Sultaana Lakiana Myke Freeman is a resident of the state of Florida, United States. She gained media attention when she sued the state of Florida in order to wear a face veil for her driver's license picture.

Background

Born as Sandra Keller in Washington, D.C. in 1967, she attended school in Effingham, Illinois and, in 1985, she enrolled at Millikin University in Decatur, Illinois, graduating in 1989 with a degree in Commercial Music and a Business Administration minor. Later in 1989, she began employment at a utility company which lasted for a ten year period, in which she was an engineering assistant.

Freeman converted to Islam in January 1997, initially only wearing the headscarf, but donning the full face veil (niqab) by the end of the year. In December 1997, she obtained an Illinois driver's license with the veil, to reflect her new outside appearance and faith.

Timeline

1997

January - Converts to Islam

August - Legally changes her name to "Sultaana"

October - Meets and marries Abdul-Maalik Freeman

December - Obtains an Illinois driver's license wearing the face veil in the photo and begins regularly veiling her face while working and elsewhere in public

2001

February - Sultaana Freeman obtains a Florida driver's license wearing the face veil in the photo

Nov & Dec - Freeman receives two letters demanding her to unveil for a new photo or her current license will be cancelled before expiring

2002

Jan. 7 - Freeman's license is cancelled

Jan. 21 - Freeman's lawsuit is filed, represented by lawyer Howard Marks and the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)

June 25 - Plaintiff's Response to Defendant's Motion to Dismiss

June 27 - Orange County Circuit Judge Ted Coleman denies a motion by the state to dismiss Freeman's lawsuit

2003

May 27–29 - Freeman vs DMV trial takes place in Orlando residing under Circuit Court Judge Janet C. Thorpe

June 6 - Janet C. Thorpe rules against Freeman

July 3- Sultaana Freeman appeals

Oct 31- Freeman files Appellate briefs; awaiting a response from Defendant by the end of the year

2004

June 9 - Appellate Court Oral arguments

Florida Lawsuit

In 2002, Freeman filed a religious discrimination lawsuit against Florida when the state's Department of Highway Safety suspended her license when she refused to be re-photographed without her veil. Freeman's legal license was suspended without change in policy or law following the September 11, 2001 attacks.

Freeman's lawsuit argued that her religious beliefs required her to wear a veil "in front of strangers and unrelated males". It also stated that other states allowed photo-free licenses for religious reasons. Judge Janet C. Thorpe denied her lawsuit that year, and a state appeals court later upheld her decision. Freeman has reportedly continued her appeal.

See also

Hijab

Niqab

External links

Unveiling The Florida License Litigator

The Case of Sultaana Freeman

Court TV coverage

Sultaana Freeman vs the Florida DMV, pro-Freeman site

Freeman's Brief to the Florida Appellate court

Opinion of the Fifth District Court of Appeal

Statement of Sultaana LaKiana Myke Freeman

Opening Statement by Howard Marks for the Plaintiff

Category:1967 births Category:Converts to Islam Category:Islamic dress (female) Category:Islam-related controversies in North America Category:Living people Category:People from Illinois Category:People from Washington, D.C. Category:American Muslims Category:Converts to Islam

de:Sandra Keller nl:Sandra Keller

Razia al-Din (1205– October 14/15, 1240) (}}, Hindi: रज़िया सुल्ताना), throne name ''Jalâlat ud-Dîn Raziyâ'' (}}, Hindi: जलालत उद-दीन रज़िया), usually referred to in history as ''Razia Sultan'', was the Sultan of Delhi in India from 1236 to May 1240. She was of Seljuq slave ancestry and like some other Muslim princesses of the time, she was trained to lead armies and administer kingdoms if necessary. Razia Sultana, the fifth Mamluk Sultan, was one of the few female sovereigns in the history of Islamic civilization. She was the only women ruler of both the Sultanate and the Mughal period.

Razia as Sultan

Razia (also called ''Radiyya'' or ''Raziyya'') succeeded her father Shams-ud-din Iltutmish to the Sultanate of Delhi in 1236. Iltutmish became the first sultan to appoint a woman as his successor when he designated his daughter Razia as his heir apparent. (According to one source, Iltumish's eldest son had initially been groomed as his successor, but had died prematurely.) But the Muslim nobility had no intention of acceding to Iltutmish's appointment of a woman as heir, and after the sultan died on April 29, 1236, Razia's brother, Ruknud din Firuz|Ruknuddin Feroze Shah, was elevated to the throne instead.

Ruknuddin's reign was short. With Iltutmish's widow Shah Turkaan for all practical purposes running the government, Ruknuddin abandoned himself to the pursuit of personal pleasure and debauchery, to the considerable outrage of the citizenry. On November 9, 1236, both Ruknuddin and his mother Shah Turkaan were assassinated after only six months in power.

With reluctance, the nobility agreed to allow Razia to reign as Sultan of Delhi. As a child and adolescent, Razia had had little contact with the women of the harem, so she had not learnt the customary behavior of women in the Muslim society that she was born into. Even before she became Sultan, she was reportedly preoccupied with the affairs of state during her father's reign. As Sultan, Razia preferred a man's tunic and headdress; and contrary to custom, she would later show her face when she rode an elephant into battle at the head of her army.

A shrewd politician, Razia managed to keep the nobles in check, while enlisting the support of the army and the populace. Her greatest accomplishment on the political front was to manipulate rebel factions into opposing each other. At that point, Razia seemed destined to become one of the most powerful rulers of the Delhi Sultanate.

