Native name
Conventional long name	Denmark
Common name	Denmark
Image coat	National Coat of arms of Denmark.svg
National motto	(Royal) "''''"1 "God's Help, the People's Love, Denmark's Strength"
Map caption
National anthem	''Der er et yndigt land'' (national)
Royal anthem	''Kong Christian stod ved højen mast'' (royal and national)
Official languages	Danish2
Ethnic groups	90.1% Danes,9.9% others
Ethnic groups year	2010
Demonym	Danish or Dane(s)
Capital	Copenhagen
Largest city	capital
Government type	Unitary parliamentary democracy and Constitutional monarchy
Leader title1	Queen
Leader name1	Margrethe II
Leader title2	Prime Minister
Leader name2	Lars Løkke Rasmussen
Leader title3	Folketing Speaker
Leader name3	Thor Pedersen
Leader title4	Current coalition
Leader name4	VK Coalition
Legislature	Folketing
Accessioneudate	1 January 1973 (7th)
Area km2	43,075
Area sq mi	16,641
Area rank	132nd
Area magnitude	1 E10
Percent water	1.64
Population estimate	5,564,219
Population estimate year	2011
Population estimate rank	110th
Population density km2	129
Population density sq mi	334
Population density rank	88th
Gdp ppp year	2010
Gdp ppp	$201.739 billion
Gdp ppp per capita	$36,449
Gdp nominal	$310.760 billion
Gdp nominal year	2010
Gdp nominal per capita	$56,147
Gini	24.7
Gini year	2009
Gini relations	Canadians of Europe
Gini rank	1st
Gini category	low
Hdi year	2010
Hdi	0.866
Hdi rank	19th
Hdi category	very high
Sovereignty type	Consolidation
Sovereignty note	8th century
Currency	Danish krone
Currency code	DKK
Time zone	CET
Utc offset	+1
Time zone dst	CEST
Utc offset dst	+2
Drives on	right
Cctld	.dk3
Calling code	45
Footnotes	1Denmark has no civil national motto, however the motto "Guds hjælp, Folkets kærlighed, Danmarks styrke" was adopted by Queen Margrethe II as her personal, royal motto. 2German is recognised as a protected minority language in the South Jutland (Sønderjylland) area of Denmark.3 The TLD .eu is shared with other European Union countries. }}

Denmark (; , ) is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe. The countries of Denmark and Greenland, as well as the Faroe Islands, constitute the Kingdom of Denmark (Danish: ). It is the southernmost of the Nordic countries, southwest of Sweden and south of Norway, and bordered to the south by Germany. Denmark borders both the Baltic and the North Sea. The country consists of a large peninsula, Jutland (Jylland) and many islands, most notably Zealand (Sjælland), Funen (Fyn), Vendsyssel-Thy (commonly considered a part of Jutland), Lolland, Falster and Bornholm, as well as hundreds of minor islands often referred to as the Danish Archipelago. Denmark has long controlled the approach to the Baltic Sea (''dominium maris baltici''); before the digging of the Kiel Canal, water passage to the Baltic Sea was possible only through the three channels known as the "Danish straits".

Denmark is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system of government. Denmark has a state-level government and local governments in 98 municipalities. Denmark has been a member of the European Union since 1973, although it has not joined the Eurozone. Denmark is a founding member of NATO and the OECD. Denmark is also a member of the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE).

Denmark, with a mixed market capitalist economy and a large welfare state, ranks as having the world's highest level of income equality. Denmark has frequently ranked as the happiest and least corrupt country in the world. The national language, Danish, is closely related to Swedish and Norwegian, with which it shares strong cultural and historical ties.

History

Etymology

The etymology of the word Denmark, and especially the relationship between Danes and Denmark and the unifying of Denmark as a single kingdom, is a subject which attracts some debate. The debate is centred primarily around the prefix ''"Dan"'' and whether it refers to the Dani or a historical person Dan and the exact meaning of the -''"mark"'' ending. The issue is further complicated by a number of references to various Dani people in Scandinavia or other places in Europe in Greek and Roman accounts (like Ptolemy, Jordanes, and Gregory of Tours), as well as some mediaeval literature (like Adam of Bremen, Beowulf, Widsith and Poetic Edda).

Most handbooks derive the first part of the word, and the name of the people, from a word meaning "flat land", related to German ''Tenne'' "threshing floor", English ''den'' "cave", Sanskrit ''dhánuṣ-'' (धनुस्; "desert"). The ''-mark'' is believed to mean woodland or borderland (see marches), with probable references to the border forests in south Schleswig, maybe similar to Finnmark, Hedmark, Telemark or Dithmarschen.

In Norse, the land was called ''Danmǫrk''.

Some of the earliest descriptions of the origin of the word 'Denmark', describing a territory, are found in the ''Chronicon Lethrense'' (12th century), Svend Aagesen (late 12th century), Saxo Grammaticus (early 13th century) and the Ballad of Eric (mid 15th century). There are, however, many more Danish annuals and yearbooks containing various other details, similar tales in other variations, other names or spelling variations.

The ''Chronicon Lethrense'' explains that when the Roman Emperor Augustus went against Denmark in the time of David, Denmark consisted of seven territories Jutland, Funen, Zealand, Møn, Falster, Lolland and Skåne which were governed by King Ypper of Uppsala. He had three sons, Nori, Østen and Dan. Dan was sent to govern Zealand, Møn, Falster, and Lolland, which became known jointly as Videslev. When the Jutes were fighting Emperor Augustus they called upon Dan to help them. Upon victory, they made him king of Jutland, Funen, Videslev and Skåne. A council decided to call this new united land ''Danmark'' (Dania) (English: Denmark) after their new king, Dan. Saxo relates that it is the legendary Danish King Dan, son of Humbli, who gave the name to the Danish people, though he does not expressly state that he is also the origin of the word "Denmark". Rather he tells that England ultimately derives its name from Dan’s brother Angel.

The earliest mention of a territory called "Denmark" is found in King Alfred the Great's modified translation into Old English of Paulus Orosius' ''Seven Books of History Against The Pagans'' ("Historiarum adversum Paganos Libri Septem"), written by Alfred when king of Wessex in the years 871–899. In a passage introduced to the text by Alfred, we read about Ohthere of Hålogaland’s travels in the Nordic region, during which 'Denmark [''Denamearc''] was on his port side... And then for two days he had on his (port side) the islands which belong to Denmark'. The first recorded use of the word "Denmark" within Denmark itself is found on the two Jelling stones, which are rune stones believed to have been erected by Gorm the Old (c. 955) and Harald Bluetooth (c. 965). The larger stone of the two is often cited as Denmark's birth certificate, though both use the word "Denmark", in the form of accusative "tanmaurk" () on the large stone, and genitive "tanmarkar" (pronounced ) on the small stone. The inhabitants of Denmark are there called "tani" (), or "Danes", in the accusative. In the Song of Roland, estimated to have been written between 1040 and 1115, the first mention of the legendary Danish hero Holger Danske appears; he is mentioned several times as "Holger of Denmark" (Ogier de Denemarche).

Prehistory

The earliest archaeological findings in Denmark date back to the Eem interglacial period from 130,000–110,000 BC. Denmark has been inhabited since around 12,500 BC and agriculture has been evident since 3900 BC. The Nordic Bronze Age (1800–600 BC) in Denmark was marked by burial mounds, which left an abundance of findings including lurs and the Sun Chariot.

During the Pre-Roman Iron Age (500 BC  – 1 AD), native groups began migrating south, although the first Danish people came to the country between the Pre-Roman and the Germanic Iron Age, in the Roman Iron Age (1–400 AD). The Roman provinces maintained trade routes and relations with native tribes in Denmark, and Roman coins have been found in Denmark. Evidence of strong Celtic cultural influence dates from this period in Denmark and much of North-West Europe and is among other things reflected in the finding of the Gundestrup cauldron.

Historians believe that before the arrival of the precursors to the Danes, who came from the east Danish islands (Zealand) and Skåne and spoke an early form of North Germanic, most of Jutland and some islands were settled by Jutes. They were later invited to Great Britain as mercenaries by Brythonic King Vortigern and were granted the southeastern territories of Kent, the Isle of Wight among other areas, where they settled. They were later absorbed or ethnically cleansed by the invading Angles and Saxons, who formed the Anglo-Saxons. The remaining population in Jutland assimilated in with the Danes.

A short note about the ''Dani'' in "Getica" by historian Jordanes is believed by some to be an early mention of the Danes, one of the ethnic groups from whom the modern Danish people are descended. The Danevirke defence structures were built in phases from the 3rd century forward, and the sheer size of the construction efforts in 737 are attributed to the emergence of a Danish king. The new runic alphabet was first used around the same time, and Ribe, the oldest town of Denmark, was founded about 700.

Viking Age

The Danish people were amongst those known as the Vikings during the 8th–11th centuries. Viking explorers first discovered and settled in Iceland in the 9th century, on their way from the Faroe Islands. From there, Greenland and Vinland (probably Newfoundland) were also settled. Utilizing their great skills in shipbuilding and navigation they raided and conquered parts of France and the British Isles. But they also excelled in trading along the coasts and rivers of Europe, running trade routes from Greenland in the north to Constantinople in the south via Russian rivers. The Danish Vikings were most active in Britain, Ireland, France, Spain, Portugal and Italy where they raided, conquered and settled (their earliest settlements included sites in the Danelaw, Ireland and Normandy).

In the early 9th century, Charlemagne's Christian empire had expanded to the southern border of the Danes, and Frankish sources (e.g. Notker of St Gall) provide the earliest historical evidence of the Danes. These report a King Gudfred, who appeared in present day Holstein with a navy in 804 where diplomacy took place with the Franks; In 808, King Gudfred attacked the Obotrite and conquered the city of Reric whose population was displaced or abducted to Hedeby. In 809, King Godfred and emissaries of Charlemagne failed to negotiate peace, despite the sister of Godfred being a concubine of Charlemagne, and the next year King Godfred attacked the Frisians with 200 ships.

The oldest parts of the defensive works of Danevirke near Hedeby at least date from the summer of 755 and were expanded with large works in the 10th century. The size and amount of troops needed to man it indicates a quite powerful ruler in the area, which might be consistent with the kings of the Frankish sources. In 815 AD, Emperor Louis the Pious attacked Jutland apparently in support of a contender to the throne, perhaps Harald Klak, but was turned back by the sons of Godfred, who most likely were the sons of the above mentioned Godfred. At the same time St. Ansgar travelled to Hedeby and started the Catholic Christianisation of Scandinavia.

The Danes were united and officially Christianised in 965 AD by Harald Blåtand, the story of which is recorded on the Jelling stones. The extent of Harald's Danish Kingdom is unknown, although it is reasonable to believe that it stretched from the defensive line of Dannevirke, including the Viking city of Hedeby, across Jutland, the Danish isles and into southern present day Sweden; Scania and perhaps Halland and Blekinge. Furthermore, the Jelling stones attest that Harald had also "won" Norway. In retaliation for the St. Brice's Day massacre of Danes in England, the son of Harald, Sweyn Forkbeard mounted a series of wars of conquest against England, which was completed by Svend's son Cnut the Great by the middle of the 11th century.

Following the death of Canute the Great, Denmark and England were divided. Sweyn Estridsen's son, Canute IV, raided England for the last time in 1085. He planned another invasion to take the throne of England from an aging William I. He called up a fleet of 1,000 Danish ships, 60 Norwegian long boats, with plans to meet with another 600 ships under Duke Robert of Flanders in the summer of 1086. Canute, however, was beginning to realise that the imposition of the tithe on Danish peasants and nobles to fund the expansion of monasteries and churches and a new head tax (Danish:nefgjald) had brought his people to the verge of rebellion. Canute took weeks to arrive at Struer where the fleet had assembled, but he found only the Norwegians still there.

Canute thanked the Norwegians for their patience and then went from assembly to assembly (Danish:landsting) outlawing any sailor, captain or soldier who refused to pay a fine which amounted to more than a years harvest for most farmers. Canute and his housecarls fled south with a growing army of rebels on his heels. Canute fled to the royal property outside the town of Odense on Funen with his two brothers. After several attempts to break in and then bloody hand to hand fighting in the church, Benedict was cut down and Canute struck in the head by a large stone and then speared from the front. He died at the base of the main altar 10 July 1086, where he was buried by the Benedictines. When Queen Edele came to take Canute's body to Flanders, a light allegedly shone around the church and it was taken as a sign that Canute should remain where he was.

The death of St. Canute marks the end of the Viking Age. Never again would massive flotillas of Scandinavians meet each year to ravage the rest of Christian Europe.

Medieval Denmark

From the Viking age towards the end of the 13th century, the kingdom of Denmark consisted of Jutland, north from the Eider River, the islands of Zealand, Funen, and Bornholm, along with Skåne, Halland and Blekinge, which is a part of southern Sweden today. The lands between the Eider and the Kongeåen were separated from the kingdom as two vassal duchies of Schleswig and Holstein.

Following the end of the 11th century, Denmark underwent a transition from a patchwork of regional chiefs (Danish:jarls) with a weak and semi-elected royal institution, into a realm which more reflected European feudalism, with a powerful king ruling through an influential nobility. The period is marked by internal strife and the generally weak geopolitical position of the realm, which for long stretches fell under German influence. The period also featured the first of large stone buildings (mostly churches), a deep penetration by the Christian religion, the appearance of monastic orders in Denmark and the first written historical works such as the ''Gesta Danorum'' ("Deeds of the Danes"). German political as well as religious influence firmly ended in the last decades of the 12th century under the rule of King Valdemar the Great and his foster brother Absalon Hvide, Archbishop of Lund; through successful wars against Wend peoples of northeast Germany and the Holy Roman Empire.

A high point was reached during the reign of Valdemar II, who led the formation of a Danish "Baltic Sea Empire", which by 1221 extended control from Estonia in the east to Norway in the north. In this period several of the "regional" law codes were given; notably the Code of Jutland from 1241, which asserted several modern concepts like right of property; "that the king cannot rule without and beyond the law"; "and that all men are equal to the law". Following the death of Valdemar II in 1241 and to the ascension of Valdemar IV in 1340, the kingdom was in general decline because of internal strife and the rise of the Hanseatic League. The competition between the sons of Valdemar II had the long term result that the southern parts of Jutland were separated from the kingdom of Denmark and became semi-independent vassal duchies/counties.

Kalmar Union

During the reign of Valdemar IV and his daughter Margaret I, the realm was re-invigorated; following the Battle of Falköping, Margaret I had her sister's son, Eric of Pomerania, crowned King of Denmark, Norway and Sweden after the signing of the union charter of Kalmar, Trinity Sunday 1397. United under a single crown it was thought that the new kingdom would create a great power in the north. The three countries were to be treated as equals in the union. However, even from the start Margaret may not have been so idealistic—treating Denmark as the clear "senior" partner of the union. Thus, much of the next 125 years of Scandinavian history revolves around this union, with Sweden breaking off and being re-conquered repeatedly. The issue was for practical purposes resolved on 17 June 1523, as Swedish King Gustav Vasa conquered the city of Stockholm. Denmark and Norway, however, remained in a personal union until the Congress of Vienna in 1814.

Protestant Reformation

The Protestant Reformation came to Scandinavia in the 1520s. On Easter Sunday 1525, Hans Tausen, a monk in the Order of St John's Hospitalers, proclaimed aloud the need for Martin Luther's reforms in the Catholic Church. His sermon was the beginning of a ten year struggle which would change Denmark forever. Tausen was hustled off to a monastery in Viborg in northern Jutland where he would be isolated and away from Copenhagen and the court. Tausen simply preached through the window of his locked chamber. At first curious Danes came to hear the strange new ideas that Tausen was preaching. Within weeks Tausen was freed by his loyal followers, and then a Franciscan abbey church was broken open so Viborgers could hear God's word under a roof. Luther's ideas were accepted so rapidly that the local bishop and other churchmen in Viborg were unable to cope. In many churches the mass was celebrated alongside Lutheran sermons, and then Tausen's version of Luther's teachings began to spread to other parts of Jutland. Within a year Tausen was the personal chaplain of King Frederick I. Frederick tried to balance the old and new ideas insisting that they coexist; it lasted only as long as the king did.

A mob stormed Our Lady Church in Copenhagen in 1531 tearing down statues, destroying side altars, artwork and relics that had accumulated through its long history. Similar events happened through the country, although for the most part the change was peaceful. The majority of common people saw the reduced influence and wealth of the church as a liberating thing, but their new found influence did not last long.

At the death of Frederick I in 1533, two claimants to the throne – one backed by Protestant Lübeck and the other by Catholic nobles – caused a civil war known as the Count's Feud (Danish: Grevens Fejde) (1534–1536). The massacre of Skipper Clement's peasant army at Aalborg in December 1534 brought an end to the war and left the pro-Lutheran party firmly in charge. Denmark became officially Lutheran in 1536. Denmark's Catholic bishops were arrested and imprisoned. Abbeys, nunneries, monasteries and other church properties were confiscated by local nobility and the crown. Monks, nuns and clergy lost their livelihood. The bishops who agreed to marry and not stir up trouble were given former church lands as personal estates.

Catholic influence remained longest in Viborg and the nearby area, where change permeated slowly, although the reformation originally began there.

Modern history

For most of its history the attention of Denmark had been directed to the south. The Germans in the form of either the Hanseatic League or in the form of the rebellious minority population of the province of Slesvig had been demanding all the attention of the Danish Kingdom for centuries. However, by 1500, the Hanseatic League was in considerable decline. The rise of the Dutch nation as a sea power and its unrestricted trade with Scandinavia broke the monopoly of the Hansa. By 1614, 60% of all shipping passing through the sound between Denmark and Sweden was Dutch shipping. The problem of Slesvig was not so much resolved as it was over-shadowed by a larger problem, the rising power of Sweden.

Indeed, the religious Peace of Augsburg in 1555 served as a watershed in the history of Denmark. Instead of looking south to Germany as a threat, Denmark began to look to the north—toward Sweden as a worse threat. Like Denmark, most of Northern Germany began to be deeply concerned about the military threat posed by a strong Sweden. Thus, the various German states began to worry less about supporting the German minority population in Slesvig and began to concentrate on the Swedish threat. Accordingly, Denmark was free to turn her attentions to Sweden as well.

