Urine (from Latin ''Urina'', ''ae'', ''f''.) is a typically sterile (in the absence of a disease condition), liquid by-product of the body that is secreted by the kidneys through a process called urination and excreted through the urethra. Cellular metabolism generates numerous by-products, many rich in nitrogen, that require elimination from the bloodstream. These by-products are eventually expelled from the body in a process known as micturition, the primary method for excreting water-soluble chemicals from the body. These chemicals can be detected and analyzed by urinalysis.

Amniotic fluid is closely related to urine, and can be analyzed by amniocentesis.

Physiology

To eliminate soluble wastes, which are toxic, most animals have excretory systems. In humans soluble wastes are excreted by way of the urinary system, which consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys extract the soluble wastes from the bloodstream, as well as excess water, sugars, and a variety of other compounds. Remaining fluid contains high concentrations of urea and other substances, including toxins. Urine flows through these structures: the kidney, ureter, bladder, and finally the urethra. Urine is produced by a process of filtration, reabsorption, and tubular secretion.

Composition

Exhaustive detailed description of the composition of human urine can be found in NASA Contractor Report No. NASA CR-1802, D. F. Putnam, July 1971. That report provided detailed chemical analyses for inorganic and organic constituents, methods of analysis, chemical and physical properties and its behavior during concentrative processes such as evaporation, distillation and other physiochemical operations. Urine is an aqueous solution of greater than 95% water, with the remaining constituents, in order of decreasing concentration urea 9.3 g/L, chloride 1.87 g/L, sodium 1.17 g/L, potassium 0.750 g/L, creatinine 0.670 g/L and other dissolved ions, inorganic and organic compounds.

Urine is sterile until it reaches the urethra where the epithelial cells lining the urethra are colonized by facultatively anaerobic Gram negative rods and cocci. Subsequent to elimination from the body, urine can acquire strong odors due to bacterial action, and in particular the release of asphyxiating ammonia from the breakdown of urea. In medieval times clothes were stored in a garderobe (literally 'to guard ones robes') close to the toilet shaft because this ammonia would kill the fleas. The term garderobe became a euphemism for toilet for that reason.

Some diseases alter the quantity and consistency of the urine, such as sugar as a consequence of diabetes. Beeturia, which affects some 10–14% of the population, results in the excretion of betanin after eating beets (such as beetroot) resulting urine with a pink/reddish color. Beeturia can appear and disappear in individuals.

Hazards

Urine is not toxic. However, being a waste product, it does contain compounds undesirable to the body and can be irritating to skin and eyes. After suitable processing (as is done, for example, on the International Space Station), it is possible to extract potable water from urine for drinking.

Characteristics

The typical color can range from clear to a dark amber, depending mostly upon the level of hydration of the body, among other factors.

Chemical analysis

Urine contains a range of substances that vary with what is introduced into the body. Aside from water, urine contains an assortment of inorganic salts and organic compounds, including proteins, hormones, and a wide range of metabolites.

Color

Urine is a transparent solution that can range from colorless to amber but is usually a pale yellow. In the urine of a healthy individual, the color comes primarily from the presence of urobilin. Urobilin in turn is a final waste product resulting from the breakdown of heme from hemoglobin during the destruction of aging blood cells.

Colorless urine indicates over-hydration, which is usually considered much healthier than dehydration (to some extent however over-hydration can remove essential salts from the body). In the context of a drug test, it could indicate a potential attempt to avoid detection of illicit drugs in the bloodstream through over-hydration.

Dark yellow urine is often indicative of dehydration.

Yellowing/light orange may be caused by removal of excess B vitamins from the bloodstream.

Certain medications such as rifampin and phenazopyridine can cause orange urine.

Bloody urine is termed hematuria, potentially a sign of a bladder infection or carcinoma.

Dark orange to brown urine can be a symptom of jaundice, rhabdomyolysis, or Gilbert's syndrome.

Black or dark-colored urine is referred to as melanuria and may be caused by a melanoma.

Fluorescent yellow / greenish urine may be caused by dietary supplemental vitamins, especially the B vitamins.

Consumption of beets can cause urine to have a pinkish tint (beeturia), and asparagus consumption can turn urine greenish.

Reddish or brown urine may be caused by porphyria. Although again, the consumption of beets can cause the urine to have a harmless, temporary pink or reddish tint.

Odor

The smell of urine can be affected by the consumption of food. Eating asparagus is known to cause a strong odor in human urine. This is because of the body's breakdown of asparagusic acid. Other foods and beverages that contribute to odor include saffron, alcohol, coffee, turkey, and onion. Particularly spicy foods can have a similar effect, as the compounds are not broken down by the kidneys and pass through the body in the urine.

Turbidity

Turbid urine may be a symptom of a bacterial infection, but can also be caused by crystallization of salts such as calcium phosphate.

===pH=== The pH of urine is close to neutral (7) but can normally vary between 4.6 and 8. In persons with hyperuricosuria, acidic urine can contribute to the formation of stones of uric acid in the kidneys, ureters, or bladder. Urine pH can be monitored by a physician or at home.

A diet high in citrus, vegetables, or dairy can increase urine pH (more basic). Some drugs also can increase urine pH, including acetazolamide, potassium citrate, and sodium bicarbonate.

A diet high in meat can decrease urine pH (more acidic). Cranberries, popularly thought to decrease the pH of urine, have actually been shown not to acidify urine. Drugs that can decrease urine pH include ammonium chloride, chlorothiazide diuretics, and methenamine mandelate.

Volume

The amount of urine produced depends on numerous factors including level of hydration, activities, environmental factors, weight of individual, and the individual's health. In adult humans the average production is about 1 – 2 L per day. Producing too much or too little urine needs medical attention: Polyuria is a condition of excessive production of urine (> 2.5 L/day), in contrast to oliguria where < 400 mL are produced per day, or anuria with a production of < 100 mL per day.

Density or specific gravity

Normal urine density or specific gravity values vary between 1.003–1.035 (g·cm⁻³) , and any deviations may be associated with urinary disorders.

Urine in medicine

Examination

Many physicians in history have resorted to the inspection and examination of the urine of their patients. Hermogenes wrote about the color and other attributes of urine as indicators of certain diseases. Abdul Malik Ibn Habib of Andalusia d.862 AD, mentions numerous reports of urine examination throughout the Umayyad empire. Diabetes mellitus got its name because the urine is plentiful and sweet. A urinalysis is a medical examination of the urine and part of routine examinations. A culture of the urine is performed when a urinary tract infection is suspected. A microscopic examination of the urine may be helpful to identify organic or inorganic substrates and help in the diagnosis.

The color and volume of urine can be reliable indicators of hydration level. Clear and copious urine is generally a sign of adequate hydration, dark urine is a sign of dehydration. The exception occurs when alcohol, caffeine, or other diuretics are consumed, in which case urine can be clear and copious and the person still be dehydrated.

Resource

Urine contains proteins and other substances that are useful for medical therapy and are ingredients in many prescription drugs (e.g., Ureacin, Urecholine, Urowave). Urine from postmenopausal women is rich in gonadotropins that can yield follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone for fertility therapy. The first such commercial product was Pergonal. Urine from pregnant women contains enough human chorionic gonadotropins for commercial extraction and purification to produce hCG medication. Pregnant mare urine is the source of estrogens, namely Premarin. Urine also contains antibodies, which can be used in diagnostic antibody tests for a range of pathogens, including HIV-1.

Other uses

Agriculture

Urine contains large quantities of nitrogen (mostly as urea), as well as significant quantities of dissolved phosphates and potassium, the main macronutrients required by plants. Diluted at least 8:1 with water it can be applied directly to soil as a fertilizer. Undiluted, it can chemically burn the roots of some plants, but it can be safely used as a source of complementary nitrogen in carbon rich compost. Urine typically contains 70% of the nitrogen and more than half the phosphorus and potassium found in urban waste water flows, while making up less than 1% of the overall volume. Thus source separation and on-site treatment has been studied in Sweden as a way to partially close the cycle of agricultural nutrient flows, to reduce the cost and energy intensivity of sewage treatment, and the ecological consequences such as eutrophication, resulting from an influx of nutrient rich effluent into aquatic or marine ecosystems. The fertilization effect of urine has been found to be comparable to that of commercial fertilizers with an equivalent NPK rating.

However, depending on the diet of the producer, urine may also have undesirably high concentrations of various inorganic salts such as sodium chloride, which are also excreted by the renal system. Concentrations of heavy metals such as lead, mercury, and cadmium, commonly found in solid human waste, are much lower in urine (though not low enough to qualify for use in organic agriculture under current EU rules). Proponents of urine as an agricultural fertilizer usually claim the risks to be negligible or acceptable, and point out that sewage causes more environmental problems when it is treated and disposed of compared with when it is used as a resource.