But Razia miscounted the consequences that a relationship with one of her advisers, Jamal-ud-Din Yaqut, an Abyssinian Siddi (Habshi) slave, would have for her reign. According to some accounts, Razia and Yaqut were lovers, other sources simply identify them as close confidants. In any case, before long she had aroused the jealousy of the Turkish nobility by the favoritism she displayed toward Yaqut, who was not a Turk, when she appointed him to be Superintendent of the Stables. Eventually, a childhood friend named Malik Altunia, the governor of Bhatinda, joined a rebellion by other provincial governors who refused to accept Razia's authority.

A battle between Razia and Altunia ensued, with the result that Yaqut was killed and Razia taken prisoner. To escape death, Razia agreed to marry Altunia. In some accounts, as demonstrated in Anant Pai's famous comic 'Sultan Razia,' Altunia and Razia are made out to be lovers. Meanwhile, Razia's brother, Muizuddin Bahram Shah, had usurped the throne. After Altunia and Razia undertook to take back the sultanate from Bahram through battle, both Razia and her husband defeated on 24th of Rabi' al-awwal A.H. 638 (Oct. 1240). They fled Delhi and reached Kaithal the next day, where their remaining forces abandoned them. They both fell into the hands of Jats and were robbed and killed on 25th of Rabi' al-awwal A.H. 638, this date corresponds to October 14, 1240. Bahram, for his part, would later be dethroned for incompetence.

Razia's Legacy

Razia is said to have pointed out that the spirit of religion was more important than its parts, and that even the Islamic prophet Muhammad spoke against overburdening the non-Muslims. On another occasion, Razia reportedly tried to appoint an Indian Muslim convert from Hinduism to an official position but again ran into opposition from the nobles.

Razia was reportedly devoted to the cause of her empire and to her subjects. There is no record that she made any attempt to remain aloof from her subjects, rather it appears she preferred to mingle among them. Her tolerance of Hinduism would later bring her criticism from Muslim historians.

Razia established schools, academies, centers for research, and public libraries that included the works of ancient philosophers along with the Qur'an and the traditions of Muhammad. Hindu works in the sciences, philosophy, astronomy, and literature were reportedly studied in schools and colleges.

Razia refused to be addressed as Sultana because it meant "wife or mistress of a sultan". She would answer only to the title "Sultan".

Controversy regarding Razia's Grave

There are conflicting account regarding her actual site of grave. There are at least three claims regarding her grave site. This is compounded by the fact that none of the 3 grave site has epitaph (inscription) on tombstone in memory of the one buried there. So far there are no archaeological or documentary evidences to confirm the site of her grave. The dispute is whether she was buried in Kaithal or Delhi or Tonk, and also where were Altunia and Yakut buried.

Claim regarding Razia's Grave at Old Delhi

First claim is that Razia's grave lies among the narrow lanes of Old Delhi, in a courtyard in Bulbul-i-khana, Shahjahanabad, near the Turkman Gate entrance. Crumbling and covered by dust and grime, the grave has clearly suffered the ravages of time. The grave is surrounded on all sides by unattractive residential buildings not yet given over to INTACH for demolition and gentrification purposes. In the 13th century, the site of the tomb was a jungle, and no one knows how Razia's body ended up where it lies today. A second grave, believed to be that of her sister, Shazia, accompanies Razia's. Some of the Muslim residents of the neighborhood have turned a part of the tomb into a mosque, where prayers are conducted five times each day.

Claim regarding Razia's Grave at Siwan near Kaithal in Haryana

Second claim is that the tomb of Razia is situated in Siwan near Kaithal city, Haryana state. The tomb lies in the north-western suburbs of the city where, a few years back, a jail was erected by the present administration. A newsletter of the Haryana chapter of Intach-Virasat says “ Restoration of Razia Sultan’s tomb at Kaithal and its beautification was prepared by HUDA engineers at an estimated cost of Rs. 52.85 lakhs. The absence of response from the Waqf Board that had been approached for release of funds was noted, and the Haryana chapter now proposes to approach some corporate sector companies.”. Given the controversy surrounding her grave site, it is possible that she may have been initially interred at Kaithal and then later at Delhi but this remains purely a speculation with no evidence of any kind.

Claim regarding Razia's Grave at Tonk in Rajasthan

Third and more recent claim that she and her African slave paramour are buried at Tonk in Rajasthan where her father Iltumish had laid a siege The controversy and re-examination of historical facts arose after Sayed Sadique Ali, an Urdu lecturer at the local government post-graduate college claimed that the graves at the site are that of Razia and her trusted slave, Yaqut. He based his findings on the calligraphic Arabic script deciphered by the pattern of stones of irregular shapes affixed around the graves. The stones convey a particular message which, according to him, is: "Shahide Muhabbat Quvvatul-Mulk Jamaluddin Yaqut" around the smaller grave, and on the main grave, situated at a higher level, it reads: "Sultanul Hind Razia."

Razia killed by Jats near Kaithal in Haryana

In addition there is a lot of controversy over her death. According to the historian Satish Chandra, Razia died in the year 1239 in raids by bandits in a forest upon returning from battle on her elephant with a halted unit of her army. This does not hold water as she was likely to be on a horse in the battle. Popular legend tells of the queen's death to be an arrow shot into her heart when on the battlefield crying over her husband, Altunia's death - this account however is very unlikely because of her mobility on the horse during the war and because her brother on the throne wouldn't have decided to kill her right away.

Medieval history does provide real reason for her death by referring to her escaping in a man's disguise, being given shelter but then killed by Jats near Kaithal.

