco
lamborghini blancpain supertrofeo asia ordos 2012 free practice rizal ramli
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:36
- Updated: 30 Aug 2012
free practice session fast laps, rizal ramli ordos international circuit china.
http://wn.com/lamborghini_blancpain_supertrofeo_asia_ordos_2012_free_practice_rizal_ramli
free practice session fast laps, rizal ramli ordos international circuit china.
- published: 18 Aug 2012
- views: 573
- author: jejai88
photo: AP / Bullit Marquez
06 Dec 2012
NEW BATAAN, Philippines - A powerful typhoon that washed away emergency shelters, a military camp and possibly entire families in the southern Philippines has killed almost 350 people with nearly 400 missing, authorities said Thursday. More bodies were retrieved from hardest-hit Compostela Valley and Davao Oriental provinces and six others impacted by Tuesday's storm, the Office of Civil Defense reported ... "It was horrible ... --- ... Location....(size: 8.0Kb)
photo: AP / Hassan Ammar
06 Dec 2012
The Egyptian army has deployed tanks and armoured troop carriers outside the presidential palace in Cairo after clashes between supporters and opponents of President Mohammed Morsi left five dead and hundreds injured. But, despite their presence, there are reports of a fresh outbreak of stone-throwing between the two sides. Egypt is seeing growing unrest over a controversial draft constitution ... 'Loud and clear' ... ....(size: 4.0Kb)
photo: White House / Pete Souza
06 Dec 2012
The US Treasury Secretary has said the Obama administration is "absolutely" ready for the US economy to go over the "fiscal cliff" rather than accept a budget deal that does not include higher tax rates for top earners. Timothy Geithner said on Wednesday that the administration believes budget deficits are so large that they cannot be closed without boosting tax rates on the highest-earning two per cent of Americans ... 489 Source. ... Share....(size: 19.2Kb)
photo: AP / Photo
06 Dec 2012
Lionel Messi missed out on a chance to match Gerd Mueller's record of 85 goals in a calendar year as he was injured during Barcelona's draw with Benfica. Messi, who hurt his left knee in a collision with Benfica keeper Artur, was taken off 30 minutes after coming on as a second-half substitute. Benfica knew a win would see them finish second behind Barca in Group G ... FC Barcelona's official Twitter account tweeted after the Benfica game....(size: 2.5Kb)
photo: US Navy / Matthew Stroup
05 Dec 2012
ISAF today issued an operational update on combat operations in Afghanistan. It noted, among other things, that Afghan and coalition security forces conducted an operation in Watahpur district yesterday that resulted in the “death of insurgent leader Mohammad Yar Gul.” ... Mohammed Yar Gul coordinated the movement of insurgent fighters throughout Kunar province ... ....(size: 1.7Kb)
The Examiner
05 Dec 2012
St. Nicholas Day is fast approaching, a day when certain cultures celebrate the saint’s feast day by putting out their shoes the night before, and hoping for a gift from ole St. Nick ... With the rise of the Novus Ordo and the subsequent loss of Faith, traditions such as those of St ... St ... ....(size: 1.6Kb)
Seeking Alpha
04 Dec 2012
When an industry is devastated by excess supply, declining demand, and falling prices, it is a sector investors should without question, avoid. The solar energy sector is an example of such an industry, yet First Solar (FSLR) is defying the odds of imminent failure. The company is cautious, but optimistic, that the marketplace is stabilizing ... He will be responsible for initiating the developing the Ordos Project in the region ... ....(size: 6.3Kb)
Business Journal
04 Dec 2012
First Solar Inc. is planning its first demonstration project in China to show off its panels for what it hopes will be a large market. Tempe-based First Solar (Nasdaq. FSLR) has an agreement with Zhenfa New Energy Science & Technology Co. Ltd ... on developing solar in that country, and it has previously announced plans to build a 2-gigawatt system in Ordos City, China, with the countryâs National Energy Administration ... Read More at ... Tempe ... ....(size: 13.1Kb)
The News & Observer
29 Nov 2012
Email Print Order Reprint Share This. Text. tool name. tool goes here. Franco Ordo�ez - The Charlotte Observer. Franco Ordo�ez McClatchy Newspapers. WASHINGTON, D.C. -- Members of the N.C. congressional delegation say they�re ready to compromise on some hardened positions to reach a deal that would prevent the country from plunging over the �fiscal cliff.� ... N.C. Rep ... Coble joins Sens ... An N.C ... Sen ... Reach Franco Ordo�ez at fordonez@mcclatchydc.com ... ....(size: 16.6Kb)
American Spectator
29 Nov 2012
Dicey added, in only slightly less poetic terms, that it was “the fruit not of abstract theory but of that instinct which…has enabled Englishmen, and especially uncivilised Englishmen, to build up sound and lasting institutions, much as bees construct a honeycomb.” Tennyson’s lauded precedents were fast losing their force in Europe’s novus ordo, ......(size: 18.9Kb)
PR Newswire
26 Nov 2012
Google. , Nov ... Mark Goddard, a Craft Racing AMR principal notes ... Craft Racing AMR has recently announced that it will enter two Aston Martin Vantage GT3's into the 2013 Asian Le Mans Series, which consists of three rounds in (Zhu Hai, , and Ordos) followed by two races in Korea and before the season finale in Indonesia. The three hour race format will feature four class categories. LMP2, LPC, GTE, and GTC ... ....(size: 5.5Kb)
IMC
24 Nov 2012
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IMC
22 Nov 2012
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DNA India
21 Nov 2012
HONG KONG, Nov ... Upon closing, PCR will become a wholly-owned subsidiary of MIE ... Information on PCR ... The Group operates the Daan, Moliqing and Miao 3 oilfields in the Songliao Basin under three separate production sharing contracts with PetroChina, the largest oil company in China and holds a 51% stake in a joint venture that operates Linxing and Sanjiaobei gas assets in the Ordos Basin under two separate production sharing contracts ... Mr....(size: 6.9Kb)
Indian Express
20 Nov 2012
Having trained at Hockey and Football Academy in Sector 42, Dharamveer and Rupinder Pal picked up for indian squad ... But now the duo will be playing together once again in the Indian team and are hopeful of doing well in Australia ... Rupinder, however, was part of the Indian team which won the China Ordos Trophy in 2011 and was also part of the Indian hockey team for Olympic qualifiers ... contd. PAGE. 12 . Single Page Format ....(size: 1.9Kb)
IMC
20 Nov 2012
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Bloomberg
19 Nov 2012
“They said they will pay me this month, but it seems I’m fooled again,” said Niu, who supplied nets for protecting workers from falling off bamboo scaffolding at the half- completed Purple Palace, a development including a luxury hotel and three residential buildings in the city of Ordos ... New China Trust didn’t respond to three calls seeking comment, and a contact number for Ordos Jin’ao couldn’t be located....(size: 20.3Kb)
The Examiner
19 Nov 2012
Related topics. MagicksodomyAleister Crowley. Advertisement. Col Michael Aquino is a US Army Intelligence officer, former priest of Anton LaVey’s church of satan who went on to establish the temple of set. Note what he wrote with regards to the legal battle between US Army Maj Grady McMurtry and Kenneth Grant regarding the legitimate chartered of the US Grand Lodge of the Ordo Templi Orientis (OTO). ... —Scroll of Set Vol. XII no. 5, Oct ... T ... ....(size: 21.5Kb)
"Ordos" redirects here. For other uses, see Ordos (disambiguation).
Ordos 鄂尔多斯 |
|
|---|---|
| — Prefecture-level city — | |
| 鄂尔多斯市 | |
 |
|
 |
|
 Ordos
|
|
| Coordinates: 39°36′N 109°47′E / 39.6°N 109.783°E / 39.6; 109.783Coordinates: 39°36′N 109°47′E / 39.6°N 109.783°E / 39.6; 109.783 | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Region | Inner Mongolia |
| City seat | Dongsheng District |
| Area | |
| • Total | 87,000 km2 (34,000 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 1,305 m (4,281 ft) |
| Highest elevation | 2,149 m (7,051 ft) |
| Lowest elevation | 850 m (2,790 ft) |
| Population (2010 census) | |
| • Total | 1,940,653 |
| • Density | 22/km2 (58/sq mi) |
| Time zone | China Standard (UTC+8) |
| GDP (2011) |
CNY 321.85 billion (US$ 49.83 billion)[1] |
| GDP per capita (2011) |
CNY 163,012 (US$ 25,239) |
| Website | http://www.ordos.gov.cn/ |
 |
This article contains Mongolian script. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of text in Mongolian script. |
| Ordos City | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese name | |||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 鄂爾多斯 | ||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 鄂尔多斯 | ||||||
|
|||||||
| Mongolian name | |||||||
| Mongolian | Ордос хот |
||||||
Ordos (Mongolian: , Ordos; Chinese: 鄂尔多斯; pinyin: È'ěrduōsī) is one of the twelve major subdivisions of Inner Mongolia, China. It is located within the Ordos Loop of the Yellow River. Although mainly rural, Ordos is administered as a prefecture-level city. The administrative seat is at Dongsheng.
The area had been administered as Yekhe Juu League (Chinese: 伊克昭盟; pinyin: Yikezhao Meng) since the 17th century, and was redesignated a prefecture-level city and renamed to Ordos on 26 February 2001. "Ordos" means "palaces" in the Mongolian language;[2] the name is sometimes claimed to be related to the eight white yurts of Genghis Khan.[3] Linguistically, the Ordos dialect of Mongolian is quite different from neighboring Chakhar Mongolian. Ordos is known for its lavish government projects, including the new Ordos City, a city of exquisite buildings and abundant infrastructure seldom used by residents.[4] It will be hosting 2012 Miss World Final.
Contents |
Geography and climate[link]
Ordos's prefectural administrative region occupies 86,752 square kilometres (33,495 sq mi) and covers the bigger part of the Ordos Desert, although the urban area itself is relatively small. The region borders the prefectures of Hohhot to the east, Baotou to the northeast, Bayan Nur to the north, Alxa League to the northwest, Wuhai to the west, the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region to its southwest, and the provinces of Shaanxi and Shanxi to the south.
The area of Ordos Shi can roughly be divided into a hilly area in the east, high plateaus in the west and center, sandy deserts in the north and south, and plains at the southern bank of the Yellow river. The highest elevation, at 2,149 metres (7,051 ft), is located in the west, the lowest point, at 850 m (2,790 ft), is in the east.
There are two large deserts within the territory of Ordos Shi, namely the Kubuqi Desert (库布其沙漠) in the north, and the Maowusu Desert (毛乌素沙漠) in the south. The Kubuqi Desert occupies 19.2% of Ordos, or 16,600 km2 (6,400 sq mi), while the Maowusu Desert takes up 28.8% of the area, or 25,000 km2 (9,700 sq mi).
Ordos features a cold semi-arid climate (Köppen BSk), marked by long, cold and very dry winters, very warm, somewhat humid summers, and strong winds, especially in spring. The annual precipitation is 300 to 400 millimetres (11.8 to 15.7 in) in the eastern part of the prefecture, and 190 to 350 mm (7.5 to 13.8 in) in the western part. Most of the rain falls between July and September, with very little snow in winter.
| Climate data for Ordos (1971−2000) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average high °C (°F) | −4.8 (23.4) |
−1.3 (29.7) |
5.2 (41.4) |
14.1 (57.4) |
20.8 (69.4) |
25.0 (77.0) |
26.7 (80.1) |
24.5 (76.1) |
19.4 (66.9) |
12.6 (54.7) |
4.0 (39.2) |
−2.9 (26.8) |
11.9 (53.4) |
| Average low °C (°F) | −14.7 (5.5) |
−11.5 (11.3) |
−5.4 (22.3) |
1.9 (35.4) |
8.4 (47.1) |
13.0 (55.4) |
15.8 (60.4) |
14.3 (57.7) |
8.8 (47.8) |
2.1 (35.8) |
−5.9 (21.4) |
−12.3 (9.9) |
1.2 (34.2) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) | 2.1 (0.083) |
4.4 (0.173) |
10.8 (0.425) |
11.4 (0.449) |
25.8 (1.016) |
44.8 (1.764) |
105.7 (4.161) |
105.5 (4.154) |
44.7 (1.76) |
19.4 (0.764) |
5.3 (0.209) |
1.3 (0.051) |
381.2 (15.008) |
| Avg. precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 2.1 | 2.9 | 4.3 | 3.4 | 5.9 | 8.7 | 12.2 | 11.9 | 8.1 | 4.4 | 2.6 | 1.9 | 68.4 |
| Source: Weather China | |||||||||||||
Economy[link]
Ordos is one of the richest regions of China. With a nominal per-capita GDP of US$14,500 in 2008, it is ranked ahead of the capital city of China, Beijing. It is extremely rich in natural resources, having one sixth of the coal reserve in China. The pillars of its economy are textile (wool), coal mining, petrochemicals, electricity generation and production of building materials.
Administrative Subdivisions[link]
Ordos Shi is divided into one district and seven banners:
| Map | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 |
||||||
| # | Name | Hanzi | Hanyu Pinyin | Population (2004 est.) | Area (km²) | Density (/km²) |
| 1 | Dongsheng District | 东胜区 | Dōngshèng Qū | 230,000 | 2,137 | 108 |
| 2 | Dalad Banner | 达拉特旗 | Dálātè Qí | 330,000 | 8,192 | 40 |
| 3 | Jungar Banner | 准格尔旗 | Zhǔngé'ěr Qí | 270,000 | 7,535 | 36 |
| 4 | Otog Front Banner | 鄂托克前旗 | Ètuōkè Qián Qí | 70,000 | 12,318 | 6 |
| 5 | Otog Banner | 鄂托克旗 | Ètuōkè Qí | 90,000 | 20,064 | 4 |
| 6 | Hanggin Banner | 杭锦旗 | Hángjǐn Qí | 130,000 | 18,903 | 7 |
| 7 | Uxin Banner | 乌审旗 | Wūshěn Qí | 100,000 | 11,645 | 9 |
| 8 | Ejin Horo Banner | 伊金霍洛旗 | Yījīnhuòluò Qí | 140,000 | 5,958 | 23 |
Kangbashi New Area, Empty Real Estate Development[link]
A large, and largely uninhabited urban real estate development has been constructed 25 km from the city of Dongsheng. Intended to house a million people, it remains largely uninhabited.[5][6] Intended to have 300,000 residents by 2010, government figures stated it had 28,000.[7] It has been the subject of several well publicized articles, some profusely illustrated.[8] The Daily Mail has documented Ordos/Kangbashi and other similar urban developments in China.[9][10]
Transportation[link]
Travel within Ordos City is primarily made by car or bus, using the city's network of roads. Two tolled expressways, the G18 Rongcheng–Wuhai Expressway and the G65 Baotou–Maoming Expressway, provide connections with other towns and cities including Dongsheng.
There are no direct rail lines to the city. The closest is the Baoshen Line in Dongshen.
Ordos Airport is located to the south of the city.
Demographics[link]
In the 2000 census, there were 1,369,766 inhabitants:
| ethnic group | population | share |
|---|---|---|
| Han | 1,207,971 | 88.19% |
| Mongols | 155,845 | 11.38% |
| Manchu | 2,905 | 0.21% |
| Hui | 1,861 | 0.14% |
| Tibetans | 1,023 | 0.07% |
See also[link]
- Ordos culture
- Ordos International Circuit
- New South China Mall and Chenggong, examples of other underused developments
- List of cities in the People's Republic of China by population
- List of cities in the People's Republic of China by GDP per capita
References[link]
- ^ 鄂尔多斯市2011年国民经济和社会发展统计公报
- ^ http://www.ordos.gov.cn/zjeedx/sqgk/ 市情概况
- ^ W. R. Carles, "Problems in Exploration II. Ordos", in The Geographical Journal, Vol. 33, No. 6 (Jun., 1909)", p. 669
- ^ Al-Jazeera (2009-11-09). "China's Empty City" (video). YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0h7V3Twb-Qk.
- ^ Time Photos of Ordos/Kangbashi, Time Photos Website 2011
- ^ Gus Lubin (2011-06-13). "NEW SATELLITE PICTURES OF CHINA'S GHOST CITIES". Business Insider. http://www.businessinsider.com/chinese-ghost-cities-2011-5#chinas-most-famous-ghost-city-ordos-has-been-empty-for-years-10. Retrieved 2011-12-09.
- ^ http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/20/business/global/20ghost.html?pagewanted=all
- ^ "China's Ghost Town". AlJazeera. 10 November 2009. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0h7V3Twb-Qk. Retrieved 2010-12-21.
