Coordinates	29°25′″N98°30′″N
Name	Nestlé S.A.
Company logo
Type	Société Anonyme
Traded as
Foundation	Vevey, Switzerland (1867)
Founder	Henri Nestlé
Location	Vevey, Switzerland
Area served	Worldwide
Key people	Peter Brabeck-Letmathe (Chairman), Paul Bulcke (CEO)
Industry	Food processing
Products	Baby food, coffee, dairy products, breakfast cereals, confectionery, bottled water, ice cream, pet foods (list...)
Revenue	CHF 109.72 billion (2010)
Operating income	CHF 16.19 billion (2010)
Net income	CHF 34.23 billion (2010)
Assets	CHF 111.64 billion (end 2010)
Equity	CHF 62.60 billion (end 2010)
Num employees	281,000 (2010)
Homepage	www.nestle.com
Intl	yes }}

Nestlé S.A. () is the largest food and nutrition company in the world. Founded and headquartered in Vevey, Switzerland, Nestlé originated in a 1905 merger of the Anglo-Swiss Milk Company, established in 1867 by brothers George Page and Charles Page, and Farine Lactée Henri Nestlé, founded in 1866 by Henri Nestlé. The company grew significantly during the First World War and again following the Second World War, eventually expanding its offerings beyond its early condensed milk and infant formula products. Today, the company operates in 86 countries around the world, and employs over 280,000 people.

Pronunciation

Today, in English-speaking countries the French version of "Nestlé" is increasingly common (). However, the dominant pronunciation in those countries throughout the 20th century was , as in the English verb "nestle". This pronunciation was reinforced in the 1960s television advertisement jingle for "'s Milky Bar".

History

The company dates to 1867, when two separate Swiss enterprises were founded that would later form the core of Nestlé. In the succeeding decades, the two competing enterprises aggressively expanded their businesses throughout Europe and the United States.

In August 1867, Charles and George Page, two brothers from Lee County, Illinois, USA, established the Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company in Cham. Their first British operation was opened at Chippenham, Wiltshire, in 1873.

In September 1867, in Vevey, Henri Nestlé developed a milk-based baby food, and soon began marketing it. The following year, 1868, saw Daniel Peter begin seven years of work perfecting his invention, the milk chocolate manufacturing process; Nestlé's was the crucial cooperation that Peter needed to solve the problem of removing all the water from the milk added to his chocolate, and thus preventing the product from developing mildew. Henri Nestlé retired in 1875, but the company, under new ownership, retained his name as Farine Lactée Henri Nestlé.

In 1877, Anglo-Swiss added milk-based baby foods to its products, and in the following year the Nestlé Company added condensed milk, so that the firms became direct and fierce rivals.

In 1905, the companies merged to become the Nestlé and Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company, retaining that name until 1947, when the name Nestlé Alimentana SA was taken as a result of the acquisition of Fabrique de Produits Maggi SA (founded 1884) and its holding company, Alimentana SA of Kempttal, Switzerland. Maggi was a major manufacturer of soup mixes and related foodstuffs. The company’s current name was adopted in 1977. By the early 1900s, the company was operating factories in the United States, United Kingdom, Germany and Spain. The First World War created new demand for dairy products in the form of government contracts, and by the end of the war, Nestlé's production had more than doubled.

After the war, government contracts dried up, and consumers switched back to fresh milk. However, Nestlé's management responded quickly, streamlining operations and reducing debt. The 1920s saw Nestlé's first expansion into new products, with chocolate-manufacture becoming the company's second most important activity.

Nestlé felt the effects of the Second World War immediately. Profits dropped from US$20 million in 1938, to US$6 million in 1939. Factories were established in developing countries, particularly in Latin America. Ironically, the war helped with the introduction of the company's newest product, Nescafé ("Nestlé's Coffee"), which became a staple drink of the US military. Nestlé's production and sales rose in the wartime economy.