In popular culture

Being the first female monarch of the Delhi Sultanate, Razia Sultan has been the subject of many legends. A piece of historical fiction entitled 'Razia: Queen of India' based on the Sultana's life written by Rafiq Zakaria in 2000. The Sultana also has her own title in the Indian comic book series, Amar Chitra Katha. More recently, she was the subject of ''Razia Sultan'', a 1983 urdu film, written and directed by Kamal Amrohi, starring Hema Malini as Razia and Dharmendra as Jamal-ud-Din Yaqut.

Razia Sultana also features in an online comic strip entitled "Razia Sultan" by Halima Voyles. In the comic, Razia features as a female sultan dealing with the disgruntled Turkish nobility and courts, the disapprobation of her brothers Rukn and Muiz, her sister Shazia and her love struck childhood friend Altunia.

See also

List of Indian monarchs

References

Literature

Jamila Brijbhushan, ''Sultan Raziya, Her Life and Times: A Reappraisal,'' South Asia Books (1990) ISBN 8185425094

Rafiq Zakaria, ''Razia, Queen of India,'' Oxford University Press (1966)

Category:1205 births Category:1240 deaths Category:Sultans of the Mamluk Sultanate (Delhi) Category:Women in Medieval warfare Category:Queens Category:Islam and women Category:History of Islam Category:Indian women in war Category:Indian female royalty

az:Sultan Raziyə bəyim bn:রাজিয়া সুলতানা cs:Razia ad-Dín de:Raziah fr:Sultan Razia ml:സുൽത്താന റസിയ ja:ラズィーヤ pnb:رضیہ سلطانہ simple:Razia Sultan sd:رضیہ سلطانہ sv:Radiyya Begum te:రజియా సుల్తానా ur:رضیہ سلطانہ

name	Lata Mangeshkar
background	solo_singer
born	September 28, 1929Indore, Central India Agency, British India
instrument	Vocals
genre	Film music (playback singing)
occupation	Singer
years active	1942–present }}

Lata Mangeshkar (; born September 28, 1929) is a singer from India. She is one of the best-known and most respected playback singers in India. Mangeshkar's career started in 1942 and has spanned over six and a half decades. She has recorded songs for over a thousand Bollywood movies and has sung songs in over thirty-six regional Indian languages and foreign languages, though primarily in Hindi. She is the elder sister of singer Asha Bhosle, and Hridayanath Mangeshkar, Usha Mangeshkar and Meena Mangeshkar. She is the second vocalist to have ever been awarded the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honour.

Mangeshkar was featured in the ''Guinness Book of World Records'' from 1974 to 1991 for having made the most recordings in the world. The claim was that she had recorded approximately 25,000 solo, duet, and chorus-backed songs in 20 Indian languages between 1948 to 1974 (30,000 songs between 1948 and 1987, according to the 1987 edition). Over the years, while several sources have supported this claim, others have raised concerns over its veracity, claiming that this number was highly exaggerated and that Mangeshkar's younger sister, Asha Bhosle, had more song recordings than she had.

Early life

Lata Mangeshkar was born in Sikh Mohalla, Indore, in the Central India Agency (now part of Madhya Pradesh). Her father, Pandit Deenanath Mangeshkar who belonged to a Gomantak Maratha Samaj family from Goa, was a classical singer and theater actor. Her mother Shevanti (Shudhamati) who was from Thalner, Maharashtra, was Deenanath's second wife. The family's last name used to be Hardikar; Deenanath changed it to Mangeshkar in order to identify his family with his native town, Mangeshi in Goa. Lata was named "Hema" at her birth. Her parents later renamed her Lata after a female character, Latika, in one of her father's plays, ''BhaawBandhan''. Lata is the eldest child of her parents. Meena, Asha, Usha and Hridayanath are her siblings in sequence.

Mangeshkar took her first music lessons from her father. At the age of five, she started to work as an actress in her father's musical plays (''Sangeet Natak'' in Marathi). On the first day in the school, she started teaching songs to other children. When the teacher stopped her, she was so angry that she stopped going to the school. Other sources cite that she left school because they would not allow her to bring Asha with her, as she would often bring her younger sister with her.

Singing career

Early career in the 1940s

In 1942, when Mangeshkar was 13, her father died of heart disease. Master Vinayak (Vinayak Damodar Karnataki), the owner of Navyug Chitrapat movie company and a close friend of the Mangeshkar family, took care of them.

Mangeshkar sang the song "Naachu Yaa Gade, Khelu Saari Mani Haus Bhaari" which was composed by Sadashivrao Nevrekar for Vasant Joglekar's Marathi-language movie ''Kiti Hasaal'' (1942), but the song was dropped from the final cut. Vinayak gave her a small role in Navyug Chitrapat's Marathi movie ''Pahili Mangalaa-gaur'' (1942), in which she sang "Natali Chaitraachi Navalaai" which was composed by Dada Chandekar. Her first Hindi song was "Mata Ek Sapoot Ki Duniya Badal De Tu" for the Marathi film, ''Gajaabhaau'' (1943). Mangeshkar moved to Mumbai in 1945 when Master Vinayak's company moved its headquarters there. She started taking lessons in Hindustani classical music from Ustad Amanat Ali Khan Bhendibazaarwale. She sang “Paa Lagoon Kar Jori” for Vasant Joglekar's Hindi-language movie ''Aap Ki Seva Mein'' (1946), which was composed by Datta Davjekar. Mangeshkar and her sister Asha played minor roles Vinayak's first Hindi-language movie, ''Badi Maa'' (1945). In that movie, Lata also sang a bhajan, “Maata Tere Charnon Mein.” She was introduced to music director Vasant Desai during the recording of Vinayak's second Hindi-language movie, ''Subhadra'' (1946).