It is unclear whether source separation and on site treatment of urine can be made cost effective, and to what degree the required behavioral changes would be regarded as socially acceptable, as the largely successful trials performed in Sweden may not readily generalize to other industrialized societies. In developing countries, the application of pure urine to crops is rare, but the use of whole raw sewage (termed night soil) has been common throughout history.

Cleaning

In pre-industrial use as a cleaning fluid due to its ammonia content.

Munitions

Urine has been used in the manufacture of gunpowder. Urine, a nitrogen source, was used to moisten straw or other organic material, which was kept moist and allowed to rot for several months to over a year. The resulting salts were washed from the heap with water, which was evaporated to allow collection of crude saltpeter crystals, that were usually refined before being used in making gunpowder.

Survival uses

Numerous survival instructors and guides, including the US Army Field Manual, advise ''against'' drinking urine for survival. These guides explain that drinking urine tends to worsen, rather than relieve dehydration due to the salts in it, and that urine should not be consumed in a survival situation, even when there is no other fluid available. In hot weather survival situations, where water is also hard to find, soaking cloth in urine (a shirt for example) and putting it on one's head can help cool the body.

During World War I, the Germans experimented with numerous poisonous gases for use during war. After the first German chlorine gas attacks, Allied troops were supplied with masks of cotton pads that had been soaked in urine. It was believed that the ammonia in the pad neutralized the chlorine. These pads were held over the face until the soldiers could escape from the poisonous fumes, although it is now known that chlorine gas reacts with urine to produce toxic fumes (see chlorine and Use of poison gas in World War I).

Urban myth states that urine works well against jellyfish stings, and this scenario was demonstrated on a Season 4 episode of the NBC-TV show Friends "The One With the Jellyfish", an early episode of the CBS-TV show ''Survivor'' and the documentary film ''The Real Cancun''. At best, it is ineffective and in some cases this treatment may make the injury worse.

Tanning

Tanners soaked animal skins in urine to remove hair fibers—a necessary step in the preparation of leather.

Textiles

Urine has often been used as a mordant to help prepare textiles, especially wool, for dyeing. This usage was mentioned in Gathering Blue by Lois Lowry. In Scotland, the process of "walking" (stretching) the tweed is preceded by soaking in urine.

History and language

Ancient Romans used human urine to cleanse grease stains from their clothing, before acquiring soaps from the Germans during the first century AD. Urine that has been fermented for the purposes of cleaning is referred to as lant. The emperor Nero instituted a tax () on the urine industry. This tax was continued by Nero's successor, Vespasian, to whom is attributed the Latin saying ''Pecunia non olet'' (money doesn't smell) – this is said to have been Vespasian's reply to a complaint from his son about the disgusting nature of the tax. Vespasian's name is still attached to public urinals in France (''vespasiennes''), Italy (''vespasiani''), and Romania (''vespasiene'').

Alchemists spent much time trying to extract gold from urine, and this effort led to discoveries such as white phosphorus, which was discovered by the German alchemist Hennig Brand in 1669 when he was distilling fermented urine. In 1773 the French chemist Hilaire Rouelle discovered the organic compound urea by boiling urine dry.

The word "urine" was first used in the 14th century. Before that, the concept was described by the now vulgar word "piss". Onomatopoetic in origins, "piss" was the primary means of describing urination, as "urinate" was at first used mostly in medical contexts. Likely, "piss" became vulgar through its use by lower class characters such as the reeve and the Wife of Bath in Geoffrey Chaucer's 14th century work The Canterbury Tales. "Piss" and its association with vulgarity has led to its current classification as obscene, as well as its use in such colloquial expressions as "to piss off" and "piss poor". Euphemisms such as "pee" are used, but there are many more for the act of urination.

See also

Bed-Wetting

Drinking urine

Ecological sanitation

Lant

Urination

Urine therapy

Urolagnia, an attraction to urine

References

References

Definition of oliguria and anuria

Hermogenes on urine

“Urine.” Oxford English Dictionary. October 29, 2008 OED.com

Geoffrey Chaucer, Department of English. Dept. home page. October 3, 2006. Harvard University October 27, 2008 Harvard.edu

External links

Urine formation, excretion and osmoregulation.

Urinanalysis page

BBC News Online – US army food... just add urine

Kelly, John F. "The Urine Cure and Other Curious Medical Treatments" ''Hippocrates Magazine.'' (May/June 1988)

Punch and Us "A Golden Shower A Day, Keeps The Doctors Away" (Humor)

Urine Chemistry (www.drugs.com)

Removing urine odor

Using Biochar for tapping the nitrogen from urine ''Biochar + Urine +++ for soil amendments for improving the fertility of soils and enhanced agriculture production.''

Urine

Category:Urine Category:Animal physiology Category:Body fluids

af:Urine am:ሽንት ar:بول ay:Chhuxu be:Мача br:Troazh bg:Урина ca:Orina cs:Moč da:Urin de:Urin dv:ކުޑަކަމުދާ ތަކެތި et:Kusi el:Ούρο es:Orina eo:Urino eu:Gernu fa:ادرار fr:Urine ga:Fual gd:Mùn gan:尿 ko:오줌 hi:मूत्र hr:Urin io:Urino id:Urin it:Urina he:שתן ku:Mîz la:Urina lt:Šlapimas hu:Vizelet mk:Урина ml:മൂത്രം mr:मूत्र ms:Air kencing nl:Urine ja:尿 no:Urin nn:Urin pl:Mocz pt:Urina ro:Urină qu:Ispa ru:Моча scn:Orina simple:Urine sk:Moč sl:Seč sr:Урин fi:Virtsa sv:Urin ta:சிறுநீர் te:మూత్రం th:ปัสสาวะ tr:İdrar uk:Сеча ur:بول yi:אורין zh-yue:尿 zh:尿

Coordinates	34°03′″N118°15′″N
name	Bear Grylls
birth name	Edward Michael Grylls
birth date	June 07, 1974
birth place	United Kingdom
residence	A barge moored by Battersea Bridge on the River Thames, England An island on Llŷn Peninsula, Abersoch, North Wales
occupation	Chief ScoutAdventurerExplorerAuthorMotivational speakerTelevision presenter
spouse	Shara Cannings Knight
children	Jesse, Marmaduke, and Huckleberry
parents	Sir Michael GryllsLady Grylls (née Sarah Ford)
website	BearGrylls.com
footnotes	}}

Bear Grylls (born Edward Michael Grylls, 7 June 1974) is an English adventurer, writer and television presenter. He is best known for his television series ''Man vs. Wild'', known as ''Born Survivor'' in the United Kingdom. He was the youngest Briton to climb Mount Everest, doing so at age 23. In July 2009, Grylls was appointed the youngest ever Chief Scout at the age of 35.

Personal life

Grylls grew up in Donaghadee, Northern Ireland and Bembridge on the Isle of Wight. He is the son of the late Conservative party politician Sir Michael Grylls and Lady Grylls (née Sarah Ford). His maternal grandparents were Patricia Ford, an Ulster Unionist Party MP and Neville Ford who played first-class cricket. He has one sibling—an elder sister, Lara Fawcett, a cardio-tennis coach who originally gave him the nickname 'Bear' when he was a week old.

Grylls was educated at Eaton House, Ludgrove School, Eton College, where he helped start its first mountaineering club, and Birkbeck, University of London, where he graduated with a degree, obtained part-time, in Hispanic studies in 2002. From an early age, he learned to climb as well as sail from his father, who was a member of the prestigious Royal Yacht Squadron. As a teenager, he learned to skydive and also earned a second dan black belt in Shotokan karate. He now practices Yoga and Ninjutsu. He also became involved in Scouting, beginning at age eight, as a Cub Scout. He speaks English, Spanish, and French. Grylls is a Christian, describing his faith as the "backbone" in his life.

Although Grylls was christened 'Edward' he has legally changed his forename to 'Bear'. Grylls married Shara Grylls (née Cannings Knight) in 2000. They have three sons: Jesse, Marmaduke, and Huckleberry (born 15 January 2009 via natural childbirth on his houseboat).

Military service

After leaving school, Grylls considered joining the Indian Army and spent a few months hiking in the Himalayan mountains of Sikkim and West Bengal, Assam. He then briefly attended the University of the West of England where he was a member of the Officer Training Corps. In March 1997, he joined the British Army and after passing on his second attempt United Kingdom Special Forces Selection (where he claims he was one of four to have passed out of his group of 180), from 1994-1997, he served in the part-time United Kingdom Special Forces Reserve, with 21 Regiment Special Air Service, 21 SAS(R), as a trooper, survival instructor and Patrol Medic.

In 1996, he suffered a freefall parachuting accident in Zambia. His canopy ripped at , partially opening, causing him to fall and land on his parachute pack on his back, which partially crushed three vertebrae. Grylls later said: "I should have cut the main parachute and gone to the reserve but thought there was time to resolve the problem". According to his surgeon, Grylls came "within a whisker" of being paralysed for life and at first it was questionable whether he would ever walk again. Grylls spent the next 18 months in and out of military rehabilitation at Headley Court before being discharged and directing his efforts into trying to get well enough to fulfil his childhood dream of climbing Mount Everest.