After Sweden permanently broke away from the Kalmar Union in 1523, Denmark tried on two occasions to reassert control over Sweden. The first was in the Northern Seven Years War which lasted from 1563 until 1570. The second occasion was the Kalmar War when King Christian IV attacked Sweden in 1611 but failed to accomplish his main objective of forcing Sweden to return to the union with Denmark. The war led to no territorial changes, but Sweden was forced to pay a war indemnity of 1 million silver riksdaler to Denmark, an amount known as the ''Älvsborg ransom''. King Christian used this money to found several towns and fortresses, most notably Glückstadt (founded as a rival to Hamburg), Christiania (following a fire destroying the original city of Oslo), Christianshavn, Christianstad and Christiansand. Christian also constructed a number of buildings, most notably Børsen, Rundetårn, Nyboder, Rosenborg, a silver mine and a copper mill. Inspired by the Dutch East India Company, he founded a similar Danish company and planned to claim Ceylon as a colony, but the company only managed to acquire Tranquebar on India's Coromandel Coast.

In the Thirty Years' War, Christian tried to become the leader of the Lutheran states in Germany but suffered a crushing defeat at the Battle of Lutter. The result was that the Catholic army under Albrecht von Wallenstein was able to invade, occupy and pillage Jutland, forcing Denmark to withdraw from the war. Denmark managed to avoid territorial concessions, but Gustavus Adolphus' intervention in Germany was seen as a sign that the military power of Sweden was on the rise while Denmark's influence in the region was declining. Swedish armies invaded Jutland in 1643 and claimed Skåne in 1644. According to Geoffrey Parker, "The Swedish occupation caused a drop in agricultural production and a shortage of capital; harvest failure and plague ravaged the land between 1647 and 1651; Denmark's population fell by 20 per cent."

In the 1645 Treaty of Brømsebro, Denmark surrendered Halland, Gotland, the last parts of Danish Estonia, and several provinces in Norway. In 1657, King Frederick III declared war on Sweden and marched on Bremen-Verden. This led to a massive Danish defeat, and the armies of King Charles X Gustav of Sweden conquered Jutland, Funen and much of Zealand before signing the Peace of Roskilde in February 1658 which gave Sweden control of Skåne, Blekinge, Trøndelag and the island of Bornholm. Charles X Gustav quickly regretted not having destroyed Denmark completely; in August 1658 he began a two-year long siege of Copenhagen but failed to take the capital. In the following peace settlement, Denmark managed to maintain its independence and regain control of Trøndelag and Bornholm.

Denmark tried to regain control of Scania in the Scanian War (1675–79), but it ended in failure. Following the Great Northern War (1700–21), Denmark managed to restore control of the parts of Schleswig and Holstein ruled by the house of Holstein-Gottorp in 1721 and 1773, respectively. Denmark prospered greatly in the last decades of the 18th century because its neutral status allowed it to trade with both sides in the many contemporary wars. In the Napoleonic Wars, Denmark originally tried to pursue a policy of neutrality to continue the lucrative trade with both France and Great Britain and joined the League of Armed Neutrality with Russia, Sweden and Prussia.

The British considered this a hostile act and attacked Copenhagen in both 1801 and 1807, in one case carrying off the Danish fleet and burning large parts of the Danish capital. These events mark the end of the prosperous ''Florissant Age'' and resulted in the Dano-British Gunboat War. British control over the waterways between Denmark and Norway proved disastrous to the union's economy; in 1813 Denmark-Norway went bankrupt.

The post-Napoleonic Congress of Vienna demanded the dissolution of the Dano-Norwegian union, and this was confirmed by the Treaty of Kiel in 1814. Denmark-Norway had briefly hoped to restore the Scandinavian union in 1809, but these hopes were dashed when the estates of Sweden rejected a proposal to let Frederick VI of Denmark succeed the deposed Gustav IV Adolf and instead gave the crown to Charles XIII. Norway entered a new union with Sweden which lasted until 1905. Denmark kept the colonies of Iceland, the Faroe Islands and Greenland. Apart from the Nordic colonies, Denmark ruled over Danish India from 1620 to 1869, the Danish Gold Coast from 1658 to 1850, and the Danish West Indies from 1671 to 1917.

The Danish liberal and national movement gained momentum in the 1830s, and after the European Revolutions of 1848 Denmark peacefully became a constitutional monarchy on 5 June 1849. After the Second War of Schleswig (Danish: ''Slesvig'') in 1864, Denmark was forced to cede Schleswig and Holstein to Prussia, in a defeat that left deep marks on the Danish national identity. After these events, Denmark returned to its traditional policy of neutrality, also keeping Denmark neutral in World War I.

20th and 21st centuries

Following the defeat of Germany, the Versailles powers offered to return the region of Schleswig-Holstein to Denmark. Fearing German irredentism, Denmark refused to consider the return of the area and insisted on a plebiscite concerning the return of Schleswig. The two Schleswig Plebiscites took place on 10 February and 14 March 1920, respectively. On 10 July 1920 after the plebiscite and the king's signature (6 July) on the reunion document, King Christian X rode across the old border on a white horse, and Northern Schleswig (Sønderjylland) was recovered by Denmark, thereby adding 163,600 inhabitants and 3,984 km². The reunion day (Genforeningsdag) is celebrated every year on Valdemarsdag, 15 June.

Germany's invasion of Denmark on 9 April 1940 – code named Operation Weserübung – met only two hours of military resistance before the Danish government surrendered. Economic co-operation between Germany and Denmark continued until 1943, when the Danish government refused further co-operation and its navy sank most of its ships and sent as many of their officers as they could to neutral Sweden. During the war, the government was helpful towards the Danish Jewish minority, and the Danish resistance performed a rescue operation that managed to get most of them to Sweden and safety shortly before the Germans planned to round up the Danish Jews. Denmark also stopped most captured Jews and political prisoners from being sent to German camps by paying and supplying one in Denmark that had far better chances of survival for the prisoners. Denmark led many "inside operations" or sabotage against the German facilities. In 1944 Iceland severed ties to Denmark and became an independent republic, and in 1948 the Faroe Islands gained home rule.

After the war, Denmark became one of the founding members of the United Nations and NATO, and in 1973, along with Britain and Ireland, joined the European Economic Community (now the European Union) after a public referendum. The Maastricht treaty was ratified after a further referendum in 1993 and the subsequent addition of concessions for Denmark under the Edinburgh Agreement. Greenland gained home rule in 1979 and was awarded self-determination in 2009. Neither Greenland nor the Faroe Islands are members of the European Union, the Faroese declining membership in EEC from 1973 and Greenland from 1986, in both cases because of fisheries policies.

Despite its modest size, Denmark has been participating in major UN sanctioned, and often NATO led, military and humanitarian operations notably including: Cyprus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Korea, Egypt, Croatia, Kosovo, Ethiopia, Afghanistan, Iraq, Somalia and recently Libya. In 2009 Anders Fogh Rasmussen resigned as Prime Minister of Denmark to become the Secretary General of NATO.

Geography

Denmark shares a border of 68 kilometres with Germany to the south and is otherwise surrounded by 7,314 kilometres of tidal shoreline (including small bays and inlets). It occupies 43,094 square kilometres. Since 2000 Denmark has been connected by the Øresund Bridge to southern Sweden.

Denmark's northernmost point is Skagens point (the north beach of the Skaw) at 57° 45' 7" northern latitude; the southernmost is Gedser point (the southern tip of Falster) at 54° 33' 35" northern latitude; the westernmost point is Blåvandshuk at 8° 4' 22" eastern longitude; and the easternmost point is Østerskær at 15° 11' 55" eastern longitude. This is in the archipelago Ertholmene 18 kilometres northeast of Bornholm. The distance from east to west is , from north to south .

Denmark consists of the peninsula of Jutland ''(Jylland)'' and 443 named islands (1,419 islands above 100 m² in total). Of these, 72 are inhabited, with the largest being Zealand ''(Sjælland)'' and Funen ''(Fyn)''. The island of Bornholm is located east of the rest of the country, in the Baltic Sea. Many of the larger islands are connected by bridges; the Øresund Bridge connects Zealand with Sweden; the Great Belt Bridge connects Funen with Zealand; and the Little Belt Bridge connects Jutland with Funen. Ferries or small aircraft connect to the smaller islands. Main cities are the capital Copenhagen on Zealand; Århus, Aalborg and Esbjerg in Jutland; and Odense on Funen.

The country is flat with little elevation; having an average height above sea level of . The highest natural point is Møllehøj, at . Other hills in the same area southwest of Århus are Yding Skovhøj at and Ejer Bavnehøj at . The area of inland water is: (eastern Denmark) ; (western D.) .

Denmark's tidal shoreline is . No location in Denmark is further from the coast than . The size of the land area of Denmark cannot be stated exactly since the ocean constantly erodes and adds material to the coastline, and because of human land reclamation projects (to counter erosion). On the southwest coast of Jutland, the tide is between , and the tideline moves outward and inward on a stretch.

Phytogeographically, Denmark (including Greenland and the Faroe Islands) belongs to the Boreal Kingdom and is shared between the Arctic, Atlantic European and Central European provinces of the Circumboreal Region. According to the World Wide Fund for Nature, the territory of Denmark can be subdivided into two ecoregions: the Atlantic mixed forests and Baltic mixed forests. The Faroe Islands are covered by the Faroe Islands boreal grasslands, while Greenland hosts the ecoregions of Kalaallit Nunaat high arctic tundra and Kalaallit Nunaat low arctic tundra.

Climate

The climate is in the temperate zone. The winters are not particularly cold, with mean temperatures in January and February of 0.0 °C, and the summers are cool, with a mean temperature in August of 15.7 °C. Denmark has an average of 121 days per year with precipitation, on average receiving a total of 712 mm per year; autumn is the wettest season and spring the driest.

Because of Denmark's northern location, the length of the day with sunlight varies greatly. There are short days during the winter with sunrise coming around 9:00 am and sunset 4:30 pm, as well as long summer days with sunrise at 4:00 am and sunset at 10 pm The shortest and longest days of the year have traditionally been celebrated. The celebration for the shortest day corresponds roughly with Christmas (Danish: ''jul''), and modern celebrations concentrate on Christmas Eve, 24 December. The celebration for the longest day is Midsummer Day, which is known in Denmark as ''sankthansaften'' (''St. John's evening''). Celebrations of Midsummer have taken place since pre-Christian times.

Environment

Denmark has historically taken a progressive stance on environmental preservation; in 1971 Denmark established a Ministry of Environment and was the first country in the world to implement an environmental law in 1973.

To mitigate environmental degradation and global warming the Danish Government has signed the following international agreements: Antarctic Treaty; Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol; Endangered Species Act These agreements have helped in the reduction in CO₂ emissions by Denmark.

Denmark was ranked as the 10th best country in the world for "Living Green" by a 2007 Readers Digest survey, and Copenhagen is recognised as one of the most environmentally friendly cities in the world. Much of the city's success can be attributed to a strong municipal policy combined with a sound national policy; in 2006 Copenhagen Municipality received the ''European Environmental Management Award''. The award was given for long-term holistic environmental planning. Recently many of Denmark's smaller Municipalities such as Lolland and Bornholm have also become environmental leaders. Denmark is home to five of the world's ten largest central solar heating plants (CSHP). The world's largest CSHP is situated in the small community of Marstal on the island of Ærø.

Copenhagen is the spearhead of the bright green environmental movement in Denmark. In 2008, Copenhagen was mentioned by Clean Edge as one of the key cleantech clusters to watch in the book ''The Cleantech Revolution''. The city is the focal point for more than half of Denmark's 700 cleantech companies and draws on some 46 research institutions. The cluster employs more than 60,000 people and is characterised by a close collaboration between universities, business and governing institutions. The capital's most important cleantech research institutions are the University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Business School, Risø DTU National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy and the Technical University of Denmark which Risø is now part of. Leading up to the 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference the University of Copenhagen held the Climate Change: Global Risks, Challenges and Decisions conference where the need for comprehensive action to mitigate climate change was stressed by the international scientific community. Notable figures such as Rajendra K. Pachauri, Chairman of the IPCC, Professor Nicholas Stern, author of the Stern Report and Professor Daniel Kammen all emphasised the good example set by Copenhagen and Denmark in capitalising on cleantech and achieving economic growth while stabilising carbon emissions.

Denmark's green house gas emissions per dollar of value produced has been for the most part unstable since 1990, seeing sudden growths and falls. Overall though, there has been a reduction in gas emissions per dollar value added to its market. It is comparable to countries such as Germany, but lagging behind other Scandinavian countries such as Norway and Sweden.

Administrative divisions

:''For the administrative divisions used until 2006, see Counties of Denmark.''

Denmark is divided into five regions (, singular: ''region'') and a total of 98 municipalities. The regions were created on 1 January 2007 as part of the 2007 Danish Municipal Reform to replace the country's traditional thirteen counties (''amter''). At the same time, smaller municipalities (''kommuner'') were merged into larger units, cutting the number of municipalities from 270 to 98. Most municipalities have a population of at least 20,000 people to give them financial and professional sustainability, although a few exceptions were made to this rule.

The most important area of responsibility for regions is the national health service. Unlike the former counties, the regions are not allowed to levy taxes, and the health service is primarily financed by a national 8% (''sundhedsbidrag'') tax combined with funds from both government and municipalities. Each Regional Council consists of 41 elected politicians elected as part of the 2005 Danish municipal elections.

Population(January 1, 2008) !Region Hovedstaden Central Denmark RegionNorth Denmark RegionRegion ZealandRegion of Southern Denmark

Regions !! English name	Area (km²) !! Pop. density(per km²)
	|	Capital Region of Denmark	1,645,825	2,561	642.6
	Region Midtjylland	|	1,237,041	13,142	94.2
	Region Nordjylland	|	578,839	7,927	73.2
	Region Sjælland	|	819,427	7,273	112.7
	Region Syddanmark	|	1,194,659	12,191	97.99
	Entire country	|	5,475,791	43,094	127.0

The Ertholmene archipelago (96 inhabitants (2008)) is neither part of a municipality nor a region but belongs to the Ministry of Defence.

Greenland and the Faroe Islands have autonomous status within the Kingdom and are largely self-governing; each is represented by two seats in the parliament.

! Country	! Population(2011 estimate)	! Area(km²)	! Density(pop per km²)
Denmark
Faroe Islands
Greenland
Kingdom of Denmark

Politics

The Kingdom of Denmark is a constitutional monarchy. The current and reigning monarch is Queen Margrethe II. As stipulated in the Danish Constitution, the monarch is not answerable for their actions, and their person is sacrosanct. The monarch formally appoints and dismisses the prime minister and other ministers. The prime minister is customarily chosen through negotiation between the parliament party leaders.

Before being validated through royal assent, all bills and important government measures must be discussed in ''Statsrådet'', a privy council headed by the monarch. The Danish privy council's protocols are secret. Although the monarch is ''formally'' given executive power this power is strictly ceremonial. The monarch is expected to be entirely apolitical and refrain from influencing the government. For example, members of the royal family do not cast their votes in elections and referendums even though they have the right.

Legislative authority is vested in the executive (prime minister) and the Danish parliament conjointly. Judicial authority lies with the courts of justice.

Executive authority is exercised on behalf of the monarch by the prime minister and other cabinet ministers who head departments. The cabinet, prime minister and other ministers collectively make up the government. These ministers are responsible to Folketinget (the Danish Parliament), the legislative body, which is traditionally considered to be supreme (that is, able to legislate on any matter and not bound by decisions of its predecessors). The ''Folketing'' is the national legislature. It has the ultimate legislative authority according to the doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty, however questions over sovereignty have been brought forward because of Denmark’s entry into the European Union. In theory the doctrine prevails. Parliament consists of 175 members elected by proportional majority, plus two members each from Greenland and Faroe Islands. Parliamentary elections are held at least every four years, but it is within the powers of the prime minister to ask the monarch to call for an election before the term has elapsed. On a vote of no confidence, the parliament may force a single minister or the entire government to resign.

The Danish political system has traditionally generated coalitions. Most Danish post-war governments have been minority coalitions ruling with the support of non-government parties.

Anders Fogh Rasmussen from the Venstre party, a center-right liberal party was prime minister from November 2001 to April 2009. His government was a coalition consisting of Venstre and the Conservative People's Party, with parliamentary support from the national-conservative Danish People's Party (Dansk Folkeparti). The three parties obtained a parliamentary majority in the 2001 election and maintained it virtually unchanged in the 2005 election. On 24 October 2007, an early election was called by the Prime Minister for 13 November. Following the election the Danish People's Party was strengthened while Anders Fogh Rasmussen's Venstre lost 6 seats and the Conservative People's Party retained the same number of seats in Parliament as prior to the election. The result ensured that Anders Fogh Rasmussen could continue as prime minister for a third term.

From the autumn of 2008 rumours persisted that Anders Fogh Rasmussen aspired to head NATO. On 4 April 2009, during a NATO summit in Strasbourg, Rasmussen confirmed these speculations. Opposition within NATO, especially from Turkey, was overcome, and Rasmussen was appointed Secretary General of NATO.

On 5 April 2009, Rasmussen resigned, leaving minister of finance and vice president of Venstre Lars Løkke Rasmussen to be the new prime minister.

Foreign relations

Danish foreign policy is based on its identity as a sovereign nation in Europe. As such its primary foreign policy focus is on its relations with other nations as a sovereign independent nation. Denmark has long had good relations with other nations. It has been involved in coordinating Western assistance to the Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania). The country is a strong supporter of international peacekeeping.

Denmark is today pursuing an active foreign policy, where human rights, democracy and other crucial values is to be defended actively. In recent years, Greenland and The Faroe Islands have been guaranteed a say in foreign policy issues, such as fishing, whaling and geopolitical concerns.

Military

Denmark's armed forces are known as the Danish Defence (). During peacetime, the Ministry of Defence in Denmark employs around 33,000 in total. The main military branches employ almost 27,000: 15,460 in the Royal Danish Army, 5,300 in the Royal Danish Navy and 6,050 in the Royal Danish Air Force (all including conscripts).

The Danish Emergency Management Agency () employs 2,000 (including conscripts), and about 4,000 are in non-branch-specific services like the Danish Defence Command, the Danish Defence Research Establishment and the Danish Defence Intelligence Service. Furthermore around 55,000 serve as volunteers in the Danish Home Guard ().

The Danish Defence has around 1,400 staff in international missions, not including standing contributions to NATO SNMCMG1. The three largest contributions are in Afghanistan (ISAF), Kosovo (KFOR) and Lebanon (UNIFIL). Between 2003 and 2007, there were approximately 450 Danish soldiers in Iraq.

Economy

Denmark's mixed economy features above average European living standards and high amount of free trade. Denmark ranks 16th in the world in terms of GDP (PPP) per capita and ranks 5th in nominal GDP per capita.

According to World Bank Group, Denmark has the most flexible labour market in Europe; the policy is called flexicurity. It is easy to hire and fire (flexibility), and between jobs, unemployment compensation is very high (security). Denmark has a labour force of about 2.9 million. Denmark has the fourth highest ratio of tertiary degree holders in the world. GDP per hour worked was the 13th highest in 2009. Denmark has the world's lowest level of income inequality, according to the UN, and the world's highest minimum wage, according to the IMF. As of June 2010 the unemployment rate is at 6.6%, which is below the EU average of 9.6%.