- ^ The Ghost Towns of China...The Daily Telegraph 18 Dec 2010
- ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-17390729
External links[link]
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http://wn.com/Ordos_City
Related pages:
http://ru.wn.com/Ордос (городской округ)
http://fr.wn.com/Ordos (Mongolie-Intérieure)
http://nl.wn.com/Ordos (Binnen-Mongolië)
http://pt.wn.com/Ordos
http://de.wn.com/Ordos (Stadt)
http://pl.wn.com/Ordos (miasto)
http://id.wn.com/Ordos
http://es.wn.com/Ciudad de Ordos
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Coordinates: 44°N 113°E / 44°N 113°E / 44; 113
| Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Nei Mongol Autonomous Region |
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| Abbreviations: 内蒙 or 内蒙古[2] (pinyin: Nèi Měng or Nèi Měnggǔ) | |||||||||
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| Origin of name | From the Mongolian öbür monggol, where öbür means the front, sunny side of natural barrier (a mountain, mountain range, lake or desert etc..). | ||||||||
| Administration type | Autonomous region | ||||||||
| Capital | Hohhot | ||||||||
| Largest city | Baotou | ||||||||
| CPC Ctte Secretary | Hu Chunhua | ||||||||
| Chairman | Bagatur | ||||||||
| Area | 1,183,000 km2 (457,000 sq mi) (3rd) | ||||||||
| - Latitude | 37° 24' to 53° 20' N | ||||||||
| - Longitude | 097° 05' to 126° 05' E | ||||||||
| Population (2010) - Density |
24,706,321[3] (23rd) 20.2 /km2 (52 /sq mi) (28th) |
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| GDP (2011) - per capita |
CNY 1.40 trillion US$ 218.75 billion (15th) CNY 57,515 US$ 8,854 (6th) |
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| HDI (2008) | 0.803 (high) (13th) | ||||||||
| Ethnic composition | Han - 79% Mongol - 17% Manchu - 2% Hui - 0.9% Daur - 0.3% |
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| Languages and dialects | {{{Dialects}}} | ||||||||
| Prefectural level | 12 divisions | ||||||||
| County level | 101 divisions | ||||||||
| Township level* | 1425 divisions | ||||||||
| ISO 3166-2 | CN-15 | ||||||||
| Official website http://www.nmg.gov.cn (Simplified Chinese) |
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| Source for population and GDP data:
《中国统计年鉴—2005》 China Statistical Yearbook 2005
Source for nationalities data:
ISBN 7503747382 《2000年人口普查中国民族人口资料》 Tabulation on nationalities of 2000 population census of China
*As at December 31, 2004ISBN 7105054255 |
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| Template ■ Discussion ■ WikiProject China | |||||||||
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This article contains Chinese text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese characters. |
Inner Mongolia (Mongolian: s 
, Öbür Monggol and c Өвөр Монгол, Övör Mongol; Chinese: 内蒙古; pinyin: Nèi Měnggǔ, but officially romanized to Nei Mongol) is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China, located in the northern region of the country. Inner Mongolia shares an international border with the countries of Mongolia and the Russian Federation. Its capital is Hohhot and the largest city is Baotou.
Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region was established in 1947 on the area of former Republic of China provinces of Suiyuan, Chahar, Rehe, Liaobei and Xing'an along with the northern parts of Gansu and Ningxia. It is the third-largest subdivision of China spanning about 1,200,000 km² (463,000 sq mi) or 12% of China's total land area. It has a population of about 24 million as of 2004. The majority of the population in the region are Han Chinese, with a substantial Mongol minority. The official languages are Chinese and Mongolian, the latter written in the Mongolian script, as opposed to the Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet used in the state of Mongolia.
Contents |
Name[link]
In Chinese, the region is known as "Inner Mongolia", where the terms of "Inner/Outer" are derived from Manchu dorgi/tulergi (cf. Mongolian dotugadu/gadagadu). Inner Mongolia is distinct from Outer Mongolia, which was a term used by the Republic of China and previous governments to refer to what is now the independent state of Mongolia plus the Republic of Tuva in Russia. In Mongolian, the region was called Dotugadu monggol during Qing rule and was renamed into Öbür Monggol in 1947, öbür meaning the southern side of a mountain, while the Chinese term nei menggu was retained. Some Mongolians use the name "Southern Mongolia" in English as well.[4]
History[link]
See also: History of Mongolia
Much of what is known about the history of Greater Mongolia, including Inner Mongolia, is known through Chinese chronicles and historians. Before the rise of the Mongols in the 13th century, what is now central and western Inner Mongolia, especially the Hetao region, alternated in control between Chinese agriculturalists in the south and Xiongnu, Xianbei, Khitan, Jurchen, Tujue, and other Mongol nomads of the north. The historical narrative of what is now Eastern Inner Mongolia mostly consists of alternations between different Tungustic and Mongol tribes, rather than the struggle between nomads and Chinese agriculturalists.
Early History[link]
During the Zhou Dynasty, central and western Inner Mongolia (the Hetao region and surrounding areas) were inhabited by nomadic peoples such as the Loufan, Linhu, and Dí, while eastern Inner Mongolia was inhabited by the Donghu. During the Warring States Period, King Wuling (340–295 BC) of the state of Zhao based in what is now Hebei and Shanxi provinces pursued an expansionist policy towards the region. After destroying the Dí state of Zhongshan in what is now Hebei province, he defeated the Linhu and Loufan and created the commandery of Yunzhong near modern Hohhot. King Wuling of Zhao also built a long wall stretching through the Hetao region. After Qin Shihuang created the first unified Chinese empire in 221 BC, he sent the general Meng Tian to drive the Xiongnu from the region, and incorporated the old Zhao wall into the Qin Dynasty Great Wall of China. He also maintained two commanderies in the region: Jiuyuan and Yunzhong, and moved 30,000 households there to solidify the region. After the Qin Dynasty collapsed in 206 BC, these efforts were abandoned.
During the Western Han Dynasty, Emperor Wu sent the general Wei Qing to reconquer the Hetao region from the Xiongnu in 127 BC. After the conquest, Emperor Wu continued the policy of building settlements in Hetao to defend against the Xiong-Nu. In that same year he established the commanderies of Shuofang and Wuyuan in Hetao. At the same time, what is now eastern Inner Mongolia was controlled by the Xianbei, who would later on eclipse the Xiongnu in power and influence.
During the Eastern Han Dynasty (25–220 AD), Xiongnu who surrendered to the Han Dynasty began to be settled in Hetao, and intermingled with the Han immigrants in the area. Later on during the Western Jin Dynasty, it was a Xiongnu noble from Hetao, Liu Yuan, who established the Han Zhao kingdom in the region, thereby beginning the Sixteen Kingdoms period that saw the disintegration of northern China under a variety of Han and non-Han (including Xiongnu and Xianbei) regimes.
The Sui Dynasty (581–618) and Tang Dynasty (618–907) re-established a unified Chinese empire, and like their predecessors they conquered and settled people into Hetao, though once again these efforts were aborted when the Tang empire began to collapse. Hetao (along with the rest of what now consists Inner Mongolia) was then taken over by the Khitan Empire (Liao Dynasty), founded by the Khitans, a nomadic people originally from what is now the southern part of Manchuria and eastern Inner Mongolia. They were followed by the Western Xia of the Tanguts, who took control of what is now the western part of Inner Mongolia (including western Hetao) . The Khitans were later replaced by the Jurchens, precursors to the modern Manchus, who established the Jin Dynasty over Manchuria and northern China.
Mongol Period[link]
After Genghis Khan unified the Mongol tribes in 1206 and founded the Mongol Empire, the Tangut Western Xia empire was ultimately conquered in 1227, and the Jurchen Jin Dynasty fell in 1234. In 1271, Genghis Khan's grandson Khubilai established the Yuan Dynasty. Khubilai's summer capital Shangdu (aka Xanadu) was located near present-day Dolonnor. During that time Ongud and Khunggirad peoples dominated the area of what is now Inner Mongolia. After the Yuan Dynasty was evicted by the Han-led Ming Dynasty in 1368, the Ming rebuilt the Great Wall of China at its present location, which roughly follows the southern border of the modern Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (though it deviates significantly at the Hebei-Inner Mongolia border). The Ming established the Three Guards composed of the Mongols there. Soon after the Tumu incident in 1449, when the Oirat ruler Esen Taishi captured the Chinese emperor, Mongols flooded south from Northern Mongolia to Southern Mongolia. Thus from then on until 1635, Inner Mongolia was the political and cultural center of the Mongols during the Northern Yuan Dynasty.[5]
| Inner Mongolia | |||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Part of the Great Wall of China | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chinese name | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 內蒙古 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 内蒙古 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Nei Mongol Autonomous Region | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 內蒙古自治區 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 内蒙古自治区 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Mongolian name | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mongolian | Өвөр Монгол Övör Mongol |
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Qing Period[link]
The eastern Mongol tribes near and in Manchuria, particularly the Khorchin and Southern Khalkha in today`s Inner Mongolia intermarried, formed alliances with, and fought against the Jurchen tribes until Nurhaci, the founder of the new Jin Dynasty, consolidated his control over all groups in the area in 1593.[6] The Manchus gained far-reaching control of the Inner Mongolian tribes in 1635, when Ligden Khan's son surrendered the Chakhar Mongol tribes to the Manchus. The Manchus subsequently invaded Ming China in 1644, bringing it under the control of their newly established Qing Dynasty. Under the Qing Dynasty (1636–1912), Greater Mongolia was administered in a different way for each region:
- "Outer Mongolia": This region corresponds to the modern state of Mongolia, plus the Russian-administered region of Tannu Uriankhai, and a part of northern Xinjiang. It included the four leagues (aimag) of the Khalkha Mongols north of the Gobi, as well as the Tannu Uriankhai and Khovd regions in northwestern Mongolia, which were overseen by the General of Uliastai from the city of Uliastai.
- "Inner Mongolia": This region corresponded to most of modern Inner Mongolia and some neighbouring areas in Liaoning and Jilin provinces. The banners and tribes in this region came under six leagues (chuulghan): Jirim, Juuuda, Josutu, Xilingol, Ulanqab, and Yekejuu.
- "Taoxi Mongolia": The Alashan Öölüd and Ejine Torghuud banners were separate from the aimags of Outer Mongolia and the chuulghans of Inner Mongolia. This territory is equivalent to modern-day Alxa League, the westernmost part of what is now Inner Mongolia.
- The Chahar Eight Banners were controlled by the military commander of Chahar (now Zhangjiakou). Their extent corresponded to southern Ulanqab and Bayannur in modern Inner Mongolia, plus the region around Zhangjiakou in Hebei province. At the same time, the jurisdiction of some border departments of Zhili and Shanxi provinces also belonged to this region.
- The Guihua Tümed banner was controlled by the military commander of Suiyuan (now Hohhot). This corresponds to the vicinities of the modern city of Hohhot. At the same time, the jurisdiction of some border departments of modern Shanxi province also belonged to this region.
- The Hulunbuir region in what is now northeastern Inner Mongolia was part of the jurisdiction of the General of Heilongjiang, one of the three generals of Manchuria.
Ordinary Mongols were not allowed to travel outside their own leagues. During the eighteenth century, growing numbers of Han Chinese settlers had illegally begun to move into the Inner Mongolian steppe. By 1791 there had been so many Han Chinese settlers in the Front Gorlos Banner that the jasak had petitioned the Qing government to legalize the status of the peasants who had already settled there.[7]
During the nineteenth century, the Manchus were becoming increasingly sinicized, and faced with the Russian threat, they began to encourage Han Chinese farmers to settle in both Mongolia and Manchuria. This policy was followed by subsequent governments. The railroads that were being built in these regions were especially useful to the Han Chinese settlers. Land was either sold by Mongol Princes, or leased to Han Chinese farmers, or simply taken away from the nomads and given to Han Chinese farmers.
Post-Qing[link]
Outer Mongolia regained independence from the Qing Dynasty in 1911, when the Jebtsundamba Khutugtu of the Khalkha was declared the Bogd Khan of Mongolia. Although almost all banners of Inner Mongolia recognized the Bogd Khan as the supreme ruler of Mongols, the internal strife within the region prevented a full reunification. The Mongol rebellions in Inner Mongolia were counterbalanced by princes who hoped to see a restored Qing dynasty in Manchuria and Mongolia, as they considered the theocratic rule of the Bogd Khan would be against their modernizing objectives for Mongolia.[8] Eventually, the newly formed Republic of China promised a new nation of five races (Chinese, Manchu, Mongol, Tibetan and Muslim),[9] and suppressed the Mongol rebellions in the area,[10][11] forcing the Inner Mongolian princes to recognize the Republic of China.
The Republic of China reorganized Inner Mongolia into provinces:
- Rehe province was created to include the Juuuda and Josutu leagues, plus the Chengde area in what is now northern Hebei.
- Chahar province was created to include Xilingol league as well as much of the former territory of the Eight Banners.
- Suiyuan province was created to include Ulanqab league, Yekejuu league, and the Hetao region (former Guihua Tümed territory).
- Hulunbuir stayed within Heilongjiang in Manchuria, which had become a province.
- Most of Jirim league came under the new province of Fengtian in southern Manchuria.
- Taoxi Mongolia, i.e. Alashan and Ejine leagues, was incorporated into neighbouring Gansu province. Later on Ningxia province was split out of northern Gansu, and Taoxi Mongolia became part of Ningxia.
Some Republic of China maps still show this structure.
The Japanese Manchuria Period[link]
Manchuria came under the control of the Japanese puppet state Manchukuo in 1931, taking the Mongol areas in the Manchurian provinces (i.e. Hulunbuir and Jirim leagues) along. Rehe was also incorporated into Manchukuo in 1933, taking Juu Uda and Josutu leagues along with it. These areas were administered by Manchukuo until the end of World War II in 1945.
In 1937, open war broke out between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan. On December 8, 1937, Mongolian Prince De Wang declared the independence of the remaining parts of Inner Mongolia (i.e. the Suiyuan and Chahar provinces) as Mengkiang or Mengkukuo, and signed close agreements with Manchukuo and Japan. The capital was established at Zhangbei (now in Hebei province), with the puppet government's control extending as far west as the Hohhot region. In August 1945, Mengkiang was taken by Soviet and Outer Mongolian troops during Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation. Despite a considerable movement among Inner Mongolia's Mongols(who comprised then around 15% of Inner Mongolia's population, while Han Chinese around 83%) for unification with Outer Mongolia, Inner Mongolia remained part of China.
Communist era[link]
The Communist movement gradually gained momentum as part of the Third Communist International in Inner Mongolia during the Japanese period. By the end of WWII, the Inner Mongolian faction of the ComIntern had a functional militia, and actively opposed the attempts at independence by De Wang's Chinggisid princes on the grounds of fighting feudalism. Following the end of World War II, the Chinese Communists gained control of Manchuria as well as the Inner Mongolian Communists with decisive Soviet support, and established the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in 1947. The Comintern army was absorbed into the People's Liberation Army. Initially the autonomous region included just the Hulunbuir region. Over the next decade, as the communists established the People's Republic of China and consolidated control over mainland China, Inner Mongolia was expanded westwards to include five of the six original leagues (except Josutu League, which remains in Liaoning province), the northern part of the Chahar region, by then a league as well (southern Chahar remains in Hebei province), the Hetao region, and the Alashan and Ejine banners. Eventually, near all areas with sizeable Mongol populations were incorporated into the region, giving present-day Inner Mongolia its elongated shape. The leader of Inner Mongolia during that time, as both regional CPC secretary and head of regional government, was Ulanhu.
During the Cultural Revolution, the administration of Ulanhu was purged, and a wave of repressions was initiated against the Mongol population of the autonomous region.[12] In 1969 much of Inner Mongolia was distributed among surrounding provinces, with Hulunbuir divided between Heilongjiang and Jilin, Jirim going to Jilin, Juu Uda to Liaoning, and the Alashan and Ejine region divided among Gansu and Ningxia. This was reversed in 1979.
Inner Mongolia has seen considerable development since Deng Xiaoping instituted Chinese economic reform in 1978. For about ten years since 2000, Inner Mongolia's GDP growth has been among the highest in the country, largely owing to the success of natural resource industries in the region.
Geography[link]
![[icon]](http://web.archive.org./web/20121207041532/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small} |
This section requires expansion. |
Officially Inner Mongolia is classified as one of the provincial-level divisions of North China, but its great stretch means that parts of it belong to Northeast China and Northwest China as well. It borders eight provincial-level divisions in all three of the aforementioned regions (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Ningxia, and Gansu), tying with Shaanxi for the greatest number of bordering provincial-level divisions. Most of its international border is with Mongolia, which, in Chinese, is sometimes called "Outer Mongolia" (外蒙古), while a small portion is with Russia.