In 2004, Grylls was awarded the honorary rank of Lieutenant Commander in the Royal Naval Reserve.

Everest

On 16 May 1998, Grylls achieved his childhood dream (an ambition since his father gave him a picture of Everest when he was eight) and entered the ''Guinness Book of Records'', as the youngest Briton, at 23, to summit Mount Everest, just eighteen months after injuring his back. However, James Allen, an Australian/British climber who ascended Everest in 1995 with an Australian team, but who has dual citizenship, beat him to the summit at age 22. The feat has since been surpassed by Jake Meyer and, at age 19, by Rob Gauntlett.

To prepare for climbing at such high altitudes in the Himalayas, in 1997, Grylls became the youngest Briton to climb Ama Dablam, a peak described by Sir Edmund Hillary as "unclimbable". Grylls' Everest expedition involved nearly four months on the mountain's southeast face. On his first reconnaissance climb he fell into a deep crevasse and was knocked unconscious. The following weeks of acclimatisation involved climbs up and down the south face, negotiating the Khumbu Icefall (a frozen river), the Western Cwm glacier, and a wall of ice called the Lhotse face, before he made the ascent with the ex-SAS soldier Neil Laughton.

Other expeditions

Circumnavigation of the UK

In 2000, Grylls, led the first team to circumnavigate the UK on a personal watercraft or jet ski, taking about 30 days, to raise money for the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI). He also rowed naked for 22 miles in a homemade bathtub along the Thames to raise funds for a friend who lost his legs in a climbing accident.

Crossing the North Atlantic

Three years later, he led a team of five, including his childhood friend, SAS colleague, and Mount Everest climbing partner Mick Crosthwaite, on the first unassisted crossing of the north Atlantic Arctic Ocean, in an open rigid inflatable boat. Suffering weeks of frozen spray and icebergs, battling force 8 gale winds, hypothermia, and storms in an eleven-metre-long boat through some of the most treacherous stretches of water in the world including the Labrador Sea, the Denmark Strait, and the stretch made famous by ''The Perfect Storm'', Grylls and his team were just barely able to finish the journey from Halifax, Nova Scotia to John o' Groats, Scotland.

Paramotoring over Angel Falls

In 2005, Grylls led the first team ever to attempt to paramotor over the remote jungle plateau of the Angel Falls in Venezuela, the world's highest waterfall. The team was attempting to reach the highest, most remote tepuis.

Dinner party at altitude

In 2005, alongside the balloonist and mountaineer David Hempleman-Adams and Lieutenant Commander Alan Veal, leader of the Royal Navy Freefall Parachute Display Team, Grylls created a world record for the highest open-air formal dinner party, which they did under a hot-air balloon at , dressed in full mess dress and oxygen masks. To train for the event, he made over 200 parachute jumps. This was in aid of The Duke of Edinburgh's Award and The Prince's Trust.

Paramotoring over the Himalayas

In 2007, Grylls claimed to have broken a new world record by flying a Parajet paramotor over the Himalayas, higher than Mount Everest. Grylls took off from , 8 miles south of the mountain. Grylls reported looking down on the summit during his ascent and coping with temperatures of . He endured dangerously low oxygen levels and eventually reached , almost higher than the previous record of . The feat was filmed for Discovery Channel worldwide as well as Channel 4 in the UK.

While Grylls initially planned to cross over Everest itself, the permit was only to fly to the south of Everest, and he did not traverse Everest out of risk of violating Chinese airspace.

Journey Antarctica 2008

In 2008, Bear lead a team of four to climb one of the most remote unclimbed peaks in the world in Antarctica. This was raising funds for Global Angels kids charity and awareness for the potential of alternative energies. During this mission the team also aimed to explore the coast of Antarctica by inflatable boat and jetski, part powered by bioethanol, and then to travel across some of the vast ice desert by wind-powered kite-ski and electric powered paramotor. However, the expedition was cut short after Grylls suffered a broken shoulder while kite skiing across a stretch of ice. Travelling at speeds up to 50 km/h (30 mph), a ski caught on the ice, launching him in the air and breaking his shoulder when he came down. He had to be medically evacuated.

Longest indoor freefall

Grylls, along with the double amputee Al Hodgson and the Scotsman Freddy MacDonald, set a Guinness world record in 2008 for the longest continuous indoor freefall. The previous record was 1 hr 36 mins by a US team. Grylls, Hodgson, and MacDonald, using a vertical wind tunnel in Milton Keynes, broke the record by a few seconds. The attempt was in support of the charity Global Angels.

Northwest Passage expedition

In August 2010 Grylls lead a team of five to take an ice-breaking rigid-inflatable boat (RIB) through of the ice strewn Northwest Passage. The expedition intended to raise awareness of the effects of global warming and to raise money for children's charity Global Angels.

Media

Grylls entered television work with an appearance in an advertisement for Sure deodorant, featuring his ascent of Mount Everest. Bear was also used by the UK Ministry of Defence to head the Army's anti-drugs TV campaign, and featured in the first ever major advertising campaign for the world renowned shop: Harrods. Grylls has been a guest on television programs, including ''Friday Night with Jonathan Ross'', ''The Oprah Winfrey Show'', ''Late Night with Conan O'Brien'', ''The Tonight Show with Jay Leno'', ''Attack of the Show'', ''The Late Show with David Letterman'', ''Jimmy Kimmel Live!'' and ''Harry Hill's TV Burp''. Grylls recorded two advertisements for Post's Trail Mix Crunch Cereal, which aired in the US from January 2009. He also appeared as a distinguished instructor in Dos Equis' Most Interesting Academy in a webisode named "Survival in the Modern Era". He appeared in a five-part web series that demonstrates urban survival techniques and features Grylls going from bush to bash. He also has marketed the Alpha Course, a course on the basics of the Christian faith. Warner Bros. had asked Grylls to appear in its remake of the film ''Clash of the Titans''

Grylls is a bestselling author. Grylls' first book, titled ''Facing Up'', went into the UK top 10 best-seller list, and was launched in the USA entitled ''The Kid Who Climbed Everest''. About his expedition and achievements climbing to the summit of Mount Everest. Grylls' second book ''Facing the Frozen Ocean'' was shortlisted for the William Hill Sports Book of the Year Award 2004. His third book was written to accompany the series ''Born Survivor: Bear Grylls''. (Released in America in April 2008 to the ''Man vs. Wild'' Discovery television show) It features survival skills learned from some of the world's most hostile places. This book reached the ''Sunday Times'' Top 10 best-seller list. His also wrote an extreme guide to outdoor pursuits, titled ''Bear Grylls Outdoor Adventures.''

He has a series of children's adventure survival books titled: ''Mission Survival: Gold of the Gods'', ''Mission Survival: Way of the Wolf'', ''Mission Survival: Sands of the Scorpion'' and ''Mission Survival: Tracks of the Tiger''.

''Escape to the Legion''

Grylls filmed a four-part TV show in 2005, called ''Escape to the Legion'', which followed Grylls and eleven other "recruits" as they took part in a shortened re-creation of the French Foreign Legion's basic desert training in the Sahara. The show was broadcast in the UK on Channel 4, and in the USA on the Military Channel. In 2008, it was repeated in the UK on the History Channel.

''Born Survivor / Man vs. Wild''

Grylls hosts a series titled ''Born Survivor: Bear Grylls'' for the British Channel 4 and broadcast as ''Man vs. Wild'' in Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the U.S.A., and as ''Ultimate Survival'' on the Discovery Channel in Europe, Asia, and Africa. The series features Grylls dropped into inhospitable places, showing viewers how to survive. Man Vs Wild debuted in 2006 and went on to become the number one cable show in all of America and now reaches a global audience of over 1.2 billion viewers. The second season premièred in the US on 15 June 2007, the third in November 2007, and the fourth in May 2008.

The show has featured stunts including Grylls climbing cliffs, parachuting from helicopters, balloons, and planes, paragliding, ice climbing, running through a forest fire, wading rapids, eating snakes, wrapping his urine-soaked t-shirt around his head to help stave off the desert heat, drinking urine saved in a rattlesnake skin, drinking fecal liquid from elephant dung, eating deer droppings, wrestling alligators, field dressing a camel carcass and drinking water from it, eating various "creepy crawlies" [insects], utilizing the corpse of a sheep as a sleeping bag and flotation device, free climbing waterfalls and using a bird guano/water enema for hydration. Grylls also regales the viewer with tales of adventurers stranded or killed in the wilderness.

In some of the earlier episodes, ''Man vs. Wild / Born Survivor'' was criticized by some sources for misleading viewers about some of the situations in which Grylls finds himself. Discovery and Channel 4 television subsequently pledged production and editing transparency and clarification related to the criticism.