Denmark is one of the most competitive economies in the world according to World Economic Forum 2008 report, IMD and The Economist. According to rankings by OECD, Denmark has the most free financial markets in EU-15 and also one of the most free product markets.

Denmark has a company tax rate of 25% and a special time limited tax regime for expatriates. The Danish taxation system is broad based, with a 25% VAT, in addition to excise taxes, income taxes and other fees. The overall tax burden (sum of all taxes, as a percentage of GDP) is estimated to be 46% in 2011.

Denmark's national currency, the ''krone'' (plural: kroner), is de facto linked to the Euro through the ERM. The exchange rate is pegged at approximately 7.46 kroner per euro. While Denmark in a September 2000 referendum rejected replacing the Danish kroner with the euro, the country in practice follows the policies set forth in the Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union (EMU) and meets the economic convergence criteria for participating in the third phase (the Euro) of the EMU. The majority of the political parties in the parliament are for the Euro, but as yet a new referendum has not been held, despite plans; skepticism of the EU among Danish voters has historically been strong.

Denmark is known for the Danish cooperative movement within among others farming, the food industry (Danish Crown), dairy production (Arla Foods), retailing (Brugsen), wind turbine cooperatives and co-housing associations.

Support for free trade is high – in a 2007 poll 76% responded that globalisation is a good thing. 70% of trade flows are inside the European Union. Denmark has the 9th highest export per capita in the world. Main exports include: machinery, animals and foodstuffs, chemicals and oil and gas. Denmark is a net exporter of food and energy and has for a number of years had a balance of payments surplus while battling an equivalent of approximately 39% of GNP foreign debt or more than 300 billion DKK. Also of importance is the sea territory of more than 105,000 km² (40,000+ sq mi).

Denmark has ranked as the world's 11th most free economy, of 162 countries, in an index created by the Wall Street Journal and Heritage Foundation, the Index of Economic Freedom 2008. The Index has been categorised as using inappropriately weighted indicators for economic freedom, leading to wealthy and/or conservative countries with barriers to trade placing high on the list, while poor and/or socialist countries with fewer restrictions on trade place low. The Index has only a 10% statistical correlation with a standard measure of economic growth at GDP per capita. Neither does the Index account for the actions of governments to nurture business in the manner of the Japanese Zaibatsus during the late 20th century that helped lead to the Japanese economic miracle.

StatBank is the name of a large statistical database maintained by the central authority of statistics in Denmark. Online distribution of statistics has been a part of the dissemination strategy in Denmark since 1985. By this service, Denmark is a leading country in the world regarding electronic dissemination of statistics. There are about 2 million hits every year.

Energy

Denmark has considerable sources of oil and natural gas in the North Sea and ranks as number 32 in the world among net exporters of crude oil. Most electricity is produced from coal, but Denmark also has a share of wind power. Wind turbines produce 16–19% of electricity demand. Denmark is connected by transmission lines to other European countries.

Denmark is a long time leader in wind energy, and Denmark derives 3.1 percent of its Gross Domestic Product from renewable (Clean) energy technology and energy efficiency, or around €6.5 billion ($9.4 billion).

Transport

Significant investment has been made in building road and rail links between regions in Denmark and most notable the Great Belt Fixed Link which connects Zealand and Funen. Today it is possible to go from Frederikshavn in northern Jutland to Copenhagen on eastern Zealand without leaving the motorway. For railways the main operator is DSB for passenger services and DB Schenker Rail for goods trains. The railway tracks are maintained by Banedanmark. Copenhagen has a small Metro system, the Copenhagen Metro and the greater Copenhagen area has an extensive electrified suburban railway network, the S-train. Denmark's national airline (together with Norway and Sweden) is Scandinavian Airlines (SAS), and Copenhagen Airport is the country's largest airport and also the biggest hub in Scandinavia. A ferry link to the Faroe Islands is maintained by Smyril Line. Other international ferry services are mainly operated by DFDS (to Norway and the UK). Scandlines (to Germany and Sweden), Stena Line (to Norway, Sweden, and Poland), Color Line (to Norway) and FjordLine (to Norway).

Private vehicles are increasingly used as a means of transport. Because of the high registration tax (180%) and VAT (25%), and the world's highest income tax rate, new cars are very expensive. The purpose of the tax is to discourage car ownership. Whether a smaller fleet of aging cars is better than a larger fleet of modern cars is a matter for debate, however as the car fleet has increased by 45% over the last 30 years the effect of high taxation on the fleet size seems small. In 2007, an attempt was made by the government to favour environmentally friendly cars by slightly reducing taxes on high mileage vehicles. However, this has had little effect, and in 2008 Denmark experienced an increase in the import of fuel inefficient old cars (mostly older than 10 years), primarily from Germany as their costs including taxes keeps these cars within the budget of many Danes.

Bicycling in Denmark is a quite common form of utility transportation for youths and for people in general in the bigger cities. With a network of bicycle routes extending more than 12,000 km and an estimated 7,000 km of segregated dedicated bicycle paths and lanes, Denmark has a quite solid bicycle infrastructure.

Denmark is in a strong position in terms of integrating fluctuating and unpredictable energy sources such as wind power in the grid. It is this knowledge that Denmark now aims to exploit in the transport sector by focusing on intelligent battery systems (V2G) and plug-in vehicles.

Public policy

After deregulating the labour market in the 1990s, Denmark has one of the most free labour markets in European countries. According to World Bank labour market rankings, the labour market flexibility is at the same levels as the United States. Around 80% of employees belong to unions and the unemployment funds that are attached to them. Labour market policies is mainly determined in negotiations between the workers' unions and employers' unions, and the government only interferes if labour strikes extend for too long.

Despite the success of the trade unions, a growing number of people make contracts individually rather than collectively, and many (four out of ten employees) are contemplating dropping especially unemployment fund but occasionally even union membership altogether. The average employee receives a benefit at 47% of their wage level if they have to claim benefits when unemployed. With low unemployment, very few expect to be claiming benefits at all. The only reason then to pay the earmarked money to the unemployment fund would be to retire early and receive early retirement pay (''efterløn''), which is possible from the age of 60 provided an additional earmarked contribution is paid to the unemployment fund.

The unemployment rate for December 2007 was 2.7%, for a total of 74,900 persons, a reduction by 112,800 persons—2,400 per month—or 60% since December 2003. The Eurostat unemployment number for August 2008 is 2.9%. This has been achieved by employing more than 38% (800,000 people) of the total workforce in public sector jobs. Another measure of the situation on the labour market is the employment rate, that is the percentage of people aged 15 to 64 in employment out of the total number of people aged 15 to 64. The employment rate for Denmark in 2007 was 77.1% according to Eurostat. Of all countries in the world, only Switzerland with 78.% and Iceland with 85.1% had a higher employment rate.

In December 2008, Statistics Denmark reported that 100,000 Danes were affected by unemployment in the third quarter of 2008. Of these, 62% received a job within two months, and 6% had been unemployed for two years or more.

The number of unemployed is forecast to be 65,000 in 2015. The number of people in the working age group, less disability pensioners etc., will grow by 10,000 to 2,860,000, and jobs by 70,000 to 2,790,000; part time jobs are included. Because of the present high demand and short supply of skilled labour, for instance for factory and service jobs, including hospital nurses and physicians, the annual average working hours have risen, especially compared with the recession 1987–1993. Increasingly, service workers of all kinds are in demand, i.e. in the postal services and as bus drivers, and academics. In the fall of 2007, more than 250,000 foreigners are working in the country, of which 23,000 still reside in Germany or Sweden. According to a sampling survey of over 14,000 enterprises from December 2007 to April 2008 39,000 jobs were not filled, a number much lower than earlier surveys, confirming a downturn in the economic cycle.

The level of unemployment benefits is dependent on former employment (the maximum benefit is at 90% of the wage) and at times also on membership of an unemployment fund, which is almost always—but need not be—administered by a trade union, and the previous payment of contributions. However, the largest share of the financing is still carried by the central government and is financed by general taxation, and only to a minor degree from earmarked contributions. There is no taxation, however, on proceeds gained from selling one´s home (provided there ''was'' any home equity (da:''friværdi'')), as the marginal tax rate on capital income from housing savings is around 0%.

The Danish welfare model is accompanied by a taxation system that is both broad based (25% VAT, not including excise, duty and tax) and with a progressive income tax model, meaning the more money that is earned, the higher income tax percentage that gets paid (minimum tax rate for adults is 42% scaling to over 60%, except for the residents of Ertholmene that escape the otherwise ubiquitous 8% healthcare tax fraction of the income taxes). Other taxes include the registration tax on private vehicles, at a rate of 180%, on top of VAT. Lately (July 2007) this has been changed slightly in an attempt to favour more fuel efficient cars but maintaining the average taxation level more or less unchanged.

Demographics

According to figures from Statistics Denmark, in 2009, 90.5% of Denmark’s population of over 5.4 million was of Danish descent. Many of the remaining 9.5% were immigrants, or descendants of recent immigrants, from Bosnia and Herzegovina, neighbouring countries, South Asia and Western Asia, many having arrived since an "Alien law" (''Udlændingeloven'') was enacted in 1983 allowing the immigration of family members of those who had already arrived. There are also small groups of Inuit from Greenland and Faroese. There is tension between AK81 (a national support gang to the Hells Angels), and immigrant gangs, over the lucrative illegal hashish trade. During recent years, anti-mass immigration sentiment has resulted in some of the toughest immigration laws in the European Union. Nevertheless, the number of residence permits granted related to labour and to people from within the EU/EEA has increased since implementation of new immigration laws in 2001. However, the number of immigrants allowed into Denmark for family reunification decreased 70% between 2001 and 2006 to 4,198. During the same period the number of asylum permits granted has decreased by 82.5% to 1,095, reflecting a 84% decrease in asylum seekers to 1,960.

Denmark’s population is 5,475,791, giving Denmark a population density of 129.16 inhabitants per km³ (334.53 inh/sq mi). As in most countries, the population is not distributed evenly. Although the land area east of the Great Belt only makes up 9,622 km² (3,715 sq mi), 22.7% of Denmark's land area, it has 45% (2,465,348) of the population. The average population density of this area is 256.2 inhabitants per km² (663.6 per sq mi). The average density in the west of the country (32,772 km²/12,653 sq mi) is 91.86/km² (237.91 per sq mi) (3,010,443 people) (2008).

The median age is 39.8 years with 0.98 males per female. 98.2% of the population is literate (age 15 and up). The birth rate is 1.74 children born per woman (2006 est.), which will be reflected in a drop in the ratio of workers to pensioners. Despite the low birth rate, the population is still growing at an average annual rate of 0.33%. An international study conducted by Adrian White at Leicester University in 2006 showed that the population of Denmark had the highest life satisfaction in the world.

Danish is the official language and is spoken throughout the country. English and German are the most widely spoken foreign languages.

A total of 1,516,126 Americans reported Danish ancestry in the 2006 American Community Survey. According to the 2006 Census, there were 200,035 Canadians with Danish background.

Religion

{| cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" rules="all" style="width:250px; float:right; margin:1em; background:#fff; border:2px solid #aaa; font-size:100%;" |- style="background:#ddd;" | colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"| Church of Denmark |- style="background:#f0f0f0; text-align:center;" ! year!! population!! members!! percentage |- style="text-align:center;" | 1984 || 5,113,500 || 4,684,060 || 91.6% |- style="text-align:center;" | 1990 || 5,135,409 || 4,584,450 || 89.3% |- style="text-align:center;" | 2000 || 5,330,500 || 4,536,422 || 85.1% |- style="text-align:center;" | 2005 || 5,413,600 || 4,498,703 || 83.3% |- style="text-align:center;" | 2007 || 5,447,100 || 4,499,343 || 82.6% |- style="text-align:center;" | 2008 || 5,475,791 || 4,494,589 || 82.1% |- style="text-align:center;" | 2009 || 5,511,451 || 4,492,121 || 81.5% |- style="text-align:center;" | 2010 || 5,534,738 || 4,479,214 || 80.9% |-style="text-align:center;" | 2011 || 5.560.628 || 4,469,109 || 80.4% |- | colspan=4 |statistical data 1984–2002, 1990–2009 and 2010 Source Kirkeministeriet |}

According to official statistics from January 2010, 80.9% of the population of Denmark are members of the Danish National Church (), a Lutheran church that was made the official state religion by the Constitution of Denmark. This is down 0.6% compared to the year earlier and 1.2% down compared to two years earlier. Article 6 of the Constitution states that the Royal Family must belong to this Church, though the rest of the population is free to adhere to other faiths. About 15% of the Danes do not belong to any denomination.

Denmark's Muslims make up less than 4% of the population and is the country's second largest religious community. As per an overview of various religions and denominations by the Danish Foreign Ministry, other groups comprise less than 1% of the population individually and approximately 2% when taken all together.

According to the most recent Eurobarometer Poll 2005, 31% of Danish citizens responded that "they believe there is a God", whereas 49% answered that "they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force" and 19% that "they do not believe there is any sort of spirit, God or life force". According to a 2005 study by Zuckerman, Denmark has the third highest proportion of atheists and agnostics in the world, estimated to be between 43% and 80%.

For more than a hundred years after the Reformation, Lutheranism was the only legal religion in Denmark, but in 1682 the state recognised three other faiths: Roman Catholicism, the Reformed Church and Judaism. Until the recent immigration of Muslims, these three were practically the only non-Lutheran religions practiced in Denmark. As of 2005, 19 Muslim communities have been officially recognised. Forn Siðr (English: Old Custom), based on the much older, native pagan religion, gained official recognition in November 2003.

Religious societies and churches do not need to be state-recognised in Denmark and can be granted the right to perform weddings and other ceremonies without this recognition.

Education

The Danish education system provides access to primary school, secondary school and most kinds of higher education. Attendance at "Folkeskole" or equivalent education is compulsory for a minimum of 9 years. Equivalent education could be in private schools or classes attended at home. About 99% of students attend primary school, 86% attend secondary school, and 41% pursue further education. All college education in Denmark is free; there are no tuition fees to enroll in courses. Students in secondary school or higher and aged 18 or above may apply for student support which provides fixed financial support, disbursed monthly.

Primary school in Denmark is called "den Danske Folkeskole" ("Danish Public School"). It runs from the introductory "kindergarten class"/0'th grade ("børnehaveklasse"/ "0. Klasse") to 10th grade, though 10th grade is optional. Pupils can alternatively attend "free schools" ("Friskole"), or private schools ("Privatskole"), i.e. schools that are not under the administration of the municipalities, such as Christian schools or Waldorf schools. The Programme for International Student Assessment, coordinated by the OECD, ranked Denmark's education as the 24th best in the world in 2006, being neither significantly higher nor lower than the OECD average.

Following graduation from ''Folkeskolen'', there are several other educational opportunities, including ''Gymnasium'' (academically oriented upper secondary education), Higher Preparatory Examination (HF) (similar to ''Gymnasium'', but one year shorter), Higher Technical Examination Programme (HTX) (with focus on mathematics and engineering), and Higher Commercial Examination Programme (HHX) (with a focus on trade and business), as well as vocational education, training young people for work in specific trades by a combination of teaching and apprenticeship.

''Gymnasium'' (STX), HF, HTX and HHX aim at qualifying pupils for higher education in universities and colleges. Denmark also teaches the IB Diploma.

Denmark has several universities; the largest and oldest are the University of Copenhagen (founded 1479) and Aarhus University (founded 1928). There are thirteen Danish Nobel laureates.

Danish universities and other higher education institutions also offer international students a range of opportunities for obtaining an internationally recognised qualification in Denmark. Many programmes are taught entirely in English and students can choose between several types of programmes, such as degree programmes, exchange programmes, PhDs and summer schools.

''Folkehøjskolerne'', ("Folk high schools") introduced by politician, clergyman and poet N.F.S. Grundtvig in the 19th century, are social, informal education structures without tests or grades but with an emphasis on communal learning, self-discovery, enlightenment and learning how to develop your own opinions through open debate. Grundtvig helped to develop an understanding of the relationship between individual and society, and he has had a significant influence on the didactic ideas underlying Danish education.

Culture

Hans Christian Andersen is known beyond Denmark for his fairy tales, such as ''The Emperor's New Clothes'', ''The Little Mermaid'' and ''The Ugly Duckling''. Karen Blixen (pen name: ''Isak Dinesen''), Nobel laureate author Henrik Pontoppidan, Nobel laureate physicist Niels Bohr, comedy pianist Victor Borge and philosopher Søren Kierkegaard have also made a name for themselves outside Denmark.

Copenhagen is home to many famous sites and attractions, including Tivoli Gardens, Amalienborg Palace (home of the Danish monarchy), Christiansborg Palace, Copenhagen Cathedral, Rosenborg Castle, Opera House, Frederik's Church (Marble Church), Thorvaldsens Museum, Rundetårn, Nyhavn and the Little Mermaid sculpture. Copenhagen was ranked the most liveable city in the world in 2008 by ''Monocle'' magazine, (currently it is their third most liveable city).

The second largest city in Denmark is Aarhus. Aarhus is an old Viking Age city and one of the oldest cities in the country. The largest cathedral in Denmark and the second largest cathedral in Northern Europe is Aarhus Cathedral.

Historically, Denmark, like its Scandinavian neighbours, has been one of the most socially progressive cultures in the world. For example, in 1969, Denmark was the first country to legalise pornography. And in 1989, Denmark enacted a registered partnership law, becoming the first country in the world to grant same-sex couples nearly all of the rights and responsibilities of marriage.

Cinema

The three big internationally important waves of Danish cinema have been:

The erotic melodrama of the silent era.

The increasingly explicit sex films of the 1960s and 1970s.

The Dogme95-movement of the late 1990s.

Danish filmmakers of note include:

Carl Th. Dreyer (1889–1968), one of the most acclaimed directors in the history of cinema.

Erik Balling, Oscar-nominated creator of ''Olsen-banden'' (1968).

Gabriel Axel, Oscar-winner for ''Babette's Feast'' (1987).

Bille August, Oscar-, Palme d'Or- and Golden Globe-winner for ''Pelle the Conqueror'' (1987).

Lars von Trier, European Film Award-winning director of ''Dancer in the Dark'' (2000), co-creator of Dogme95 and of ''Zentropa''.

Susanne Bier won a Golden Globe and an Oscar for her movie ''In a Better World.''

A locally popular film genre is the charmingly good-natured "folkekomedie" (folk comedy), which originated in the 1930s and gained widespread dominance from the 1950s until the 1970s, usually scorned by critics and loved by the audience. Notable folkekomedie-films include ''Barken Margrethe'' (1934), ''De røde heste'' (1950), ''Far til fire'' (1953) and ''Olsen-banden'' (1968).