The end of World War II was the beginning of a dynamic phase for Nestlé. Growth accelerated and companies were acquired. In 1947 came the merger with Maggi, a well-known manufacturer of seasonings and soups. Crosse & Blackwell followed in 1950, as did Findus (1963), Libby's (1971) and Stouffer's (1973). Diversification came with a shareholding in L'Oréal in 1974. In 1977, Nestlé made its second venture outside the food industry, by acquiring Alcon Laboratories Inc.

In 1984, Nestlé's improved bottom line allowed the company to launch a new round of acquisitions, notably American food giant Carnation and the British confectionery company Rowntree Mackintosh in 1988, which brought the Willy Wonka brand to Nestlé.

The first half of the 1990s proved to be favourable for Nestlé. Trade barriers crumbled, and world markets developed into more or less integrated trading areas. Since 1996, there have been various acquisitions, including San Pellegrino (1997), Spillers Petfoods (1998), and Ralston Purina (2002). There were two major acquisitions in North America, both in 2002 – in June, Nestlé merged its U.S. ice cream business into Dreyer's, and in August a US$2.6 billion acquisition was announced of Chef America, the creator of Hot Pockets. In the same time-frame, Nestlé came close to purchasing the iconic American company Hershey's, one of its fiercest confectionery competitors, although the deal eventually fell through. Another recent purchase included the Jenny Craig weight-loss program, for US$600 million.

In December 2005, Nestlé bought the Greek company Delta Ice Cream for €240 million. In January 2006, it took full ownership of Dreyer's, thus becoming the world's largest ice cream maker, with a 17.5% market share.

In November 2006, Nestlé purchased the Medical Nutrition division of Novartis Pharmaceutical for $2.5B, also acquiring, in 2007, the milk-flavouring product known as Ovaltine. In April 2007, returning to its roots, Nestlé bought US baby-food manufacturer Gerber for $5.5 billion.

In December 2007, Nestlé entered into a strategic partnership with a Belgian chocolate maker, Pierre Marcolini. Nestlé agreed to sell its controlling stake in Alcon to Novartis on 4 January 2010. The sale was to form part of a broader US$39.3 billion offer, by Novartis, for full acquisition of the world’s largest eye-care company.

On March 1, 2010, Nestlé concluded the purchase of Kraft's North American frozen pizza business for $3.7 billion.

July 2011: Nestle SA agreed to buy 60 percent of Hsu Fu Chi International Ltd. for about $1.7 billion.

Products

Nestlé has some 6,000 brands, with a wide range of products across a number of markets, including coffee (Nescafé, Nespresso, etc.), bottled water (Buxton, Perrier, etc.), milkshakes and other beverages (Nesquik, Milo, Carnation, etc.), chocolate (Milky Bar, After Eight, and many others), ice cream (Häagen-Dazs, Skinny Cow, etc.), breakfast cereals (Cheerios, Golden Nuggets, Shreddies, etc.), infant foods (now including Gerber products), performance and healthcare nutrition (Nesvita, PowerBar, etc.), seasonings, soups and sauces (Maggi, Buitoni, etc.), frozen and refrigerated foods (Findus, Lean Cuisine, etc.), confectionery (Rowntree products, Caramac, Wonka products, etc.), and pet food (Winalot, Felix, etc.).

Business

Management

The executive board, a distinct entity from the board of directors, includes:

Peter Brabeck-Letmathe, Chairman of the Board of Directors, Nestlé S.A.

Paul Bulcke, Chief Executive Officer, Nestlé S.A.