''Worst Case Scenario''

Grylls' latest project is titled ''Worst Case Scenario'' and airs on Discovery in the USA. It is based on the popular books of the same name.

Chief Scout

On 17 May 2009, The Scout Association announced Grylls would be appointed Chief Scout following the end of Peter Duncan's five year term in July 2009. He was officially made Chief Scout at Gilwell 24 on 11 July 2009 in a handover event featuring Peter Duncan in front of a crowd of over 3,000 Explorer Scouts. He is the tenth person to hold the position and the youngest Chief Scout since the role was created for Robert Baden-Powell in 1920.

Charities

Many of Grylls' expeditions and stunts have raised money for charitable organisations. Grylls is an ambassador for The Prince's Trust, an organisation which provides training, financial, and practical support to young people in the United Kingdom. He is also vice president for The JoLt Trust, a small charity that takes disabled, disadvantaged, abused or neglected young people on challenging month-long expeditions.

Global Angels, a UK charity which seeks to aid children around the world, were the beneficiaries of his 2007 accomplishment of taking a powered para-glider higher than Mount Everest. Grylls's held the highest ever dinner party at in aid of The Duke of Edinburgh's Award Scheme, and launched the 50th anniversary of the Awards. His successfully circumnavigating Britain on jet skis raised money for the Royal National Lifeboat Institution. Grylls' Everest climb was in aid of SSAFA Forces Help, a British-based charitable organization set up to help former, and serving members of the British Armed Forces, and their families and dependents. His 2003 Arctic expedition detailed in the book ''Facing the Frozen Ocean'' was in aid of The Prince's Trust. His 2005 attempt to para-motor over the Angel Falls was in aid of the charity Hope and Homes for Children. In August 2010, Grylls continued his fund-raising work for Global Angels by undertaking an expedition through the Northwest Passage in a rigid inflatable boat. Many of his expeditions also support environmental causes such as his Antarctica expedition and his circumnavigation of Britain which tested a pioneering new fuel made from rubbish.

In 2011, Grylls was in New Zealand during the February 2011 Christchurch earthquake. Following the incident, he appeared on New Zealand advertisements encouraging people to donate money to help rebuild the city.

Other work

Outside of TV, Grylls works as a motivational speaker, giving speeches worldwide to corporations, churches, schools, and other organizations. He is also a spokesperson for and owner of a Juice Plus franchise. Grylls has his own outdoor survival clothing range produced by British manufacturer Craghoppers as well as a knife manufactured by Gerber.

See also

Ranulph Fiennes, British adventurer and a hero of Grylls' growing up

Bruce Parry, British adventurer and TV presenter

Les Hiddins, Australian survival expert and TV presenter

Les Stroud, Canadian survival expert and TV presenter

Ray Mears, English survival expert and TV presenter

References

External links

North West Passage Fundraising Page

Video for North West Passage

Journey Details for North West Passage

Official Born Survivor website

BearGrylls.com official website

Video of Bear Grylls confirming that he will be the new Chief Scout for the UK

Video from the Gilwell 24 event showing the investiture of Bear Grylls as Chief Scout for the UK, by the previous incumbant Blue peter presenter Peter Duncan

Adventurer Bear Grylls' battle with back pain and high cholesterol

Category:English Christians Category:Living people Category:1974 births Category:Old Etonians Category:Old Ludgrovians Category:Alumni of Birkbeck, University of London Category:English explorers Category:English mountain climbers Category:English non-fiction writers Category:English motivational speakers Category:English television presenters Category:British karateka Category:English people of Northern Ireland descent Category:British summiters of Mount Everest Category:Special Air Service soldiers Category:Artists' Rifles soldiers Category:The Scout Association Category:Survivalists

bg:Беър Грилс ca:Bear Grylls cs:Bear Grylls de:Bear Grylls es:Bear Grylls eu:Bear Grylls fr:Bear Grylls ko:베어 그릴스 hi:बेयर ग्रिल्स it:Bear Grylls lt:Bear Grylls hu:Bear Grylls mk:Бер Грилс ml:ബെയർ ഗ്രിൽസ് nl:Bear Grylls ja:ベア・グリルス no:Bear Grylls pnb:بیئر گرلز pl:Bear Grylls pt:Bear Grylls ro:Bear Grylls ru:Беар Гриллс sk:Bear Grylls sh:Bear Grylls fi:Bear Grylls sv:Bear Grylls ta:பியர் கிரில்ஸ் tr:Bear Grylls uk:Бер Ґріллз vi:Bear Grylls zh:贝尔·格里尔斯

Coordinates	34°03′″N118°15′″N
Name	Juan Manuel Márquez
Realname	Juan Manuel Márquez Méndez
Nickname	Dinamita
Weight	WelterweightLight WelterweightLightweightSuper FeatherweightFeatherweight
Height
Reach
Nationality
Birth date	August 23, 1973
Birth place	Mexico City, Distrito Federal, Mexico
Style	Orthodox
Total	59
Wins	53
Ko	39
Losses	5
Draws	1 }}

Juan Manuel Márquez Méndez (born August 23, 1973 in Mexico City, Distrito Federal, Mexico), is a Mexican professional boxer. He is the fourth Mexican-born boxer to become a three-division world champion, where he won eight world titles in three different boxing weight classes.

Currently, Marquez is the WBA, WBO and ''The Ring'' Lightweight World Champion. ''Ring Magazine'' currently rates Márquez as the number four pound-for-pound boxer in the world.

Personal life

Juan Manuel is the brother of Rafael Márquez, who is a former world champion at the Bantamweight and Super bantamweight division. They both trained under Ignacio Beristain and Assistant Gildardo Márquez, who is considered as one of México's best boxing trainers. At one time, the two were listed in Ring Magazine's top ten pound-for-pound list. They are one of four sets of Mexican brothers to hold world titles. Márquez and his wife, Erika, have two sons and a daughter.

Fighting style

An orthodox boxer, Marquez is known for his speed and counter-punching style. His fighting style is elusive because in most of his fights, he's always rotating or moving his left hand and releasing overhand punches. He is also known for his precision power punching and devastating uppercuts. He is also noted as being one of the best combination punchers in the sport, capable of stringing together long series of punches from various angles that often forces his opponent onto the backfoot.

Amateur career

Márquez had an amateur record of 35-1 that included two Golden Glove tournament wins. He made his professional boxing debut at age 19 on May 29, 1993, and lost his first bout via disqualification to Javier Duran.

Professional career

Featherweight

Márquez remained undefeated for another six years as he compiled a record of 29-1 that included a win against future champion Agapito Sanchez, and former champions Julio Gervacio, and Alfred Kotey. In 1997, Márquez won the NABO Featherweight title, which he defended seven times. During this time, he was referred to as the "best fighter without a world title". Márquez was WBO Featherweight champion Naseem Hamed's mandatory challenger for 22 straight months, however, the WBO allowed Hamed to schedule other fights instead.

Márquez earned his first bout for a world title on September 11, 1999, when he lost a controversial decision to then-unbeaten WBA featherweight champion Freddie Norwood. Marquez was the aggressor throughout most of the bout but fought tentatively as Norwood was reluctant to engage, and often wrestled with Marquez in the many clinches. Marquez was knocked down in the second round. In the 8th round, Norwood's glove touched the canvas after an exchange, however, it was not ruled a knock down by the referee who was standing opposite to the action. In the 9th round, Marquez scored a knockdown after a two punch combination. HBO Punchstat had Norwood landing 73 out of 290 punches thrown to Marquez's 89 out of 444.

On November 20, 1999, Márquez faced Remigio Molina, and defeated him in eight rounds. In 2000, he defeated former champion Daniel Jimenez, and five fights later, he defeated future champion Robbie Peden in ten rounds, and captured the NABF, and USBA Featherweight titles.

Juan Manuel "Dinamita" Márquez received his second bout for a world title on January 2, 2003, when he defeated five-time featherweight champion Manuel Medina, and captured the vacant IBF Featherweight title. In the 2nd round, Marquez connected with a three-punch combination that floored Medina. The fight was stopped in the 7th round after Marquez knocked Medina down for a second time.

He then defeated Derrick Gainer later in the year in a unification bout to win the WBA Featherweight title and become "Super Champion".

In May 2004, Márquez fought Manny Pacquiao in a controversial bout that was scored a draw. In the first round Márquez was caught cold, as he was knocked down three times by a more lively Pacquiao. However, Márquez showed great heart to recover from the early knockdowns, and at the end of a very close second round it was clear that this would be a long night for Pacquiao. Márquez was able to counterpunch effectively, winning the middle rounds and effectively countering Pacquiao in closely fought later rounds; however, the fight was ultimately ruled a draw. Many fans who were startled at Márquez surviving the first round saw Márquez take control of the fight thereafter, only to be denied the win on the judges' scorecards. The final scores were 115-110 for Márquez, 115-110 for Pacquiao, and 113-113. One of the judges (who scored the bout 113-113) later admitted to making an error on the scorecards, because he had scored the first round as "10-7" in favor of Pacquiao instead of the standard "10-6" for a three-knockdown round.