Since the 1980s, Danish filmmaking has been important to changing governments. The National Film School of Denmark has educated a generation of new award-winning directors. The funds for film project has been administrated by the Danish Film Institute, but their focus on movies that would achieve high tickets sales locally has been criticised for being both too populist and too narrow-minded, by directors wishing to be artistic or international.

In recent years, Danish cinema has suffered a crisis of limited innovation resulting in very few box office hits, yet Danish films continue to receive many awards at major international film festivals.

Literature

The first known Danish literature is myths and folk stories from the 10th and 11th century. Saxo Grammaticus, normally considered the first Danish writer, worked for bishop Absalon on a chronicle of Danish history (Gesta Danorum). Very little is known of other Danish literature from the Middle Ages. With the Age of Enlightenment came Ludvig Holberg whose comedy plays are still being performed.

Romanticism influenced world famous writer Hans Christian Andersen known for his stories and fairy tales and contemporary philosopher Søren Kierkegaard greatly influenced existentialism. In the late 19th century, literature was seen as a way to influence society. Known as the Modern Breakthrough, this movement was championed by Georg Brandes, Henrik Pontoppidan (awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature) and J. P. Jacobsen. In recent history Johannes Vilhelm Jensen was also awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature. Karen Blixen is famous for her novels and short stories. Other Danish writers of importance are Grundtvig, Gustav Wied, William Heinesen, Martin Andersen Nexø, Hans Scherfig, Tom Kristensen, Klaus Rifbjerg, Dan Turéll, Tove Ditlevsen, Inger Christensen and Peter Høeg.

Sports

The most popular sport in Denmark is football. Sailing and water sports are popular, as are golf, tennis, cycling and indoor sports such as badminton, handball and various forms of gymnastics. There is also a small group of people doing motorsport and with some success. In speedway racing Denmark has won several world championships. In 1992, the national football team won the European championship. The team finished second in their qualifying group behind Yugoslavia and as a result had failed to qualify for the final tournament. They gained their place in the tournament at the last moment when the Yugoslavianational team and local clubs were banned from all international/continental competitions because of the ongoing Yugoslav Wars. The Danes won the final by defeating reigning 1990 FIFA World Cup champions Germany 2-0 on goals by John Jensen and Kim Vilfort.

A number of smaller sports are also played in Denmark. E.g. the Danish Australian Football League is commonly known as the largest Australian Rules Football League outside the English-speaking world. The national team; the Danish Vikings, became second in the first ever European Championship, losing the final to Ireland. Denmark was also co-hosts of the competition alongside Sweden.

Notable Danish sportspeople include:

Tom Kristensen, the most successful driver on the 24 Hours of Le Mans race ever, with eight 1st places

American football's National Football League all-time leading scorer Morten Andersen

12 times windsurfing world champion Björn Dunkerbeck

Sailors Jesper Bank and Paul Elvstrøm one of only four persons ever to win four consecutive individual Olympic gold medals

Cyclists Bjarne Riis winner of the 1996 Tour de France, Rolf Sørensen with 53 career wins, Jesper Skibby, Brian Holm, Ole Ritter, Henrik Djernis and Michael Rasmussen

Speedway riders Hans Nielsen, Ole Olsen, Erik Gundersen and Nicki Pedersen all winners of several world championships.

Badminton players Morten Frost, Erland Kops, Peter Gade, Poul-Erik Høyer Larsen, Flemming Delfs, Camilla Martin, Tine Baun and Lene Køppen

Table tennis player Michael Maze

Handball player Anja Andersen and Mikkel Hansen

Poker Hall of Fame player Gus Hansen and Peter Eastgate

Snowboarder Julie Wendel Lundholdt

Skateboarder Rune Glifberg

Football players Michael and Brian Laudrup, Preben Elkjær Larsen winner of the 1984–85 Serie A with Hellas Verona F.C. the club's first and only Scudetto, Allan Simonsen winner of the 1977 Ballon d'Or, Johnny Hansen European Cup winner in 1974, 1975 and 1976 with FC Bayern Munich and Peter Schmeichel winner of the 1999 treble with Manchester United, Daniel Agger, Christian Poulsen both currently play for Liverpool F.C.

Track and field athlete Wilson Kipketer who held the men's 800 metres world record until 22 August 2010;

Tennis player Caroline Wozniacki who on 11 October 2010 claimed the top spot in the WTA Singles Rankings.

Former WBC Super middleweight boxing champion, Mikkel Kessler

European tour golfer Thomas Bjørn, who has won several international events.

UFC Welterweight fighter Martin Kampmann

Music

Denmark has long been a center of cultural innovation. Copenhagen and its multiple outlying islands have a wide range of folk traditions. The Royal Danish Orchestra is among the world's oldest orchestras. Carl Nielsen, with his six imposing symphonies, was the first Danish composer to gain international recognition, while an extensive recording industry has produced pop stars and a host of performers from a multitude of genres. Internationally only a few artists have gained significant success. Lars Ulrich from Metallica is from Denmark, along with Raveonettes, D-A-D, Volbeat, Mercyful Fate, Medina, Junior Senior, King Diamond, Goodiepal, Whigfield, Michael Learns to Rock, Alphabeat, Infernal, Oh Land, the 1990s pop band Aqua and the alternative rock bands Kashmir and Mew. In recent years, the best selling Danish artist abroad has been Rune RK with the number 1 iTunes hit Calabria

Media

Danish media is dominated by a few large corporations. In printed media JP/Politikens Hus and Berlingske Media, between them, control the largest news papers Politiken, Berlingske Tidende and Jyllands Posten and major tabloids BT and Ekstrabladet. In television publicly owned stations Danmarks Radio (DR) and TV2 have large shares of the viewers. In radio DR has a near monopoly, currently broadcasting on all 4 nationally available FM channels, competing only with local stations. The share of Danish people that go online for news and entertainment is growing, however the newspapers and TV stations are still dominant.

Cuisine

The cuisine of Denmark, like that in the other Nordic countries as well as that of Northern Germany, consists mainly of meat and fish. This stems from the country's agricultural past, as well as its geography and climate of long, cold winters.

Danish food includes a variety of open rugbrød (Rye-bread) sandwiches or smørrebrød traditionally served for the mid-day meal or ''frokost'' (lunch). An ordinary ''frokost'' consists just of 2 to 6 pieces of simple smørrebrød prepared during breakfast and packed in a lunch box. A luxury ''frokost'' usually starts with fish such as pickled herring, smoked eel or hot fried plaice. Then come meat sandwiches such as cold roast beef with remoulade and fried onions, roast pork and crackling with red cabbage, hot veal medallions, Danish meat balls (''frikadeller'') or liver paté with bacon and mushrooms.

Some typically Danish items are ''Sol over Gudhjem'', literally "sun over God's home" (Gudhjem is a town on Bornholm where a lot of herring is landed and smoked), consisting of smoked herring, chives and with raw egg yolk (the "sun") on top; or ''Dyrlægens natmad'', 'vet's late-night bite', with liver paté, saltmeat (corned veal), sliced onions and jellied consommé. Finally cheese is served with crackers, radishes, or grapes. Lager beer accompanied by small glasses of ''snaps'' or aquavit are the preferred drinks for a Danish frokost. An other Danish meal is Danish Pastry. It is not made other places than Denmark. In Danish it is called 'Wienerbrød'.

The large hot meal of the day is called ''middag'' and is usually served in the evening. It normally consists of meat (pork, beef, lamb or fish) with gravy and a source of starch (non-sugar carbohydrates) such as boiled potatoes, rice or pasta, sometimes supplemented by salad and/or cabbage. This may be followed by a dessert such as ice cream, mousse or rødgrød. The meal may be preceded by soup or hot porridge.

Popular meat dishes include pork steak with crispy skin, frikadeller (fried pork and veal meatballs), fried meat patties made from minced beef, beef tenderloin, "million-beef" (minced beef in gravy), karbonader/krebinetter (breaded and fried minced meat, typically pork), all kinds of roast etc. Popular combined meat and starch dishes include Spaghetti alla Bolognese, hash etc.

Fish is traditionally more widely eaten on the west coast of Jutland, where fishing is a major industry. Smoked fish dishes (herring, mackerel, eel) from local smoking houses or ''røgerier'', especially on the island of Bornholm, are increasingly popular.

In recent years, Copenhagen restaurants like Noma, Geranium and MR has played an important role in re-inventing the Danish and Nordic cuisine, making Copenhagen a centre of gourmet dining with a Nordic twist.

See also

Additional, more specific, and related topics may be found at:

''Outline of Denmark''

''Index of Denmark-related articles''

References

;Bibliography Busck, Steen and Poulsen, Henning (ed.), "Danmarks historie  – i grundtræk", Aarhus Universitetsforlag, 2002, ISBN 87-7288-941-1 Michaelsen, Karsten Kjer, "Politikens bog om Danmarks oldtid", Politikens Forlag (1. bogklubudgave), 2002, ISBN 87-00-69328-6 Nationalencyklopedin, vol. 4, Bokförlaget Bra Böcker, 2000, ISBN 91-7024-619-X.

External links

;Government

Official Portal of Denmark

Study in Denmark – The official government site for advice on study in Denmark'' has a comprehensive list of higher education programmes and institutions in Denmark

Chief of State and Cabinet Members

;General information

List of Danish Companies

Danish Culture

Facts about Denmark and a brief tour through the country

DanishHeritage.dk exists to protect and promote Denmark's historic environment and ensure that its past is researched and understood

Denmark entry at ''Encyclopædia Britannica''

Denmark at ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''

; News and media

Google news Denmark

History of Denmark: Primary Documents

Krak printable mapsearch Ministry of the Environment National Survey and Cadastre

Old Denmark in Cyberspace – Information about Denmark – the Danes

Satellite image of Denmark at the NASA Earth Observatory

Statistics Denmark Statistics free of charge

Summary vital statistics about Denmark covering 1901 and forwards from Statistics Denmark

Newest releases from Statistics Denmark

Various statistics from Statistics Denmark statistikbanken.dk

;Other

Vifanord.de – a digital library that provides scientific information on the Nordic and Baltic countries as well as the Baltic region as a whole

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Category:European countries Category:Nordic countries Category:Member states of the European Union Category:Countries bordering the Atlantic Ocean Category:Countries bordering the Baltic Sea Category:Scandinavia Category:Northern Europe Category:NUTS 2 statistical regions of the European Union Category:Danish-speaking countries Category:Constitutional monarchies Category:Liberal democracies Category:States and territories established in 1814 Category:Member states of the Union for the Mediterranean Category:Member states of NATO Category:Member states of the United Nations

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Name	Roger Daltrey
Landscape	Yes
Background	solo_singer
Birth name	Roger Harry Daltrey
Born	March 01, 1944Hammersmith, London, England
Instrument	Vocals, guitar, harmonica,percussion, trombone
Genre	Rock, art rock, hard rock, power pop
Occupation	Musician, singer-songwriter,film producer, actor
Years active	1959–present
Label	Various
Associated acts	The Who,The RD Crusaders,No Plan B Band,Pete Townshend
Website	www.thewho.com }}

Roger Harry Daltrey, CBE (born 1 March 1944), is an English singer-songwriter and actor, best known as the founder and lead singer of English rock band The Who. He has maintained a musical career as a solo artist and has also worked in the film industry, acting in a large number of films, theatre and television roles and also producing films.

Early life

Roger Harry Daltrey was born in the Hammersmith area of London, but was raised in Acton, the same working class suburban neighbourhood that produced fellow Who members Pete Townshend and John Entwistle. He was one of three children born to parents Irene and Harry Daltrey, and grew up with two sisters, Gillian and Carol. Harry Daltrey worked for a water closet manufacturer, and Irene Daltrey was told she would be unable to have children because of losing a kidney in 1937. Nevertheless, she went into labour during a World War II air raid and gave birth to her son at the nearby Hammersmith Hospital, West London. At the age of three, the young Roger swallowed a rusty nail which had to be surgically removed, leaving a visible scar. At the age of five, the rust from the nail caused an ulcer in his stomach which required him to be hospitalised.

Daltrey attended Victoria Primary School and then Acton County Grammar School for boys along with Pete Townshend and John Entwistle. He showed academic promise in the English state school system, ranking at the top of his class on the eleven plus examination that led to his enrollment at the Acton County Grammar School. His parents hoped he would eventually continue on to study at the university, but Daltrey turned out to be a self-described "school rebel" and developed a dedicated interest in the emerging rock and roll music scene instead.

He made his first guitar from a block of wood, a cherry red Strat copy, and joined an existing skiffle band called The Detours in need of a lead singer. They told him he had to bring a guitar, and within a few weeks he showed up with it—and he could play it too. When his father bought him an Epiphone guitar in 1959, he became the lead guitarist for the band and soon afterwards was expelled from school for smoking. Describing the post-war times, Pete Townshend wrote in his autobiography, "Until he was expelled, Roger had been a good pupil. Then he heard Elvis and transmogrified into a Teddy Boy with an electric guitar and a dress-sneer. Was it simply rock ‘n’ roll? It was obvious to a young man as intelligent as Roger that there was no future in conforming any more."

Daltrey became a sheet metal worker during the day, while practising and performing nights with the band at weddings, pubs and men's clubs. He invited schoolmate John Entwistle to play bass in the band, and on the advice of Entwistle, invited Pete Townshend to play guitar. At that time, the band consisted of Daltrey on lead guitar, Pete Townshend on rhythm guitar, John Entwistle on bass, Doug Sandom on drums and Colin Dawson on lead vocals. After Colin Dawson left the band, Daltrey switched to vocals and played harmonica as well, while Townshend became the lead guitarist. In 1964 drummer Doug Sandom left the band, eventually being replaced by Keith Moon.

Early on, Daltrey was the band's leader, earning a reputation for using his fists to exercise control when needed, despite his small stature (his height is reportedly 5 feet 7 inches (1.70 m)). According to Townshend, Roger "ran things the way he wanted. If you argued with him, you usually got a bunch of fives." He generally selected the music they performed, including songs by The Beatles, various Motown artists, James Brown, and other rock standards.

In 1964 the group discovered another band working as The Detours and discussed changing their name. Pete Townshend suggested "The Hair" and Townshend's roommate Richard Barnes suggested "The Who." The next morning, Daltrey made the decision for the band, saying "It's The Who, innit?"

During 1964, band manager Peter Meaden renamed the band The High Numbers as part of a move to establish the band as Mod favourites. The name was a reference to the T-shirts with "numbers" that the Mods used at the time. Pete Meaden composed Mod songs for them (in fact, the songs were almost copies of Mod hits at the time, with changed lyrics) and they released one single, "I'm The Face/Zoot Suit", on Fontana Records. The single was unsuccessful.

After Kit Lambert and Chris Stamp discovered The High Numbers at the Railway Hotel, the band quickly changed their name back to The Who, since neither Lambert nor Stamp liked the name "The High Numbers".

Music career

The Who years

With the band's first hit single and record deal in early 1965, Townshend began writing original material and Daltrey's dominance of the band began to decline.

The other members of The Who expelled Daltrey from the band in late 1965 after he beat up drummer Keith Moon for supplying drugs to Townshend and Entwistle, causing him to re-examine his methods of dealing with people. A week later, Daltrey was admitted back to the band, but was told he'd be on probation. He promised there would be no more violent outbursts or assaults. Daltrey recalled, "I thought if I lost the band I was dead. If I didn't stick with The Who, I would be a sheet metal worker for the rest of my life."

The band's second single, "Anyway, Anyhow, Anywhere" was the only song on which Daltrey and Townshend collaborated, and Daltrey only wrote two other songs for the band during these years. As Townshend developed into one of rock's most accomplished composers, Daltrey's vocals became the vehicle through which Townshend's visions were expressed, and he gained an equally vaunted reputation as a powerful vocalist and riveting frontman. The Who's stage act was highly energetic, and Daltrey's habit of swinging the microphone around by its cord on stage became his signature move.

Daltrey's Townshend-inspired stuttering expression of youthful anger, frustration and arrogance in the band's breakthrough single, "My Generation", captured the revolutionary feeling of the 1960s for many young people around the world and became the band's trademark. Later, his scream near the end of "Won't Get Fooled Again" became a defining moment in rock and roll.

By 1973, he was experiencing considerable success with his solo projects and acting roles. While others of the band worked on recording the music for ''Quadrophenia'', Daltrey used some of this time to check The Who's books. He found they had fallen into disarray under the management of Kit Lambert and Chris Stamp. Kit Lambert was also Pete Townshend's artistic mentor and challenging him led to renewed tension within the band. During a filming session (in an incident that Daltrey claimed was overblown) Townshend and Daltrey argued over the schedule. Townshend whacked the singer over the head with his guitar and Daltrey responded by knocking Townshend unconscious, again with a single blow.

With each of The Who's milestone achievements, ''Tommy'', ''Who's Next'', and ''Quadrophenia'', Daltrey was the face and voice of the band as they defined themselves as the ultimate rebels in a generation of change. When Ken Russell's adaptation of ''Tommy'' appeared as a feature film in 1975, Daltrey played the lead role, was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for "Best Acting Debut in a Motion Picture" and appeared on the cover of ''Rolling Stone'' magazine on 10 April 1975. Afterward, Daltrey worked with Russell again, starring as Franz Liszt in ''Lisztomania''. He worked with Rick Wakeman on the soundtrack to this film, writing the lyrics to three songs and also performing these, as well as others. The Who went on after the death of Keith Moon in 1978, but tension continued as Daltrey felt new drummer Kenney Jones was the wrong choice for The Who. In 1980 Daltrey completed a major project for The Who Films, Ltd., a dramatic film called ''McVicar'' about U.K. bank robber John McVicar. Daltrey produced and starred in the film, and completed a striking soundtrack with other members of the band. This success, along with other stresses, contributed to a deterioration of relations with Townshend, and The Who retired from active touring in 1982 when Townshend felt he was no longer able to write for the band. The band continued to work together sporadically, reuniting for the Live Aid concert and recording songs for Daltrey's solo album ''Under a Raging Moon'' and Townshend's solo album ''Iron Man''.

Daltrey turned to working as an actor, completing such high profile projects as ''The Beggar's Opera'' and ''The Comedy of Errors'' for the BBC. He also appeared in several film, television and stage productions during this period, including Mike Batt's ''The Hunting of the Snark'' (1987), ''The Little Match Girl'' (1987), ''Buddy's Song'' (1990), which he also produced, and ''Mack the Knife'' (1990). In 1991 he received a Grammy Award with The Chieftains for ''An Irish Evening: Live at the Grand Opera House, Belfast''.