Climate[link]
Due to its elongated shape, Inner Mongolia has a wide variety of regional climates. Throughout the province, the climate is based off a four-season, monsoon climate. The winters in Inner Mongolia are very long, cold, and dry with frequent blizzards. The spring, summer, and autumn are polar opposites to the winter. They are short, extremely hot and arid, and have large, dangerous sandstorms. Officially, most of the region is classified as either a cold arid or steppe regime (Köppen BWk, BSk, respectively). The small portion besides these are classified as humid continental (Köppen Dwb) in the northeast, or subarctic (Köppen Dwc) in the far north near Hulunbuir.[13]
Administrative divisions[link]
Main articles: List of administrative divisions of Inner Mongolia and List of township-level divisions of Inner Mongolia
Inner Mongolia is divided into 12 prefecture-level divisions. Until the late 1990s, most of Inner Mongolia's prefectural regions were known as Leagues (Chinese: 盟), a usage retained from Mongol divisions of the Qing Dynasty. Similarly, county-level divisions are often known as Banners (Chinese: 旗). Since the 1990s, numerous Leagues have converted into prefecture-level cities, although Banners remain. The restructuring led to the conversion of primate cities in most leagues to convert to districts administratively (Hailar, Jining, and Dongsheng). Some newly founded prefecture-level cities have chosen to retain the original name of League (Hulunbuir, Bayannur, and Ulanqab), some have adopted the Chinese name of their primate city (Chifeng, Tongliao), and one League, Yekejuu, simply renamed itself Ordos. Despite these recent administrative changes, there is no indication that the Alxa, Hinggan, and Xilingol Leagues will convert to prefecture-level cities in the near future.
| Map | # | Conventional[14] | Administrative Seat | Hanzi Hanyu Pinyin |
Mongolian (Transcription from Mongolian) |
Population (2010) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 |
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| — Prefecture-level city — | |||||||
| 2 | Bayannur | Linhe District | 巴彦淖尔市 Bāyànnào'ěr Shì |
  (bayannaɣur qota) |
1,669,915 | ||
| 3 | Wuhai | Haibowan District | 乌海市 Wūhǎi Shì |
 (üqai qota) |
532,902 | ||
| 4 | Ordos | Dongsheng District | 鄂尔多斯市 È'ěrduōsī Shì |
(ordus qota) |
1,940,653 | ||
| 5 | Baotou | Kundulun District | 包头市 Bāotóu Shì |
 (buɣutu qota) |
2,650,364 | ||
| 6 | Hohhot | Huimin District | 呼和浩特市 Hūhéhàotè Shì |
 (kökeqota) |
2,866,615 | ||
| 7 | Ulanqab | Jining District | 乌兰察布市 Wūlánchábù Shì |
 (ulaɣančab qota) |
2,143,590 | ||
| 9 | Chifeng | Hongshan District | 赤峰市 Chìfēng Shì |
 (ulaɣanqada qota) |
4,341,245 | ||
| 10 | Tongliao | Horqin District | 通辽市 Tōngliáo Shì |
 (töngliyao qota) |
3,139,153 | ||
| 12 | Hulunbuir | Hailar District | 呼伦贝尔市 Hūlúnbèi'ěr Shì |
 (kölün-buyir qota) |
2,549,278 | ||
| — League — | |||||||
| 1 | Alxa | Alxa Left Banner | 阿拉善盟 Ālāshàn Méng |
 (alašan ayimaɣ) |
231,334 | ||
| 8 | Xilingol | Xilinhot | 锡林郭勒盟 Xīlínguōlè Méng |
 (sili-yin ɣoul ayimaɣ) |
1,028,022 | ||
| 11 | Hinggan | Ulanhot | 兴安盟 Xīng'ān Méng |
 (hingɣan ayimaɣ) |
1,613,250 | ||
Many of the prefecture-level cities were converted very recently from leagues.
The twelve prefecture-level divisions of Inner Mongolia are subdivided into 101 county-level divisions, including twenty-one districts, eleven county-level cities, seventeen counties, forty-nine banners, and three autonomous banners. Those are in turn divided into 1425 township-level divisions, including 532 towns, 407 townships, 277 sumu, eighteen ethnic townships, one ethnic sumu, and 190 subdistricts.
Economy[link]
Farming of crops such as wheat takes precedence along the river valleys. In the more arid grasslands, herding of goats, sheep and so on is a traditional method of subsistence. Forestry and hunting are somewhat important in the Greater Khingan ranges in the east. Reindeer herding is carried out by Evenks in the Evenk Autonomous Banner. More recently, growing grapes and winemaking have become an economic factor in the Wuhai area.
Inner Mongolia has abundance of resources especially coal, cashmere, natural gas, rare earth elements, and has more deposits of naturally occurring niobium, zirconium and beryllium than any other province-level region in China. However in the past, the exploitation and utilisation of resources were rather inefficient, which resulted in poor returns from rich resources. Inner Mongolia is also an important coal production base, with more than a quarter of the world's coal reserves located in the province.[15] It plans to double annual coal output by 2010 (from the 2005 volume of 260 million tons) to 500 million tons of coal a year.[16]
Industry in Inner Mongolia has grown up mainly around coal, power generation, forestry-related industries, and related industries. Inner Mongolia now encourages six competitive industries: energy, chemicals, metallurgy, equipment manufacturing, processing of farm (including dairy) produce, and high technology. Well-known Inner Mongolian enterprises include companies such as ERDOS, Yili, and Mengniu.
The nominal GDP of Inner Mongolia in 2010 was 1.16 trillion yuan (US$172.1 billion), a growth of 16.9% from 2008, with an average annual increase of 20% from the period 2003-2007. Its per capita GDP reached 37,287 yuan (US$5,460) in 2009. In 2008, Inner Mongolia's primary, secondary, and tertiary industries were worth 90.7 billion yuan, 427.1 billion yuan, and 258.4 billion yuan respectively. The urban per capita disposable income and rural per capita net income were 14,431 yuan and 4,656 yuan, up 16.6% and 17.8% respectively.[17]
As with much of China, economic growth has led to a boom in construction, including new commercial development and large apartment complexes.
In addition to its large reserves of natural resources, Inner Mongolia also has the largest usable wind power capacity in China[15] thanks to strong winds which develop in the province's grasslands. Some private companies have set up wind parks in parts of Inner Mongolia such as Bailingmiao, Hutengliang and Zhouzi.
Economic and Technological Development Zones[link]
- Baotou National Rare Earth Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone[18]
- Erenhot Border Economic Cooperation Area
- Hohhot Export Processing Zone
Hohhot Export Processing Zone was established on June, 21st 2002 by State Council, which is located in the west of the Hohhot, with a planning area of 2.2 sqkm. Industries encouraged in the export processing zone include Electronics Assembly & Manufacturing, Telecommunications Equipment, Garment and Textiles Production, Trading and Distribution, Biotechnology/Pharmaceuticals, Food/Beverage Processing, Instruments & Industrial Equipment Production, Medical Equipment and Supplies, Shipping/Warehousing/Logistics, Heavy Industry.[19]
- Hohhot Economic and Technological Development Zone
- Hohhot Export Processing Zone
- Manzhouli Border Economic Cooperation Area
Government and politics[link]
Main articles: Politics of Inner Mongolia and List of provincial leaders of the People's Republic of China
Under the Constitution of the People's Republic of China, articles 112-122, autonomous regions have limited autonomy in both the political and economic arena. Autonomous regions have more discretion in administering economic policy in the region in accordance with national guidelines. Structurally, the Chairman — who legally must be an ethnic minority and is usually ethnic Mongolian — is always kept in check by the Communist Party Regional Committee Secretary, who is usually from a different part of China (to reduce corruption) and Han Chinese. The current party secretary is Hu Chunhua.[20] The Inner Mongolian government and its subsidiaries follow roughly the same structure as that of a Chinese province. With regards to economic policy, as a part of increased federalism characteristics in China, Inner Mongolia has become more independent in implementing its own economic roadmap.
Demographics[link]
See also: List of Chinese ethnic groups
When the autonomous region was established in 1947, Han Chinese comprised 83.6% of the population, while the Mongols comprised 14.8% of the population.[21] By the year 2000, the percentage of Han Chinese fell to 79.17%. While the Hetao region along the Yellow River has always alternated between farmers from the south and nomads from the north, the most recent episode of Han Chinese migration began in the early 18th century with encouragement from the Qing Dynasty, and continued into the 20th century. Han Chinese live mostly in the Hetao region as well as various population centres in central and eastern Inner Mongolia. Over 70% of Mongols are concentrated in less than 18% of Inner Mongolia's territory (Hinggan League, and prefectures Tongliao and Chifeng).
Mongols are the second largest ethnic group, comprising 17.13% of the population, an increase of 2.33% since 1947. They include many diverse Mongolian-speaking groups; groups such as the Buryats and the Oirats are also officially considered to be Mongols in China. Many of the traditionally nomadic Mongols have settled in permanent homes as their pastoral economy was collectivized during the Maoist Era.
Other ethnic groups include the Daur, the Evenks, the Oroqen, the Hui, the Manchus, and the Koreans.
| Ethnic groups in Inner Mongolia, 2000 census[22] | ||
|---|---|---|
| Ethnicity | Population | Percentage |
| Han Chinese | 18,465,586 | 79.17% |
| Mongol | 3,995,349 | 17.13% |
| Manchu | 499,911 | 2.14% |
| Hui | 209,850 | 0.900% |
| Daur | 77,188 | 0.331% |
| Evenks | 26,201 | 0.112% |
| Koreans | 21,859 | 0.094% |
| Russians | 5,020 | 0.022% |
Excludes members of the People's Liberation Army in active service.
Culture[link]
See also: Culture of Mongolia and Music of Mongolia
The Han Chinese of Inner Mongolia speak a variety of dialects, depending on the region. The eastern parts tend to speak Northeastern Mandarin, which belongs to the Mandarin group of dialects; those in the central parts, such as the Huang He valley, speak varieties of Jin, another subdivision of Chinese, due to its proximity to other Jin-speaking areas in China such as the Shanxi province. Cities such as Hohhot and Baotou both have their unique brand of Jin Chinese which are sometimes incomprehensible with dialects spoken in northeastern regions such as Hailar.
Mongols in Inner Mongolia speak a variety of dialects of the Mongolian language, including Chahar, Bairin, Ordos, Ejin-Alxa, Barghu-Buryat, etc.; the standard pronunciation of Mongolian in China is based on the Chahar dialect of the Plain Blue Banner, located in central Inner Mongolia. This is different from independent Mongolia, where the standard pronunciation is based on the Khalkha dialect. The Daur, Evenks, and Oroqin speak their own respective languages.
By law, all street signs, commercial outlets, and government documents must be bilingual, written in Mongolian and Chinese. There are three Mongolian TV channels in the Inner Mongolia Satellite TV network. In public transportation, all announcements are to be bilingual. Many ethnic Mongols, especially the young, speak fluent Chinese. Mongolian is receding urban areas. But rural ethnic Mongols have kept their traditions. In terms of written language, Inner Mongolia has retained the classic Mongol written script as opposed to Outer Mongolia's adoption of Cyrillic.
The vast grasslands have long symbolised Inner Mongolia. Mongolian art often depicts the grassland in an uplifting fashion and emphasizes Mongolian nomadic traditions. The Mongols of Inner Mongolia still practice their traditional arts. Inner Mongolian cuisine has Mongol roots and consists of dairy-related products and hand-held lamb (手扒肉). In recent years, franchises based on Hot pot have appeared Inner Mongolia, the most famous of which is Xiaofeiyang (小肥羊). Famous Inner Mongolian commercial brand names include Mengniu and Yili, both of which began as dairy product and ice cream producers.
Among the Han Chinese of Inner Mongolia, Jinju (晉劇) or Shanxi Opera is a popular traditional form of entertainment. See also: Shanxi.
The famous actress Siqin Gaowa is an ethnic Mongol from Inner Mongolia.
A popular career in Inner Mongolia is circus acrobatics. The famous Inner Mongolia Acrobatic Troupe travels and performs with the renowned Ringling Bros. and Barnum and Bailey Circus.
Tourism[link]
In the capital city Hohhot:
- Dazhao Temple is a Lamaist temple built in 1580. Dazhao Temple is known for three sites: a statue of Buddha made from silver, elaborate carvings of dragons, and murals.
- Xiaozhao Temple, also known as Chongfu temple, is a Lamaist temple built in 1697 and favoured by the Qing Dynasty emperor Kangxi.
- Xilituzhao Temple is the largest Lamaist temple in the Höhhot area, and once the center of power of Lamaism in the region.
- Zhaojun Tomb is the tomb of Wang Zhaojun, a Han Dynasty palace lady-in-waiting who became the consort of a Xiongnu ruler.
- Five-pagoda Temple is located in the capital of Inner Mongolia Hohhot. It is also called Jingangzuo Dagoba, used to be one building of the Cideng Temple.[23]
Elsewhere in Inner Mongolia:
- The Mausoleum of Genghis Khan, the cenotaph of Genghis Khan, is located in Ordos City.
- Bashang Grasslands, on the border close to Beijing, is a popular retreat for urban residents wanting to get a taste of grasslands life.
- The Arshihaty Stone Forest in Hexigten Global Geopark has magnificent granite rock formations formed from natural erosion.
- Xiangshawan, or "singing sands gorge," is located in the Gobi Desert and contains numerous tourist attractions including sand sledding and camel rides.
Chinese space programme[link]
One of China's space vehicle launch facilities, Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center (JSLC) (Chinese: 酒泉卫星发射中心), is located in the extreme west of Inner Mongolia, in the Alxa League's Ejin Banner, about 1,600 km from Beijing. It was founded in 1958, making it the PRC's first launch facility. More Chinese launches have occurred at Jiuquan than anywhere else. As with all Chinese launch facilities, it is remote and generally closed to the public. It is named as such since Jiuquan is the nearest urban centre, although Jiuquan is in the nearby province of Gansu. Many space vehicles have also made their touchdowns in Inner Mongolia. For example, the crew of Shenzhou 6 landed in Siziwang Banner, near Hohhot.
Education[link]
Colleges and universities[link]
- Chifeng University (ulaγanqada degedü surγaγuli / 赤峰学院)
- Inner Mongolia Agricultural University (öbür mongγol-un tariyalang-un yeke surγaγuli / 内蒙古农业大学)
- Inner Mongolia Finance and Economics College (öbür mongγol-un ed-ün jasaγ aju aqui-yin degedü surγaγuli / 内蒙古财经学院)
- Inner Mongolia Medical College (öbür mongγol-un emnelge-yin degedü surγaγuli / 内蒙古医学院)
- Inner Mongolia Normal University (öbür mongγol-un baγsi-yin yeke surγaγuli / 内蒙古师范大学)
- Inner Mongolia University (öbür mongγol-un yeke surγaγuli / 内蒙古大学)
- Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities (öbür mongγol-un ündüsüten-ü yeke surγaγuli / 内蒙古民族大学)
- Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology (内蒙古科技大学)
- Inner Mongolia University of Technology (öbür mongγol-un aju üiledbüri-yin yeke surγaγuli / 内蒙古工业大学)
All of the above are under the authority of the autonomous region government. Institutions without full-time bachelor programs are not listed.
See also[link]
- Leagues of Inner Mongolia
- List of administrative divisions of Inner Mongolia
- East Asian snowstorms of 2009-2010
- East Asian snowstorms of 2010-2011
Notes and references[link]
- ^ The Cyrillic spelling, as used in Mongolia, would be Өвөр Монголын Өөртөө Засах Орон (Övör Mongolyn Öörtöö Zasakh Oron).
In Unicode: ᠦᠪᠦᠷ
ᠮᠣᠨᠭᠭᠣᠯ ᠣᠨ
ᠥᠪᠡᠷᠲᠡᠭᠡᠨ
ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠬᠣ
ᠣᠷᠣᠨ - ^ 内蒙古自治区区情
- ^ "Communiqué of the National Bureau of Statistics of People's Republic of China on Major Figures of the 2010 Population Census". National Bureau of Statistics of China. http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/newsandcomingevents/t20110429_402722516.htm.
- ^ Huhbator Borjigin. 2004. The history and political character of the name of 'Nei Menggu' (Inner Mongolia). Inner Asia 6: 61-80.
- ^ CPAtwood-Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire, p.246
- ^ Atwood, Christopher. Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire, p.449
- ^ The Cambridge History of China. 10. Cambridge University Press. 1978. p. 356.
- ^ Atwood, Christopher. The Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire, p.454
- ^ Atwood, Christopher. The Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire, p.91
- ^ Belov, E.A. Anti-Chinese rebellion led by Babujav in Inner Mongolia, 1915-1916. - Annaly (Moscow), no. 2, 1996.