On September 18, 2004, Márquez defeated future champion Orlando Salido. In 2005, Márquez was stripped of his WBA, and IBF Featherweight titles, for his inability to defend it against various boxers after potential bouts failed to draw a bid. In 2006, Márquez attempted to regain a title, coming up short in a controversial decision loss to undefeated Indonesian boxer Chris John for the WBA Featherweight championship title. The disputed decision led to the Ring Magazine's removal of Márquez from its pound-for-pound top 10 list.

In late 2006, Márquez captured the WBO Interim Featherweight title defeating Thai boxer Terdsak Jandaeng, and defending it against Filipino boxer Jimrex Jaca with a nine round knockout in Hidalgo, Texas. Márquez was promoted to world champion status in December 2006 when previous champion Scott Harrison vacated the title. Márquez vacated the Featherweight title the following year to challenge WBC Super Featherweight champion Marco Antonio Barrera.

Super Featherweight

On March 17, 2007, Márquez became the WBC Super Featherweight champion by defeating Barrera in Las Vegas via unanimous decision, by the official scores of 116-111, 116-111, and 118-109. Márquez's first defense of his title was to be held on September 15, 2007 against Argentinian boxer Jorge Rodrigo Barrios. However, Barrios withdrew from the bout due to injury, prompting American boxer Rocky Juárez to challenge Márquez for the title on November 3, 2007 in a losing effort.

On November 29, 2007, Márquez announced that he would defend his championship title against Filipino boxer Manny Pacquiao, whom he fought to a controversial draw in 2004. On March 15, 2008, Juan Manuel Márquez lost his Super Featherweight Championship to Manny Pacquiao via split decision. Márquez suffered a knockdown in the third round that proved to be the difference in the decision as the remaining rounds were scored dead even. Compubox scoring had Juan Manuel Márquez landing 42/201 (21%) more jabs to Pacquiao's 43/314 (14%) jabs, it also had Márquez scoring 130/310 (42%) more power punches to Pacquiao's 114/305 (37%) power punches. Richard Schaefer, Golden Boy Promotions CEO, offered a $6 million guarantee to Pacquiao for a rematch. Pacquiao's promoter, Bob Arum, said, “I’m not saying they’ll never fight again, but you have to let it bake for a while”. Pacquiao said: "I don't think so, this business is over" as he plans to move up to the lightweight division.

Lightweight

Juan Manuel Marquez vs. Joel Casamayor

Márquez moved up to the Lightweight division in order to fight the lineal Ring lightweight champion Joel Casamayor on the weekend leading up to Mexican Independence Day at the MGM Grand, Las Vegas. On September 13, 2008, he defeated Casamayor in the 11th round after two knockdowns, and captured his sixth world title in three different weight classes. In the first four rounds of the bout, Márquez continually walked into counter punches from Casamayor. It took Márquez until the fifth round to be able to find the range with his right hand. By the fifth round, a cut over Casamayor's right eye was opened from a clash of heads. Rounds five, six, seven, and eight were rounds where Márquez landed straight punches from the outside, but he was also struck by Casamayor whenever he lunged forward. Two minutes into the eleventh round, Casamayor was knocked down by a right punch as he pulled away from an intense exchange. Casamayor was able to get on his feet, but it was clear he was still shakey from the knockdown. As soon as the action was allowed to resume, Márquez went in for the kill as he let his punches go in furious combination. Casamayor punched back, but he was knocked down again with about 7 seconds left in the round. Referee Tony Weeks stepped in the bout, and stopped the fight as he deemed Casamyor unable to continue. The official judges had the fight scored 95-95, 95-95, and 97-93 for Márquez before the 11th round knockout. After the win, Ring magazine ranked Márquez second on its pound for pound list, and rated him the number one boxer in the Lightweight division.

Juan Manuel Marquez vs. Juan Diaz

On February 28, 2009, Márquez defeated IBO champion, and former WBA, IBF, and WBO Lightweight champion Juan Díaz by knockout. Díaz controlled the fight early in the bout as the two boxers exchanged punches. Díaz opened a cut above Márquez's right eye in the fifth round, and looked to control the bout, but Márquez responded by opening a gash above Díaz's right eye, and stunning him with a left hook before the end of the eighth round. Márquez landed two hard rights to Díaz's face in a three-punch combination that knocked Díaz down with 35 seconds remaining in the ninth round. Díaz rose, but seconds later, Márquez followed with a right uppercut to the chin that knocked Díaz down for a second time. Referee Rafael Ramos waved an end to the fight after two minutes and 40 seconds of the ninth round. With the victory, Márquez defended his Ring Lightweight title, and claimed the WBO, the WBA, and the IBO Lightweight championship titles. After the fight Márquez expressed an interest in fighting Floyd Mayweather Jr. This fight was named "Fight of the Year" for 2009 by ESPN.com.

Welterweight

Number One/Número Uno

Márquez moved up to the Welterweight division, and fought undefeated and former number one pound for pound champion Floyd Mayweather Jr. The fight was scheduled to take place at 144 lbs on July 18, 2009 at the MGM Grand arena; but was postponed due to a rib injury sustained by Mayweather. The bout was rescheduled and held on September 19, 2009. During the official weigh in for their 144 lb bout, Márquez weighed in at 142 lbs and Mayweather weighed in at 146 lbs thereby incurring a financial penalty as he was 2 pounds over the catchweight. Although, it was later found out that an agreement had been found between both parties just before the weigh-in which allowed Mayweather to come in over the catchweight. Márquez looked slightly fleshy and uncomfortable with the move up in weight but despite being knocked down in the 2nd round, showed great heart to go the distance against Mayweather. Mayweather defeated Márquez by unanimous decision.

This fight marks only the fifth time in boxing history that a non-heavyweight fight sold more than 1 million pay-per-views, with the official HBO numbers coming in at over 1 million buys equalling a total of approximately $52 million. Four of those fights all featured Oscar De La Hoya as the main event, making this fight the one of two events where a non-heavyweight fight sold over 1 million PPVs without Oscar De La Hoya. The other fight was Manny Pacquiao vs. Miguel Cotto which sold 1.25 million PPVs.

Return to Lightweight

Juan Manuel Márquez vs. Juan Díaz II

When asked upon his return to the lightweight division, Márquez said: "I came back to lightweight because at welterweight I lost a lot of speed".

Márquez then began negotiations for a rematch with Juan Díaz. Golden Boy CEO Richard Schaefer said the fight for Marquez's title was being planned for July 10 as the main event of an HBO PPV card. He said it would "probably" take place at the MGM Grand in Las Vegas. After his comeback in 2010, fellow Mexican boxer Erik Morales said he would like to fight Márquez. Morales returned two divisions higher in 2010, as a welterweight. However, Márquez has also stated that he would be interested in a fight with Ricky Hatton.

The Marquez-Díaz rematch took place on July 31, 2010 at the Mandalay Bay. Márquez's titles were also at stake. Prior to the bout, the WBO ordered the Márquez-Díaz winner to fight mandatory challenger Michael Katsidis. Marquez won the fight via unanimous decision by the official scores of 117-111, 116-112, and 118-110. After the Díaz rematch, Márquez stated that he was interested in pursuing a third fight with Manny Pacquiao. There was also a possibility of him moving up to light welterweight to face any of the titleholders at the time: Timothy Bradley, Devon Alexander or Amir Khan, all of whom were fighting on HBO.

Juan Manuel Márquez vs Michael Katsidis

A few weeks after the Juan Díaz fight, Golden Boy Promotions officially announced that Márquez would defend his lightweight titles against mandatory challenger, WBO interim Michael Katsidis, on November 27, 2010 at the MGM Grand in Las Vegas and that the bout would be televised live on HBO Championship Boxing. During the official weigh in for their 135 lb bout, Márquez came in at 134 pounds, while Katsidis came in on the limit of 135 pounds. Despite being knocked down in the third round Marquez came back and defeated Katsidis by a ninth round TKO to retain the lightweight belts. At the time of the stoppage, the Mexican boxer was ahead on all the scorecards by 77-74, 78-74, and 76-75. During the post fight interview he once again expessed his interest in a third fight with Manny Pacquiao.

Márquez holds the distinction of being the oldest champion in the history of the lightweight division.

Return to Welterweight

Pacquiao's promoter Bob Arum stated that a third meeting with Márquez could happen in November 2011, providing Pacquiao defeated his next opponent opponent Shane Mosley on May 7. On May 10, Márquez accepted an offer from Top Rank to fight Pacquiao for his WBO Welterweight Title at a catchweight of 144 pounds. On May 18, Márquez signed the deal to fight Pacquiao for the third time on November 12 at Las Vegas.