Following the partition of India in 1947, Ustad Amanat Ali Khan Bhendibazaarwale migrated to newly formed Pakistan, so Mangeshkar started to learn classical music under Amanat Khan Devaswale. Pandit Tulsidas Sharma, a pupil of Ustad Bade Ghulam Ali Khan, also trained her.

After Vinayak's death in 1948, music director Ghulam Haider mentored her as a singer. Haider introduced Mangeshkar to producer Sashadhar Mukherjee, who was working then on the movie ''Shaheed'' (1948), but Mukherjee dismissed Mangeshkar's voice as "too thin." An annoyed Haider responded that in the coming years the producers and the directors would "fall at Lata's feet" and "beg her" to sing in their movies. Haider gave Lata her first major break with the song “Dil Mera Toda,” from the movie ''Majboor'' (1948).

Initially, Mangeshkar is said to have imitated Noor Jehan, but later she developed her own style of singing. Lyrics of songs in Hindi movies are primarily composed by Urdu poets and contain a higher proportion of Urdu words, including the dialogue. Actor Dilip Kumar once made a mildly disapproving remark about Mangeshkar's Maharashtrian accent while singing Hindi/Urdu songs; so for a period of time, Lata took lessons in Urdu from an Urdu teacher named Shafi.

“Aayega Aanewaala,” a song in the movie ''Mahal'' (1949) was composed by music director Khemchand Prakash and lip-synced on screen by actress Madhubala.

1950s

In the 1950s, Mangeshkar sang songs composed by various music directors of the period, including Anil Biswas (in films such as Tarana and Heer), Shankar-Jaikishan, Naushad, S. D. Burman, C. Ramchandra, Hemant Kumar, Salil Chowdhury, Khayyam, Ravi, Sajjad Hussain, Roshan, Kalyanji-Anandji, Vasant Desai, Sudhir Phadke, Hansraj Behl, Madan Mohan, and Usha Khanna.

Mangeshkar sang many raga-based songs for Naushad in movies such as ''Baiju Bawra'' (1952), ''Mughal-E-Azam'' (1960), and ''Kohinoor'' (1960). ''Ae Chorre Ki Jaat Badi Bewafa'', a duet with G. M. Durrani, was her first song for composer, Naushad. The duo, Shankar-Jaikishan, chose Mangeshkar for ''Aag'', ''Aah'' (1953), ''Shree 420'' (1955), and ''Chori Chori'' (1956). Before 1957, composer Sachin Dev (S. D.) Burman chose Mangeshkar as the leading female singer for his musical scores in ''Sazaa'' (1951), ''House No. 44'' (1955), and ''Devdas'' (1955). However a rift developed between Lata and Burman in 1957, and Lata did not sing Burman's compositions again until 1962.

Mangeshkar won a Filmfare Best Female Playback Award for Salil Chowdhury's composition “Aaja Re Pardesi,” from ''Madhumati'' (1958). In the early fifties, Lata Mangeshkar's association with C. Ramchandra produced songs in movies such as Anarkali, Albela, Asha, Pehli Jhhalak, Shin Shinkai Bublaa Boo, Azad and Amardeep. For Madan Mohan, she performed for films like Adalat, Railway Platform, Dekh Kabira Roya and Chacha Zindabad.

1960s

Mangeshkar's song "Pyar Kiya To Darna Kya" from ''Mughal-E-Azam'' (1960), composed by Naushad and picturized on Madhubala, still remains famous . The Hawaiian-themed number "Ajeeb Dastaan Hai Yeh" from ''Dil Apna Aur Preet Parai'' (1960) was composed by Shankar-Jaikishan and picturized on Meena Kumari.

In 1961, Mangeshkar recorded two popular bhajans, "Allah Tero Naam" and "Prabhu Tero Naam", for Burman's assistant, Jaidev. In 1962, she was awarded her second Filmfare Award for the song "Kahin Deep Jale Kahin Dil" from ''Bees Saal Baad'', composed by Hemant Kumar.

On June 27, 1963, against the backdrop of the Sino-Indian War, Mangeshkar sang the patriotic song "Aye Mere Watan Ke Logo" (literally, "Oh, the People of My Country") in the presence of Jawaharlal Nehru, the then Prime Minister of India. The song, composed by C. Ramchandra and written by Pradeep, is said to have brought the Prime Minister to tears.

In 1963, Mangeshkar returned to collaboration with S. D. Burman. She also sang for R. D. Burman's very first film ''Chhote Nawaab'' and later for his films such as ''Bhoot Bangla'' (1965), ''Pati Patni'' (1966), ''Baharon ke Sapne'' (1967) and ''Abhilasha'' (1969). She also recorded several popular songs for S. D. Burman, including "Aaj Phir Jeene Ki Tamanna Hai", "Gata Rahe Mera Dil" (duet with Kishore Kumar) and "Piya Tose" from ''Guide'' (1965), and "Hothon Pe Aisi Baat" from ''Jewel Thief'' (1967).

During the 1960s, Lata Mangeshkar continued her association with Madan Mohan which included the songs "Aap Ki Nazron Ne Samjha" from ''Anpadh'' (1962), "Lag Ja Gale" and "Naina Barse Rim Jhim" from ''Woh Kaun Thi?'' (1964), "Woh Chup Rahen To" from ''Jahan Ara'' (1964), and "Tu Jahan Jahan Chalega" from ''Mera Saaya'' (1966).

The 1960s also witnessed the beginning of Mangeshkar's association with Laxmikant-Pyarelal, the music directors for whom she sang the most popular songs in her career.