- ^ Belov, E.A. Rossiya i Mongoliya (1911–1919). Moscow: Vost. Lit.Publ.
- ^ David Sneath, "The Impact of the Cultural Revolution in China on the Mongolians of Inner Mongolia", in Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 28, No. 2 (May, 1994), pp. 409-430
- ^ Peel, M. C. and Finlayson, B. L. and McMahon, T. A. (2007). "Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification". Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 11: 1633-1644.
- ^ Zhōngguó dìmínglù 中国地名录 (Beijing, Zhōngguó dìtú chūbǎnshè 中国地图出版社 1997); ISBN 7-5031-1718-4.
- ^ a b http://www.thechinaperspective.com/topics/province/inner-mongolia-autonomous-region/
- ^ Inner Mongolia to double annual coal output by 2010
- ^ Inner Mongolia's economy maintains a rapid growth momentum
- ^ Baotou National Rare-Earth Hi-Tech Industiral Development Zone
- ^ RightSite.asia | Hohhot Export Processing Zone
- ^ china.org.cn: Chu Bo
- ^ Myron Weiner, Sharon Stanton Russell(2001). Demography and national security. page 276, table 9.4.
- ^ Department of Population, Social, Science and Technology Statistics of the National Bureau of Statistics of China (国家统计局人口和社会科技统计司) and Department of Economic Development of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission of China (国家民族事务委员会经济发展司), eds. Tabulation on Nationalities of 2000 Population Census of China (《2000年人口普查中国民族人口资料》). 2 vols. Beijing: Nationalities Publishing House (民族出版社), 2003. (ISBN 7-105-05425-5)
- ^ Hohhot Attraction
External links[link]
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_Mongolia
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is about the person. For other uses, see Genghis Khan (disambiguation).
"Temujin" redirects here. For the video game, see Temujin (video game).
| Genghis Khan | |
|---|---|
| Dalai Khagan of the Great Mongol State (Supreme Khan of the Mongols) King of Kings Khagan of Khamag Mongol Lord of the Four Colors and Five Tongues Son of Khan Tengri Emperor of All Men |
|
 |
|
| Reign | Spring 1206 – August 25, 1227 (more than 21 years) |
| Coronation | Spring 1206 in khurultai at the Onon River, Mongolia |
| Full name |
 Mongol: Чингис Хаан Chingis Khaan Mongol script (right): Chinggis Khagan[note 1] |
| Titles | Khan, Khagan Temple name: Chinese: 元太祖; pinyin: Yuán Tàizǔ Posthumous name: Emperor Fatian Qiyun Shengwu (法天啟運聖武皇帝) |
| Born | probably 1162[2] |
| Birthplace | Khentii Mountains, Mongolia |
| Died | August 1227[3] (Aged 65) |
| Successor | Ögedei Khan |
| Consort | Borte Ujin Khulan Yesugen Yesui others |
| Offspring | Jochi Chagatai Ögedei Tolui Others |
| Royal House | Borjigin |
| Father | Yesügei |
| Mother | Oulen |
Genghis Khan (/ˈɡɛŋɡɪs ˈkɑːn/ or /ˈdʒɛŋɡɪs ˈkɑːn/,[4][5] Mongol: [tʃiŋɡɪs xaːŋ] (
listen); 1162? – August 1227), born Temujin, was the founder and Great Khan (emperor) of the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous empire in history after his death.
He came to power by uniting many of the nomadic tribes of northeast Asia. After founding the Mongol Empire and being proclaimed "Genghis Khan", he started the Mongol invasions that resulted in the conquest of most of Eurasia. These included raids or invasions of the Kara-Khitan Khanate, Caucasus, Khwarezmid Empire, Western Xia and Jin dynasties. These campaigns were often accompanied by wholesale massacres of the civilian populations – especially in Khwarezmia. By the end of his life, the Mongol Empire occupied a substantial portion of Central Asia and China.
Before Genghis Khan died, he assigned Ögedei Khan as his successor and split his empire into khanates among his sons and grandsons.[6] He died in 1227 after defeating the Western Xia. He was buried in an unmarked grave somewhere in Mongolia at an unknown location. His descendants went on to stretch the Mongol Empire across most of Eurasia by conquering or creating vassal states out of all of modern-day China, Korea, the Caucasus, Central Asian countries, and substantial portions of modern Eastern Europe, Russia and the Middle East. Many of these invasions resulted in the large-scale slaughter of local populations, which have given Genghis Khan and his empire a fearsome reputation in local histories.[7]
Beyond his military accomplishments, Genghis Khan also advanced the Mongol Empire in other ways. He decreed the adoption of the Uyghur script as the Mongol Empire's writing system. He also promoted religious tolerance in the Mongol Empire, and created a unified empire from the nomadic tribes of northeast Asia. Present-day Mongolians regard him as the founding father of Mongolia.[8]
Contents |
Early life[link]
Lineage[link]
Main article: Family tree of Genghis Khan
Temujin was related on his father's side to Khabul Khan, Ambaghai and Hotula Khan who had headed the Khamag Mongol confederation. When the Chinese Jin Dynasty switched support from the Mongols to the Tatars in 1161, they destroyed Khabul Khan.[9] Temujin's father, Yesügei (leader of the Borjigin clan and nephew to Ambaghai and Hotula Khan), emerged as the head of the ruling clan of the Mongols, but this position was contested by the rival Tayichi’ud clan, who descended directly from Ambaghai. When the Tatars grew too powerful after 1161, the Jin switched their support from the Tatars to the Keraits.
Birth[link]
Because of the lack of contemporary written records, there is very little factual information about the early life of Temujin. The few sources that provide insight into this period often conflict.
Temujin was born in 1162 or 1155[2] in Delüün Boldog near Burkhan Khaldun mountain and the Onon and Kherlen Rivers in modern-day Mongolia, not far from the current capital, Ulaanbaatar. The Secret History of the Mongols reports that Temüjin was born with a blood clot grasped in his fist, a traditional sign that he was destined to become a great leader. He was the third-oldest son of his father Yesügei, a Khamag Mongol's major chief of the Kiyad and an ally of Toghrul Khan of the Kerait tribe,[10] and the oldest son of his mother Hoelun. According to the Secret History, Temujin was named after a Tatar chieftain, Temujin-üge, whom his father had just captured. The name also suggests that they may have been descended from a family of blacksmiths (see section Name and title below).
Yesukhei's clan was called Borjigin (Боржигин), and Hoelun was from the Olkhunut, the sub-lineage of the Onggirat tribe.[11][12] Like other tribes, they were nomads. Because his father was a chieftain, as were his predecessors, Temüjin was of a noble background. This higher social standing made it easier to solicit help from and eventually consolidate the other Mongol tribes.[citation needed]
No accurate portraits of Genghis Khan exist today, and any surviving depictions are considered to be artistic interpretations. Persian historian Rashid-al-Din recorded in his "Chronicles" that the legendary "glittering" ancestor of Genghis Khan was tall, long-bearded, red-haired, and green-eyed. Rashid al-Din also described the first meeting of Genghis and Kublai Khan, when Genghis Khan was surprised to find that Kublai had not inherited his red hair.[13] Also according to al-Din Genghis' Borjigid clan, had a legend involving their origins: it began as the result of an affair between Alan-ko and a stranger to her land, a glittering man who happened to have red hair and bluish-green eyes. Modern historian Paul Ratchnevsky has suggested in his Genghis biography that the "glittering man" may have been from the Kyrgyz people, who historically displayed these same characteristics. These traits can still be found among modern Mongolians where they have a predominate Mongoloid appearance and with frequent occurrence of blue eyes, green eyes and red hair.[14] A certain number of Mongols, particularly the Oirat tribe in western Mongolia tend to exhibit lighter features such as fair skin, blue or green eyes, varying shades of brown hair, and sometimes even red or blonde hair.[15] Some of the Mongols today who exhibit some slight Caucasoid features most likely stem from historical intermixing with ancient Central Asian and Siberian Europoids, as opposed to recent intermixing with Slavics and other Europeans.[16]
Early life and family[link]
Temujin had three brothers named Hasar, Hachiun, and Temüge, and one sister named Temülen, as well as two half-brothers named Behter and Belgutei. Like many of the nomads of Mongolia, Temujin's early life was difficult. His father arranged a marriage for him, and at nine years of age, he was delivered by his father to the family of his future wife Börte, who was a member of the tribe Onggirat. Temujin was to live there in service to Dei Sechen, the head of the new household, until he reached the marriageable age of 12. While heading home, his father ran into the neighboring Tatars, who had long been enemies of the Mongols, and he was subsequently poisoned by the food they offered. Upon learning this, Temujin returned home to claim his father's position as chieftain of the tribe; however, his father's tribe refused to be led by a boy so young. They abandoned Hoelun and her children, leaving them without protection.
For the next several years, Hoelun and her children lived in poverty, surviving primarily on wild fruits and ox carcasses, marmots, and other small game hunted by Temujin and his brothers. It was during one hunting excursion that 10-year-old Temujin killed his half-brother, Behter, during a fight which resulted from a dispute over hunting spoils.[17] This incident cemented his position. In another incident in 1182 he was captured in a raid and held prisoner by his father's former allies, the Tayichi'ud. The Tayichi'ud enslaved Temujin (reportedly with a cangue), but with the help of a sympathetic guard, the father of Chilaun (who later became a general of Genghis Khan), he was able to escape from the ger in the middle of the night by hiding in a river crevice.[citation needed] It was around this time that Jelme and Bo'orchu, two of Genghis Khan's future generals, joined forces with him. Temüjin's reputation also became widespread after his escape from the Tayichi'ud.
At this time, none of the tribal confederations of Mongolia were united politically, and arranged marriages were often used to solidify temporary alliances. Temujin grew up observing the tough political climate of Mongolia, which included tribal warfare, thievery, raids, corruption and continuing acts of revenge carried out between the various confederations, all compounded by interference from foreign forces such as the Chinese dynasties to the south. Temujin's mother Olen taught him many lessons about the unstable political climate of Mongolia, especially the need for alliances.
As previously arranged by his father, Temujin married Börte of the Onggirat tribe when he was around 16 in order to cement alliances between their respective tribes. Börte had four sons, Jochi (1185–1226), Chagatai (1187—1241), Ögedei (1189—1241), and Tolui (1190–1232). Soon after Börte's marriage to Temujin, she was kidnapped by the Merkits, and reportedly given away as a wife. Temüjin rescued her with the help of his friend and future rival, Jamukha, and his protector, Toghrul Khan of the Kerait tribe. She gave birth to a son, Jochi, nine months later, clouding the issue of his parentage. Despite speculation over Jochi, Börte would be his only empress, though Temujin did follow tradition by taking several morganatic wives.[18] Genghis Khan also had many other children with his other wives, but they were excluded from the succession. While the names of sons were documented, daughters were not. The names of at least six daughters are known, and while they played significant roles behind the scenes during his lifetime, no documents have survived that definitively provide the number or names of daughters born to the consorts of Genghis Khan.[19]
Temujin valued loyalty above all else and also valued brotherhood.[20] Jamukha was one of Temujin's best friends growing up. But their friendship was tested later in life, when Temujin was fighting to become a khan. Jamukha said this to Temujin before he was killed, "What use is there in my becoming a companion to you? On the contrary, sworn brother, in the black night I would haunt your dreams, in the bright day I would trouble your heart. I would be the louse in your collar, I would become the splinter in your door-panel...as there was room for only one sun in the sky, there was room only for one Mongol lord."[20]
Religion[link]
Genghis Khan's religion is widely speculated to have been Shamanism or Tengriism, which was very likely among nomadic Mongol-Turkic tribes of Central Asia. The Secret History of Mongols chronicles that Genghis prayed to the Burhan Haldun mountain.
But he was very tolerant religiously, and interested in learning philosophical and moral lessons from other religions. To do so, he consulted Buddhist monks, Muslims, Christian missionaries, and the Taoist monk Qiu Chuji.[21]
Uniting the confederations[link]
The Central Asian plateau (north of China) around the time of Temüjin (the early 13th century) was divided into several tribes or confederations, among them Naimans, Merkits, Tatars, Khamag Mongols, and Keraits, that were all prominent in their own right and often unfriendly toward each other as evidenced by random raids, revenge attacks, and plundering.
Temujin began his slow ascent to power by offering himself as an ally (or, according to others sources, a vassal) to his father's anda (sworn brother or blood brother) Toghrul, who was Khan of the Kerait, and is better known by the Chinese title "Wang Khan", which the Jin Empire granted him in 1197. This relationship was first reinforced when Börte was captured by the Merkits; it was Toghrul to whom Temujin turned for support. In response, Toghrul offered his vassal 200,000 of his Kerait warriors and suggested that he also involve his childhood friend Jamukha, who had himself become Khan (ruler) of his own tribe, the Jadaran.[22] Although the campaign was successful and led to the recapture of Börte and utter defeat of the Merkits, it also paved the way for the split between the childhood friends, Temujin and Jamukha. Temujin had become blood brother (anda) with Jamukha earlier, and they had vowed to remain eternally faithful.
The main opponents of the Mongol confederation (traditionally the "Mongols") around 1200 were the Naimans to the west, the Merkits to the north, Tanguts to the south, and the Jin and Tatars to the east. By 1190, Temujin, his followers, and their advisors, had united the smaller Mongol confederation only. In his rule and his conquest of rival tribes, Temujin broke with Mongol tradition in a few crucial ways. He delegated authority based on merit and loyalty, rather than family ties. As an incentive for absolute obedience and following his rule of law, the Yassa code, Temujin promised civilians and soldiers wealth from future possible war spoils. As he defeated rival tribes, he did not drive away enemy soldiers and abandon the rest. Instead, he took the conquered tribe under his protection and integrated its members into his own tribe. He would even have his mother adopt orphans from the conquered tribe, bringing them into his family. These political innovations inspired great loyalty among the conquered people, making Temujin stronger with each victory.[23]
File:Genghis Khan's enthronement in 1206.jpg
Genghis Khan proclaimed Khagan of all Mongols. Illustration from a 15th century Jami' al-tawarikh manuscript
Toghrul's (Wang Khan) son Senggum was jealous of Temüjin's growing power, and his affinity with his father. He allegedly planned to assassinate Temujin. Toghrul, though allegedly saved on multiple occasions by Temujin, gave in to his son[24] and became uncooperative with Temüjin. Temüjin learned of Senggum's intentions and eventually defeated him and his loyalists. One of the later ruptures between Toghrul and Temüjin was Toghrul's refusal to give his daughter in marriage to Jochi, the eldest son of Temüjin, a sign of disrespect in the Mongolian culture. This act led to the split between both factions, and was a prelude to war. Toghrul allied himself with Jamukha, who already opposed Temujin's forces; however, the internal dispute between Toghrul and Jamukha, plus the desertion of a number of their allies to Temujin, led to Toghrul's defeat. Jamukha escaped during the conflict. This defeat was a catalyst for the fall and eventual dissolution of the Kerait tribe.
The next direct threat to Temüjin was the Naimans (Naiman Mongols), with whom Jamukha and his followers took refuge. The Naimans did not surrender, although enough sectors again voluntarily sided with Temujin. In 1201, a khuruldai elected Jamukha as Gür Khan, "universal ruler", a title used by the rulers of the Kara-Khitan Khanate. Jamukha's assumption of this title was the final breach with Temüjin, and Jamukha formed a coalition of tribes to oppose him. Before the conflict, however, several generals abandoned Jamukha, including Subutai, Jelme's well-known younger brother. After several battles, Jamukha was finally turned over to Temujin by his own men in 1206.
According to the Secret History, Temujin again offered his friendship to Jamukha, asking him to return to his side. Temujin had killed the men who betrayed Jamukha, stating that he did not want disloyal men in his army. Jamukha refused the offer of friendship and reunion, saying that there can only be one Sun in the sky, and he asked for a noble death. The custom is to die without spilling blood, which is granted by breaking the back. Jamukha requested this form of death, despite the fact that in the past Jamukha had been known to have boiled his opponent's generals alive. The rest of the Merkit clan that sided with the Naimans were defeated by Subutai, who was by then a member of Temujin's personal guard and later became one of the most successful commanders of Genghis Khan. The Naimans' defeat left Genghis Khan as the sole ruler of the Mongol plains – all the prominent confederations fell or united under Temüjin's Mongol confederation.
Accounts of Genghis Khan's life are marked by claims of a series of betrayals and conspiracies. These include rifts with his early allies such as Jamuhha (who also wanted to be a ruler of Mongol tribes) and Wang Khan (his and his father's ally), his son Jochi, and problems with the most important shaman, who was allegedly trying to drive a wedge between him and his loyal brother Khasar. His military strategies showed a deep interest in gathering good intelligence and understanding the motivations of his rivals as exemplified by his extensive spy network and Yam route systems. He seemed to be a quick student, adopting new technologies and ideas that he encountered, such as siege warfare from the Chinese. He was also ruthless, as demonstrated by his measuring against the linchpin tactic used against the tribes led by Jamukha.