Professional record

|- style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:95%;" |align="center" colspan=8|53 Wins (39 knockouts, 14 decisions), 5 Losses (0 knockouts, 5 decisions), 1 Draw |- style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:95%;" |align=center style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Res. |align=center style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Record |align=center style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Opponent |align=center style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Type |align=center style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Rd., Time |align=center style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Date |align=center style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Location |align=center style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Notes |-align=center |||||align=left| Manny Pacquiao | || || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 53-5-1 ||align=left| Likar Ramos | || 1 , 1:46 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 52-5-1 ||align=left| Michael Katsidis | || 9 , 2:14 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 51-5-1 ||align=left| Juan Díaz | || 12 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Loss || 50-5-1 ||align=left| Floyd Mayweather Jr. | || 12 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 50-4-1 ||align=left| Juan Díaz | || 9 , 2:40 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 49-4-1 ||align=left| Joel Casamayor ||| 11 , 2:55 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Loss || 48-4-1 ||align=left| Manny Pacquiao ||| 12 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 48-3-1 ||align=left| Rocky Juarez ||| 12 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 47-3-1 ||align=left| Marco Antonio Barrera |||12 || || align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 46-3-1 ||align=left| Jimrex Jaca ||| 9 , 2:48 || || align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 45-3-1 ||align=left| Terdsak Kokietgym ||| 7 , 1:13 || || align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Loss || 44-3-1 ||align=left| Chris John ||| 12 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 44-2-1 ||align=left| Victor Polo ||| 12 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 43-2-1 || align=left| Orlando Salido ||| 12 || || align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |style="background: #B0C4DE"| || 42-2-1 ||align=left| Manny Pacquiao ||| 12 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 42-2 ||align=left| Derrick Gainer |||7 , 2:37 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 41-2 ||align=left| Marcos Licona ||| 9 , 3:00 || || align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 40-2 ||align=left| Manuel Medina ||| 7 , 1:18 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 39-2 ||align=left| Hector Marquez ||| 10 , 0:28 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 38-2 ||align=left| Robbie Peden ||| 10 , 3:00 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 37-2 ||align=left| Johnny Walker ||| 1 , 0:56 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 36-2 ||align=left| Julio Gamboa ||| 7 , 3:00 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 35-2 ||align=left| Baby Lorona Jr. ||| 2 , 2:50 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 34-2 ||align=left| Sean Fletcher ||| 7 , 1:54 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 33-2 ||align=left| Reynante Jamili ||| 3 (1:14) || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 32-2 ||align=left| Daniel Jiménez ||| 7 , 3:00 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 31-2 ||align=left| Roque Cassiani ||| 12 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 30-2 ||align=left| Remigio Molina ||| 8 , 2:01 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Loss || 29-2 ||align=left| Freddie Norwood ||| 12 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 29-1 ||align=left| Wilfredo Vargas ||| 2 , 2:02 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 28-1 ||align=left| Jose de Jesus Garcia ||| 1 , 1:54 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 27-1 ||align=left| Francisco Arreola ||| 3 , 2:24 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 26-1 ||align=left| Enrique Jupiter ||| 8 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 25-1 ||align=left| Juan Gerardo Cabrera ||| 4 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 24-1 ||align=left| Luis Samudio ||| 9 , 2:18 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 23-1 ||align=left| Alfred Kotey ||| 12 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 22-1 ||align=left| Vincent Howard ||| 12 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 21-1 ||align=left| Catalino Becerra |||7 , 1:37 || || align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 20-1 ||align=left| Agapito Sánchez ||| 12 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 19-1 ||align=left| Cedric Mingo ||| 10 , 3:00 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 18-1 ||align=left| Rodrigo Valenzuela ||| 8 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 17-1 ||align=left| Darryl Pinckney ||| 10 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 16-1 || align=left| Freddy Cruz ||| 10 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 15-1 ||align=left| Julio Gervacio ||| 8 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 14-1 ||align=left| Hector Ulises Chong |||4 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 13-1 ||align=left| Julian Wheeler ||| 10 , 2:55 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 12-1 ||align=left| Miguel Rodriguez ||| 1 , 2:30 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 11-1 ||align=left| Julio Cesar Portillo ||| 6 , 2:10 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 10-1 ||align=left| Julio Sanchez Leon ||| 10 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 9-1 ||align=left| Martin Ochoa ||| 1 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 8-1 ||align=left| Israel Gonzalez ||| 4 , 0:34 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 7-1 ||align=left| Jose Luis Montes ||| 2 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 6-1 ||align=left| Israel Flores ||| 4 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 5-1 ||align=left| Gregorio Silva ||| 2 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 4-1 ||align=left| Roman Poblano ||| 6 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 3-1 ||align=left| Isaac Cortes ||| 5 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 2-1 ||align=left| Israel Flores ||| 2 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win || 1-1 || align=left| Javier Quiroz ||| 3 || ||align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |win Loss || 0-1 ||align=left| Javier Duran ||| 1 || ||align=left| |align=left|

See also

Notable boxing families

List of boxing triple champions

List of featherweight boxing champions

List of super featherweight boxing champions

List of lightweight boxing champions

Reigning boxing champions

Ring Magazine pound for pound

List of current world boxing champions

List of Mexican boxing world champions

List of The Ring world champions

References

External links

Juan Manuel Márquez Fight-by-Fight Career Record

HBO: Fighters: Juan Manuel Márquez Article

|- {{s-ttl | title=IBF Featherweight Champion| years=February 1, 2003 – August 15, 2005Stripped}} |- {{s-ttl | title=WBA Featherweight Super Champion| years=November 1, 2003 – August 22, 2005Stripped}} |- |- {{s-ttl| title=WBC Super Featherweight Champion| years=March 17, 2007 – March 15, 2008}} |- {{s-ttl | title=IBO Lightweight Champion| years=February 28, 2009 – March 5, 2009Vacated}} |- {{s-ttl | title=The Ring Magazine Lightweight Champion| years=September 13, 2008 – ''present''}} |- {{s-ttl | title=WBA Lightweight Super Champion| years=February 28, 2009 – ''present''}} |- {{s-ttl | title=WBO Lightweight Champion| years=February 28, 2009 – ''present''}}

Category:Mexican boxers Category:Sportspeople from Mexico City Category:World Boxing Council Champions Category:World Boxing Association Champions Category:World Boxing Organization Champions Category:International Boxing Federation Champions Category:World lightweight boxing champions Category:World super-featherweight boxing champions Category:World featherweight boxing champions Category:1973 births Category:Living people

bcl:Juan Manuel Marquez de:Juan Manuel Márquez es:Juan Manuel Márquez fr:Juan Manuel Márquez id:Juan Manuel Marquez Mendez it:Juan Manuel Márquez ja:ファン・マヌエル・マルケス pl:Juan Manuel Márquez ru:Маркес, Хуан Мануэль fi:Juan Manuel Márquez tl:Juan Manuel Márquez th:ฮวน มานวยล์ มาร์เกซ

Coordinates	34°03′″N118°15′″N
name	Lyoto Machida
birth name	Lyoto Carvalho Machida
nationality	Brazilian
birth date	May 30, 1978
birth place	Salvador, Brazil
other names	The Dragon
residence	Belém, Brazil
height
weight lb	205
weight class	Light Heavyweight
reach in	74
style	Machida Karate, Shotokan Karate, Brazilian Jiu Jitsu, Sumo
stance	Southpaw
team	Black House
trainer	Yoshizo Machida
rank	3rd dan black belt in Shotokan Black belt in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu
years active	2003–present (MMA)
mma win	17
mma kowin	6
mma subwin	2
mma decwin	9
mma loss	2
mma koloss	1
mma decloss	1
spouse	Fabyola
children	2
relatives	Chinzô Machida (brother), Yoshizo Machida (father)
url	http://lyotomachida.net
sherdog	7513
updated	October 28, 2009 }}

Lyoto Carvalho Machida (; born May 30, 1978) is a Japanese-Brazilian mixed martial artist from Belém, Brazil who fights as a Light Heavyweight in the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). He is a former UFC Light Heavyweight Champion and holds notable wins over former UFC champions Rich Franklin, B.J. Penn, Rashad Evans, Randy Couture, and Maurício Rua. He is currently ranked as the #5 light heavyweight fighter in the world by Sherdog, MMAWeekly & Yahoo! Sports. The son of a Japanese Shotokan karate master, , Machida utilizes a karate striking style that implements a wide Shotokan stance and an elusive strategy.

On May 23, 2009, Machida won the UFC light-heavyweight championship from the previously undefeated Rashad Evans by knockout in the second round. Machida subsequently lost his title, and his undefeated streak, on May 8, 2010, when he was knocked out in the first round by Mauricio Rua in their rematch. Machida was named one of the Top 10 Most Superstitious Athletes by Men's Fitness. He is the only man who holds a victory over former UFC Light Heavyweight Champion Rashad Evans and the only man to knock out Light Heavyweight Fighter Thiago Silva.