Werner Bauer, Executive Vice President, Nestlé S.A., Chief Technology Officer, Head of Innovation, Technology, Research & Development

Friz van Dijk, Executive Vice President, Nestlé S.A. Asia, Oceania, Africa, Middle East

Chris Johnson, Executive Vice President, Nestlé S.A. United States of America, Canada, Latin America, Caribbean

José Lopez, Executive Vice President, Nestlé S.A. Operations, GLOBE

John J. Harris, Executive Vice President, Nestlé S.A. Chairman & CEO of Nestlé Waters

Nandu Nandkishore, Executive Vice President, Nestlé S.A. CEO of Nestlé Nutrition

James Singh, Executive Vice President, Nestlé S.A. Finance and Control, Legal, IP, Tax, Global Nestlé Business Services

Laurent Freixe, Executive Vice President, Nestlé S.A. Europe

Petraea Heynike, Executive Vice President, Nestlé S.A. Strategic Business Units, Marketing, Sales and Nespresso

Marc Caira, Deputy Executive Vice President, Nestlé S.A. Head of Nestlé Professional Strategic Business Division

Jean-Marc Duvoisin, Deputy Executive Vice President Nestlé S.A. Head of Human Resources and Centre Administration

David P. Frick, Senior Vice President and ex officio Member of the Executive Board

According to a 2006 global survey of online consumers by the ''Reputation Institute'', Nestlé has a reputation score of 70.4 on a scale of 1–100.

Earnings

In 2009, consolidated sales were CHF 107.6 billion and net profit was CHF 10.43 billion. Research and development investment was CHF 2.02 billion.

Sales by activity breakdown: 27% from drinks, 26% from dairy and food products, 18% from ready-prepared dishes and ready-cooked dishes, 12% from chocolate, 11% from pet products, 6% from pharmaceutical products and 2% from baby milks.

Sales by geographic area breakdown: 32% from Europe, 31% from Americas (26% from US), 16% from Asia, 21% from rest of the world.

Joint ventures

Nestlé holds 26.4% of the shares of L'Oréal, the world's largest company in cosmetics and beauty. The ''Laboratoires Inneov'' is a joint venture in nutritional cosmetics between Nestlé and L'Oréal, while ''Galderma'' is a joint venture in dermatology with L'Oréal. Others joint ventures include Cereal Partners Worldwide with General Mills, Beverage Partners Worldwide with Coca-Cola, and Dairy Partners Americas with Fonterra.

Ethical and sustainable efforts

In 2000, Nestlé and other chocolate companies formed the World Cocoa Foundation. The WCF was set up specifically to deal with issues facing cocoa farmers, including ineffective farming techniques and poor environmental management (disease had wiped out much of the cocoa crop in Brazil). The WCF focuses on boosting farmer income, encouraging sustainable farming techniques, and setting up environmental and social programmes.

Nestlé is a founding participant in the International Cocoa Initiative (ICI), an independent foundation set up in 2002 and dedicated to ending child and forced labour in cocoa growing, and eliminating child trafficking and abusive labour practices. However, there is little evidence that Nestlé has reduced any of its child labour practices in countries such as the Ivory Coast.

In October 2009, Nestlé announced its Cocoa Plan. The company will invest CHF 110 million over ten years to achieve a sustainable cocoa supply. On 23 October 2009, Nestlé and CNRA (the Ivorian National Centre for Plant Science Research), signed a frame agreement for cooperation in plant science and propagation, with a target of producing 1 million high-quality, disease-resistant cocoa plantlets a year by 2012. The aim is to replace old, less productive trees with healthier new ones.

Nestlé is launching a Fair Trade-branded Kit Kat in the UK and Ireland from January 2010.

Controversy and criticism

Marketing of formula

One of the most prominent controversies involving Nestlé concerns the promotion of the use of infant formula to mothers across the world, including developing countries – an issue that attracted significant attention in 1977 as a result of the Nestlé boycott, which is still ongoing. Nestlé continues to draw criticism that it is in violation of a 1981 World Health Organization code that regulates the advertising of breast milk formulas. Nestlé's policy states that breast-milk is the best food for infants, and that women who cannot, or choose not to, breast feed, for whatever reason, need an alternative to ensure that their babies are getting the nutrition they need.