She also sang several playback songs for Marathi films, composed by Marathi music directors including Hridaynath Mangeshkar, Vasant Prabhu, Srinivas Khale, Sudhir Phadke and herself (under the name ''Anandghan''). During the 1960s and 1970s, she also sang several Bengali songs, composed by music directors like Salil Chowdhury and Hemant Kumar.

In this period Lata Mangeshkar has recorded duets with Mukesh, Manna Dey, Mohammed Rafi, and Kishore Kumar.

1970s

In 1972, Meena Kumari's last film, ''Pakeezah'' released. It featured popular songs including "Chalte Chalte" and "Inhi Logon Ne" sung by Lata Mangeshkar, and composed by Ghulam Mohammed. She recorded many popular songs for S. D. Burman's last films, including "Rangeela Re" from ''Prem Pujari'' (1970), "Khilte Hain Gul Yahaan" from ''Sharmeelee'' (1971), and "Piya Bina" from ''Abhimaan'' (1973).

Lata Mangeshkar's most notable songs in 1970s were composed by Laxmikant-Pyarelal (Laxmi-Pyare) and Rahul Dev Burman. She recorded several songs composed by Laxmi-Pyare in 1960s and 1970s, many of them written by the lyricst Anand Bakshi. She also recorded many hit songs with Rahul Dev Burman in the films ''Amar Prem'' (1972), ''Caravan'' (1971), ''Kati Patang''(1971), and ''Aandhi'' (1975). The two are noted for their songs with the lyricists Majrooh Sultanpuri, Anand Bakshi and Gulzar.

In 1973, she won the National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer for the song "Beeti Na Bitai" from the film ''Parichay'', composed by R. D. Burman, and written by Gulzar. In 1974, she sang her only Malayalam song "Kadali Chenkadali" for the film ''Nellu'', composed by Salil Chowdhury, and written by Vayalar Ramavarma. In 1975, she again won the national award, this time for the song "Roothe Roothe Piya" from the film ''Kora Kagaz'', composed by Kalyanji-Anandji.

From 1970s onwards, Lata Mangeshkar has also staged many concerts in India and abroad, including several charity concerts. Her first concert overseas was at the Royal Albert Hall, London, in 1974. She also released an album of Mirabai's bhajans, ''Chala Vaahi Des'', composed by her brother Hridayanath Mangeshkar. Some of the bhajans in the album include "Saanware Rang Raachi" and "Ud Jaa Re Kaaga". In the early 70s, she released other non-film albums, such as her collection of Ghalib ghazals, an album of Marathi folk songs (koli-geete), an album of Ganesh aartis (all composed by her brother Hridaynath) and an album of ''abhangs'' of Sant Tukaram composed by Shrinivas Khale.

In late 1970s and early 1980s, she worked with the children of composers she had earlier worked with. Some of these composers included Rahul Dev Burman (son of Sachin Dev Burman), Rajesh Roshan (son of Roshan), Anu Malik (son of Sardar Malik), and Anand-Milind (sons of Chitragupt).

1980s onwards

From 1980s onwards, Lata Mangeshkar worked with music directors including Shiv-Hari, Ram Laxman, and A. R. Rahman. She recorded some non-film songs, including ghazals with Jagjit Singh.

In 1990, Mangeshkar launched her own production house for Hindi movies which produced the Gulzar-directed movie ''Lekin...''. She won her third National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer for her rendition of the song "Yaara Sili Sili" from the film, which was composed by her brother Hridayanath. During the 1990s, she recorded with music directors including Jatin-Lalit and Nadeem-Shravan. She has sung for Rajshri Productions, including ''Maine Pyar Kiya'' (1989) and ''Hum Aapke Hain Kaun'' (1994).

Mangeshkar has sung for almost all the Yash Chopra films and films from his production house Yash Raj Films at that time, including ''Chandni'' (1989), ''Lamhe'' (1991), ''Darr'' (1993), ''Yeh Dillagi'' (1994), ''Dilwale Dulhaniya Le Jayenge'' (1995), ''Dil To Pagal Hai'' (1997) and later on ''Mohabbatein'' (2000), ''Mujhse Dosti Karoge'' (2002) and ''Veer Zaara'' (2004).

A. R. Rahman recorded a few songs with Mangeshkar during this period, including "Jiya Jale" (''Dil Se''), "Khamoshiyan Gungunane Lagin" (''One Two Ka Four''), "Ek Tu Hi Bharosa" (''Pukar''), "Pyaara Sa Gaon" (''Zubeidaa''), "Lukka chuppi" (''Rang de Basanti'') and "O Paalanhaare" (''Lagaan''). She made an appearance in the film ''Pukar'' singing this song.

In 1999, Lata Eau de Parfum, a perfume brand named after her, was launched.

In 1999, Mangeshkar was nominated as a member of Rajya Sabha. However, she did not attend the Rajya Sabha sessions regularly, inviting criticism from several members of the House, including the Deputy Chairperson Najma Heptullah, Pranab Mukherjee and Shabana Azmi. She stated the reason for her absence as ill-health; it was also reported that she had not taken a salary, allowance or a house in Delhi for being a Member of Parliament.

In 2001, Lata Mangeshkar was awarded Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honor. In the same year, she established the Master Deenanath Mangeshkar Hospital in Pune, managed by the Lata Mangeshkar Medical Foundation (founded by the Mangeshkar family in October 1989). In 2005, she designed a jewellery collection called Swaranjali, which was crafted by Adora, an Indian diamond export company. Five pieces from the collection raised £105,000 at a Christie's auction, and a part of the money was donated for the 2005 Pakistan earthquake relief. Also in 2001, she recorded her first Hindi song with the composer Ilaiyaraaja, for the film ''Lajja''; she had earlier recorded Tamil and Telugu songs composed by Ilaiyaraaja.