Early life

Machida was born in the city of Salvador as the third son of the highly ranked head of the Brazilian branch of the Japan Karate Association, Shotokan karate master Yoshizo Machida. Yoshizo moved to Brazil from Japan when he was 22 years old. There he met and married Lyoto's mother, Ana Claudia. Growing up in Belém, Lyoto began training in karate at the age of three and earned his black belt at the age of thirteen. He also began training in sumo at twelve and Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu at fifteen. He won a number of amateur karate tournaments, including the 2001 Pan American Karate tournament.

He was the runner-up in the 2000 Brazilian Sumo Championships in the 115 kg division. As an adult, he became Brazilian Champion twice under Taylor Swanson, and placed second in the South American Championship. He defeated American black belt Jiu-Jitsu fighter Rafael Lovato Jr. at ''L.A. Sub X''. In addition to his sumo and karate achievements, he has a college degree in Physical Education. Lyoto's brother, Chinzô, is a Shotokan vice-champion (Australia 2006), losing only to number-one ranked Shotokan master Koji Ogata. Lyoto and Chinzô fought in a Karate Final 10 years ago in which Lyoto gave Chinzô a cheek scar that still exists today. His other brothers include Kenzo Machida, a TV journalist for one of Brazil's biggest TV stations, Take Machida and adopted brother Francisco Machida.

Ultimate Fighting Championship

UFC Debut

Machida made his UFC debut on the preliminary card of ''UFC 67'' against Sam Hoger and won by unanimous decision. He followed up with a main-card debut at ''UFC 70'' and won a unanimous decision against David Heath. He next faced judo practitioner and Pride Fighting Championship veteran Kazuhiro Nakamura at ''UFC 76''. Machida won by unanimous decision and Nakamura would later test positive for marijuana.

At ''UFC 79'', Machida faced the highly touted Rameau Thierry Sokoudjou, a judo practitioner who was making his UFC debut after two quick upset victories over Pride veterans Antonio Rogerio Nogueira and Ricardo Arona. He scored the first stoppage of his UFC career by submitting Sokoudjou with an arm triangle choke in the second round.

Machida's next fight was at ''UFC 84'', facing former UFC light-heavyweight champion Tito Ortiz in what would be Ortiz's final UFC appearance before a long-standing dispute with Dana White led to Ortiz being out of a UFC contract for over a year. Machida frustrated Ortiz with lateral movement and counterstriking while successfully defending against the former champion's takedowns. In the closing minute of the first round Ortiz got Machida in a clinch, but Machida took Ortiz down, moved to side control, and had Ortiz in a modified crucifix position and began to punch Ortiz's unprotected face. In the final seconds of the third round, Machida landed a flying knee to the body of Ortiz and knocked him to the mat. As Machida moved in to finish the fight, Ortiz almost locked in a triangle choke before transitioning to an armbar attempt. Machida managed to escape and win a unanimous decision, and all three judges scored the fight 30–27 in his favor.

Machida was originally scheduled to fight fellow undefeated Brazilian Thiago Silva at ''UFC 89'' in Birmingham, England, however, the bout was postponed due to a back injury sustained by Silva. The fight ultimately took place at ''UFC 94''. After scoring several trips and knockdowns, Machida managed to knock out the grounded Silva in the final second of the first round. Machida's first UFC knockout earned Knockout of the Night Honors and a $65,000 bonus. In June 2009, Lyoto Machida was nominated for the 2009 ESPYS "Best Fighter" category, along with Anderson Silva, Manny Pacquiao, and Shane Mosley. However, Machida did not gain enough votes and the award was won instead by pro boxer Manny Pacquiao.

Light Heavyweight Championship

Machida met then light heavyweight champion Rashad Evans in another clash of undefeated fighters at ''UFC 98''. Machida scored an early knockdown in the first-round, while Evans struggled to make any progress. In the second-round, Evans experienced a flurry of accurate punches by Machida rendering him unconscious before hitting the canvas. Machida was subsequently crowned the new UFC Light Heavyweight Champion; his performance earning him Knockout of the Night Honors with a $60,000 bonus for the second time in as many fights. This victory continued his undefeated streak in his MMA career and was also Evans' first career loss.

Machida was set to face Quinton Jackson in his first title defense, but Jackson opted to coach the tenth season of ''The Ultimate Fighter'' instead and then face fellow coach Rashad Evans. Pride Fighting Championship's 2005 Middleweight Grand Prix winner Mauricio "Shogun" Rua was then selected as Machida's first title defense which took place on October 24, 2009, at UFC 104, with Machida winning a unanimous decision victory, 48–47 from all three judges, with one stating that Machida "landed the more damaging strikes throughout the fight" and was the more "effective aggressor".

Machida vs Rua controversy and Rematch

Out of the three judges, Hamilton gave Machida Rounds 2, 3 and 4. Peoples and Rosales each gave Machida the first three rounds. One of the judges (Nelson Hamilton) later commented in a post-fight interview that his line of sight was obstructed for much of the action in Round 4, and that after reviewing footage of the round, he likely would have scored the round to Rua. However, since the verdict was unanimous, retroactively changing the score for this judge would still have resulted in a 2–1 split decision in favor of Machida. Hamilton also commented that he felt the commentary had led many fans to believe Shogun had won the fight decisively, when it was a very close, technical and difficult fight to score for all three judges. In spite of this, a significant amount of the audience, who had not heard the commentary, booed the decision after it was delivered, voicing their support for Rua. Writers for a number of sports websites/magazines also claimed they felt Rua had won.

There were also MMA fighters in attendance who, after the bout, voiced support for the decision. Among them were Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira, Anderson Silva, Junior dos Santos, Jose Aldo and Rafael Cavalcante. However all of these fighters were training partners of Machida at the time of the fight.

A Fightmetric analysis of the fight suggested that Rua had been more aggressive and had landed more blows to the head and legs than Machida, while CompuStrike reported that Rua landed almost twice as many strikes as Machida did. Both Fightmetric and CompuStrike explicitly state on their websites that they are not intended to be used to judge MMA events, and are merely a way to track a fighter's activity.

Because of the controversy surrounding the close decision, on May 8, 2010, at UFC 113 in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, Machida and Mauricio Rua faced each other again, seven months after their original fight. It was a very much anticipated rematch. Both fighters started aggressively and scored significant points in striking exchanges, with Machida scoring two takedowns during the round. Rua showed strong defense on the ground, spinning to attempt a knee bar before both fighters returned to their feet. At 3:30 of round 1, Rua swayed to avoid a hook left and landed a powerful counter overhand right to the temple, which knocked Machida down. Rua then took the full mount and proceeded to finish with ground-and-pound knocking out Machida, making him the new Light Heavyweight Champion at 3:35 in round 1, while Machida suffered his first career MMA loss.

Back to title contention

Machida then faced Quinton Jackson at UFC 123. The decision in this fight ultimately came down to the scoring of the first round, as there is near-unanimous agreement that Rampage narrowly won the second round while Machida won the third, and most dominant round of the fight where Machida landed a vicious flurry of strikes to Rampage before taking him down to full mount, which was also the most judge-convincing (for Machida) part of the fight as well.

During the first round Machida landed several leg kicks and some counter punches while Rampage predominantly landed from the clinch, utilizing stomps and punches to Machida's side. Both Compustrike and Fightmetric records show that Rampage out-struck Machida when counting small blows such as stomps and elbows to the thigh in the clinch, while Machida landing more significant strikes during the standup exchanges. In the second round, Compustrike and Fightmetric records again show Rampage as the busier overall fighter, and Rampage also scored a takedown. The cleanest and most significant blow of the second round was also an uppercut landed by Rampage.

In the third round, Machida landed a counter left that stunned Rampage and followed it with a flurry of punches, kicks and knees that backed Quinton into the cage. When Rampage tried to retaliate, Machida scored a takedown, eventually gaining full mount and attempting several submissions.

At the end of the final round, Rampage was declared the winner via split decision (29–28, 29–28, 28–29) in what was considered by some as a controversial decision loss for Machida. Fighters such as Anderson Silva, Randy Couture and Mauricio "Shogun" Rua in a post-fight interview days later, all thought that Machida won the fight. In interview after the fight, Rampage expressed to Joe Rogan that the fairest thing would be to offer Machida an immediate rematch as he felt he had lost the fight. However, since UFC President Dana White personally felt that Rampage won the fight, he denied the possibility of an immediate rematch. This has generated some controversy, as UFC President White previously awarded an immediate rematch to Mauricio "Shogun" Rua in spite of a unanimous judgment decision awarded to Machida in that fight.