Ethiopian debt

In 2002, Nestlé demanded that the nation of Ethiopia repay $6 million of debt to the company. Ethiopia was suffering a severe famine at the time. Nestlé backed down from its demand after more than 8,500 people complained via e-mail to the company about its treatment of the Ethiopian government. The company agreed to re-invest any money it received from Ethiopia back into the country.

Melamine in Chinese milk

In late September 2008, the Hong Kong government claimed to have found melamine in a Chinese-made Nestlé milk product. The Dairy Farm milk was made by Nestlé's division in the Chinese coastal city Qingdao. Nestlé affirmed that all its products were safe and were not made from milk adulterated with melamine. On 2 October 2008, however, the Taiwan Health ministry announced that six types of milk powders produced in China by Nestlé contained low-level traces of melamine, and were "removed from the shelves".

Greenwashing

A coalition of environmental groups filed a complaint against Nestlé to the Canadian Code of Advertising Standards after Nestlé took out full-page advertisements in October 2008 claiming that "Most water bottles avoid landfill sites and are recycled", "Nestlé Pure Life is a healthy, eco-friendly choice" and that "Bottled water is the most environmentally responsible consumer product in the world". A spokesperson from one of the environmental groups stated: "For Nestlé to claim that its bottled water product is environmentally superior to any other consumer product in the world is not supportable". In their 2008 Corporate Citizenship Report, Nestlé themselves stated that many of their bottles end up in the solid-waste stream, and that most of their bottles are not recycled. The advertising campaign has been called greenwashing.

Zimbabwe farms

In late September 2009, it was brought to light that Nestlé was buying milk from illegally seized farms currently operated by Robert Mugabe's wife, Grace Mugabe. Mugabe and his regime are currently subject to European Union sanctions. Nestlé later stopped buying milk from the dairy farms in question.

Palm oil use

Rapid deforestation in Borneo and other regions, in order to harvest hardwood and make way for palm oil plantations, releases large amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. In particular, where peat swamp forests are cleared, destroying the habitat for many threatened species of animals such as the orangutan, much public attention has been given to the environmental impact of palm oil and the role of multinationals such as Nestlé in this. There is ongoing concern by various NGOs including Greenpeace.

On its official Facebook page, the company met with "a deluge of criticism from consumers, after a large number of Facebook users posted negative comments about the company's business practises." Nestlé's attempt to engage with the issue met with criticism, including headlines stating: "Nestlé fails at social media", and "Nestlé Loses Face On Facebook". Nestlé Chairman, Peter Brabeck-Letmathe, in answer to a question from Greenpeace, told the Company’s Annual General Meeting in Lausanne on 15 April 2010 that in 2009 Nestlé used 320,000 tonnes of palm oil worldwide, comparing this with the 500,000 tonnes of palm oil used for biodiesel in Germany and Italy alone.

In May 2010, Nestlé said it was inviting The Forest Trust, a not-for-profit group, to audit its supply chain, and promised to cancel contracts with any firm found to be chopping down rainforests to produce the palm oil which it uses in KitKat, Aero and Quality Street. Greenpeace welcomed the agreement promising to monitor it closely.

E. Coli

In June 2009, an outbreak of E. Coli O157:H7 was linked to Nestlé's refrigerated cookie dough originating in a plant in Danville, Virginia. In the USA, it caused sickness in at least 69 people in 29 states, half of whom required hospitalization. Following the outbreak, Nestlé voluntarily recalled 30,000 cases of the cookie dough. How the dough became contaminated is unclear, because E. Coli is not known to live in any of its constituent ingredients.

Child labour

The 2010 documentary ''The Dark Side of Chocolate'' alleges that Nestlé purchases cocoa beans from Ivory Coast plantations that use child slave labour. The children are usually 12 to 15 years old, and some are trafficked from nearby countries. In September 2001, Bradley Alford, Chairman and CEO of Nestlé USA, signed the Harkin-Engel Protocol (commonly called the Cocoa Protocol), an international agreement aimed at ending child labour in the production of cocoa. A 2009 joint police operation conducted by INTERPOL and Ivorian law enforcement officers resulted in the rescue of 54 children and the arrest of eight people involved in the illegal recruitment of children.