As a result by 1206 Temüjin had managed to unite or subdue the Merkits, Naimans, Mongols, Keraits, Tatars, Uyghurs and other disparate smaller tribes under his rule. It was a monumental feat for the "Mongols" (as they became known collectively). At a Khuruldai, a council of Mongol chiefs, he was acknowledged as "Khan" of the consolidated tribes and took the new title "Genghis Khan". The title Khagan was not conferred on Genghis until after his death, when his son and successor, Ögedei, took the title for himself and extended it posthumously to his father (as he was also to be posthumously declared the founder of the Yuan Dynasty). This unification of all confederations by Genghis Khan established peace between previously warring tribes and a single political and military force under Genghis Khan.
See also: Mongols before Genghis Khan and Mongols
Military campaigns[link]
See also: Mongol invasions
Western Xia Dynasty[link]
During the 1206 political rise of Genghis Khan, the Mongol Empire created by Genghis Khan and his allies shared its western borders with the Tanguts' Western Xia Dynasty. To its east and south was the Jin Dynasty, founded by the Manchurian Jurchens, who ruled northern China as well as being the traditional overlords of the Mongolian tribes for centuries.
Genghis Khan organized his people, army, and his state to first prepare for war with Western Xia, or Xi Xia, which was closer to the Mongolian lands. He correctly believed that the more powerful Jin Dynasty's young ruler would not come to the aid of Xi Xia. When the Tanguts requested help from the Jin Dynasty, they were refused.[24] Despite initial difficulties in capturing its well-defended cities, Genghis Khan forced the surrender of Western Xia by 1209.
Jin Dynasty[link]
Main article: Mongol-Jin War
In 1211, after the conquest of Western Xia, Genghis Khan planned again to conquer the Jin Dynasty. The commander of the Jin Dynasty army made a tactical mistake in not attacking the Mongols at the first opportunity. Instead, the Jin commander sent a messenger, Ming-Tan, to the Mongol side, who defected and told the Mongols that the Jin army was waiting on the other side of the pass. At this engagement fought at Badger Pass the Mongols massacred thousands of Jin troops. In 1215 Genghis besieged, captured, and sacked the Jin capital of Yanjing (later known as Beijing). This forced the Emperor Xuanzong to move his capital south to Kaifeng, abandoning the northern half of his kingdom to the Mongols.
Kara-Khitan Khanate[link]
Main article: Kara-Khitan Khanate
Kuchlug, the deposed Khan of the Naiman confederation that Temüjin defeated and folded into his Mongol Empire, fled west and usurped the khanate of Kara-Khitan (also known as the Western Liao, as it was originally established as remnants of the Liao Dynasty). Genghis Khan decided to conquer the Kara-Khitan khanate and defeat Kuchlug, possibly to take him out of power. By this time the Mongol army was exhausted from ten years of continuous campaigning in China against the Western Xia and Jin Dynasty. Therefore Genghis sent only two tumen (20,000 soldiers) against Kuchlug, under his younger general, Jebe, known as "The Arrow".
With such a small force, the invading Mongols were forced to change strategies and resort to inciting internal revolt among Kuchlug's supporters, leaving the Khara-Khitan khanate more vulnerable to Mongol conquest. As a result, Kuchlug's army was defeated west of Kashgar. Kuchlug fled again, but was soon hunted down by Jebe's army and executed. By 1218, as a result of defeat of Kara-Khitan khanate, the Mongol Empire and its control extended as far west as Lake Balkhash, which bordered the Khwarezmia (Khwarezmid Empire), a Muslim state that reached the Caspian Sea to the west and Persian Gulf and the Arabian Sea to the south.
Khwarezmian Empire[link]
Main article: Mongol invasion of Khwarezmia
In the early 13th century, the Khwarezmian Dynasty was governed by Shah Ala ad-Din Muhammad. Genghis Khan saw the potential advantage in Khwarezmia as a commercial trading partner using the Silk Road, and he initially sent a 500-man caravan to establish official trade ties with the empire. However, Inalchuq, the governor of the Khwarezmian city of Otrar, attacked the caravan that came from Mongolia, claiming that the caravan contained spies and therefore was a conspiracy against Khwarezmia. The situation became further complicated because the governor later refused to make repayments for the looting of the caravans and handing over the perpetrators. Genghis Khan then sent again a second group of three ambassadors (two Mongols and a Muslim) to meet the Shah himself instead of the governor Inalchuq. The Shah had all the men shaved and the Muslim beheaded and sent his head back with the two remaining ambassadors. This was seen as an affront and insult to Genghis Khan. Outraged Genghis Khan planned one of his largest invasion campaigns by organizing together around 200,000 soldiers (20 tumens), his most capable generals and some of his sons. He left a commander and number of troops in China, designated his successors to be his family members and likely appointed Ogedei to be his immediate successor and then went out to Khwarezmia.
The Mongol army under Genghis Khan, generals and his sons crossed the Tien Shan mountains by entering the area controlled by the Khwarezmian Empire. After compiling intelligence from many sources Genghis Khan carefully prepared his army, which was divided into three groups. His son Jochi led the first division into the northeast of Khwarezmia. The second division under Jebe marched secretly to the southeast part of Khwarzemia to form, with the first division, a pincer attack on Samarkand. The third division under Genghis Khan and Tolui marched to the northwest and attacked Khwarzemia from that direction.
The Shah's army was split by diverse internal disquisitions and by the Shah's decision to divide his army into small groups concentrated in various cities. This fragmentation was decisive in Khwarezmia's defeats, as it allowed the Mongols, although exhausted from the long journey, to immediately set about defeating small fractions of the Khwarzemi forces instead of facing a unified defense. The Mongol army quickly seized the town of Otrar, relying on superior strategy and tactics. Genghis Khan ordered the wholesale massacre of many of the civilians, enslaved the rest of the population and executed Inalchuq by pouring molten silver into his ears and eyes, as retribution for his actions. Near the end of the battle the Shah fled rather than surrender. Genghis Khan charged Subutai and Jebe with hunting him down, giving them two years and 20,000 men. The Shah died under mysterious circumstances on a small island within his empire.
The Mongols' conquest, even by their own standards, was brutal. After the capital Samarkand fell, the capital was moved to Bukhara by the remaining men, and Genghis Khan dedicated two of his generals and their forces to completely destroying the remnants of the Khwarezmid Empire, including not only royal buildings, but entire towns, populations and even vast swaths of farmland. According to stories, Genghis Khan even went so far as to divert a river through the Khwarezmid emperor's birthplace, erasing it from the map.
The Mongols attacked Samarkand using prisoners as body shields. After several days only a few remaining soldiers, die-hard supporters of the Shah, held out in the citadel. After the fortress fell, Genghis supposedly reneged on his surrender terms and executed every soldier that had taken arms against him at Samarkand. The people of Samarkand were ordered to evacuate and assemble in a plain outside the city, where they were killed and pyramids of severed heads raised as a symbol of victory.[25] Ata-Malik Juvayni, a high official in the service of the Mongol empire, wrote that in Termez, on the Oxus, "all the people, both men and women, were driven out onto the plain, and divided in accordance with their usual custom, then they were all slain".[25]
The city of Bukhara was not heavily fortified, with a moat and a single wall, and the citadel typical of Khwarezmi cities. The city leaders opened the gates to the Mongols, though a unit of Turkish defenders held the city's citadel for another twelve days. Survivors from the citadel were executed, artisans and craftsmen were sent back to Mongolia, young men who had not fought were drafted into the Mongolian army and the rest of the population was sent into slavery. As the Mongol soldiers looted the city, a fire broke out, razing most of the city to the ground.[26] Genghis Khan had the city's surviving population assemble in the main mosque of the town, where he declared that he was the flail of God, sent to punish them for their sins.
Meanwhile, the wealthy trading city of Urgench was still in the hands of Khwarezmian forces. The assault on Urgench proved to be the most difficult battle of the Mongol invasion and the city fell only after the defenders put up a stout defense, fighting block for block. Mongolian casualties were higher than normal, due to the unaccustomed difficulty of adapting Mongolian tactics to city fighting.
As usual, the artisans were sent back to Mongolia, young women and children were given to the Mongol soldiers as slaves, and the rest of the population was massacred. The Persian scholar Juvayni states that 50,000 Mongol soldiers were given the task of executing twenty-four Urgench citizens each, which would mean that 1.2 million people were killed. While this is an exaggeration, the sacking of Urgench is considered one of the bloodiest massacres in human history.
In the meantime, Genghis Khan selected his third son Ögedei as his successor before his army set out, and specified that subsequent Khans should be his direct descendants. Genghis Khan also left Muqali, one of his most trusted generals, as the supreme commander of all Mongol forces in Jin China while he was out battling the Khwarezmid Empire to the west.
Georgia and Volga Bulgaria[link]
Main articles: Mongol invasions of Georgia and Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria
After the defeat of the Khwarezmian Empire in 1220, Genghis Khan gathered his forces in Persia and Armenia to return to the Mongolian steppes. Under the suggestion of Subutai, the Mongol army was split into two forces. Genghis Khan led the main army on a raid through Afghanistan and northern India towards Mongolia, while another 20,000 (two tumen) contingent marched through the Caucasus and into Russia under generals Jebe and Subutai. They pushed deep into Armenia and Azerbaijan. The Mongols destroyed the kingdom of Georgia, sacked the Genoese trade-fortress of Caffa in Crimea and overwintered near the Black Sea. Heading home, Subutai's forces attacked the allied forces of the Cuman-Kipchaks and the poorly coordinated 80,000 Kievan Rus' troops led by Mstislav the Bold of Halych and Mstislav III of Kiev who went out to stop the Mongols' actions in the area. Subutai sent emissaries to the Slavic princes calling for a separate peace, but the emissaries were executed. At the Battle of Kalka River in 1223, Subutai's forces defeated the larger Kievan force, while losing the battle of Samara Bend against the neighboring Volga Bulgars - one of the Mongol's few, if not only, utter defeat; the Khwarizmi historian al-Nasawi says only 4,000 survived.[27] The Russian princes then sued for peace. Subutai agreed but was in no mood to pardon the princes. As was customary in Mongol society for nobility, the Russian princes were given a bloodless death. Subutai had a large wooden platform constructed on which he ate his meals along with his other generals. Six Russian princes, including Mstislav III of Kiev, were put under this platform and crushed to death.
The Mongols learned from captives of the abundant green pastures beyond the Bulgar territory, allowing for the planning for conquest of Hungary and Europe. Genghis Khan recalled Subutai back to Mongolia soon afterwards, and Jebe died on the road back to Samarkand. Subutai and Jebe's famous cavalry expedition, in which they encircled the entire Caspian Sea defeating all armies in their path, except for that of the Volga Bulgars - who were said to be one of the few, if not the only people to ever defeat Genghis Khan, remains unparalleled to this day, and word of the Mongol triumphs began to trickle to other nations, particularly Europe. These two campaigns are generally regarded as reconnaissance campaigns that tried to get the feel of the political and cultural elements of the regions. In 1225 both divisions returned to Mongolia. These invasions added Transoxiana and Persia to an already formidable empire while destroying any resistance along the way. Later under Genghis Khan's grandson Batu and the Golden Horde, the Mongols returned to conquer Volga Bulgaria and the Kievan Rus in 1237, concluding the campaign in 1240.
Western Xia and Jin Dynasty[link]
Main article: Mongol invasion of China
The vassal emperor of the Tanguts (Western Xia) had earlier refused to take part in the war against the Khwarezmid Empire after Genghis Khan and the main army marched towards Kharezmian Empire. Plus Western Xia and the defeated Jin Dynasty formed a coalition to resist the Mongols, counting on the campaign against the Khwarezmians to drain the Mongols' ability to respond effectively.
In 1226, immediately after returning from the west, Genghis Khan began a retaliatory attack on the Tanguts. His armies quickly took Heisui, Ganzhou and Suzhou (not the Suzhou in Jiangsu province), and in the autumn he took Xiliang-fu. One of the Tangut generals challenged the Mongols to a battle near Helanshan, but was defeated. In November, Genghis laid siege to the Tangut city Lingzhou, and crossed the Yellow River, defeating the Tangut relief army. According to legend, it was here that Genghis Khan reportedly saw a line of five stars arranged in the sky, and interpreted it as an omen of his victory.
In 1227, Genghis Khan's army attacked and destroyed the Tangut capital of Ning Hia, and continued to advance, seizing Lintiao-fu, Xining province, Xindu[disambiguation needed ]-fu, and Deshun province in quick succession in the Spring. At Deshun, the Tangut general Ma Jianlong put up a fierce resistance for several days and personally led charges against the invaders outside the city gate. Ma Jianlong later died from wounds received from arrows in battle. Genghis Khan, after conquering Deshun, went to Liupanshan (Qingshui County, Gansu Province) to escape the severe summer. The new Tangut emperor quickly surrendered to the Mongols, and the rest of the Tanguts officially surrendered soon after. Not happy with their betrayal and resistance, Genghis Khan ordered the entire imperial family to be executed, effectively ending the Tangut lineage.
Some accounts say that Genghis Khan was castrated by a Tangut princess using a hidden knife, who wanted revenge against his treatment of the Tanguts and stop him from raping her.[28][29][30] After his castration, Genghis Khan died, and the Tangut princess committed suicide by drowning in the Yellow River according to the legend.[31][32] In some mythical legends, it is claimed that Genghis fell into a trance after being castrated and is waiting to be sent back to the Mongol people.[33][34]
Succession[link]
File:Genghis Khan and three of his four sons.jpg
Genghis Khan and three of his four sons[citation needed]. Illustration from a 15th century Jami' al-tawarikh manuscript
The succession topic of Genghis Khan was already significant during the later years of Genghis Khan's reign since he was already reaching his older years. Also the long running paternity discussion about Genghis' oldest son Jochi was already a relatively hot topic behind the scenes, which was particularly contentious because of the seniority of Jochi among the brothers. According to traditional historical accounts, the issue over Jochi's paternity was voiced most strongly by Chagatai. In The Secret History of the Mongols, just before the invasion of the Khwarezmid Empire by Genghis Khan, Chagatai declares before his father and brothers that he would never accept Jochi as Genghis Khan's successor. In response to this tension[35] and possibly for other reasons, it was Ögedei who was appointed as successor.
Jochi[link]
Jochi died in 1226, during his father's lifetime. Some scholars, notably Ratchnevsky, have commented on the possibility that Jochi was secretly poisoned by an order from Genghis Khan. Rashid al-Din reports that the great Khan sent for his sons in the spring of 1223, and while his brothers heeded the order, Jochi remained in Khorasan. Juzjani suggests that the disagreement arose from a quarrel between Jochi and his brothers in the siege of Urgench. Jochi had attempted to protect Urgench from destruction, as it belonged to territory allocated to him as a fief. He concludes his story with the clearly apocryphal statement by Jochi: "Genghis Khan is mad to have massacred so many people and laid waste so many lands. I would be doing a service if I killed my father when he is hunting, made an alliance with Sultan Muhammad, brought this land to life and gave assistance and support to the Muslims." Juzjani claims that it was in response to hearing of these plans that Genghis Khan ordered his son secretly poisoned; however, as Sultan Muhammad was already dead in 1223, the accuracy of this story is questionable.[36]
Genghis Khan was aware of this friction between his sons (particularly between Chagatai and Jochi) and worried of possible conflict between them if he died and therefore he decided to divide his empire among his sons and make all of them Khan in their own right and by appointing one of his sons as his successor. Chagatai was considered unstable due to his temper and rash behavior because of his statements he made that he would not follow Jochi if he were to become his father's successor. Tolui, Genghis Khan's youngest son was not to be his successor because he was the youngest and in the Mongol culture, youngest sons were not given a huge responsibility due to their age. If Jochi was to become successor, it was likely that Chagatai would engage in warfare with him and collapse the empire. Therefore Genghis Khan decided to give the throne to Ogedei. Ogedei was seen by Genghis Khan as dependable in character and relatively stable and down to earth and would be a neutral candidate and might defuse the situation between his brothers.