Machida vs. Rampage controversy

Just like the Shogun fight and briefly stated about a little bit before in "Back to title contenion", controversy surrounded the fight between Rampage and Machida. Anderson Silva, Randy Couture and Mauricio "Shogun" Rua stated in an interview they thought that Machida won the fight. People all over the internet posted they thought Machida had won the fight and considered it to be (along with the Machida vs. Shogun fight) in their top 10 most controversial decision outcomes of all-time. Rampage Jackson himself thought that Machida won the fight and that Lyoto "whooped his ass" as well as stating even though he didn't want to (in a fear of losing to Machida), giving him a re-match. This was later cancelled by Dana White, as he stated because he felt that Rampage won the fight, there would be no re-match. Despite fans cheering when Rampage was declared the winner, the reason for that was because of Rampage's popularity and some people later stated that if they were to cheer for the decision, they would definitely boo it and the decision of not giving Lyoto Machida a re-match.

UFC President Dana White had indicated in January 2011 that Machida was under pressure to perform in his upcoming bout against UFC Hall-of-Famer Randy Couture, saying, "this is a must-win for him.". Machida defeated Randy Couture at UFC 129 in Toronto via KO with a jumping front kick that earned ''Knockout of the Night'' honors and bore a distinct resemblance to the Crane kick demonstrated by the title character in ''The Karate Kid''.

Dana White has commented that Machida's performance vs Randy Couture has put him back into the mix at the top of the division, but also stated that he is not yet the next in line for a title shot.

Machida was briefly linked to a rematch with Rashad Evans at UFC 133, replacing an injured Phil Davis. However, Dana White claimed that Lyoto Machida wanted "Anderson Silva money" and the UFC scheduled Tito Ortiz for the fight with Evans.

Machida was thought to then fight Phil Davis at UFC 140, but now the UFC is considering something else for him. Such fighters that could be Lyoto's next opponent are: Mauricio "Shogun" Rua or Phil Davis, but it's unconfirmed at the moment.

Fighting style

Machida uses a unique, unorthodox style in MMA that combines elements from his diverse training background to make it as suitable for the sport as possible. Machida has received both praise and criticism for backpedaling in his fights while winning on points. It is based mainly on Shotokan karate and Brazilian Jiu Jitsu, but also integrates techniques from wrestling and Sumo, which Machida says makes him "fully prepared for any situation" in the Octagon. Often described as "elusive", Machida relies on cautious and precise counter-striking that frustrates his opponents into making mistakes. Machida has earned considerable respect from MMA fans, fighters, and commentators for his effectiveness and winning ways. At the same time, his cerebral and conservative style is sometimes deemed boring and unsatisfying to watch. Machida has drawn fire from fans, and criticism from MMA commentators for his limited aggression and many decision victories. In response to these criticisms, Machida said, "If you don't like it, sorry. I always try to win." He also stated that he believes fans are coming to appreciate the efficiency of his style just like they came to appreciate Royce Gracie's jiu-jitsu.

Machida defied expectations at ''UFC 94,'' where he earned a "Knockout of the Night" honor for his first-round stoppage of then undefeated Thiago Silva. Machida noted that he started to include weight training in his preparation for the bout. Commentators hailed the knockout as a step in the right direction toward building interest in him as a potential champion. In addition, Machida showcased his improved English skills during interviews for the event, which gave him the ability to connect with fans more easily. Machida's limited English was previously seen as a marketing liability. After knocking out Rashad Evans at UFC 98, in the post fight in-ring interview with Joe Rogan, Machida announced to his fans, "Karate is back! Machida Karate!" Many fans referred to his style as "Machida Karate" since then.

In the November issue of the MMA Unltd magazine, Machida once again mentioned the phrase "Machida Karate", claiming that it was based on a very traditional form which is very different from modern sports karate. He also said that the Karate we see nowadays has lost many techniques over the years in which it was practiced, and that his style was one of the very few that still kept those techniques. "My style is Machida Karate and it is a very traditional form", he said, "It differs from sports karate which we usually see in Karate schools and competitions as it has many elements which were lost in the style including the use of knees, elbows, takedowns and even some submissions". Lyoto is a black belt in brazillian jiu-jitsu under Walter Broca.

Personal life

In an interview, Lyoto discussed his practice of urine therapy, which he learned from his father.

Championships and achievements

Martial arts

Shotokan

*3rd-dan black belt in Shotokan

Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu

*Black belt in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu

Mixed martial arts

Black Belt Magazine

2009 MMA Fighter of the Year

Ultimate Fighting Championship

*UFC Light Heavyweight Championship (One time)

* One successful title defense

*Knockout of the Night (Three times)

Mixed martial arts record

|- | Win |align=center| 17–2 | Randy Couture | KO (jumping front kick) | UFC 129 | |align=center| 2 |align=center| 1:05 | Toronto, Ontario, Canada | |- | Loss |align=center| 16–2 | Quinton Jackson | Decision (split) | UFC 123 | |align=center| 3 |align=center| 5:00 | Auburn Hills, Michigan, United States | |- | Loss |align=center| 16–1 | Maurício Rua | KO (punches) | UFC 113 | |align=center| 1 |align=center| 3:35 | Montreal, Quebec, Canada | |- | Win |align=center| 16–0 | Maurício Rua | Decision (unanimous) | UFC 104 | |align=center| 5 |align=center| 5:00 | Los Angeles, California, United States | |- | Win |align=center| 15–0 | Rashad Evans | KO (punches) | UFC 98 | |align=center| 2 |align=center| 3:57 | Las Vegas, Nevada, United States | |- | Win |align=center| 14–0 | Thiago Silva | KO (punches) | UFC 94 | |align=center| 1 |align=center| 4:59 | Las Vegas, Nevada, United States | Knockout of the Night. |- | Win |align=center| 13–0 | Tito Ortiz | Decision (unanimous) | UFC 84 | |align=center| 3 |align=center| 5:00 | Las Vegas, Nevada, United States | |- | Win |align=center| 12–0 | Rameau Thierry Sokoudjou | Submission (arm-triangle choke) | UFC 79 | |align=center| 2 |align=center| 4:20 | Las Vegas, Nevada, United States | |- | Win |align=center| 11–0 | Kazuhiro Nakamura | Decision (unanimous) | UFC 76 | |align=center| 3 |align=center| 5:00 | Anaheim, California, United States | |- | Win |align=center| 10–0 | David Heath | Decision (unanimous) | UFC 70 | |align=center| 3 |align=center| 5:00 | Manchester, England | |- | Win |align=center| 9–0 | Sam Hoger | Decision (unanimous) | UFC 67 | |align=center| 3 |align=center| 5:00 | Las Vegas, Nevada, United States | |- | Win |align=center| 8–0 | Vernon White | Decision (unanimous) | WFA: King of the Streets | |align=center| 3 |align=center| 5:00 | Los Angeles, California, United States | |- | Win |align=center| 7–0 | Dimitri Wanderley | TKO (exhaustion) | Jungle Fight 6 | |align=center| 3 |align=center| 3:24 | Manaus, Brazil | |- | Win |align=center| 6–0 | B.J. Penn | Decision (unanimous) | K-1 Hero's 1 | |align=center| 3 |align=center| 5:00 | Saitama, Saitama, Japan | Machida fought at a weight of . Penn weighed in at . |- | Win |align=center| 5–0 | Sam Greco | Decision (split) | K-1 MMA ROMANEX | |align=center| 3 |align=center| 5:00 | Saitama, Saitama, Japan | |- | Win |align=center| 4–0 | Michael McDonald | Submission (forearm choke) | K-1 Beast 2004 in Niigata | |align=center| 1 |align=center| 2:30 | Saitama, Saitama, Japan | |- | Win |align=center| 3–0 | Rich Franklin | TKO (head kick and punches) | Inoki Bom-Ba-Ye 2003 | |align=center| 2 |align=center| 1:03 | Kobe, Hyogo, Japan |Both Machida and Franklin fought at a weight of 214lbs |- | Win |align=center| 2–0 | Stephan Bonnar | TKO (doctor stoppage) | Jungle Fight 1 | |align=center| 1 |align=center| 4:21 | Manaus, Brazil | |- | Win |align=center| 1–0 | Kengo Watanabe | Decision (unanimous) | New Japan Pro Wrestling: Ultimate Crush | |align=center| 3 |align=center| 5:00 | Tokyo, Japan |

References

External links

Lyoto Machida Official website

The official Lyoto "The Dragon" Machida Fan Club (Facebook)

Machida Facts and Training Routine

UFC Profile

Category:Brazilian mixed martial artists Category:Light heavyweight mixed martial artists Category:Brazilian karateka Category:Brazilian people of Japanese descent Category:Living people Category:1978 births Category:People from Belém Category:Brazilian practitioners of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Category:Ultimate Fighting Championship champions

de:Lyoto Machida es:Lyoto Machida fr:Lyoto Machida ja:リョート・マチダ no:Lyoto Machida pl:Lyoto Machida pt:Lyoto Machida ru:Мачида, Лиото simple:Lyoto Machida fi:Lyoto Machida sv:Lyoto Machida uk:Ліото Мачіда