See also

Big Chocolate

Farfel the Dog

Footnotes

External links

Article on ownership structure of Nestlé and L'Oréal

Nestlé Logo: Design and History

Text of the Cocoa Protocol

Online video of ''The Dark Side of Chocolate''

Category:Swiss confectionery Category:Chocolatiers Category:Companies established in 1867 Category:Companies formerly listed on the London Stock Exchange Category:Companies listed on the SIX Swiss Exchange Category:Dairy products companies * Category:British Royal Warrant holders

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Marion Nestle, Ph.D., M.P.H., is the Paulette Goddard Professor of Nutrition, Food Studies, and Public Health at New York University, in the department that she chaired from 1988 through 2003. Her degrees include a Ph.D. in molecular biology and an M.P.H. in public health nutrition, both from the University of California, Berkeley. She is also Professor of Sociology at NYU and Visiting Professor of Nutritional Sciences at Cornell University.

Biography

Nestle received her BA from UC Berkeley, Phi Beta Kappa, after attending school there from 1954-1959. She did postdoctoral work in Biochemistry and Developmental Biology at Brandeis University and joined the faculty in Biology. From 1976 to 1986, she was Associate Dean for Human Biology and taught nutrition at the UCSF School of Medicine. From 1986-88, she was senior nutrition policy advisor in the Department of Health and Human Services and editor of The Surgeon General’s Report on Nutrition and Health. She is chair of the Council on Nutrition Policy of the National Association for Public Health Policy. Her research examines scientific and socioeconomic influences on food choice, obesity, and food safety, emphasizing the role of food marketing. She is the author of numerous articles in professional publications and is author or co-author of seven books.

She writes the Food Matters column for the ''San Francisco Chronicle'', blogs at foodpolitics.com and for the Atlantic Food Channel, and twitters @marionnestle.

Bibliography

References

External links

Foodpolitics.com

NYU Faculty profile

''Food Politics: How the Food Industry Influences Nutrition and Health''

''Safe Food: The Politics of Food Safety''

''What to Eat: An Aisle-by-Aisle Guide to Savvy Food Choices and Good Eating''

Category:Diet food writers Category:Living people Category:New York University faculty Category:People in health professions Category:People in public health Category:University of California alumni

es:Marion Nestle he:מריון נסטל ja:マリオン・ネスル

Coordinates	29°25′″N98°30′″N
Name	Bob Burnquist
Birth date	October 10, 1976
Birth place	Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Birth name	Robert Dean Silva Burnquist
Occupation	SkateboarderCo-owner of Burnquist Organics
Years active	1992–present
Nationality	Brazilian
Citizenship	United States and Brazil
Height
Spouse	Verônica Nachard
Children	2, Lotus O'Brien Silva Burnquist, Jasmyn
Website	BobBurnquist.com }}

}} Robert Dean Silva Burnquist (born October 10, 1976), better known as Bob Burnquist, is a Brazilian professional skateboarder. In 2010 he became the first skateboarder to land a fakie to fakie 900 on a megaramp.

Background

Bob Burnquist was born in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil to an American father and a Brazilian mother. He became adept at skateboarding in São Paulo. As an adult he emigrated to North America; he holds dual citizenship in Brazil and the U.S.

Career

Burnquist's biggest success to date came at the vert contest at the 2001 X-Games. Before his final run (the last run of the event) he was sitting in second place behind two-time defending champion Bucky Lasek. Burnquist produced a flawless run, including multiple tricks that had never been seen before and, as a result, were unnamed. During the run, commentator Tony Hawk went hoarse and nearly lost his voice while screaming in disbelief. Burnquist was rewarded with a 98, the second highest score ever given in any X-Games skateboarding event, behind only Bucky Lasek's score of a 98.50 the year before.