Lata Mangeshkar's song "Wada Na Tod" is in the film ''Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind'' (2004) and on the film's soundtrack.

On June 21, 2007, she released an album ''Saadgi'', featuring eight ghazal-like songs written by Javed Akhtar and composed by Mayuresh Pai.

Non-singing career

Music direction

Lata Mangeshkar composed music for the first time in 1955 for Marathi movie ''Ram Ram Pavhane''. Later in 1960s, she composed music for following Marathi movies under the pseudonym of ''Anand Ghan''.

1960 - ''Ram Ram Pavhana''

1963 - ''Maratha Tituka Melvava''

1963 - ''Mohityanchi Manjula''

1965 - ''Sadhi Manase''

1969 - ''Tambadi Mati''

She won Maharashtra State Government's Best Music Director Award for the film ''Sadhi Manase''. The song "Airanichya Deva Tula" from the same film received best song award.

Production

Lata Mangeshkar has produced four films:

1953 - ''Vaadal'' (Marathi)

1953 - ''Jhaanjhar'' (Hindi), co-produced with C. Ramchandra

1955 - ''Kanchan'' (Hindi)

1990 - ''Lekin'' (Hindi)

Awards and recognitions

Lata Mangeshkar has won several awards and honors, including Padma Bhushan (1969), Padma Vibhushan (1999), Dada Saheb Phalke Award (1989), Maharashtra Bhushan Award (1997), NTR National Award (1999), Bharat Ratna (2001), ANR National Award (2009), three National Film Awards, and 12 Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards. She has also won four Filmfare Best Female Playback Awards. In 1969, she made the unusual gesture of giving up the Filmfare Best Female Playback Award, in order to promote fresh talent. She was later awarded Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award in 1993.

In 1984, the State Government of Madhya Pradesh instituted the ''Lata Mangeshkar Award'' in honuor of Lata Mangeshkar. The State Government of Maharashtra also instituted a Lata Mangeshkar Award in 1992.

In 1974, The Guinness Book of Records listed Lata Mangeshkar as the most recorded artist in the history, stating that she had reportedly recorded "not less than 25,000 solo, duet and chorus backed songs in 20 Indian languages" between 1948 and 1974. Her record was contested by Mohammed Rafi, who was claimed to have sung around 28,000 songs. After Rafi's death, in its 1984 edition, the Guinness Book of World Records stated Lata Mangeshkar's name for the "Most Recordings", but also stated Rafi's claim. The later editions of Guinness Book stated that Lata Mangeshkar had sung no fewer than 30,000 songs between 1948 and 1987.

Although the entry has not been printed in Guinness editions since 1991, reputable sources claim that she has recorded thousands of songs, with estimates ranging up to figures as large as 50,000. However, even the earliest Guinness claim of 25,000 songs (between 1948–1974) was claimed to be exaggerated by other sources, who stated that the number of songs sung by Lata Mangeshkar in Hindi films till 1991 was found to be 5250. Mangeshkar herself stated that she does not keep a record of the number of songs recorded by her, and that she did not know from where Guinness Book editors got their information.

See also

Playback singer

Asha Bhosle

List of Indian playback singers

Bollywood songs

References

Further reading

. A collection of articles written by Lata Mangeshkar since 1952. . . A collection of articles written by Lata Mangeshkar since 1952.

External links

Category:1929 births Category:Indian female singers Category:Indian film singers Category:Recipients of the Bharat Ratna Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan Category:Living people Category:Bollywood playback singers Category:Marathi people Category:Kollywood playback singers Category:People from Indore Category:Marathi playback singers Category:Telugu playback singers Category:Kannada playback singers Category:Hindi-language singers Category:Marathi-language singers Category:Bengali-language singers Category:Gujarati-language singers Category:Tamil-language singers Category:English-language singers Category:Dadasaheb Phalke Award recipients Category:Recipients of the Maharashtra Bhushan Award Category:Malayalam playback singers

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name	Mithun Chakraborty
birth name	Gauranga Chakraborty
birth date	16 June 1950
birth place	Kolkata, India
othername	Mithunda
yearsactive	1976–present
spouse	Yogeeta Bali(1979–present)
occupation	ActorEntrepreneur }}

Mithun Chakraborty ( ''Miṭhun Chôkroborti'', born as Gouranga Chakraborty in 1950, Kolkata, India) is an Indian film actor, social activist, and entrepreneur, who has won three National Film Awards. He made his acting debut with the arthouse drama ''Mrigaya'' (1976), for which he won his first National Film Award for Best Actor.

He had earned a fan following as a dancing star and went on to establish himself as one of the most popular and leading actors of India, particularly recognized for his role as street dancer Jimmy in the 1982 Bollywood movie ''Disco Dancer''. He also attracted worldwide audiences, particularly in the former Soviet Union where he became a household name for his role in ''Disco Dancer''. He later won two more National Film Awards for his performances in Bengali film ''Tahader Katha'' (1992) and Hindi film ''Swami Vivekananda'' (1998).

Chakraborty has appeared in about 250 Hindi films, as well as a number of Bengali, Oriya and Bhojpuri pictures. He owns the Monarch Group, which has interests in the hospitality sector.

Early life and education

Mithun Chakraborty was born in Kolkata, West Bengal, India to a Bengali Hindu family.