The Who returned in 1989 with their 25th Anniversary Tour, which was also the 20th anniversary of the rock opera ''Tommy''. The tour featured a large backing band and guest appearances by Steve Winwood, Patti LaBelle, Phil Collins, Elton John, and Billy Idol. Although Daltrey experienced severe health problems due to an abdominal hemangioma, he managed to complete the tour. He continued to work on stage and screen during this period, completing projects such as ''The Wizard of Oz in Concert: Dreams Come True'' (1995) appearing as the Tin Woodman alongside Nathan Lane, Joel Grey, Natalie Cole, and Jewel Kilcher as Dorothy. During this time, he also began to appear in U.S. television shows.

In 1994 Daltrey celebrated his 50th birthday by performing a two-night spectacular at Carnegie Hall titled ''A Celebration: The Music of Pete Townshend and The Who,'' and popularly called ''Daltrey Sings Townshend''. The show was produced by Daltrey's manager at the time, Richard Flanzer. The Who's music was arranged for orchestra by Michael Kamen, who conducted The Juilliard Orchestra for the event. Bob Ezrin, who produced Pink Floyd's ''The Wall'' CD, among other famous albums, produced the live CD. Pete Townshend, John Entwistle, Eddie Vedder (who performed a special acoustic tribute), Sinéad O'Connor, Lou Reed, David Sanborn, Alice Cooper, Linda Perry, The Chieftains and others performed as special guests. Michael Lindsay-Hogg directed the telecast, which was aired on satellite TV. The concert, at the time, was the fastest sell out in the famed venue's history. The event was followed by a major tour financed by Daltrey and including John Entwistle on bass, Zak Starkey on drums and Simon Townshend on guitar. Although the tour was considered an artistic success, it failed to make a profit due to the expense of providing extraordinary musicians and orchestras in every city to replicate the Carnegie Hall event. Significantly, the tour attracted attention to songs from The Who's rock opera ''Quadrophenia'' and gathered support for a staging and major tour of the rock opera in 1996-1997.

In 1996 Pete Townshend was approached to produce ''Quadrophenia'' for The Prince's Trust concert at Hyde Park, London. He at first planned to perform the opera as a solo acoustic piece using parts of the film on the screens, but after receiving offers of financing decided on a full-out production. When he first contacted Daltrey to request a collaboration, Daltrey refused, but after some discussion, he agreed to help produce a one-off performance. The opera was performed with a large backing band, including John Entwistle on bass, Pete Townshend on acoustic guitar and vocals, Zak Starkey on drums, Rabbit Bundrick and Jon Carin on keyboards, Simon Townshend on guitar and special guests including David Gilmour, Adrian Edmondson, Trevor McDonald and Gary Glitter. A horn section and backing vocalists were added, along with other actors. On the night before the show, Daltrey was struck in the face by a microphone stand swung by Gary Glitter. The accident fractured his eye socket and caused considerable concern that he might not be able to perform safely, but Daltrey donned an eye-patch to cover the bruises and completed the show as scheduled. Afterward, Townshend decided to take the production on tour in 1996-1997 as The Who.

After their ''Quadrophenia'' tour was successful, the band returned as The Who in a stripped-down, five-piece lineup for tours in 1999-2000. The band continued to work together, making a major impact at The Concert for New York City. After Entwistle's death in June 2002, both Daltrey and Townshend decided to continue with an already planned tour as The Who. Bassist Pino Palladino was chosen to fill Entwistle's place. The band also completed a brief tour in 2004. In 2006, they released their first studio album of new material in twenty-four years, ''Endless Wire,'' leading some fans and critics to say that the highly acclaimed artistic tension within The Who lay between the two principals Daltrey and Townshend. The band completed a world tour in 2006-2007 to support this album.

In February 2010, Townshend and Daltrey, headlining as The Who, performed the halftime show at Super Bowl XLIV in front of 105.97 million viewers across the globe. In March 2010, Townshend and Daltrey, along with an extensive backing band, performed ''Quadrophenia'' at the Royal Albert Hall in London as a tenth anniversary charity benefit for the Teenage Cancer Trust. Eddie Vedder of Pearl Jam sang the part of the Godfather, and Tom Meighan of Kasabian sang the part of Aceface. Tom Norris, London Symphony Orchestra Co-Principal Second Violin, played violin for the production. On 3 July He performed the Opening act for Eric Clapton at DTE Energy music theatre.

Rock persona

When Colin Dawson left The Detours, Roger Daltrey took over as lead vocalist, giving up his guitar. The band as a whole acknowledged Moon and Entwistle's innovation and talent on their instruments, and Pete Townshend had begun writing hit songs, but Daltrey struggled to find a voice to present their new music. His expression carried Townshend’s material well enough in recordings, and at the time his live persona suited the small club scene where The Who made their beginnings. However, this presentation lacked the confidence of later years, and he was arguably still a singer seeking a voice.

The Who first toured North America in 1967, appearing at the Monterey Pop Festival, and Daltrey brought back new experiences in dealing with larger venues and stages. 1968 proved a pivotal year with Townshend's movement beyond the quick three-minute single towards his goal of writing a rock opera. Beginning with "A Quick One (While He's Away)", a nine-minute mini-opera, Daltrey’s performance in ''The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus'' showed him with a new confidence in dealing with Townshend’s material. In 1969, The Who’s first major rock opera ''Tommy'' was released, and Daltrey found a voice for the lead character that carried The Who to world stardom at such music venues as Woodstock and the Isle of Wight Festival, and in opera houses around the world during the next two years. Townshend later remarked in the film ''Amazing Journey'', that with ''Tommy'', and with Daltrey's adaptation to portraying the character on-stage, the singer evolved from what was essentially a tight, tough guy to one who outstretched his arms, bared his body to the audiences, and began to truly engage them. "With this change, the band was at last complete," he summed up. "It was a marriage," Townshend emphasised, "but it was a ''good'' marriage. ''Those'' were glorious years". Daltrey confirmed this, saying, he felt at last accepted, displaying a newly energetic role and sound during live performances.

Daltrey has long been known as one of the most charismatic of rock’s frontmen. His stage persona embraces the audience and projects The Who’s repertoire as heroic anthems and touching ballads that have gripped the emotions and imagination of audiences for over 40 years. According to Pete Townshend, "He almost invented the pseudo-messianic role taken up later by Jim Morrison and Robert Plant." Daltrey projected a naturally masculine and yet refined power that proved to be one of the most potent in rock and roll history. This persona has earned him a position as one of the “gods of rock and roll” His appearance in the early 1970s included striking, long blond curly hair with a sexual magnetism built for teenage appeal. This look would become markedly more masculine as the '70s and '80s progressed. Daltrey developed a trademark move of swinging and throwing his microphone through a complex sequence, matching these sequences with the tempo of the song that was being played at the moment. Although Daltrey reduced the athleticism of his performance in later years, his presentation remained dynamic and gripping.

Musical equipment

Roger Daltrey hand-built his first guitar from a piece of plywood and also built guitars for the band in the early days when they had little money to buy equipment. As lead guitarist for the Detours, Daltrey played a 1961 Epiphone Wilshire solidbody electric guitar which he later sold to Pete Townshend on an easy payment plan. After he took over vocals for the band in the sixties and during the seventies, Daltrey rarely played guitar on stage; however, he played a Martin acoustic guitar for appearances to promote his solo album ''Daltrey''. He began playing guitar with The Who again during the band's tours in the eighties, and used a Fender Esquire to play a second guitar part for the song "Eminence Front" on The Who's 1982, 1989 and later tours. During the 1989 tour, he played a Gibson Chet Atkins SST guitar for the song "Hey Joe." During The Who's 1996-97 Quadrophenia tour, Daltrey played a Gibson J-200 acoustic guitar.

After 1999, it became more common for Daltrey to play guitar during both The Who and solo shows. He ordered a Versoul Buxom 6 handmade acoustic guitar that he played on The Who's 2002 tour. Daltrey owns a Gibson Everly Brothers Flattop acoustic guitar which he played on The Who and solo tours in the late first decade of the 21st century. On his 2009 tour with No Plan B, Daltrey played Pete Townshend's "Blue, Red and Grey" on an Ashbury cutaway tenor EQ ukulele.

Roger Daltrey is known as one of the harmonica players who brought the instrument out of blues and into popular music. Although the mouth harps that Daltrey uses have varied over the years, brands he has used include Hohner and Lee Oskar harmonicas. Daltrey plays using the blues harp (2nd position) or cross harp technique which originated in blues music.

Daltrey uses Shure microphones with cords which he tapes to reinforce the connection and avoid cutting his hands when he swings and catches the microphone. He commonly uses a standard Shure SM58, but has also used Shure SM78 (in 1981), Shure model 565D Unisphere 1, and Shure model 548 Unidyne IV. Daltrey also uses a hybrid monitoring system with one in-ear monitor supplemented by floor wedges.

Honours

In 1976 Roger Daltrey was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for "Best Acting Debut in a Motion Picture" for his starring role in the film version of The Who's rock opera ''Tommy''. He also performed as a guest on the Chieftains' recording of ''Irish Evening: Live at the Grand Opera House'' which won a Grammy Award for Best Traditional Folk Album in 1993. With The Who, Daltrey received a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 2001 for outstanding artistic significance in music.

In 1990 Daltrey was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland, Ohio as a member of The Who. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame also included three songs that Daltrey recorded with The Who on the list of 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll, including: "My Generation", "Go to the Mirror Boy", and "Baba O'Riley". In 2005 Daltrey received a British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors Gold Badge Award for special and lasting contributions to the British entertainment industry.

In 2003, Daltrey was honoured by ''Time'' magazine as a European Hero for his work with the Teenage Cancer Trust and other charities. In the New Year's Honours List published on 31 December 2004, he was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire for services to Music, the Entertainment Industry, and Charity.

As a member of The Who, Daltrey was inducted in 2005 into the UK Music Hall of Fame. In December 2008, he and Pete Townshend were honoured with America's most prestigious cultural awards as recipients of the 31st annual Kennedy Center Honors in Washington, D.C. by then-President of the United States, George W. Bush. On 4 March 2009, three days after his 65th birthday, Daltrey accepted the James Joyce Award from the Literary and Historical Society of University College Dublin for outstanding success in the music field. On 12 March 2011, he received the Steiger Award (Germany) for excellence in music.

Charities

Roger Daltrey supports many charities both as a solo artist and jointly with other members of The Who. All The Who's Encore Series profits go to young peoples' charities. Roger Daltrey was instrumental in starting the Teenage Cancer Trust concert series in 2000, with The Who actually playing in 2000, 2002, 2004, 2007 and 2010. Daltrey played benefits with The RD Crusaders in 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008; performed with The Who at Live 8 in 2005, for the Nordoff-Robbins Silver Clef benefit in 2005, and for the Los Angeles area City of Hope benefit in 2001 and 2004. The Who played with special guest Michael J. Fox at the 2008 "A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to Cure Parkinson's" benefit.

With The Who, he performed for the Robin Hood Foundation at The Concert for New York City and other benefits in 2001; at Neil Young's Bridge School Benefit in 1999; and in the Quadrophenia Concert for The Prince's Trust in Hyde Park, 1996. In addition, Daltrey performed at benefits in Vail, Colorado, in 1999, and attended a PETA benefit with Sarah McLachlan and Chrissie Hynde in the same year.

Daltrey appeared in The Wizard of Oz in Concert: Dreams Come True in 1995 for The Children's Defense Fund, and at the Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert to benefit AIDS research in 1992. Roger Daltrey's 1994 ''Celebration'' raised funds to support Babies and Children Hospital in New York City, as well.

He sang "Rock and Roll" on a charity single released as ''McEnroe & Cash with The Full Metal Rackets'' for Rock Aid Armenia in 1986, and performed with The Who at Live Aid in 1985 and Concert for Kampuchea in 1979. In 1976, he performed at the Celtic Football Ground in Glasgow, Scotland. An audience of 35,000 attended and a sum of over £100,000 was donated to charity.

Daltrey performed at the first ChildLine Rocks concert at London's IndigO2 on 13 March 2008. In 2009 Daltrey was a judge for the 8th annual Independent Music Awards to support independent artists. In the same year, he appeared again on stage with Michael J. Fox for the "A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to Cure Parkinson's" benefit. In April 2010, he headlined the Imagine A Cure II show honouring the legacy of John Lennon, which raised money for the Puget Sound Affiliate of Susan G. Komen for the Cure breast cancer charity.

Personal life

Daltrey has been married twice. In 1964, he married the former Jacqueline "Jackie" Rickman, and had one child, born in 1964, Simon. The couple divorced in 1968. In 1967, Daltrey's son Mathias was born, the result of an affair with Swedish model Elisabeth Aronsson. In 1967, he met the American Heather Taylor, his current wife whom he married in 1971. Together, they have three children, Rosie Lea (born in 1972), Willow Amber (born in 1975) and Jamie (born in 1981). He also has four granddaughters, Lily, Lola, Ramona and Scarlet; and one grandson, Jonjo. He also has three other children from relationships during the 1960s & '70s.

Daltrey owns a country estate near Burwash, East Sussex, as well as his parents' old home in London. He bought a home in Los Angeles in the early 2000s.

Daltry is a supporter of Arsenal F.C..

Views and advocacy

Daltrey is a supporter of the Countryside Alliance and has played concerts to raise funds for the organisation. Daltrey is a supporter of the Labour Party in Britain, but is strongly critical of its policy of "mass immigration", arguing that the current immigration policies undermine the British working class. He has also expressed his admiration for Queen Elizabeth II ;;

Literary work

Roger Daltrey contributed to a collection of childhood fishing stories published in 1996 entitled ''I Remember: Reflections on Fishing in Childhood''.

Who songs written by Daltrey

Although never a writing force in The Who and overshadowed by the song writing talents of Townshend and Entwistle, Daltrey did contribute a small handful of songs to the band's catalogue during their early career:

"Anyway, Anyhow, Anywhere" (1965)-The Who's second single, co-written by Townshend.

"See My Way" (1966)-Daltrey's contribution to ''A Quick One''.

"Here for More" (1970)-B-side to "The Seeker".

Daltrey also wrote a song called "Crossroads Now" for The Who which grew out of an onstage jam in 1999 after the song "My Generation." Another Daltrey song, entitled "Certified Rose," was rehearsed by The Who shortly before the death of John Entwistle. The band had planned on playing it (as well as Townshend's "Real Good Looking Boy") during their 2002 tour, but plans were halted after Entwistle's death. Although it was rumoured that a studio version was recorded during the ''Endless Wire'' sessions (and might feature Entwistle's basslines from 2002), Townshend later stated that no such recording was made.

"Early Morning Cold Taxi", a song recorded during ''The Who Sell Out'' sessions in 1967 and released in 1994 on the ''Thirty Years of Maximum R&B;'' boxset, is credited to Roger Daltrey and Who roadie Dave "Cy" Langston. Some sources report that the song was solely written by Langston. At the time Daltrey and Langston were planning to form a writing-partnership, where all songs written by either of them would be credited as Daltrey/Langston. The partnership produced only one other song—an unreleased demo titled "Blue Caravan." Langston went on to play guitar on John Entwistle's first solo album, ''Smash Your Head Against the Wall'', in 1970.

Solo music career

Daltrey has released eight solo albums. The first was the self-titled ''Daltrey'' in 1973, recorded during a hiatus in The Who's touring schedule. The top single off the album, "Giving It All Away", reached number five in the UK and the album, which introduced Leo Sayer as a songwriter, made the Top 50 in the United States. The inner sleeve photography shows a ''trompe-l'œil'' in reference to the Narcissus myth, as Daltrey's reflection in the water differs from his real appearance. He also released a single in 1973, "Thinking" with "There is Love" on the B-side. Bizarrely, the UK release, with considerable airplay of "Giving it all away" (first lines "I paid all my dues so I picked up my shoes, I got up and walked away") coincided with news reports of the Who being sued for unpaid damage to their hotel on a recent tour, including a TV set being thrown out of the window.

Daltrey's second album, ''Ride a Rock Horse'', was released in 1975 and is his second most commercially successful solo album. Its cover, photographed by Daltrey's cousin Graham Hughes, is remarkable for depicting the singer as a rampant centaur.

When Sayer launched his own career as an artist, Daltrey called on a widening group of friends to write for and perform on his albums. Paul McCartney contributed the new song "Giddy" to ''One of the Boys'', where the band included Hank Marvin, Eric Clapton, Alvin Lee and Mick Ronson. On this cover, another visual trick is played with Daltrey's mirror image, with reference to Magritte's famous painting ''Reproduction Interdite''.

''McVicar'' was billed as a soundtrack album for the film of the same name, in which Daltrey starred and also co-produced. It featured all the other members of The Who (Townshend, Entwistle and Kenney Jones). ''McVicar'' included two hit singles, "Free Me" and "Without Your Love", and is Daltrey's best-selling solo recording.

The title track to ''Under a Raging Moon'' was a tribute to Who drummer Keith Moon, who died in 1978. Each of the album's tracks, including "Let Me Down Easy" by Bryan Adams, expresses the frustration of growing older as only a man who sang "Hope I die before I get old" can. Daltrey is credited as co-writer on "Don't Talk to Strangers," "The Pride You Hide," "Move Better in the Night" and "It Don't Satisfy Me."

On ''Can't Wait to See the Movie'', Daltrey is credited as co-writer on the tracks "Balance on Wires" and "Take Me Home." On ''Rocks in the Head'', Daltrey is credited (along with Gerard McMahon) for co-writing seven of the eleven tracks, including: "Times Changed," "You Can't Call It Love," "Love Is," "Blues Man's Road," "Days of Light," "Everything A Heart Could Ever Want" and "Unforgettable Opera." On this album, Daltrey's voice ranges from a powerful bluesy growl à la Howlin' Wolf to the tender vocals shared with his daughter Willow on the ballad 'Everything A Heart Could Ever Want". This was his first major effort as a song-writer for his own solo albums.

For his compilation album ''Moonlighting'', Daltrey co-wrote the song "A Second Out" with Steve McEwan of the band UnAmerican. The recording features Daltrey's vocals backed by McEwan on acoustic guitar.

In 1992, Daltrey appeared in The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert, singing the hard rock song "I Want It All", to pay homage to his longlife friend Freddie Mercury, who died the previous year one day after a public announcement that he suffered from AIDS.

Daltrey celebrated his fiftieth birthday in 1994 by performing at Carnegie Hall in two shows (23 and 24 February ) later issued on CD and video called ''A Celebration: The Music of Pete Townshend and The Who'', sometimes called ''Daltrey Sings Townshend'', accompanied by The Juilliard Orchestra, Pete Townshend, John Entwistle, Irish dancers and other special guests. The success of these two shows led to a U.S. tour by the same name, featuring Pete Townshend's brother Simon on lead guitar with Phil Spalding taking bass duties for the first half of each show and John Entwistle playing for the second half. An Australian leg was considered but eventually scrapped.