Burnquist's specialties are in switch stance skateboarding and creating innovative vert tricks. He has always tried to find new ways to make his tricks more creative and more difficult. He has a signature trick called "one-footed smith grind". Burnquist has also been featured in the hit video game ''Tony Hawk's Pro Skater'', and appeared in all of its sequels with the exception of ''Pro Skater 3'', due to license restrictions as a result of his appearing in another skating game, ''X-Games Skateboarding'', during that year. He returned as a featured character in the series starting again with ''Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 4'' and has since appeared in all the series' games following that.

In 2004, Burnquist made a guest appearance as himself on the popular TV series, ''Kim Possible'' and also won a gold medal in the 2005 X-Games Best Trick vert contest.

Burnquist is the only skater to go over a loop ramp with a gap in it (OP King Of Skate). Not only was the loop gapped, but Burnquist also did the gap switch. He is also the first skater to go through a loop while riding switch stance, and the first to go all the way around a full pipe just by pumping up to speed inside it. In 2000, Burnquist won the X-Games' best trick contest, with his famous fakie 5-0 with a fakie Kickflip off of the grind bar. He created a trick called "Burntwist", which is in the Tony Hawk's series.

Burnquist completed a BASE jump after attempting a 50-50 into the Grand Canyon. The first attempt nearly cost Burnquist his life after he missed the rail and fell out of control before regaining himself and successfully deploying his parachute. After some adjustments to the take-off ramp his second attempt went off flawlessly. This stunt was shown in an episode of the television show Stunt Junkies.

He formerly lived with professional skateboarder Jen O'Brien, and their daughter Lotus. He now lives with Veronica Nachard and their daughter Jasmyn (born 2007) in Vista, California, where he has a world-renowned vert ramp in his backyard. This ramp has been skated by dozens of famous skateboarders, including Colin McKay, Tony Hawk, Rune Glifberg Bucky Lasek, and Lincoln Ueda, and has been featured in hundreds of magazines and videos, including Tony Hawk's Trick Tips and Thrasher Magazine. Burnquist's latest addition to his backyard skate-park is one of the world's few permanent Mega Ramps.

He had also started the ''Bob Burnquist Foundation'' to bring knowledge about organic farming and gardening to schools, and was one of the founders of the Action Sports Environmental Coalition, a nonprofit organization that brings ecological awareness to skateboarders, surfers and BMXers.

Videography

Burnquist has been featured in many videos including:

Es Menikamati

Anti Hero's Self Entitled Video "Anti Hero"

Anti Hero's First Video "F***tards"

The Firm's "Can't Stop"

Flip's "Extremely Sorry"

Viva La Bam

Burnquist was featured in a commercial for Aero choclate bars.

Contest history

1st in 2011 X Games Big Air

1st in 2010 X Games Big Air Rail Jam

3rd in 2010 X Games Vert Best Trick

2nd in 2010 X Games Big Air

2nd in 2009 X Games Big Air

3rd in 2009 Maloof Money Cup

2nd in 2009 X Games Big Air Rail Jam

1st in 2008 X Games Big Air

1st in 2007 X Games Big Air

3rd in 2006 X Games Big Air

1st in 2006 The Coolio Games

1st in 2005 X Games Vert Best Trick

1st in 2003 X Games vert doubles (with Bucky Lasek)

2nd in 2002 X Games vert doubles (with Bucky Lasek)

1st in 2001 X Games vert

1st in 2001 Slam City Jam vert.

1st in 2000 X Games Vert Best Trick

1st in 2000 Slam City Jam vert.

1st in 1995 Slam City Jam vert.

4th in 1996 Gravity Games Jam vert.

References

Category:American skateboarders Category:American vegetarians Category:American people of Brazilian descent Category:Brazilian skateboarders Category:Brazilian vegetarians Category:Laureus World Sports Awards winners Category:Brazilian people of American descent Category:Brazilian emigrants to the United States

Category:1976 births Category:Living people Category:X-Games athletes Category:People from Rio de Janeiro (city) Category:Naturalized citizens of the United States

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