Death and burial[link]
Main article: Tomb of Genghis Khan
In late August 1227, after defeating the Tangut people, Genghis Khan died (according to The Secret History of the Mongols). The reason for his death is uncertain and speculations abound. Some historians maintain that he fell off his horse during a horseback pursuit from the land of present day Egypt due to battle wounds and physical fatigue, dying of his injuries.[37] Others contend that he was felled by a protracted illness such as pneumonia. The Galician-Volhynian Chronicle alleges he was killed by the Tanguts in battle. Later Mongol chronicles connect Genghis' death with a Tangut princess taken as war booty. One chronicle from the early 17th century even relates that the princess hid a small dagger and stabbed him.. Some Mongol authors have doubted this version and suspected it to be an invention by the rival Oirads.[38]
Years before his death, Genghis Khan asked to be buried without markings, according to the customs of his tribe. After he died, his body was returned to Mongolia and presumably to his birthplace in Khentii Aimag, where many assume he is buried somewhere close to the Onon River and the Burkhan Khaldun mountain (part of the Kentii mountain range). According to legend, the funeral escort killed anyone and anything across their path to conceal where he was finally buried. The Genghis Khan Mausoleum, constructed many years after his death, is his memorial, but not his burial site.
In 1939 Guomindang Chinese Nationalist soldiers took the mausoleum from its position at the 'Lord's Enclosure' (Mongolian: Edsen Khoroo) in Mongolia to protect it from Japanese troops. It was taken through Communist-held territory in Yan'an some 900 km on carts to safety at a Buddhist monastery, the Dongshan Dafo Dian, where it remained for ten years. In 1949, as Communist troops advanced, the Nationalist soldiers moved it another 200 km farther west to the famous Tibetan monastery of Kumbum Monastery or Ta'er Shi near Xining, which soon fell under Communist control. In early 1954, Genghis Khan's bier and relics were returned to the Lord's Enclosure in Mongolia. By 1956 a new temple was erected there to house them.[39] In 1968 during the Cultural Revolution, Red Guards destroyed almost everything of value. The "relics" were remade in the 1970s and a great marble statue of Genghis was completed in 1989.[40]
On October 6, 2004, a joint Japanese-Mongolian archaeological dig uncovered what is believed to be Genghis Khan's palace in rural Mongolia, which raises the possibility of actually locating the ruler's long-lost burial site.[41] Folklore says that a river was diverted over his grave to make it impossible to find (the same manner of burial as the Sumerian King Gilgamesh of Uruk and Atilla the Hun). Other tales state that his grave was stampeded over by many horses, and that trees were then planted over the site, and the permafrost also did its part in hiding the burial site.
Genghis Khan left behind an army of more than 129,000 men; 28,000 were given to his various brothers and his sons. Tolui, his youngest son, inherited more than 100,000 men. This force contained the bulk of the elite Mongolian cavalry. By tradition, the youngest son inherits his father's property. Jochi, Chagatai, Ögedei Khan, and Kulan's son Gelejian received armies of 4,000 men each. His mother and the descendants of his three brothers received 3,000 men each.
Mongol Empire[link]
Main article: Mongol Empire
Politics and economics[link]
Main article: Organization of the Mongol Empire under Genghis Khan
The Mongol Empire was governed by a civilian and military code, called the Yassa, created by Genghis Khan. The Mongol Empire did not emphasize the importance of ethnicity and race in the administrative realm, instead adopting an approach grounded in meritocracy. The exception was the role of Genghis Khan and his family. The Mongol Empire was one of the most ethnically and culturally diverse empires in history, as befitted its size. Many of the empire's nomadic inhabitants considered themselves Mongols in military and civilian life, including Turks, Mongols, and others and included many diverse Khans of various ethnicities as part of the Mongol Empire such as Muhammad Khan.
There were tax exemptions for religious figures and, to some extent, teachers and doctors. The Mongol Empire practiced religious tolerance to a large degree because Mongol tradition had long held that religion was a very personal concept, and not subject to law or interference.[citation needed] Sometime before the rise of Genghis Khan, Ong Khan, his mentor and eventual rival, had converted to Nestorian Christianity. Various Mongol tribes were Buddhist, Muslim, shamanist or Christian. Religious tolerance was thus a well established concept on the Asian steppe.
Modern Mongolian historians say that towards the end of his life, Genghis Khan attempted to create a civil state under the Great Yassa that would have established the legal equality of all individuals, including women.[42] However, there is no contemporary evidence of this, or of the lifting of discriminatory policies towards sedentary peoples such as the Chinese. Women played a relatively important role in Mongol Empire and in family, for example Töregene Khatun was briefly in charge of the Mongol Empire when next male Khagan was being chosen. Modern scholars refer to the alleged policy of encouraging trade and communication as the Pax Mongolica (Mongol Peace).
Genghis Khan realised that he needed people who could govern cities and states conquered by him. He also realised that such administrators could not be found among his Mongol people because they were nomads and thus had no experience governing cities. For this purpose Genghis Khan invited a Khitan prince, Chu'Tsai, who worked for the Jin and had been captured by the Mongol army after the Jin Dynasty were defeated. Jin had captured power by displacing Khitan. Genghis told Chu'Tsai, who was a lineal descendant of Khitan rulers, that he had avenged Chu'Tsai's forefathers. Chu'Tsai responded that his father served the Jin Dynasty honestly and so did he; he did not consider his own father his enemy, so the question of revenge did not apply. Genghis Khan was very impressed by this reply. Chu'Tsai administered parts of the Mongol Empire and became a confidant of the successive Mongol Khans.
Military[link]
Main article: Mongol military tactics and organization
Genghis Khan put absolute trust in his generals, such as Muqali, Jebe and Subutai, and regarded them as close advisors, often extending them the same privileges and trust normally reserved for close family members. He allowed them to make decisions on their own when they embarked on campaigns far from the Mongol Empire capital Karakorum. Genghis Khan expected unwavering loyalty from his generals, and granted them a great deal of autonomy in making command decisions. Muqali, a trusted general, was given command of the Mongol forces against the Jin Dynasty while Genghis Khan was fighting in Central Asia, and Subutai and Jebe were allowed to pursue the Great Raid into the Caucausus and Kievan Rus, an idea they had presented to the Khagan on their own initiative. The Mongol military was also successful in siege warfare, cutting off resources for cities and towns by diverting certain rivers, taking enemy prisoners and driving them in front of the army, and adopting new ideas, techniques and tools from the people they conquered, particularly in employing Muslim and Chinese siege engines and engineers to aid the Mongol cavalry in capturing cities. Another standard tactic of the Mongol military was the commonly practiced feigned retreat to break enemy formations and to lure small enemy groups away from the larger group and defended position for ambush and counterattack.
Another important aspect of the military organization of Genghis Khan was the communications and supply route or Yam, adapted from previous Chinese models. Genghis Khan dedicated special attention to this in order to speed up the gathering of military intelligence and official communications. To this end, Yam waystations were established all over the empire.[43] The followers of Temujin consisted of several Christians, three Muslims, and several Buddhists. They were united only in their devotion to Temujin and their oath to him and each other. The oaths sworn at Baljuna created a type of brotherhood, and in transcending kinship, ethnicity, and religion, it came close to being a type of modern civic citizenship based upon personal choice and commitment. This connection became a metaphor for the new type of community among Temujin's followers that eventually dominated as the basis of unity within the Mongol Empire.
Khanates[link]
Several years before his death, Genghis Khan divided his empire among his sons Ögedei, Chagatai, Tolui, and Jochi (Jochi's death several months before Genghis Khan meant that his lands were instead split between his sons, Batu and Orda) into several Khanates designed as sub-territories: their Khans were expected to follow the Great Khan, who was, initially, Ögedei.
Following are the Khanates the way Genghis Khan assigned them:
- Empire of the Great Khan: Ögedei Khan, as Great Khan, took most of Eastern Asia, including China; this territory later to comprise the Yuan Dynasty under Kubilai Khan.
- Mongol homeland (present day Mongolia, including Karakorum): Tolui Khan, being the youngest son, received a small territory near the Mongol homeland, following Mongol custom.
- Chagatai Khanate: Chagatai Khan, Genghis Khan's second son, was given Central Asia and northern Iran.
- Blue Horde to Batu Khan, and White Horde to Orda Khan, both were later combined into the Kipchak Khanate, or Khanate of the Golden Horde, under Toqtamysh. Genghis Khan's eldest son, Jochi, had received most of the distant Russia and Ruthenia. Because Jochi died before Genghis Khan, his territory was further split up between his sons. Batu Khan launched an invasion of Russia, and later Hungary and Poland, and crushed several armies before being summoned back by the news of Ögedei's death.
See also: List of Mongol Khans
After Genghis Khan[link]
Contrary to popular belief, Genghis Khan did not conquer all of the areas of the Mongol Empire. At the time of his death, the Mongol Empire stretched from the Caspian Sea to the Sea of Japan. The empire's expansion continued for a generation or more after Genghis's death in 1227. Under Genghis's successor Ögedei Khan the speed of expansion reached its peak. Mongol armies pushed into Persia, finished off the Xi Xia and the remnants of the Khwarezmids, and came into conflict with the imperial Song Dynasty of China, starting a war that lasted until 1279 and that concluded with the Mongols gaining control of all of China. They also pushed further into Russia and eastern Europe.
Perceptions[link]
Like other notable conquerors, Genghis Khan is portrayed differently by those he conquered and those who conquered with him. Negative views of Genghis Khan are very persistent within histories written by many different cultures, from a number of different geographical regions. They often cite the cruelties and destruction brought upon by Mongol armies, not to mention the systematic slaughter of civilians in the conquered regions; other authors cite positive aspects of Genghis Khan's conquests as well.
Positive[link]
Genghis Khan is credited with bringing the Silk Road under one cohesive political environment. This allowed increased communication and trade between the West, Middle East and Asia, thus expanding the horizons of all three cultural areas. Some historians have noted that Genghis Khan instituted certain levels of meritocracy in his rule, was tolerant of different religions and explained his policies clearly to all his soldiers.[44] In Turkey, Genghis Khan is looked on as a great military leader, and it is popular for male children to carry his title as name.[45]
In Mongolia[link]
Traditionally Genghis Khan had been revered for centuries among the Mongols, and also among certain other ethnic groups such as the Turks, largely because of his association with Mongol statehood, political and military organization, and his historic victories in war. He eventually evolved into a larger-than-life figure chiefly among the Mongols and is still considered the symbol of Mongolian culture.
During the communist period, Genghis Khan was often described as a reactionary, and positive statements about him were generally avoided.[46] In 1962, the erection of a monument at his birthplace and a conference held in commemoration of his 800th birthday led to criticism from the Soviet Union, and resulted in the dismissal of Tömör-Ochir, a secretary of the ruling Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party Central Committee.
In the early 1990s, when democracy was established in Mongolia, the memory of Genghis Khan with the Mongolian national identity has had a powerful revival partly because of his perception during the Mongolian People's Republic period. Genghis Khan became one of the central figures of the national identity. He is looked upon positively by Mongolians for his role in uniting various warring tribes. For example, it is not uncommon for Mongolians to refer to Mongolia as "Genghis Khan's Mongolia", to themselves as "Genghis Khan's children", and to Genghis Khan as the "father of the Mongols" especially among the younger generation. However, there is a chasm in the perception of his brutality, Mongolians maintain that the historical records written by non-Mongolians are unfairly biased against Genghis Khan, and that his butchery is exaggerated, while his positive role is underrated.[47]
In Mongolia today, Genghis Khan's name and likeness are endorsed on products, streets, buildings, and other places. His face can be found on everyday commodities, from liquor bottles to candy products, and on the largest denominations of 500, 1,000, 5,000, 10,000, and 20,000 Mongolian tögrög (₮). Mongolia's main international airport in Ulaanbaatar has been renamed Chinggis Khaan International Airport, and major Genghis Khan statues have been erected before the parliament[48] and near Ulaanbaatar. There have been repeated discussions about regulating the use of his name and image to avoid trivialization.[49]
Genghis Khan is regarded as one of the prominent leaders in Mongolia's history.[50] He is responsible for the emergence of the Mongols as a political and ethnic identity because there was no unified identity between the various tribes that had cultural similarity. He reinforced many Mongol traditions and provided stability and unity during a time of almost endemic warfare between various tribes. He is also given credit for the introduction of the traditional Mongolian script and the creation of the Ikh Zasag, the first written Mongolian law.[51] In summary, Mongolians see him as the fundamental figure in the founding of the Mongol Empire, and therefore the basis for Mongolia as a country.
Mixed[link]
In China[link]
There are conflicting views of Genghis Khan in the People's Republic of China with some viewing him positively in the Inner Mongolia region where there is a monument and buildings about him and where there are considerable Mongols in the area with a population of around 5 million, almost twice the population of Mongolia. While Genghis Khan never conquered all of China, his grandson Kublai Khan completed that conquest,[52] and established the Yuan Dynasty that is often credited with re-uniting China. There has also been much artwork and literature praising Genghis as a great military leader and political genius. The years of the Mongol-established Yuan Dynasty left an indelible imprint on Chinese political and social structures for subsequent generations with literature during the Jin Dynasty relatively fewer. In general the legacy of Genghis Khan and his successors, who completed the conquest of China after 65 years of struggle, remains a mixed topic, even to this day.
China suffered a drastic decline in population.[53] North China (then the most populous part) is thought to have lost about three- quarters of its population. The census of 1195 showed a population of 50 million people in north China [whereas] the first Mongol census of 1235–36 counted only 8.5 million. Admittedly, some of the population decline in Northern China must also be attributed to the large migration to Southern China, but exact figures are hard to find.[54] Within China many people still retain the more traditional view that Genghis Khan was a barbarian invader.
Negative[link]
Main article: Destruction under the Mongol Empire
In the Middle East and Iran, he is almost universally looked on as a destructive and genocidal warlord who caused enormous damage and destruction to the population of these areas.[55] Steven R. Ward wrote that "Overall, the Mongol violence and depredations killed up to three-fourths of the population of the Iranian Plateau, possibly 10 to 15 million people. Some historians have estimated that Iran's population did not again reach its pre-Mongol levels until the mid-20th century."[56] Similarly, in Afghanistan (along with other non-Turkic Muslim countries) he is generally viewed unfavorably though some groups display ambivalence as it is believed that the Hazara of Afghanistan are descendants of a large Mongol garrison stationed therein.[57][58]
The invasions of Baghdad, Samarkand, Urgench, Kiev, Vladimir among others caused mass murders, such as when portions of southern Khuzestan were completely destroyed. His descendant, Hulagu Khan destroyed much of Iran's northern part and sacked Baghdad although his forces were halted by the Mamluks of Egypt. According to the works of the Persian historian Rashid-al-Din Hamadani, the Mongols killed more than 70 thousand people in Merv and more than 190 thousand in Nishapur. In 1237 Batu Khan, a grandson of Genghis Khan, launched an invasion into Kievan Rus'. Over the course of three years, the Mongols destroyed and annihilated all of the major cities of Eastern Europe with the exceptions of Novgorod and Pskov.
Giovanni de Plano Carpini, the Pope's envoy to the Mongol Great Khan, traveled through Kiev in February 1246 and wrote:
"They [the Mongols] attacked Rus, where they made great havoc, destroying cities and fortresses and slaughtering men; and they laid siege to Kiev, the capital of Rus; after they had besieged the city for a long time, they took it and put the inhabitants to death. When we were journeying through that land we came across countless skulls and bones of dead men lying about on the ground. Kiev had been a very large and heavily populated town, but now it has been reduced almost to nothing, for there are at the present time scarce two hundred houses there and the inhabitants are kept in complete slavery."[59]
Among the Iranian peoples, Genghis Khan is regarded along with Hulegu and Timur as one of the most despised conquerors in the region.[60][61]
Although the famous Mughal Emperors were proud descendants of Genghis Khan and particularly Timur, they clearly distanced themselves from the Mongol atrocities committed against the Khwarizim Shahs, Turks, Persians, the citizens of Baghdad and Damascus, Nishapur, Bukhara and historical figures such as Attar of Nishapur and many other notable Muslims. However, Mughal Emperors directly patronized the legacies of Genghis Khan and Timur, together their names were synonymous with the names of other distinguished personalities particularly among the Muslim populations of South Asia.
In much of Russia, Middle East, Korea, China, Ukraine, Poland and Hungary, Genghis Khan and his regime are credited with considerable damage, destruction and loss of population.
Descent[link]
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Main article: Descent from Genghis Khan
Zerjal et al. [2003][57] identified a Y-chromosomal lineage present in about 8% of the men in a large region of Asia (about 0.5% of the world total). The paper suggests that the pattern of variation within the lineage is consistent with a hypothesis that it originated in Mongolia about 1,000 years ago. Because the rate of such a spread would be too rapid to have occurred by genetic drift, the authors propose that the lineage is carried by likely male-line descendants of Genghis Khan, and that it has spread through social selection. In Mongolia alone as many as 200,000 of the country's 2 million people could be Khan descendants.[7] In addition to most of the Mongol nobility up to the 20th century, the Mughal emperor Babur's mother was a descendant. Timur (also known as Tamerlane), the 14th century military leader, claimed descent from Genghis Khan. Genghis Khan was one of the most powerful warlords during his reign, as a result the harem that he kept was of enormous size. It is said that his harem reached anywhere from 2,000–3,000 women.[who?] There are so many descendants of Genghis Khan not only because of the size of his harem, but also because of the size of his sons' harems and that they ruled their own separate kingdoms.