He was educated at the Oriental Seminary and later, graduated in chemistry from the Scottish Church College in Kolkata. He was initially associated with Naxalites in West Bengal, which he later left and joined Mumbai films. For rest of his life, his family had continuous threat from Naxalities. After that he attended and graduated from the Film and Television Institute of India in Pune.

Mithun Chakraborty was a staunch Naxalite before entering the film industry, but tragedy struck his family when his only brother got accidentally electrocuted and killed in a freak accident. He returned to his family and left the Naxalite fold, even though doing so posed a grave risk to his own life. He had also undergone expert training in Martial Arts to the grade of black belt.

Film career

Mithun Chakraborty made his film debut in the 1976 Mrinal Sen directed film ''Mrigaya'' for which he won the coveted National Film Award for Best Actor. After his debut he played some supporting roles in films such as ''Do Anjaane'' (1976) and ''Phool Khile Hain Gulshan Gulshan'' (1977) which did not gain him any recognition. However, Mera Rakshak (1978) was a hit. He shot into prominence in the late 1970s with the low budget Ravikant Nagaich directed spy film ''Surakshaa'' (1979) and the early 1980s with leading roles in hit films such as ''Hum Paanch'' (1980), Unees Bees (1981) , ''Wardat'' (1981) (a sequel to ''Surakshaa'') and Aadat Se Majboor (1982).

His breakthrough role finally came in the musical drama ''Disco Dancer'' (1982) which was a huge success and remains a cult favorite to this day. This film and other musical films such as Kasam Paida Karne Wale Ki (1984) and ''Dance Dance'' (1987) showcased him as a talented dancer.

Chakraborty starred in a number of successful romantic and family dramas during the 1980s, such as ''Mujhe Insaaf Chahiye'' (1983), Ghar Ek Mandir (1984), ''Pyaar Jhukta Nahin'' (1985), ''Swarg Se Sunder'' (1986), and ''Pyaar Ka Mandir'' (1988). These films remain his most commercially successful films to date.

He was widely recognized as an action hero in hit films like ''Jagir'' (1984), ''Jaal'' (1986), Dilwaala (1986), ''Watan Ke Rakhwale'' (1987), ''Waqt ki Awaz'' (1988) . Chakraborty worked with some of the biggest actresses of his time and Bollywood in general, including Zeenat Aman, Rekha, Sridevi , Juhi Chawla and Madhuri Dixit.

Chakraborty achieved not only commercial success but also tremendous critical acclaim. His performances in Mrigaya, ''Tahader Katha'', ''Swami Vivekananda'', ''Kalpurush'' and ''Titli'' were widely appreciated and won him National Film Awards and nominations. He won two Filmfare awards: The Filmfare Best Supporting Actor Award for his performance in the 1990 film ''Agneepath'', and the Filmfare Best Villain Award for his performance in ''Jallad''.

In early 90s, he took a break from Mumbai and relocated to Ooty where he set up his Own hotel business under The Monarch brand name. He operates hotels in Mudhumalai, Ooty in Tamil Nadu and Darjeeling, Siliguri and Kolkata in West Bengal. Mithun strategically shifted his focus from mainstream Hindi cinema to low-budget movies. Hit movies like ''Dalaal'' (1993), ''Phool Aur Angaar'' (1994) and ''Ravan Raaj: A True Story'' (1995) were made during this period. His economical film production was popular as Mithun's Dream Factory. He paid more tax than anyone else in the country in the mean period for 6 continuous years, from 1994 to 1999. Incidentally Chakraborty also holds the record of appearing in maximum number of Hindi films as a hero.

Chakraborty made a comeback to the mainstream Hindi film industry in 2005 with the film ''Elaan''. After a few supporting roles in films such as ''Lucky: No Time for Love'' (2005), he performed in Kalpana Lajmi's ''Chingari'' (2005). In 2007 he starred in Mani Ratnam's hit film ''Guru''. His performance was critically acclaimed for ''Guru''. His 2009 movie ''Zor Lagaa Ke...Haiya!'' won multiple International awards and ''Chal Chalein'' was appreciated by critics for its bold theme. Critically aclaimed ''Phir Kabhi'' with Dimple Kapadia had a very successful premiere through ''direct to home'' (DTH) in September 2009 and won as many as six awards in as many categories at the Los Angeles Reel Awards-2009. Mithunda's last Hindi releases Veer, along with Salman Khan, though a commercial failure, won him rave reviews, but ''Golmaal 3'' became a blockbuster at the box-office.He is doing ''Spaghetti 24 x 7'', along with his son Mimoh Chakraborty. He is also set to appear in ''Housefull 2'' in an action role with Akshay Kumar.

Parallel to his Bollywood career, Mithun Chakraborty has also worked in Bengali, as well as in realistic or arthouse movies including ''Troyee'', made in 1982. He appeared in director Buddhadeb Dasgupta's ''Tahader Katha'' which got him the second National Award in 1992. A third National Award followed in 1995, this time for the Best Supporting Actor , for his portrayal of Ramakrishna Paramhansa, in G V Iyer's ''Swami Vivekananda''. He also appeared in Goutam Ghose's ''Gudia'' in 1999 as well as Rituparno Ghosh's ''Titli'' in 2002. In 2008, he collaborated again with Buddhadeb Dasgupta for ''Kaalpurush'' and later appeared in ''Shukno Lanka''.

Sports

Mithun Chakraborty was also the co-owner of Royal Bengal Tigers, a cricket team of the now abandoned Indian Cricket League.