Daltrey took on a number of other solo projects, including a tour with the British Rock Symphony in 1998, and the Night of the Proms in 2005. Daltrey also worked with the Rock 'n Roll Fantasy Camp, raising money for charities during the final concert.

Besides the songs Daltrey co-wrote for his solo albums, he is credited for co-writing others, including: "Child O Mine" with Gerard McMahon, used on the soundtrack for ''The Banger Sisters'' and on the TV show ''Witchblade''. On the soundtrack for ''Lisztomania'', Daltrey is credited with "Love's Dream", "Orpheus Song" and "Peace at Last."

In 2005, Daltrey had a short weekly series on BBC Radio 2, presenting a personal choice of rock'n'roll favourites. In 2006, he wrote and performed a specially commissioned song, "Highbury Highs", for Highbury Farewell ceremony following the final football match on 7 May at Arsenal Stadium between Arsenal and Wigan, in which Arsenal celebrated the previous 93 years at Highbury, preparing for their move to the Emirates Stadium, Ashburton Grove, the following season.

No Plan B band

Roger Daltrey embarked on a solo tour of the U.S. and Canada on 10 October 2009, officially called the "Use It or Lose It" tour with a new band that he called "No Plan B". The band included Simon Townshend on rhythm guitar and vocals, Frank Simes on lead guitar, Jon Button on bass, Loren Gold on keyboards, and Scott Devours on drums. Eddie Vedder made a guest appearance at the Seattle, WA show on 12 October. In 2010, Daltrey and No Plan B appeared for several dates with Eric Clapton, including Summerfest at Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The band also scheduled additional dates in 2010 without Clapton.

In 2011 the band performed the rock opera ''Tommy'' and other songs at a warm-up show in Bournemouth at the O2 Academy 19 March in preparation for a show scheduled at Royal Albert Hall to benefit the Teenage Cancer Trust on 24 March. Pete Townshend played and sang as a guest at the TCT show. Later in 2011, the band scheduled the "Tommy Reborn" tour of the UK, to be followed by a tour of the US and Canada.

Discography

Collaborations

In 1984, Daltrey appeared on "Bad Attitude", the title track of an album by Meat Loaf, sharing the lead vocal. The following year, he appeared in Barbra Streisand's music video for her single "Emotion", playing Streisand's emotionally uninterested husband.

In 1992, he appeared on The Chieftains' Grammy Award-winning album, ''An Irish Evening: Live at the Grand Opera House''. He also released an album with the Boys Choir of Harlem in 1998 with selections from ''A Christmas Carol''. Also in 1998, Daltrey performed two songs with the Jim Byrnes Blues Band at the Los Angeles Highlander Convention. He borrowed a guitar to play for the songs, after reassuring the owner that he would not break it. Daltrey taught thirteen-year-old Drake Bell how to play the guitar in 1999. Drake later starred in ''Drake and Josh'' and released two albums.

In 2001, Daltrey provided backing vocals for the title track of the Joe Strummer and The Mescaleros album ''Global a Go-Go''. In 2003, he provided backing vocals for thrash-metal band Anthrax on the song "Taking the Music Back" from their album ''We've Come for You All''. The collaboration came about through Anthrax guitarist Scott Ian's girlfriend, Pearl Aday, daughter of Meat Loaf, whose mother was a friend of Daltrey and his wife. In 2005, Daltrey collaborated with the British pop band, McFly to sing his hit song "My Generation".

On 12 January 2009, Daltrey headlined a one-off concert along with Babyshambles at the O2 Academy Bristol for Teenage Cancer Trust. On Sunday 5 July 2009, Daltrey joined Paul Weller onstage at Hop Farm Festival in Kent for an encore of "Magic Bus".

Film and stage career

Film roles

After The Who retired from active work in 1982, Daltrey developed his career in film and on the theatre stage. Daltrey's appearances in over 30 feature films include early starring roles in ''Tommy'', as "deaf, dumb and blind boy" Tommy Walker in 1975; ''Lisztomania'', as Hungarian composer Franz Liszt in 1975, and ''McVicar'', as British armed-robber-turned-journalist John McVicar in 1980.

In 2003, Roger Daltrey starred as the voice of Argon the Dragon Bus Driver in the children's DVD called ''The Wheels on the Bus: Mango and Papaya's Animal Adventure'' from Armstrong Moving Pictures. The DVD featured Daltrey as a costumed children's dragon, who drove a bus for two lost puppets trying to return to their home at the zoo. Daltrey provided vocals for children's classics, such as "The Wheels on the Bus Go Round and Round," in addition to songs written specifically for the home video. He later appeared in two other videos for this series.

Filmography

Roger Daltrey has acted in ads, television and films, and maintains an extensive filmography. A sampling of his films is as follows:

''Tommy'' (Tommy Walker), 1975

''Lisztomania'' (Franz Liszt), 1975

''The Legacy'' (Clive), 1978

''McVicar'' (John McVicar), also Producer, 1980

''The Beggar's Opera'' (Macheath), 1983

''Murder: Ultimate Grounds for Divorce'', 1985

''The Little Match Girl'' (Jeb Macklin), 1987

''Mack the Knife'' (Street Singer), 1990

''Cold Justice'' (Keith Gibson), 1989

''Buddy's Song'' (Terry Clark); also Music Score Composer, Producer, 1991

''If Looks Could Kill - Teen Agent'' (Blade), 1991

''The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert'', 1992

''Lightning Jack'' (John T. Coles), 1994

''A Celebration: The Music of Pete Townshend and The Who'', 1994

''The Wizard of Oz in Concert: Dreams Come True'' (Tin Man), 1995

''Vampirella'' (Vlad), 1996

''Sliders'' (Col. Angus Rickman), 1997

''Like It Is'' (Kelvin), 1998

''The Magical Legend of the Leprechauns'' (King Boric), 1999

''Dark Prince: The True Story of Dracula'' (King Janos), 2000

''Best'' (Rodney Marsh), 2000

''The Young Messiah - Messiah XXI '' (2000) (DVD)

''Strange Frequency 2'' (Host/Devil), 2001

''Chasing Destiny'' (Nehemiah Peoples), 2001

''.com for Murder'' (Ben), 2002

''That 70's Show'' (Mr. Wilkinson), 2002

''The Wheels on the Bus'' (Argon the dragon), 2003

''Johnny Was'' (Jimmy Nolan), 2006

Television roles

Daltrey has played a number of television roles, including BBC Television Shakespeare as both Dromios in ''The Comedy of Errors'', the police drama series ''The Bill'', the science fiction series ''Sliders'' as Col. Angus Rickman, the ''VH1'' series ''Strange Frequency 2'', ''Witchblade'' as the devil, and was a recurring guest star in ''Highlander: The Series'' as Immortal Hugh Fitzcairn, one of the closest friends of lead character Duncan MacLeod. In 1983, he played Macheath, the outlaw hero of BBC TV's production of John Gay's 1728 ballad opera, 'The Beggar's Opera'.

In 1986 he acted in the TV series ''Buddy''. In 1993, He guest-starred (along with Steve Buscemi) in an episode of ''Tales From The Crypt'' entitled "Forever Ambergris". Daltrey appeared as a villain in a 1996 episode of ''Lois and Clark: The New Adventures of Superman''. He also played Nobby Clegg, a character named after the band Nobby Clegg and the Civilians, in the Showtime series ''Rude Awakening''.

Daltrey appeared in an episode of ''The Simpsons'', "A Tale of Two Springfields", as himself along with John Entwistle (Pete Townshend was replaced by his brother Paul for the episode). The Who helped Homer break down a wall he had built through the town of Springfield.

A self-described history buff, Daltrey often involves himself in history research related media including television documentaries. ''Pirate Tales'' from 1997, is a documentary/action show about the age of piracy in the 18th century, in which Daltrey impersonated English buccaneer William Dampier in a main role as the narrator throughout the series. In 2003 he hosted the History Channel's ''Extreme History with Roger Daltrey'' talking about historical events and explaining the survival techniques the civilisations treated had available. He also appeared in "That '70s Musical", the 100th episode of ''That '70s Show'' as Fez's musical director.

Daltrey guest starred in a 7 November 2006 episode of ''CSI: Crime Scene Investigation'' ("Living Legend") as Mickey Dunn, a prominent Las Vegas 1970s mob boss who returns to Las Vegas to avenge his attempted murder. The Who's music, and Daltrey's singing, provide the themes for all three of the series in the ''CSI'' franchise every week ("Who Are You" for the original show, "Won't Get Fooled Again" for ''CSI: Miami'' and "Baba O'Riley" for ''CSI: NY'').

In 2005, Daltrey had a cameo appearance as himself in the episode "The Priest and the Beast" in Series 2 of ''The Mighty Boosh''. He is found by the main characters vacuuming a desert, presumably as a "karmic" consequence of leaving Woodstock early and not helping to clean up.

Daltrey has also performed on the soundtrack of a number of films and television shows, most notably ''CSI''. He also appeared in the music video for "Emotion" by Barbra Streisand, although neither he nor The Who were the featured act.

In 2005 he played the part of loblolly boy in the TV drama ''Trafalgar Surgeon''.

Stage roles

Daltrey has appeared in stage in productions including Mike Batt's ''The Hunting of the Snark'' in 1987 as The Barrister, and also in Batt's ''Philharmania'' with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra in 1998. He appeared in ''The Wizard of Oz in Concert: Dreams Come True'' in 1995 as the Tin Man. Also in 1995 he starred in a three part Bert Coules BBC radio dramatisation of the ''Mutiny on the Bounty'' novels of Charles Nordhoff and James Norman Hall, and in 1996 he starred in a BBC Radio 2 production of ''Jesus Christ Superstar'' as Judas. In 1998, Daltrey played the part of Scrooge in the Radio City Music Hall production of ''A Christmas Carol'' in New York City. In 2003, he starred as Alfred P. Doolittle in a production of ''My Fair Lady'' at the Hollywood Bowl alongside John Lithgow and Melissa Errico.

Producer

In addition to his career as an actor, Daltrey has acted as producer on several films, including: ''Buddy's Song'' (1990), ''McVicar'' (1980), ''Quadrophenia'' (1979) and a project in development ''See Me Feel Me: Keith Moon Naked for Your Pleasure''.

Quotation

Notes

References

Geoffrey Giuliano (1996). ''Behind Blue Eyes: The Life of Pete Townshend.'' Penguin Books, Ltd. ISBN 0-8154-1070-0

Steve Huey, ''Roger Daltrey – Biography'', [ AllMusic.com]

David M. Barling, ''Biography of Roger Daltrey'',

External links

Roger Daltrey as a European Hero in ''Time'' magazine

Daltrey plays solo at Cannes 2009

Audio stream Roger Daltrey King Biscuit Recording, 1985 Concert Vault

Roger Daltrey audio interview segments from 1982

Babyshambles and Roger Daltrey concert photograph by ''SPIN''

Category:1944 births Category:Living people Category:English male singers Category:English singer-songwriters Category:English rock singers Category:English rock guitarists Category:British harmonica players Category:Kennedy Center honorees Category:English rock musicians Category:English tenors Category:English guitarists Category:Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners Category:Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees Category:English-language singers Category:English songwriters Category:English film actors Category:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire Category:Musicians from London Category:The Who members Category:People from Acton, London Category:People from Chiswick Category:People from Hammersmith Category:British rhythm and blues boom musicians

ca:Roger Daltrey cs:Roger Daltrey da:Roger Daltrey de:Roger Daltrey es:Roger Daltrey fr:Roger Daltrey gl:Roger Daltrey id:Roger Daltrey it:Roger Daltrey he:רוג'ר דלטרי nl:Roger Daltrey ja:ロジャー・ダルトリー no:Roger Daltrey nn:Roger Daltrey pl:Roger Daltrey pt:Roger Daltrey ro:Roger Daltrey ru:Долтри, Роджер simple:Roger Daltrey fi:Roger Daltrey sv:Roger Daltrey

{|align=right |

{{infobox royalty|realm	denmark
name	Frederick IX
succession	King of Denmark
imgw	180px
reign	20 April 1947 – 14 January 1972
predecessor	Christian X
successor	Margrethe II
spouse	Ingrid of Sweden
issue	Margrethe II of DenmarkBenedikte, Princess of Sayn-Wittgenstein-BerleburgQueen Anne-Marie of Greece
house	House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg
father	Christian X of Denmark
mother	Alexandrine of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
birth date	March 11, 1899
birth place	Sorgenfri Palace
death date	January 14, 1972
death place	Amalienborg Palace
place of burial	Roskilde Cathedral
religion	Lutheranism

|- | |}

Frederick IX (Christian Frederik Franz Michael Carl Valdemar Georg) (11 March 1899 – 14 January 1972) was King of Denmark from 20 April 1947 until his death on 14 January 1972.

He was the son of King Christian X of Denmark and Queen Alexandrine, born Duchess of Mecklenburg, and the fourth Danish monarch of the House of Glücksburg.

Birth and family

thumb|175px|left|Four generations - four kings: [[Christian IX of Denmark|King Christian IX, Crown Prince Frederick (VIII), Prince Christian (X) and the little Prince Frederik (IX) in 1903.]]Prince Frederick was born on 11 March 1899 at Sorgenfri Palace in Kongens Lyngby on Zealand during the reign of his great-grandfather King Christian IX. His father was Prince Christian of Denmark (later King Christian X), the eldest son of Crown Prince Frederick and Princess Louise of Sweden (later King Frederick VIII and Queen Louise). His mother was Alexandrine of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, a daughter of Frederick Francis III, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Grand Duchess Anastasia Mikhailovna of Russia.

He was baptised at Sorgenfri Palace on 9 April 1899. The young prince had 21 godparents, among them his great-grandfather Christian IX of Denmark, Nicholas II of Russia, George I of Greece, Oscar II of Sweden, his grandfather Crown Prince Frederick of Denmark, the Prince of Wales (later King Edward VII of the United Kingdom) and his uncle Frederick Francis IV, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin.

Frederick's only sibling, Knud, was born one year after Frederick.

Early life

Christian IX died on 29 January 1906, and Frederick's grandfather Crown Prince Frederick succeeded him as King Frederick VIII. Frederick's father became crown prince, and Frederick moved up to second in line to the throne.

Just six years later, on 14 May 1912, King Frederick VIII died, and Frederick's father ascended the throne as King Christian X. Frederick himself now became crown prince.

Frederick was educated at the Royal Danish Naval Academy (breaking Danish royal tradition by choosing a naval instead of an army career) and the University of Copenhagen. Before he became king, he had acquired the rank of Rear Admiral and he had had several senior commands on active service. He apparently acquired several tattoos during his naval service.

In addition, with his great love of music, the king was an able piano player and conductor.

Marriage and Issue

In 1922, Frederick was engaged to Princess Olga of Greece and Denmark, his second cousin and the daughter of Prince Nicholas of Greece and Denmark; however they never wed.

thumb|175px|left|The newly engaged Princess Ingrid of Sweden and Crown Prince Frederick of Denmark in 1935.Instead, he married Princess Ingrid of Sweden (1910–2000) at Storkyrkan in Stockholm on 24 May 1935. She was a daughter of Crown Prince Gustaf Adolf (later King Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden) and his first wife, Princess Margaret of Connaught. They were related in several ways. In descent from Oscar I of Sweden and Leopold, Grand Duke of Baden, they were double third cousins. In descent from Paul I of Russia, Frederick was a fourth cousin of Ingrid's mother. They had three daughters:

Princess Margrethe Alexandrine Þórhildur Ingrid (born 1940), later Queen Margrethe II of Denmark, who married French Count Henri de Laborde de Monpezat, who was created Prince Henrik of Denmark, in 1967.

Princess Benedikte Astrid Ingeborg Ingrid (born 1944), who married Prince Richard of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg in 1968.

Princess Anne-Marie Dagmar Ingrid (born 1946), who married King Constantine II of the Hellenes in 1964.

Reign

Frederick's reign saw great change. During these years, Danish society shook off the restrictions of an agricultural society and developed a welfare state. And, as a consequence of the booming economy of the 1960s, women entered the labour market. In other words, Denmark became a modern country, which meant new demands on the monarchy.

Succession

thumb|175px|left|Frederick with his younger brother Prince Knud in 1920.When he had no sons, it was expected that his younger brother Knud would inherit the throne, in accordance with Denmark's succession law (Royal Ordinance of 1853).

However, in 1953, an Act of Succession was passed, changing the method of succession to cognatic primogeniture. This meant that his daughters could succeed if he had no sons. His eldest daughter, Margrethe, did so, as Queen Margrethe II. By order of 27 March 1953 the succession to the throne was limited to the issue of King Christian X.

Death

Shortly after the king had delivered his New Year's Address to the Nation at the 1971/72 turn of the year, he fell ill. On his passing 14 days later in Amalienborg Palace on January 14, 1972, King Frederick IX was buried at Roskilde Cathedral near Copenhagen, after a lying in state at the chapel of Christiansborg Palace. Previous rulers had been interred in the cathedral, but it was the King's wish to be buried outside.

He was succeeded by his eldest daughter, Queen Margrethe II. Queen Ingrid survived her husband by 28 years. She died on 7 November 2000. Her remains were interred alongside him at the burial site outside Roskilde Cathedral.

Legacy

left|thumb|175px|Statue of Frederick IX by the harbour in Copenhagen. In the background the royal yacht [[HDMY Dannebrog (A540)|Dannebrog.]]On 20 April 1982, a statue of King Frederik IX dressed in the uniform of an admiral was unveiled by the Copenhagen harbour on the 35th anniversary of his accession to the throne in 1947 and in the tenth year after his death.

The Frederick IX Bridge which spans the Guldborgsund strait between the islands of Falster and Lolland was named after Frederick IX.

Titles, styles and honours

Titles and styles

11 March 1899 – 14 May 1912: ''His Royal Highness'' Prince Frederick of Denmark

14 May 1912 – 1 December 1918: ''His Royal Highness'' Crown Prince Frederick of Denmark

1 December 1918 - 17 June 1944: ''His Royal Highness'' Crown Prince Frederick of Denmark and Iceland

17 June 1944 - 20 April 1947: ''His Royal Highness'' Crown Prince Frederick of Denmark

20 April 1947 – 14 January 1972: ''His Majesty'' King Frederik IX of Denmark

Honours

He was appointed 912th Knight of the Order of the Garter in 1951.