Physical appearance[link]
There are some debate as to whether Genghis Khan was fully Mongoloid or mixed Mongoloid/Caucasoid as there is no historical portrait of Genghis Khan. The only piece of evidence attributed to his Caucasoidness was the description from Rashid al-Din that recorded him being a red haired with green eyes, however these traits evidently still exists in some modern Mongols who are predominately Mongoloid in appearance and inherit all light hair and light eyes traits such as blue or green eyes and blonde or red hair. A certain number of Mongols, particularly the Oirat tribe in western Mongolia tend to exhibit lighter features such as fair skin, blue or green eyes, varying shades of brown hair, and sometimes even red or blonde hair.[15] Adding to the fact that Zerjal et al. identified Genghis Khan paternal DNA Y-chromosomal lineage to be Haplogroup C3 which is a common mongoloid marker among Tungustic people, this would make Genghis Khan more likely to be either predominately Mongoloid or at least a Euro-Mongoloid hybrid. Genetic testing of ethnic Mongolians mtDNA in Xinjiang China were found to have 14.3% west Eurasian mtDNA.[62] Which shows significant number of Europoid maternal contribution into the Mongolian mtDNA gene pool.
Depictions in modern culture[link]
There have been several films, novels and other adaptation works on the Mongolian ruler.
Films[link]
- Genghis Khan, a 1950 Philippine film directed by Manuel Conde.
- Changez Khan, a 1957 Indian film directed by Kedar Kapoor.
- Changez Khan, a 1958 Pakistani film.
- The Conqueror, released in 1956 and starring John Wayne as Temüjin and Susan Hayward as Börte.
- Genghis Khan (1965 film) starring Omar Sharif.
- Bill and Ted's Excellent Adventure 1989 film starring Keanu Reeves, Alex Winter with Al Leong as Genghis Khan.
- Under The Eternal Blue Sky a Mongolian film directed by Nyamgavaa released in 1990.
- Genghis Khan (1992 film) starring Richard Tyson, Charlton Heston and Pat Morita.
- Genghis Khan - A Proud Son Of Heaven (1998 film), made in Mongolian, with English subtitles.
- Genghis Khan: To the Ends of the Earth and Sea, also known as The Descendant of Gray Wolf, a Japanese-Mongolian film released in 2007.
- Mongol, a film by Sergei Bodrov released in 2007. (Academy Award nominee for Best Foreign Language Film).
- No Right to Die - Chinggis Khaan, a Mongolian film released in 2008.
- By the Will of Genghis Khan, a Russian film released in 2009.
TV series[link]
| Year | Production | Lead actor | Additional information |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1987 | TVB (Hong Kong) | Alex Man | see Genghis Khan (TVB) |
| 1987 | ATV (Hong Kong) | Tony Liu | 20 episodes |
| 2004 | China | Ba Sen | see Genghis Khan (2004 TV series) |
Genghis Khan was discussed in a third season episode of Deadliest Warrior, first aired on May 26, 2011. The show, which is produced by the American cable channel Spike, pits various figures from history against each other in computer analyzed hypothetical battle scenarios to determine the outcome in a hypothetical confrontation. The show's panel determined that in a hypothetical battle with Hannibal, the Mongol steel armor would be a deciding factor and so Genghis Khan would be the victor.
Genghis Khan makes a brief appearance in the Season Four episode of The Simpsons, Marge vs. the Monorail, during an imaginary vision by Lisa Simpson where the Springfield Elementary School uses some of a $3 million fine paid by C. Montgomery Burns to install a virtual reality education system.
Novels[link]
• 1 Jenghiz Khan, by Vasili Yan, trans. L. E. Britton, publisher. Hutchinson • 2 Batu Khan. by Vasili Yan, trans. L. E. Britton, publisher. Hutchinson
- The Conqueror series of novels by Conn Iggulden
- "You Can't, But Genghis Khan" from the Time Warp Trio book series
Short stories[link]
- The Private Life of Genghis Khan by Douglas Adams and Graham Chapman
Music[link]
- West German pop band Dschinghis Khan took its name from Genghis Khan. They participated in the Eurovision contest of 1979 with a song of the same name.
- English Heavy Metal band Iron Maiden titled an instrumental track Genghis Khan on their 1981 album Killers.
- The band Protest The Hero's song bloodmeat references Genghis Khan and the Khanate, and re-tells the tale of a small un-militiarised, and unequiped town fighting off a large, elite enemy, which may also be a reference to Genghis Khan.
- Ace Frehley composed and recorded a song named after Genghis Khan in his 2009 album Anomaly.
- Belgian neo-classical/power metal band Iron Mask titled track "Genghis Khan" on their 2011 album Black as Death
Video games[link]
- Age of Empires II: The Age of Kings
- Aoki Ookami to Shiroki Mejika IV: Genghis Khan
- Sid Meier's Civilization Series
- Genghis Khan (video game)
- Genghis Khan II: Clan of the Gray Wolf
- Cengiz Han II: Demir Yumruk (Turkish MMORPG)[63]
Name and title[link]
There are many theories about the origins of Temüjin's title. Since people of the Mongol nation later associated the name with ching (Mongolian for strength), such confusion is obvious, though it does not follow etymology.
One theory suggests the name stems from a palatalised version of the Mongolian and Turkic word tenggis, meaning "ocean", "oceanic" or "wide-spreading". (Lake Baikal and ocean were called tenggis by the Mongols. However, it seems that if they had meant to call Genghis tenggis they could have said, and written, "Tenggis Khan", which they did not.) Zhèng (Chinese: 正) meaning "right", "just", or "true", would have received the Mongolian adjectival modifier -s, creating "Jenggis", which in medieval romanization would be written "Genghis". It is likely that the 13th century Mongolian pronunciation would have closely matched "Chinggis".[64]
The English spelling "Genghis" is of unclear origin. Weatherford claims it derives from a spelling used in original Persian reports. Even at this time some Iranians pronounce his name as "Ghengiss". However, review of historical Persian sources does not confirm this.[65]
According to the Secret History of the Mongols, Temüjin was named after a powerful warrior of the Tatar tribe that his father Yesügei had taken prisoner. The name "Temüjin" is believed to derive from the word temür, meaning iron (modern Mongolian: төмөр, tömör). The name would imply skill as a blacksmith.
More likely, as no evidence has survived to indicate that Genghis Khan had any exceptional training or reputation as a blacksmith, the name indicated an implied lineage in a family once known as blacksmiths. The latter interpretation is supported by the names of Genghis Khan's siblings, Temülin and Temüge, which are derived from the same root word.
Name and spelling variations[link]
Genghis Khan's name is spelled in variety of ways in different languages such as Chinese: 成吉思汗; pinyin: Chéngjísī Hán, Turkic: Cengiz Han, Çingiz Xan, Çingiz Han, Chingizxon, Çıñğız Xan, Chengez Khan, Chinggis Khan, Chinggis Xaan, Chingis Khan, Jenghis Khan, Chinggis Qan, Djingis Kahn, Russian: Чингисхан (Čingiskhan) or Чингиз-хан (Čingiz-khan), etc. Temüjin is written in Chinese as simplified Chinese: 铁木真; traditional Chinese: 鐵木眞; pinyin: Tiěmùzhēn.
When Kublai Khan established the Yuan Dynasty in 1271, he had his grandfather Genghis Khan placed on the official record as the founder of the dynasty or Taizu (Chinese: 太祖). Thus, Genghis Khan is also referred to as Yuan Taizu (Chinese: 元太祖) in Chinese historiography.
Timeline[link]
- Probably 1155, 1162, or 1167: Temüjin was born in the Khentii mountains.
- At the age of nine, Temüjin's father Yesükhei was poisoned by Tatars, leaving him and his family destitute.
- c. 1184: Temüjin's wife Börte was kidnapped by Merkits; he called on blood brother Jamukha and Wang Khan for aid, and they rescued her.
- c. 1185: First son Jochi was born; leading to doubt about his paternity later among Genghis' children, because he was born shortly after Börte's rescue from the Merkits.
- 1190: Temüjin united the Mongol tribes, became leader, and devised code of law Yassa.
- 1201: Victory over Jamukha's Jadarans.
- 1202: Adopted as Wang Khan's heir after successful campaigns against Tatars.
- 1203: Victory over Wang Khan's Keraits. Wang Khan himself is killed by accident by allied Naimans.
- 1204: Victory over Naimans (all these confederations are united and become the Mongols).
- 1206: Jamukha was killed. Temüjin was given the title Genghis Khan by his followers in a Kurultai (around 40 years of age).
- 1207–1210: Genghis led operations against the Western Xia, which comprises much of northwestern China and parts of Tibet. Western Xia ruler submitted to Genghis Khan. During this period, the Uyghurs also submitted peacefully to the Mongols and became valued administrators throughout the empire.
- 1211: After the kurultai, Genghis led his armies against the Jin Dynasty ruling northern China.
- 1215: Beijing fell; Genghis Khan turned to west and the Khara-Kitan Khanate.
- 1219–1222: Conquered Khwarezmid Empire.
- 1226: Started the campaign against the Western Xia for forming coalition against the Mongols, the second battle with the Western Xia.
- 1227: Genghis Khan died after conquering the Tangut people. Cause of death is uncertain, although legend states that he was thrown off his horse in the battle and contracted a deadly fever soon after.
Notes[link]
- ^ Chinese: 成吉思汗; pinyin: Chéng Jí Sī Hán
Birth name:
Temujin /təˈmuːdʒɪn/;
Mongolian: Тэмүжин Temujin [tʰemutʃiŋ] ( listen);
Middle Mongolian: Temujin;[1]
traditional Chinese: 鐵木真; simplified Chinese: 铁木真; pinyin: Tiě mù zhēn
Footnotes[link]
- ^ Central Asiatic Journal (O. Harrassowitz) 5: 239. 1959. http://books.google.com/books?id=PjjjAAAAMAAJ. Retrieved July 29, 2011.
- ^ a b Rashid al-Din asserts that Genghis Khan lived to the age of 72, placing his year of birth at 1155. The Yuanshi (元史, History of the Yuan dynasty records his year of birth as 1162. According to Ratchnevsky, accepting a birth in 1155 would render Genghis Khan a father at the age of 30 and would imply that he personally commanded the expedition against the Tanguts at the age of 72. Also, according to the Altan Tobci, Genghis Khan's sister, Temülin, was nine years younger than he; but the Secret History relates that Temülin was an infant during the attack by the Merkits, during which Genghis Khan would have been 18, had he been born in 1155. Zhao Hong reports in his travelogue that the Mongols he questioned did not know and had never known their ages.
- ^ Ratchnevsky, Paul (1991). Genghis Khan: His Life and Legacy. Blackwell Publishing. p. 142. ISBN 0-631-16785-4. "It is possible, however, to say with certainty that Genghis Khan died in August 1227; only in specifying the actual day of his death do our sources disagree."
- ^ "Genghis Khan". Webster's New World College Dictionary. Wiley Publishing. 2004. http://www.yourdictionary.com/genghis-khan. Retrieved July 29, 2011.
- ^ "Genghis Khan". Oxford Dictionaries Online. Oxford University Press. 2011. http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/Genghis+Khan?region=uk. Retrieved July 29, 2011.
- ^ John Joseph Saunders-The History of the Mongol Conquests
- ^ a b Ian Jeffries (2007). "Mongolia: a guide to economic and political developments". Taylor & Francis. pp. 5–7. ISBN 0-415-42545-X
- ^ "Genghis Khan". North Georgia College and State University. http://www.accd.edu/sac/history/keller/mongols/empsub1.html. Retrieved January 26, 2010.
- ^ Ratchnevsky, Paul (1991). Genghis Khan: His Life and Legacy. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 9–10. ISBN 0-631-16785-4.
- ^ Morgan, David (1990). The Mongols (Peoples of Europe). p. 58.
- ^ Guida Myrl Jackson-Laufer, Guida M. Jackson-Encyclopedia of traditional epics,p. 527
- ^ Paul Kahn, Francis Woodman Cleaves-The secret history of the Mongols, p.192
- ^ "THE MONGOLS — PART I". Republican China. http://www.republicanchina.org/Mongols.html. Retrieved May 20, 2008.
- ^ Iconographic encyclopaedia of science, literature, and art, Volume 2
- ^ a b "Eurasian Women Warriors and Priestesses". Csen.org. http://www.csen.org/aciaa_article/Eurasian%20Women%20Warriors3.htm. Retrieved 2012-02-22.
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ "The Emperors of Emperors". California State University. http://www.csuchico.edu/~cheinz/syllabi/fall99/kong/Index1.htm. Retrieved May 20, 2008.
- ^ "Genghis Khan Biography (1162/7)". The Biography Channel. http://www.biography.com/search/article.do?id=9308634. Retrieved May 20, 2008.
- ^ Weatherford, Jack (2010). The Secret History of the Mongol Queens: How the Daughters of Genghis Khan Rescued His Empire. New York: Crown Publishing Group. pp. xiii, 2.
- ^ a b Weatherford, Jack (2004). Genghis Khan: War of the Khans. New York: Random House, Inc. p. 63.
- ^ Eskildsen, Stephen (2004). The Teachings and Practices of the Early Quanzhen Taoist Masters. SUNY Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-7914-6045-0.
- ^ Grousset, Rene (1944). Conqueror of the World: The Life of Chingis-khagan. New York: Viking Press.
- ^ Weatherford, Jack (2004). "2: Tale of Three Rivers". Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World. Three Rivers Press. p. 44. ISBN 0-609-80964-4.
- ^ a b Man, John (2004). Genghis Khan: Life, Death and Resurrection. London; New York: Bantam Press. ISBN 0-593-05044-4.
- ^ a b "Central Asian world cities", University of Washington.
- ^ Morgan, David (1986). The Mongols. The Peoples of Europe. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-17563-6.
- ^ De Hartog, Leo (1988). Genghis Khan: Conqueror of the World. London, UK: I.B. Tauris. pp. 122–123.
- ^ CHRISTOPHER HUDSON (May 22, 2007). "Genghis Khan: The daddy of all lovers". Daily Mail. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-456789/Genghis-Khan-The-daddy-lovers.html. Retrieved December 12, 2010.
- ^ Rolf Potts (Tuesday, Nov 9, 1999). "Horse races, open spaces and the fate of Genghis Khan's balls". Salon.com. http://www.salon.com/travel/diary/pott/1999/11/09/siberia1/index.html. Retrieved January 12, 2011.
- ^ Lynn Pan (1985). Into China's heart: an emigré's journey along the Yellow River (illustrated ed.). Weatherhill. p. 111. ISBN 0-8348-0205-8. http://books.google.com/?id=gx1xAAAAMAAJ&q=lady+to+Genghis%3B+but+when+he+came+to+claim+her,+she+brought+out+a+knife+she+had+hidden+in+her+clothes+and+castrated+him&dq=lady+to+Genghis%3B+but+when+he+came+to+claim+her,+she+brought+out+a+knife+she+had+hidden+in+her+clothes+and+castrated+him. Retrieved January 9, 2011. (Original from the University of Michigan)
- ^ Allan D. Cooper (2009). The geography of genocide. University Press of America. p. 187. ISBN 0-7618-4097-4. http://books.google.com/?id=Uyh8kdcuA1kC&pg=PA187&dq=tangut+castrate+genghis#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved January 9, 2011.
- ^ Československá spolećnost orientalistická (1960). New Orient, Volumes 1–3. Czechoslovak Society for Eastern Studies. p. iv. http://books.google.com/?id=7XDpAAAAMAAJ&dq=But+most+versions+tell+how+the+queen+wounded+Genghis+in+the+night%2C+some+saying+that+she+castrated+him+while+others+do+not+specify+the&q=But+most+versions+tell+how+the+queen+wounded+Genghis+in+the+night%2C+some+saying+that+she+castrated+him+while+others+do+not+specify+the+injury.+Then+she+fled+away+and+jumped+into+the+Yellow+River+and+drowned+herself%2C+and+the+Yellow+River+. Retrieved January 9, 2011. (Original from the University of Michigan)
- ^ John Man (2007). Genghis Khan: Life, Death, and Resurrection (reprint, illustrated ed.). Macmillan. p. 247. ISBN 0-312-36624-8. http://books.google.com/?id=OXTv9a0HZakC&pg=PA247&lpg=PA247&dq=tangut+castrate+genghis#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved January 9, 2011.