Personal life

Mithun Chakraborty is married to former Indian actress Yogeeta Bali and has four children, three sons and a daughter. The eldest son, Mimoh Chakraborty is an actor in Bollywood, who made his debut in the 2008 film ''Jimmy''. His second son, Rimoh Chakraborty played Mithun's younger version the film ''Phir Kabhi''. And Mithun's other two children Namashi Chakraborty and Dishani Chakraborty are still into their studies.

Numerous sources claim that Mithun Chakraborty had a relationship with actress Sridevi from 1986 to 1987, and that Sridevi ended the relationship when she found out that he had not divorced his first wife, Yogeeta Bali. Mithun Chakraborty and Sridevi were believed to have been secretly married and that the union was later annulled.

Awards

National Film Awards

1976 - National Film Award for Best Actor - ''Mrigaya''

1992 - National Film Award for Best Actor - ''Tahader Katha''

1996 - National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor - ''Swami Vivekananda''

Filmfare Awards

1990 - Filmfare Best Supporting Actor Award - ''Agneepath'' - Won

1995 - Filmfare Best Villain Award - ''Jallaad'' - Won

2008 - Filmfare Best Supporting Actor Award - ''Guru'' - Nominated

Star Screen Awards

1995 - Star Screen Award Best Villain for ''Jallaad''

Stardust Awards

2007 - Stardust Award for Lifetime Achievement 2007 - Role Model Of The Year Award

Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards

1977 - BFJA Awards, Best Actor - ''Mrigayaa'' 1995 - BFJA Awards, Best Actor - ''Tahader Katha''

Anandalok Awards

1999 - Special Editor Award

2001 - Best Actor

2007 - Best Actor - ''Minister Fatakesto''

Selected filmography

1977 ''Surakshaa'', ''Tarana (1979 film) ''Hum Paanch (film) ''Disco Dancer'', ''Troyee'' ''Pyaar Jhukta Nahin'', ''Ghulami'' ''Pyaar Ka Mandir'', ''Waqt Ki Awaz'', ''Jeete Hain Shaan Se'', ''Commando (1988 film) ''[[Pyar Hua Chori Chori'', ''Trinetra (1991 film) ''Cheetah (1994 film) ''Jodidar'', ''[[Shapath(1997 film)">Shapath'', ''Suraj'' || ''Sahara Jaluchi'', ''Yamraaj (film) ''Sultaan (2000 Hindi film) ''Ae Jugara Krushna Sudama‏'', ''Chaalbaaz(2003 film) ''Chingaari'', ''Dil Diya Hai'', ''MLA Fatakeshto'' ''[[Luck (film)

width="20"	Year	Film	Year	Film	Year	Film
1976	''Mrigayaa'' , ''Do Anjaane''	|	Mukti (1977 film)>Mukti''	1978	''Mera Rakshak''
1979	Tarana'' ||	1980	Hum Paanch'', ''Sitara'' ||	1981	Shaukeen'', ''Wardat (1981 film)>Wardat'', ''Aadat Se Majboor'', ''Jeene Ki Raah''
	1982	|	1983	''Mujhe Insaaf Chahiye''	1984	''Kasam Paida Karne Wale Ki''
1985	|	1986	''Aisa Pyaar Kahan''	1987	Dance Dance (film)>Dance Dance'', ''Param Dharam''
1988	Commando'' ||	1989	Mujrim'', ''Guru (1989 film)>Guru''	1990	Dushman (1990 film)>Dushman'', ''Gunahon Ka Devta (1990 film)
	1991	Trinetra'' ||	1992	Tahader Katha'', ''Dil Aashna Hai'', ''Ghar Jamai (1992 film)>Ghar Jamai''	1993	''Dalaal'', ''Tadipaar'', ''Phool Aur Angaar''
	1994	Cheetah'', ''Naaraaz'', ''Yaar Gaddar'', ''Teesra Kaun'' ||	1995	Jallaad'', ''Ravan Raaj: A True Story'', ''The Don (1995 film)>The Don''	1996	''Nirbhay(1996 film)
	1997	1998	Yamraaj'', ''Gunda'' ||	1999	Heeralal Pannalal (1999 film)>Heeralal Pannalal'', ''Aaya Toofan'', ''Aaag Hi Aag''
	2000	Sultaan'', ''Agniputra'' ||	2001	Bengal Tiger(2001 film)>Bengal Tiger''	2002	''Titli'', ''Sabse Badkar Hum''
	2003	‏Chaalbaaz'' ||	2004	Barood (2004 Bengali film)>Barood''	2005	Elaan'', ''Lucky: No Time for Love'', ''Yuddho (2005 film)>Yuddho''
	2006	|	2007	Guru (2007 film)>Guru'', ''Tulkalam'', ''Minister Fatakeshto''	2008	''Bhole Shankar (film)
	2009	Luck'', ''Phir Kabhi'', ''Baabarr'' ||	2010	Veer (film)>Veer'', ''Raakh'', ''Rehmat Ali'', ''Shukno Lanka'', ''Golmaal 3''	2011	''Zindagi Tere Naam'', ''Spaghetti 24 x 7'', ''Nobel Chor'', ''Ami Shubhash Bolchi''

References

External links

Rishi Kapoor, Mithun Chakraborty's item number!

Category:National Film Award winners Category:Filmfare Awards winners Category:Film and Television Institute of India alumni Category:Indian film actors Category:People from Kolkata Category:Living people Category:Hindi film actors Category:Indian actors Category:Alumni of Scottish Church College, Calcutta Category:University of Calcutta alumni Category:People from Mumbai Category:Bengali film actors Category:Bengali actors Category:1950 births

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