Ancestors

References

External links

Royal House of Denmark and Royal House of Iceland

Royal House of Sweden

Category:1899 births Category:1972 deaths Category:People from Lyngby-Taarbæk Municipality Category:Danish monarchs Category:House of Glücksburg (Denmark) Category:Knights of the Elephant Category:Recipients of the Royal Victorian Chain Category:Protestant monarchs Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St. Olav Category:Bailiffs Grand Cross of the Order of St John Category:Burials at Roskilde Cathedral Category:Recipients of the Order of Saint Andrew the First-Called Category:Extra Knights Companion of the Garter Category:Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath Category:Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order Category:Knights of the Order of the Most Holy Annunciation Category:Grand Commanders of the Order of the Dannebrog Category:Crown Princes of Denmark

af:Frederik IX van Denemarke an:Frederico IX de Dinamarca bs:Fridrik IX, kralj Danske bg:Фредерик IX ca:Frederic IX de Dinamarca cs:Frederik IX. da:Frederik 9. de:Friedrich IX. (Dänemark) et:Frederik IX es:Federico IX de Dinamarca eo:Frederiko la 9-a (Danio) fr:Frédéric IX de Danemark ko:프레데리크 9세 io:Frederik 9ma di Dania id:Frederick IX dari Denmark is:Friðrik 9. Danakonungur it:Federico IX di Danimarca la:Fridericus IX (rex Daniae) lt:Frederikas IX hu:IX. Frigyes dán király nl:Frederik IX van Denemarken ja:フレゼリク9世 (デンマーク王) no:Frederik IX av Danmark nn:Fredrik IX av Danmark oc:Frederic IX de Danemarc pl:Fryderyk IX pt:Frederico IX da Dinamarca ro:Frederic al IX-lea al Danemarcei ru:Фредерик IX fi:Fredrik IX sv:Fredrik IX av Danmark zh:弗雷德里克九世

{|align=right |

name	Mary
title	Crown Princess of Denmark;Countess of Monpezat
imgw	175px
spouse	Frederik, Crown Prince of Denmark
issue	Prince ChristianPrincess IsabellaPrince VincentPrincess Josephine
full name	Mary Elizabeth ''née'' Donaldson
house	House of Monpezat
father	John Dalgleish Donaldson
mother	Henrietta Clark Horne
birth date	February 05, 1972
birth place	Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
religion	Lutheran, ''prev.'' Presbyterian

|- | |}

Mary, Crown Princess of Denmark, Countess of Monpezat, (Mary Elizabeth; ''née'' Donaldson; born 5 February 1972) is the wife of Frederik, Crown Prince of Denmark. Frederik is the heir apparent of Denmark, and there is a possibility of her becoming queen.

The couple met at the Slip Inn, a pub in Sydney, when the Crown Prince was visiting Australia during the 2000 Summer Olympics. Their official engagement in 2003 and their marriage the following year were the subject of extensive attention from Australian and European news media, which portrayed the marriage as a modern fairytale romance between a prince and a commoner.

Early life

Mary Donaldson was born the youngest of the four children of mathematician and Professor John Dalgleish Donaldson (born 5 September 1941) and his first wife, Henrietta "Etta" Clark Donaldson, née Horne, (12 May 1942 – 20 November 1997), who had emigrated from Scotland to Australia in 1963. Mary has three older siblings:

Jane Alison Stephens (a pharmacist) (b. 26 December 1965);

Patricia Anne Bailey (an intensive care nurse) (b. 16 March 1968);

John Stuart Donaldson (a geologist, b. 9 July 1970).

Henrietta Donaldson, Mary's mother, was Executive Assistant to the Vice Chancellor of the University of Tasmania. In 2001, five years after her death, Mary's father, Professor John Donaldson remarried. His second wife is English author and novelist Susan Elizabeth Donaldson, née Horwood, known by pseudonym Susan Moody.

Mary was born and raised in Hobart, Tasmania, Australia. She attended Waimea Heights Primary School from 1978 to 1982. She completed her secondary education at Taroona High School and Hobart Matriculation College before studying at the University of Tasmania for five years. Upon graduation Mary moved to Melbourne to work in advertising.

As a girl, Mary was heavily involved in sports and other extracurricular activities both at school and elsewhere. She studied piano, flute, clarinet and played basketball and hockey. Her early love of horses led her to ride competitively as a teenager, on her horse, Diana.

Education

Mary began primary school in Clear Lake City, now Houston, Harris County, Texas, while her father was working there. On returning to Hobart she attended Sandy Bay Infants School, Waimea Heights Primary School and then Taroona High School in Tasmania. For the last two years of her secondary education Mary attended Hobart College from which she graduated. From 1989 to 1994 Mary completed a combined degree in Commerce and Law (BCom, LLB) at the University of Tasmania. Between 1994 and 1996, Mary attended a graduate program and qualified with certificates in advertising from The Advertising Federation of Australia (AFA) and direct marketing from the Australian Direct Marketing Association (ADMA).

Languages

The Crown Princess's mother tongue is English and Danish is her second language. She studied French during her secondary education. In 2002, she briefly taught English in Paris.

Career

While studying in Tasmania, Mary reportedly had a joint business interest in a company called Kingcash, with Brent Annells, with whom she had a seven-year relationship in the 1990s.

Biographies detail that she worked for Australian and global advertising agencies after graduating in 1995. She became a trainee in marketing and communications with the Melbourne office of DDB Needham, taking a position of account executive. In 1996, Mary was employed by Mojo Partners as an account manager. In 1998, six months after her mother's death, she resigned and travelled to America and Europe. In Edinburgh, she worked for three months as an account manager with Rapp Collins Worldwide; then, in early 1999, was appointed as an account director with the international advertising agency Young & Rubicam in Sydney.

In June 2000, Mary moved to a smaller Australian agency, Love Branding, working for a short time as the company's first account director. However, in the (Australian) spring of 2000 until December 2001, she became sales director and a member of the management team of Belle Property, a real estate firm specialising in luxury property. In the first half of 2002 Mary taught English at a business school in Paris but, on moving to Denmark permanently, she was employed by Microsoft Business Solutions (5 September 2002 – 24 September 2003) near Copenhagen as a project consultant for business development, communications and marketing.

Courtship and engagement

Mary Donaldson met Crown Prince Frederik of Denmark at the Slip Inn during the 2000 Summer Olympics on 16 September in Sydney. They conducted a long-distance relationship by phone, email and letter and Frederik made a number of discreet visits to Australia. On 15 November 2001 the Danish weekly magazine ''Billed Bladet'' named Mary as Frederik's girlfriend. Mary moved to Europe in December 2001 and, while she was working as an English tutor in Paris, she visited Denmark privately and was photographed attending weddings and christenings of friends with Frederik. Mary and Frederik were photographed during 2003 at various private outings in Denmark. On 24 September 2003 the Danish court announced that Queen Margrethe II intended to give her consent to the marriage at the State Council meeting scheduled for 8 October 2003.

Mary Donaldson and Crown Prince Frederik became officially engaged on 8 October 2003.

Marriage

Mary Donaldson and Crown Prince Frederik married on 14 May 2004 in Copenhagen Cathedral, in Copenhagen. Mary wore a wedding gown designed by Danish designer Uffe Frank and had a small bridal party which included her two sisters and her friend Amber Petty, a radio announcer on commercial radio in Australia. Frederik was supported by his brother Prince Joachim. Three of Mary's nieces, Erin and Kate Stephens and Madisson Woods, were flower girls; Frederik's nephew Prince Nikolai of Denmark and first cousin once removed, Count Richard von Pfeil und Klein-Ellguth were pageboys. The wedding was celebrated in Copenhagen and at Fredensborg Palace. The couple reportedly spent their honeymoon in Africa.

The Danish Folketing (parliament) passed a special law (Mary's Law) giving Mary Donaldson Danish citizenship upon her marriage, a standard procedure for new foreign members of the royal family. Mary was previously a dual-citizen of Australia and the United Kingdom. Formerly a Presbyterian, Mary became Lutheran. Shortly before entering the royal family, Mary signed a marriage agreement similar to those of her father-in-law and her former sister-in-law. The agreement was subsequently updated in late 2006. The details of these have never been made public, but it can be assumed that they deal with financial matters, royal status and custodial rights to the children in the event of a divorce.

The Crown Princess and her family currently reside at Frederik VIII's Palace, one of the four palaces that make up the Amalienborg Palace complex. From May 2004 to mid-December 2010, they resided at The Chancellery House, a side building at Fredensborg Palace.

Children

On 15 October 2005, Mary gave birth to Prince Christian Valdemar Henri John at Copenhagen University Hospital. Frederik was present at the birth. The infant was healthy, weighing 3.5 kg (7.7 lbs) and measuring 51 cm (20 ins). His name was announced at the christening on 21 January 2006 at Christiansborg Palace Chapel in Copenhagen. He is second in the line of succession to the throne, after his father.

On 21 April 2007, Princess Isabella Henrietta Ingrid Margrethe was born, at 3.350 kg and 50 cm long. She was christened at Fredensborg Palace chapel on 1 July 2007 and is third in line to the throne.

On 6 August 2010, it was announced that the Crown Princess was pregnant with twins. The Crown Princess reportedly said that the pregnancy was a surprise, but another report claimed Mary wanted more children; and that the pair have denied suggestions the pregnancy resulted from fertility treatment. In late 2010, the family appeared in the German edition of Vogue in a series of official portraits showing the couple and their children, including pictures of Mary in profile with the pregnancy being obvious. The Crown Princess was admitted to hospital on January 8, 2011, in preparations for the birth of the twins. The Crown Princess gave birth to a baby boy—whom her husband Frederik joked about calling Elvis, as the "King of Rock and Roll" had the same birthday—at 10:30 am local time (weight 2.674 kg., length: 47 cm), and a baby girl at 10:56 am (weight: 2.554 kg., length: 46 cm.), on January 8. Crown Prince Frederik and Crown Princess Mary left the hospital with their newborn twins on 14 January 2011. The names were made public at their royal christening on Thursday, 14 April 2011, which took place at the Church of Holmen in Copenhagen. The twins are called Prince Vincent Frederik Minik Alexander and Princess Josephine Sophia Ivalo Mathilda.

Royal life

Following the wedding, the couple embarked upon a summer cruise of mainland Denmark aboard the royal yacht ''Dannebrog'', and then to Greenland and later the 2004 Athens Olympics. In 2005, during the celebrations for the 200th anniversary of Hans Christian Andersen, the royal family was involved in related events throughout the year. Frederik and Mary marked it in London, New York and in Australia, where Mary was made Honorary HCA Ambassador to Australia in the Utzon Room of the Sydney Opera House. In 2005 the royal family visited Faroe Islands. Since becoming Crown Princess of Denmark, Mary has made a number of international visits and Frederik and Mary participated in the reburial ceremonies for Empress Maria Feodorovna in Denmark and Saint Petersburg. In the context of immigrant issues in Denmark, Mary has visited the disadvantaged migrant areas of Vollsmose (2006) and Gellerup (2007). Mary has played an active role in promoting an anti-bullying program based on an Australian model through the auspices of Denmark's Save the Children. Mary is also involved in a new campaign to raise awareness and safe practices among Danes about skin cancer through The Danish Cancer Society. Mary is also an active patron of Denmark's third-highest-earning export industry, the fashion industry. In September 2007 Mary formally established the Mary Foundation, with capital from public and private donations, to advance cultural diversity and encourage a sense of the right to belong and contribute to society for those who are socially isolated or excluded.

Mary was voted Woman of the Year 2008 by a Danish magazine, ''Alt for damerne''. The Princess donated her cash reward to charity.

As a native English-speaker, Mary's main priority from the time of her engagement was to master the Danish language. Mary has acknowledged that this was a challenge for her in several interviews at the time of her engagement and marriage.

If Frederik ascends the throne, Mary will be the first Australian to be a queen consort in Europe.

Fashion

The princess, who has been compared to Diana, Princess of Wales, and Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, is often pictured wearing Danish and international fashion garments. She has been named one of the world's most fashionable people in Vanity Fair's annual International Best-Dressed List and has posed and given interviews for magazines including ''Vogue Australia'', German Vogue, ''Australian Women's Weekly'', ''Parade Magazine'' and ''Dansk'' (Danish Magazine).

Patronages

Since 2004 Crown Princess Mary has steadily worked to establish her relationships with various organisations, their issues, missions, programmes and staff. Mary's patronages range across areas of culture, the fashion industry, humanitarian aid, support for research and science, social and health patronages and sport (golf and swimming). The organisations for which she is patron have reported positive outcomes through their relationship with Mary and there are various reports in the Danish media and on some of the websites of the organisations themselves about Mary being quite involved in her working relationship with them. Mary is currently involved in supporting anti-obesity programs through the World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe.

Mary's current patronages include cultural organisations, the Danish fashion industry humanitarian aid, research and science, social, health and humanitarian organisations and sporting organisations.

Crown Princess Mary is also the Honorary Life Governor of the Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute based at the Garvan Institute/St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, a member of the International Committee of Women Leaders for Mental Health and a member of various sporting clubs (riding, golf and yachting). In June 2010, it was announced that Crown Princess Mary has become Patron of UNFPA, the United Nations Population Fund, "to support the agency’s work to promote maternal health and safer motherhood in more than 150 developing nations". Mary lends her support to a number of other 'one-off' Danish causes, industry events and international conferences.

The Mary Foundation

On 11 September 2007 Crown Princess Mary announced the establishment of the Mary Foundation at the inaugural meeting at Amalienborg Palace. The initial funds of DKK 1.1 million were collected in Denmark and Greenland and donated to Frederik and Mary as a wedding gift in 2004. Crown Princess Mary is the chairwoman of eight trustees. The Mary Foundation aims to improve lives compromised by environment, heredity, illness or other circumstances which can isolate or exclude people socially.

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles and styles

5 February 1972 – 14 May 2004: ''Miss'' Mary Elizabeth Donaldson

14 May 2004 – 29 April 2008 ''Her Royal Highness'' The Crown Princess of Denmark

29 April 2008 – present: ''Her Royal Highness'' The Crown Princess of Denmark, Countess of Monpezat

Her official title in Danish is ''Hendes Kongelige Højhed Kronprinsesse Mary af Danmark, Grevinde af Monpezat''. The title of Countess of Monpezat is not a substantive title, which means that Mary is not ''the'' Countess of Monpezat, but rather ''Countess Mary of Monpezat'', a count's wife.

Danish honours and decorations

Knight of the Order of the Elephant (R.E.)

Commemorative 75th Birthday Medal of His Royal Highness the Prince Consort (Em11.juni.2009.)

Commemorative 70th Birthday Medal of Her Majesty The Queen (Em.16.apr.2010.)

Foreign decorations

Grand Cross of the Order of the Southern Cross of Brazil

Order of Stara Planina, 1st Class, of Bulgaria

Grand Cross of the Order of Beneficence of Greece

Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Olav of Norway

Commander Grand Cross of the Order of the Polar Star of Sweden

Arms

With the marriage in 2004, the Crown Princess Mary was honoured with the Order of the Elephant, and her father John Dalgleish Donaldson with the Order of the Dannebrog. In accordance with the statutes of the Danish Royal Orders, both the Crown Princess and her father were granted a personal coat of arms, this for display in the Chapel of the Royal Orders at Frederiksborg Castle. The main field of the Crown Princess' coat of arms is or tinctured and shows a gules MacDonald eagle and a Sable tinctured boat both symbolising her Scottish ancestry. The chief field is azure tinctured and shows two gold Commonwealth Stars from the Coat of arms of Australia, and a gold rose in between, depicted as her personal symbol. Above the shield is placed the heraldic crown of a Crown Prince of Denmark.

The coat of arms of her father is almost identical to that of the Crown Princess, but a gold infinity symbol is depicted (symbolising his career as an Australian mathematician), instead of the gold Rose. Above his shield is instead placed a barred helmet topped with a gules rampant lion, which is turned outward. The lion is derived from the Scottish coat of arms and also from the arms of Tasmania and Hobart. Both coats of arms were approved in 2006 and placed in the Chapel of the Royal Orders in 2007.

The Crown Princess' coat of arms and its details have yet to be published on the Crown Princely couple's official website.

References

External links

Official website

Category:Danish princesses Category:People from Hobart Category:1972 births Category:Living people Category:Knights of the Elephant Category:Crown Princesses of Denmark Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St. Olav Category:Australian people of Scottish descent Category:House of Monpezat Category:Danish people of Australian descent Category:Naturalised citizens of Denmark Category:Countesses of Monpezat Category:Danish people of Scottish descent Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of Beneficence Category:Commanders Grand Cross of the Order of the Polar Star Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of Stara Planina Category:University of Tasmania alumni

bg:Мери-Елизабет Доналдсън ca:Maria Elisabet Donaldson cs:Mary Elizabeth Donaldson da:Kronprinsesse Mary de:Mary Donaldson et:Mary (Taani kroonprintsess) es:María de Dinamarca fo:Mary (krúnprinsessa) fr:Mary Donaldson ko:덴마크 왕세자빈 마뤼 hr:Marija (danska prijestolonasljednica) id:Mary, Putri Mahkota Denmark is:María krónprinsessa Dana it:Mary Donaldson hu:Mária dán királyi hercegné nl:Mary Donaldson ja:メアリー (デンマーク王太子妃) no:Mary av Danmark nn:Mary av Danmark pl:Maria Elżbieta (księżna duńska) pt:Mary Elizabeth, Princesa Herdeira da Dinamarca ro:Mary Donaldson ru:Мэри (кронпринцесса Дании) simple:Mary, Crown Princess of Denmark sh:Mary, krunska princeza od Danske fi:Mary (Tanskan prinsessa) sv:Kronprinsessan Mary av Danmark th:เจ้าฟ้าหญิงแมรี มกุฎราชกุมารีแห่งเดนมาร์ก zh:玛丽 (丹麦王储妃)

Name	Haakon VII
Succession	King of Norway
Reign	18 November 1905 − 21 September 1957 ()
Coronation	June 22, 1906
Othertitles	''HM'' The King of Norway''HRH'' Prince Carl of Denmark
Full name	Haakon, né Christian Frederik Carl Georg Valdemar Axel
Predecessor	Oscar II
Successor	Olav V
Spouse	Maud of Wales
Issue	Olav V of Norway
Religion	Lutheran
House	House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg
Royal anthem	''Kongesangen''
Father	Frederick VIII of Denmark
Mother	Louise of Sweden
Birth date	August 03, 1872
Birth place	Charlottenlund Palace, near Copenhagen
Death date	September 21, 1957
Death place	Royal Palace, Oslo
Place of burial	Akershus Fortress, Oslo }}

Haakon VII (Prince Carl of Denmark and Iceland, born Christian Frederik Carl Georg Valdemar Axel) (3 August 1872 21 September 1957), known as Prince Carl of Denmark until 1905, was the first king of Norway after the 1905 dissolution of the personal union with Sweden. He was a member of the House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg. As one of the few elected monarchs, Haakon quickly won the respect and affection of his people and played a pivotal role in uniting the Norwegian nation in its resistance to the attack and five-year-long Nazi occupation during World War II.