- ^ John DeFrancis (1993). In the footsteps of Genghis Khan (illustrated ed.). University of Hawaii Press. p. 193. ISBN 0-8248-1493-2. http://books.google.com/?id=mwDJ-3XPNooC&pg=PA193&dq=tangut+castrate+genghis#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved January 11, 2011.
- ^ Ratchnevsky 1991, p. 126
- ^ Ratchnevsky 1991, pp. 136–7
- ^ Haenisch, Erich (1948). Die Geheime Geschichte der Mongolen. Leipzig. pp. 133, 136.
- ^ Heissig, Walther (1964). Die Mongolen. Ein Volk sucht seine Geschichte. Düsseldorf. p. 124.
- ^ Man (2004), pp. 329–333.
- ^ Man (2004), p. 338.
- ^ "Palace of Genghis Khan unearthed". BBC. October 7, 2004. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/3723218.stm. Retrieved May 20, 2008.
- ^ Pocha, Jehangir S. (May 10, 2005). "Mongolia sees Genghis Khan's good side". International Herald Tribune. http://www.iht.com/articles/2005/05/09/news/mongol.php. Retrieved May 20, 2008.
- ^ Jack Weatherford, Genghis Khan: War of the Khans (New York: Random House, Inc., 2004), 58
- ^ Clive Foss, The Tyrants, page 57, Quercus, London, 2007.
- ^ "Ismi Didikle" (in Turkish). Ismi Didikle. http://www.ismididikle.com/isim_533_cengiz.htm. Retrieved May 5, 2008.
- ^ Christopher Kaplonski: The case of the disappearing Chinggis Khaan.
- ^ Griffiths, Daniel (January 11, 2007). "Asia-Pacific | Post-communist Mongolia's struggle.". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6252741.stm?lsf. Retrieved August 3, 2009.
- ^ Once Shunned, Genghis Khan Conquers Mongolia Again.
- ^ "Business | Genghis Khan may get protection.". BBC News. October 6, 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/5412410.stm. Retrieved August 3, 2009.
- ^ "ASIA-PACIFIC | Mongolia glorifies Genghis Khan.". BBC News. May 3, 2002. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1967201.stm. Retrieved August 3, 2009.
- ^ "The Yasa of Chingis Khan". http://www.coldsiberia.org/webdoc9.htm. Retrieved February 16, 2010.
- ^ Inner Mongolia Travel Guide.
- ^ William Bonner, Addison Wiggin (2006). "Empire of debt: the rise of an epic financial crisis". John Wiley and Sons. pp.43–44. ISBN 0-471-73902-2
- ^ Graziella Caselli, Gillaume Wunsch, Jacques Vallin (2005). "Demography: Analysis and Synthesis, Four Volume Set: A Treatise in Population". Academic Press. p.34. ISBN 0-12-765660-X
- ^ "The Legacy of Genghis Khan" at Los Angeles County Museum of Art—again.
- ^ R. Ward, Steven (2009). Immortal: a military history of Iran and its armed forces. Georgetown University Press. p. 39. ISBN 1-58901-258-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=8eUTLaaVOOQC&pg=PA39&dq#v=onepage&q=&f=false.
- ^ a b Zerjal, et el.; Xue, Y; Bertorelle, G; Wells, RS; Bao, W; Zhu, S; Qamar, R; Ayub, Q et al. (2003). "The Genetic Legacy of the Mongols". The American Journal of Human Genetics 72 (3): 717–721. DOI:10.1086/367774. PMC 1180246. PMID 12592608. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070929123340/http%3A//www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26rendertype%3Dabstract%26artid%3D1180246. Retrieved December 28, 2007.
- ^ Genetics: Analysis Of Genes And Genomes By Daniel L. Hartl, Elizabeth W. Jones, p. 309.
- ^ The Destruction of Kiev
- ^ Phoenix From the Ashes: A Tale of the Book in Iran.
- ^ Civilizations: How we see others, how others see us.
- ^ http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/21/12/2265.full
- ^ "Joy Game / Cengiz Han 2 MMORPG Game.
- ^ Lister, R. P. (2000 [c1969]). Genghis Khan. Lanham, Maryland: Cooper Square Press. ISBN 0-8154-1052-2.
- ^ Timothy May. "Book Review". North Georgia College and State University. http://worldhistoryconnected.press.uiuc.edu/2.2/br_may.html. Retrieved February 20, 2008.
References[link]
- Ratchnevsky, Paul (1992, c1991). Genghis Khan: His Life and Legacy [Čingis-Khan: sein Leben und Wirken]. tr. & ed. Thomas Nivison Haining. Oxford, UK; Cambridge, Mass., US: B. Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-16785-4.
- Man, John (2004). Genghis Khan: Life, Death and Resurrection. Bantam Press, London. ISBN 978-0-553-81498-9.
Further reading[link]
- Brent, Peter (1976). The Mongol Empire: Genghis Khan: His Triumph and His Legacy. London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson. ISBN 0-297-77137-X.
- Bretschneider, Emilii (1888, repr. 2001). Mediæval Researches from Eastern Asiatic Sources; Fragments Towards the Knowledge of the Geography & History of Central & Western Asia. Trübner's Oriental Series. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co (repr. Munshirm Manoharlal Pub Pvt Ltd). ISBN 81-215-1003-1.
- Cable, Mildred; Francesca French (1943). The Gobi Desert. London: Landsborough Publications.
- Charney, Israel W. (ed.) (1994). Genocide: A Critical Bibliographic Review. New York: Facts on File Publications.
- De Hartog, Leo (1988). Genghis Khan: Conqueror of the World. London: I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd..
- (French) Farale, Dominique (2002). De Gengis Khan à Qoubilaï Khan : la grande chevauchée mongole. Campagnes & stratégies. Paris: Economica. ISBN 2-7178-4537-2.
- (French) Farale, Dominique (2007). La Russie et les Turco-Mongols : 15 siècles de guerre. Paris: Economica. ISBN 978-2-7178-5429-9.
- "Genghis Khan". Funk & Wagnalls New Encyclopedia. World Almanac Education Group. 2005. Archived from the original on January 13, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060113174030/http://www.historychannel.com/thcsearch/thc_resourcedetail.do?encyc_id=210250. Retrieved May 22, 2008. Via the Internet Archive's copy of the History Channel Web site.
- Smitha, Frank E. "Genghis Khan and the Mongols". Macrohistory and World Report. http://www.fsmitha.com/h3/h11mon.htm. Retrieved June 30, 2005.
- Kahn, Paul (adaptor) (1998). Secret History of the Mongols: The Origin of Chingis Khan (expanded edition): An Adaptation of the Yüan chʾao pi shih, Based Primarily on the English Translation by Francis Woodman Cleaves. Asian Culture Series. Boston: Cheng & Tsui Co.. ISBN 0-88727-299-1.
- Kennedy, Hugh (2002). Mongols, Huns & Vikings. London: Cassell. ISBN 0-304-35292-6.
- Kradin, Nikolay; Tatiana Skrynnikova (2006). Imperiia Chingis-khana (Chinggis Khan Empire). Moscow: Vostochnaia literatura. ISBN 5-02-018521-3. (Russian) (summary in English)
- Kradin, Nikolay; Tatiana Skrynnikova (2006). "Why do we call Chinggis Khan's Polity 'an Empire'". Ab Imperio 7 (1): 89–118. 5-89423-110-8.
- Lamb, Harold (1927). Genghis Khan: The Emperor of All Men. New York: R. M. McBride & company.
- Lister, R. P. (2000 [c1969]). Genghis Khan. Lanham, Maryland: Cooper Square Press. ISBN 0-8154-1052-2.
- Man, John (2004). Genghis Khan: Life, Death and Resurrection. London; New York: Bantam Press. ISBN 0-593-05044-4.
- Man, John (1997, 1998, 1999). Gobi: Tracking the Desert. London; New Haven, Conn: Weidenfeld & Nicolson; Yale University Press. ISBN 0-7538-0161-2.
- Martin, Henry Desmond (1950). The Rise of Chingis Khan and his Conquest of North China. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.
- May, Timothy (2001). "Mongol Arms". Explorations in Empire: Pre-Modern Imperialism Tutorial: The Mongols. San Antonio College History Department. http://www.accd.edu/sac/history/keller/Mongols/empsub2.html. Retrieved May 22, 2008.
- Morgan, David (1986). The Mongols. The Peoples of Europe. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-17563-6.
- Saunders, J.J. (1972, repr. 2001). History of the Mongol Conquests. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-1766-7.
- Stevens, Keith. "Heirs to Discord: The Supratribal Aspirations of Jamukha, Toghrul, and Temüjin"PDF (72.1 KB) Retrieved May 22, 2008.
- Stewart, Stanley (2001). In the Empire of Genghis Khan: A Journey among Nomads. London: Harper Collins. ISBN 0-00-653027-3.
- Turnbull, Stephen (2003). Genghis Khan & the Mongol Conquests 1190–1400. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-84176-523-6.
- Valentino, Benjamin A. (2004). Final Solutions: Mass Killing and Genocide in the Twentieth Century. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-3965-5.
- Weatherford, Jack (2004). Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World (review). New York: Crown. ISBN 0-609-61062-7.
- Zerjal, Xue, Bertorelle, Wells, Bao, Zhu, Qamar, Ayub, Mohyuddin, Fu, Li, Yuldasheva, Ruzibakiev, Xu, Shu, Du, Yang, Hurles, Robinson, Gerelsaikhan, Dashnyam, Mehdi, Tyler-Smith (2003). "The Genetic Legacy of the Mongols" ( – Scholar search). The American Journal of Human Genetics 72 (3): 717–721;. DOI:10.1086/367774. PMC 1180246. PMID 12592608. http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AJHG/journal/issues/v72n3/024530/024530.web.pdf. [dead link]
Primary sources[link]
- Juvaynī, Alā al-Dīn Atā Malik, 1226–1283 (1997). Genghis Khan: The History of the World-Conqueror [Tarīkh-i jahāngushā]. tr. John Andrew Boyle. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 0-295-97654-3.
- Juvaini, 'ala-ad-Din 'Ata-Malik (1958). History of the World-Conqueror. tr. John Andrew Boyle. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 361. http://archive.org/details/historyoftheworl011691mbp. Retrieved 2012-04-16.
- Rashid al-Din Tabib (1995). A Compendium of Chronicles: Rashid al-Din's Illustrated History of the World Jami' al-Tawarikh. The Nasser D. Khalili Collection of Islamic Art, Vol. XXVII. Sheila S. Blair (ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-727627-X.
- Rashid al-Din Tabib (1971). The Successors of Genghis Khan (extracts from Jami’ Al-Tawarikh). UNESCO Collection of Representative Works: Persian heritage series. tr. from the Persian by John Andrew Boyle. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-03351-6. http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=109217551.
- The Secret History of the Mongols: A Mongolian Epic Chronicle of the Thirteenth Century [Yuan chao bi shi]. Brill's Inner Asian Library vol. 7. tr. Igor de Rachewiltz. Leiden; Boston: Brill. 2004. ISBN 90-04-13159-0.
External links[link]
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- Genghis Khan on In Our Time at the BBC. (listen now)
- Book Review of Genghis Khan by Leo De Hartog
- Genghis Khan and the Mongols
- Welcome to The Realm of the Mongols
- Parts of this biography were taken from the Area Handbook series at the Library of Congress
- Estimates of Mongol warfare casualties
- Genghis Khan on the Web (directory of some 250 resources)
- Mongol Arms
- Genghis Khan's leadership approach – LeaderValues
- ‘Ala’ al-Din ‘Ata Malik Juvayni A History of the World-Conqueror Ghengis Genghis Khan, Ata al-Mulk Juvayni and Rashid-al-Din Hamadani
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Genghis Khan
House of Borjigin (1206–1635)
Born: c. 1162 Died: 1227 |
||
| Regnal titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Hotula Khan |
Khagan of Khamag Mongol 1189–1206 |
Khamag Mongol ended succeeded by Mongol Empire |
| New title Mongol Empire established
|
Khagan of the Mongol Empire 1206–1227 |
Succeeded by Tolui As regent |
| Khagans of the Mongol Empire (1206–1370) |
|---|
 |
| The Kublaid Great Khans |
| Temür Khan (1294–1307) • Külüg Khan (1307–1311) • Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan (1311–1320) • Gegeen Khan(1320–1323) • Yesün Temür Khan (1323–1328) • Ragibagh Khan (1328) • Jayaatu Khan (1328–1329) • Khutughtu Khan (1329) • Jayaatu Khan(1329–1332) • Rinchinbal Khan (1332) • Ukhaantu Khan (1333–1370) |
| <timeline>
ImageSize = width:550 height:100 PlotArea = width:530 height:40 left:10 bottom:30 DateFormat = yyyy Period = from:1200 till:1300 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:5 start:1200
Define $dy = 15 Define $dys = 26 PlotData= bar:Leaders width:20 mark:(line,white) align:left fontsize:S color:green from:1206 till:1227 shift:(-20,$dy) text:Genghis color:blue from:1227 till:1229 shift:(-15,$dy) text:Tolui color:green from:1229 till:1241 shift:(-22,$dy) text:Ögedei color:blue from:1241 till:1246 shift:(-30,$dy) text:Töregene color:green from:1246 till:1248 shift:(-15,$dys) text:Güyük color:blue from:1248 till:1251 shift:(-10,$dy) text:Oghul color:green from:1251 till:1259 shift:(-5,$dy) text:Möngke color:blue from:1260 till:1294 shift:(-20,$dy) text:Kublai Khan </timeline> |
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Genghis Khan |
| Alternative names | Temüjin |
| Short description | Founder of the Mongol Empire |
| Date of birth | c. 1162 |
| Place of birth | in Khentii Province in Mongolia |
| Date of death | August 1227 |
| Place of death | Western Xia |
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The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the talk page. (December 2010) |
A sportsperson (American English: Sports person), (gendered as sportsman or sportswoman) or athlete is a person trained to compete in a sport involving physical strength, speed or endurance. Sportspeople may be professional or amateur.[1]
Most professional sportspeople have particularly well-developed physiques obtained by extensive physical training and strict exercise accompanied by a strict dietary regimen.
The word "athlete" is a romanization of the Greek: άθλητὴς, athlētēs, one who participates in a contest; from ἂθλος, áthlos, or ἂθλον, áthlon, a contest or feat. The term may be used as a synonym for sportspeople in general, but it also has stronger connotations of people who compete in athletic sports, as opposed to other sporting types such as horse riding and driving. In British English (as well as other variants in the Commonwealth) athlete can also have a more specific meaning of people who compete in the sport of athletics.
Contents |
Titles[link]
"All-around athlete"[link]
An "all-around athlete" is a person who competes in multiple sports at a high level, for instance, someone who plays both basketball and baseball professionally. Examples of people who played numerous sports professionally are Jim Thorpe, Lionel Conacher, Deion Sanders (male), Danny Ainge (male) and Babe Zaharias (female). Others include Ricky Williams, Bo Jackson, and Damon Allen, each of whom was drafted both by Major League Baseball and by professional gridiron football leagues such as the NFL and the CFL. Another example is Kazushi Sakuraba, a Japanese athlete who competed in both professional wrestling and mixed martial arts and succeeded in both sports. Many Japanese martial artists compete in both wrestling and MMA due to their strong promotions and similarities.
"World's Greatest Athlete"[link]
The title of "World's Greatest Athlete" traditionally belongs to the world's top competitor in the decathlon (males) and heptathlon (females) in track and field. The decathlon consists of 10 events: 100 meters, long jump, shot put, high jump, 400 meters, 110 m hurdles, discus, pole vault, javelin, and 1500 m. The heptathlon consists of seven events: the 100 m hurdles, high jump, shot put, 200 meters, long jump, javelin, and 800 meters. These competitions require an athlete to possess the whole spectrum of athletic ability in order to be successful including speed, strength, coordination, jumping ability, and endurance.
Although the title "World's Greatest Athlete" seems a natural fit for these two events, its traditional association with the decathlon/heptathlon officially began with Jim Thorpe. During the 1912 Olympics in Stockholm, Sweden, Thorpe won the gold medal in the Decathlon (among others). Thorpe notably also competed professionally in soccer, baseball, and basketball; and competed collegiately in track and field, soccer, baseball, lacrosse, and did ballroom dancing. King Gustav V of Sweden, while awarding Thorpe the decathlon gold said: "You, sir, are the greatest athlete in the world." That title has become associated with the decathlon event ever since.
See also[link]
References[link]
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2009) |
- ^ Collins English Dictionary, Millennium Ed. - 'athlete'
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