In Norway, Haakon is regarded as one of the greatest Norwegians of the twentieth century and is particularly revered for his courage during the German invasion—he threatened abdication if the government cooperated with the invading Germans—and for his leadership and preservation of Norwegian unity during the Nazi occupation. He died at the age of 85 on 21 September 1957, after having reigned for nearly 52 years.

Early years as a Danish prince

Originally known as Prince Carl of Denmark (namesake of his maternal grandfather the King of Norway etc.), he was the second son of (the future) King Frederick VIII of Denmark and his wife Louise. Furthermore, he was a younger brother of Christian X, a paternal grandson of King Christian IX of Denmark (during whose reign he was prince of Denmark), and a maternal grandson of King Charles XV of Sweden (who was also king of Norway as Charles IV). He became king of Norway before his father and older brother became kings of Denmark. During his reign, he saw his father, his brother and his nephew, Frederick IX, ascend the throne of Denmark, respectively in 1906, 1912 and 1947.

Prince Carl was born at Charlottenlund Palace near Copenhagen. He belonged to the Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg branch of the House of Oldenburg. The House of Oldenburg had been the Danish royal family since 1448; between 1536–1814 it also ruled Norway when it was part of the Kingdom of Denmark-Norway. The house was originally from northern Germany, where the Glucksburg (Lyksborg) branch held their small fief. The family had permanent links with Norway beginning from the late Middle Ages. Several of his paternal ancestors had been kings of independent Norway (Haakon V of Norway, Christian I of Norway, Frederick I, Christian III, Frederick II, Christian IV, as well as Frederick III of Norway who integrated Norway into the Oldenburg state with Denmark, Slesvig and Holstein, after which it was not independent until 1814). Christian Frederick, who was King of Norway briefly in 1814, the first king of the Norwegian 1814 constitution and struggle for independence, was his great-granduncle.

Prince Carl was raised in the royal household in Copenhagen and educated at the Royal Danish Naval Academy, from which he graduated near the bottom of his class. He was a key witness in the scandal following the suicide of Kai Simonsen.

At Buckingham Palace on 22 July 1896, Prince Carl married his first cousin Princess Maud of Wales, youngest daughter of the future King Edward VII of the United Kingdom and his wife, Princess Alexandra of Denmark, daughter of King Christian IX of Denmark and Princess Louise of Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel). Their son, Prince Alexander, the future Crown Prince Olav (and eventually king Olav V of Norway), was born on 2 July 1903.

Accession to the Norwegian throne

After the Union between Sweden and Norway was dissolved in 1905, a committee of the Norwegian government identified several members of European royalty as candidates for Norway's first King of its own in several centuries. Gradually, Prince Carl became the leading candidate, largely because he was descended from independent Norwegian kings. He also had a son (and hence an heir to the throne), and Princess Maud's ties to the British Royal Family were viewed as advantageous to the newly independent Norwegian nation.

The democratically minded Carl, aware that Norway was still debating whether to retain its monarchy or to switch to a republican system of government, was flattered by the Norwegian government's overtures, but declined to accept the offer without a referendum to show whether monarchy was truly the choice of the Norwegian people.

After the referendum overwhelmingly confirmed by a 79 percent majority (259,563 votes for and 69,264 against) that Norwegians desired to retain a monarchy, Prince Carl was formally offered the throne of Norway by the Storting (parliament) and elected on 18 November 1905. When Carl accepted the offer that same evening (after the approval of his grandfather Christian IX of Denmark), he immediately endeared himself to his adopted country by taking the Old Norse name of Haakon, a name used by previous Kings of Norway. In so doing, he succeeded his grand-uncle, Oscar II of Sweden, who had abdicated the Norwegian throne in October following the agreement between Sweden and Norway on the terms of the separation of the union.

The new Royal Family of Norway left Denmark on the Danish Royal yacht "Dannebrog" and went sailing up Oslofjord. At Oscarsborg Fortress they boarded the Norwegian naval ship "Heimdal". After the three-day journey they arrived in Kristiania (Oslo) early on the morning of 25 November 1905. Two days later, Haakon took the oath as the Norwegian King.

The coronation of Haakon and Maud took place in Nidaros Cathedral in Trondheim on 22 June 1906.

Reign as Norwegian king

King Haakon gained much sympathy from the Norwegian people. He traveled extensively through Norway. Fridtjof Nansen is known as a friend of the Royal Family.

Haakon, Maud and Crown Prince Olav became interested in skiing. This sport is often viewed as typically Norwegian. They were often seen while being on tour with their skis. Olav later became a champion in ski jumping.

In 1927 he stated: "I am also the King of the Communists" (). He participated in the political process after the first prime minister from the labour party was chosen in 1928, a process that caused a special parliamentary situation.

Crown Prince Olav married his cousin Princess Märtha of Sweden on 21 March 1929. She was the daughter of Haakon's sister Ingeborg and Prince Carl, Duke of Västergötland. Olav and Märtha had three children: Ragnhild (b. 1930), Astrid (b. 1932) and Harald (b. 1937), who was to become king in 1991.

Queen Maud died on 20 November 1938.

Resistance during World War II

Norway was invaded by the naval and air forces of Nazi Germany during the early hours of 9 April 1940. The German naval detachment sent to capture Oslo was challenged at Oscarsborg Fortress. The fortress fired at the invaders, causing damage to the pocket battleship ''Lützow'' and sinking the heavy cruiser ''Blücher'', with heavy German losses that included many of the armed forces, Gestapo agents, and administrative personnel who were to have occupied the Norwegian capital. These events led to the withdrawal of the rest of the German flotilla, preventing the invaders from occupying Oslo at dawn as had been intended in the order of battle. The German occupation forces' delay in occupying Oslo, along with swift action from the President of the Storting, C. J Hambro, created the opportunity for the Norwegian Royal Family, the Cabinet, and most of the 150 members of the Storting (parliament) to make a hasty departure from the capital by special train. thumb|left|180px|King Haakon VII, early in his reign. The Storting first convened at Hamar the same afternoon, but with the rapid advance of German troops, the group moved on to Elverum. The assembled Parliament unanimously enacted a resolution, the so-called ''Elverumsfullmakten'' (Elverum Authorization), granting the Cabinet full powers to protect the country until such time as the Storting could meet again.

The next day, German Minister Curt Bräuer demanded a meeting with Haakon. The German diplomat called on the Norwegians to cease their resistance and stated Hitler's demand that the King appoint Nazi sympathizer Vidkun Quisling, who had declared himself prime minister hours earlier in Oslo, as head of what would be a German puppet government. Bräuer suggested that Haakon follow the example of the Danish government and his brother, Christian X, which had surrendered almost immediately after the previous day's invasion, and threatened Norway with harsh conditions if it did not surrender. Haakon told Bräuer that he could not make such a decision himself, but only on the advice of the Government. Although the Constitution of Norway nominally gives the King the final responsibility for making such a decision, in practice nearly all major governmental decisions are made by the Government (the Council of State) in his name.

In an emotional meeting in Nybergsund, the King reported the German ultimatum to his cabinet. Although Haakon could not make the decision himself, he knew he could use his moral authority to influence it. Accordingly, Haakon told the Cabinet:

Haakon went on to say that he could not appoint any government headed by Quisling because he knew neither the people nor the Storting had confidence in him. However, if the Cabinet felt otherwise, the King said he would abdicate so as not to stand in the way of the Government's decision.

Nils Hjelmtveit, Minister of Church and Education, later wrote: "This made a great impression on us all. More clearly than ever before we could see the man behind the words; the king who had drawn a line for himself and his task, a line from which he could not deviate. We had through the five years [in government] learned to respect and appreciate our king and now, through his words, he came to us as a great man, just and forceful; a leader in these fatal times to our country".

Inspired by Haakon's stand, the Government unanimously advised Haakon not to appoint any government headed by Quisling. Within hours, it telephoned its refusal to Bräuer. That night, NRK broadcast the government's refusal to the Norwegian people. In that same broadcast, the government announced that they would resist the German attack as long as possible, and expressed their confidence that Norwegians would lend their support to the cause.

The following morning, 11 April 1940, bomber aircraft of the ''Luftwaffe'' attacked Nybergsund, destroying the small town where the Norwegian government was staying in an attempt to wipe out Norway's unyielding King and Government. The King and his ministers took refuge in the snow-covered woods and escaped harm, continuing farther north through the rugged Norwegian mountains toward Molde on Norway's northwestern coast. As the British forces in the area lost ground under Luftwaffe bombardment, the King and his party were taken aboard the British cruiser HMS ''Glasgow'' at Molde and conveyed by sea another 1000 km north to Tromsø where a provisional capital was established on 1 May. Haakon and Crown Prince Olav took up residence in a forest cabin in Målselvdalen valley in inner Troms county where they would stay until the evacuation to the United Kingdom. While residing in Tromsø the two were protected by local rifle association members armed with the ubiquitous Krag-Jørgensen rifle.

The Allies had a fairly secure hold over northern Norway until late May, but as the Allies' position in the Battle of France rapidly deteriorated, the Allied forces in northern Norway were badly needed elsewhere and were withdrawn. The Royal Family and the beleaguered and demoralized Norwegian Government was evacuated from Tromsø on 7 June aboard HMS ''Devonshire''; and after a dash, under cover of HMS ''Glorious'', HMS ''Acasta'', and HMS ''Ardent'', safely arrived in London. Haakon and his cabinet set up a Norwegian government in exile in the British capital. Taking up residence at Rotherhithe in London, Haakon was an important national symbol in the Norwegian resistance. Between March 1942 and the end of the war in June 1945 the King and his son, Crown Prince Olav, lived at Foliejon Park in Winkfield, near Windsor. Meanwhile, Hitler had appointed Josef Terboven as ''Reichskommissar'' for Norway. On Hitler's orders, Terboven attempted to coerce the Storting to depose the King; Parliament declined, citing constitutional principles. A subsequent ultimatum was made by the Germans under threat of interning all Norwegians of military age in German concentration camps. With this threat looming, the Norwegian Parliament's representatives in Oslo wrote to their monarch on 27 June, asking him to abdicate. The King, politely replying that the Storting had acted under duress, declined the request. The King gave his answer on 3 July, and proclaimed it on BBC radio on 8 July. After one further German attempt in September to force the Storting to depose Haakon failed, Terboven finally decreed that the Royal Family had "forfeited their right to return" and dissolved the democratic political parties.

During Norway's five years under German control, many Norwegians surreptitiously wore clothing or jewelry made from coins bearing Haakon's "H7" monogram as symbols of resistance to the German occupation and of solidarity with their exiled king and government, just as many people in Denmark wore his brother's monogram on a pin. The King's monogram was also painted and otherwise reproduced on various surfaces as a show of resistance to the occupation.

After the end of the war, Haakon and the Norwegian Royal Family returned to Norway aboard the cruiser HMS ''Norfolk'', arriving with the First Cruiser Squadron to cheering crowds in Oslo on 7 June 1945 exactly five years after they had been evacuated from Tromsø.

Post-war years

In 1947 the Norwegian people, by public subscription, purchased the Royal Yacht, ''Norge,'' for the King. In 2009 it remains as one of only two such vessels belonging to a European monarch, the other yacht belonging to the Queen of Denmark.

Princess Ragnhild married her husband Erling S. Lorentzen on 15 May 1953, being the first Norwegian Royal to marry a commoner. Haakon saw two of his great-grandchildren being born, Haakon Lorentzen (b. 23 August 1954) and Ingeborg Lorentzen (b. 3 February 1957).

Crown Princess Märtha died on 5 April 1954, after suffering from cancer.

King Haakon VII fell in his bathroom at the estate at Bygdøy in July 1955. This fall, which occurred just a month before his eighty-third birthday, broke the King's thighbone and, although there were few other complications resulting from the fall, the King was left using a wheelchair. The once-active king was said to have been depressed by his resulting helplessness and began to lose his customary involvement and interest in current events. With Haakon's loss of mobility, and as the King's health deteriorated further in the summer of 1957, Crown Prince Olav appeared on behalf of his father on ceremonial occasions and took a more active role in state affairs.

At Haakon's death in September 1957, the Crown Prince succeeded as Olav V. Haakon was buried on 1 October 1957. He and Maud rest in the white sarcophagus in the Royal Mausoleum at Akershus Fortress.

Today, King Haakon is regarded by many as one of the greatest Norwegian leaders of the pre-war period, managing to hold his young and fragile country together in unstable political conditions. His loyalty to democracy proved to be crucial for the political situation of Norway during and after World War II.

Ancestry

Honours

The King Haakon VII Sea in East Antarctica is named in the king's honour as well as the entire plateau surrounding the South Pole was named ''King Haakon VII Vidde'' by Roald Amundsen when he in 1911 became the first human to reach the South Pole. See Polheim. In 1914 Haakon County in South Dakota was named in his honor.

Two Royal Norwegian Navy ships -- ''King Haakon VII'', an escort ship in commission from 1942 to 1951, and ''Haakon VII'', a training ship in commission from 1958 to 1974—have been named for King Haakon VII.

For his struggles against the Nazi regime and his effort to revive the Holmenkollen ski festival following World War II, King Haakon VII earned the Holmenkollen medal in 1955 (Shared with Hallgeir Brenden, Veikko Hakulinen, and Sverre Stenersen), one of only eleven non-Nordic skiers to earn this honour. The others are Norway's Stein Eriksen, Borghild Niskin, Inger Bjørnbakken, Astrid Sandvik, King Olav V (his son), Erik Håker, Jacob Vaage, King Harald V (his paternal grandson), and Queen Sonja (his paternal granddaughter-in-law), and Sweden's Ingemar Stenmark.

Other honours: War Cross with sword Medal for Outstanding Civic Achievement in gold Grand Cross with Collar of the Royal Norwegian Order of St Olav (later Grand Master) Grand Cross of the Decoration of Honour for Merit Grand Cross of the Order of the White Lion Czechoslovakian Freedom Cross Knight of the Elephant Grand Commander of the Order of the Dannebrog Cross of Honour of the Order of the Dannebrog King Christian X's Freedom Medal Commemorative medal for King Christian IX and Queen Louise's golden wedding anniversary Commemorative medal for King Christian IX's 100th birthday Commemorative medal for King Frederik VIII's 100th birthday Grand Cross of the Order of Solomon Grand Cross of the Order of the White Rose Grand Croix of the Légion d'honneur Croix de guerre Médaille Militaire Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Redeemer War Cross Grand Cross of the Order of the Most Holy Annunciation Grand Cross of the Order of the Falcon Grand Cross of the Order of the Chrysanthemum Grand Cross of the House Order of the Wendish Crown (Mecklenburg, Germany) Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion Grand Cross of the Order of the Sun Grand Cross of the Order of the White Eagle Grand Cross of the Order of Christ Grand Cross of the Order of St. Bento d'Aviz Grand Cross of the Order of St. James of the Sword Grand Cross of the Order of the Tower and Sword Grand Cross of the Order of the Black Eagle (Prussia, Germany) Grand Cross of the Order of the Red Eagle (Prussia, Germany) Grand Cross of the Order of Carol I Grand Cross of the Order of St. Andrew Grand Cross of the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky Grand Cross of the Order of St. Anna Grand Cross of the Order of the White Eagle Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Stanislaus Collar of the Order of the Golden Fleece Knight of the Seraphim Knight of the Most Illustrious Order of the Royal House of Chakri Grand Cross in Brilliants of the Osminieh Order 833rd Knight of the Garter in 1906. Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order Royal Victorian Chain Baliff Grand Cross of the Venerable Order of Saint John Queen Victoria Diamond Jubilee Medal King Edward VII Coronation Medal Honorary citizen of Largs, Scotland

Titles from birth to death

Styles King Haakon bore from birth to death, in chronological order:

''His Royal Highness'' Prince Carl of Denmark

''His Majesty'' The King of Norway

Notes

See also

List of state visits made by King Haakon VII of Norway

Separation of Norway from Sweden in 1905

Invasion of Norway by Nazi Germany (Operation Weserübung)

Occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany

Norwegian resistance movement

List of people on the cover of Time Magazine: 1920s − 3 May 1926

References

External links

Royal House of Norway

Royal House of Denmark and Royal House of Iceland

Royal House of Great-Britain and Ireland

Official Website of the Norwegian Royal Family

King Haakon − biography (Official Website of the Norwegian Royal Family)

The Royals Regularly updated news coverage of the Norwegian royal family (''Aftenposten'')

The Royal Norwegian Order of St Olav − H.M. King Haakon VII the former Grand Master of the Order

Category:Norwegian monarchs Category:Danish princes Category:House of Glücksburg (Norway) Category:House of Glücksburg (Denmark) Category:Governments in exile during World War II Category:Norwegian people of World War II Category:Protestant monarchs Category:Norwegian people of German descent Category:1872 births Category:1957 deaths Category:Burials at Akershus Fortress Category:Recipients of the Norwegian War Cross with Sword Category:Recipients of the Medal for Outstanding Civic Achievement in gold Category:Knights Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of St. Olav Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of Merit (Austria) Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of the White Lion Category:Recipients of the Czechoslovakian Freedom Cross Category:Knights of the Elephant Category:Grand Commanders of the Order of the Dannebrog Category:Recipients of the Cross of Honour of the Order of the Dannebrog Category:Recipients of the Order of Solomon Category:Commanders Grand Cross of the Order of the White Rose of Finland Category:Grand Croix of the Légion d'honneur Category:Recipients of the Croix de Guerre (France) Category:Recipients of the Médaille Militaire Category:Extra Knights Companion of the Garter Category:Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath Category:Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order Category:Recipients of the Royal Victorian Chain Category:Bailiffs Grand Cross of the Order of St John Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of the Redeemer Category:Recipients of the War Cross (Greece) Category:Knights of the Order of the Most Holy Annunciation Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Falcon Category:Recipients of the Order of the Chrysanthemum Category:Recipients of the House Order of the Wendish Crown Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion Category:Recipients of the Order of the Sun (Peru) Category:Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland) Category:Knights of Christ Category:Recipients of the Order of Aviz Category:Recipients of the Order of Saint James of the Sword Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of the Tower and Sword Category:Recipients of the Order of the Black Eagle Category:Recipients of the Order of the Red Eagle Category:Recipients of the Order of Carol I Category:Recipients of the Order of Saint Andrew the First-Called Category:Order of St. Alexander Nevsky recipients Category:Recipients of the Order of St. Anna Category:Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Russian) Category:Recipients of the Order of Saint Stanislaus (Russian) Category:Knights of the Golden Fleece Category:Recipients of the Order of the Seraphim Category:Knights of the Order of the Royal House of Chakri Category:Recipients of the Order of Osminieh Category:Holmenkollen medalists

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