Espionage or spying involves an individual obtaining information that is considered secret or confidential without the permission of the holder of the information. Espionage is inherently clandestine, lest the legitimate holder of the information change plans or take other countermeasures once it is known that the information is in unauthorized hands.

Espionage is usually part of an institutional effort by a government or corporation, and the term is most readily associated with state spying on potential or actual enemies primarily for military purposes. Spying involving corporations is known as industrial espionage.

One of the most effective ways to compile information about an enemy (or potential enemy) is by infiltrating the enemy's ranks. This is the job of the spy. Spies can bring back all sorts of information concerning the size and strength of an enemy army. They can also find dissidents within the enemy's forces and influence them to defect. In times of crisis, spies can also be used to steal technology and to sabotage the enemy in various ways. Counterintelligence operatives can feed false information to enemy spies, protecting important domestic secrets and preventing attempts at subversion. Nearly every society has very strict laws concerning espionage, and the penalty for being caught is often death. However, the benefits that can be gained through espionage are generally felt to outweigh the risks.

Further information on clandestine HUMINT (human intelligence) information collection techniques is available, including discussions of operational techniques, asset recruiting and the tradecraft used to collect this information.

History

Incidents of espionage are well documented throughout history. The ancient writings of Chinese and Indian military strategists such as Sun-Tzu and Chanakya contain information on deception and subversion. Chanakya's student Chandragupta Maurya, founder of the Maurya Empire in India, made use of assassinations, spies and secret agents, which are described in Chanakya's ''Arthasastra''. The ancient Egyptians had a thoroughly developed system for the acquisition of intelligence, and the Hebrews used spies as well, as in the story of Rahab. Spies were also prevalent in the Greek and Roman empires. During the 13th and 14th centuries, the Mongols relied heavily on espionage in their conquests in Asia and Europe. Feudal Japan often used ninja to gather intelligence. More recently, spies played a significant part in Elizabethan England (see Francis Walsingham). Many modern espionage methods were well established even then.

The Cold War involved intense espionage activity between the United States of America and its allies and the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China and their allies, particularly related to nuclear weapons secrets. Recently, espionage agencies have targeted the illegal drug trade and those considered to be terrorists. Since 2008 the United States has charged at least 57 defendants for attempting to spy for China.

Different intelligence services value certain intelligence collection techniques over others. The former Soviet Union, for example, preferred human sources over research in open sources, while the United States has tended to emphasize technological methods such as SIGINT and IMINT. Both Soviet political (KGB) and military intelligence (GRU) officers were judged by the number of agents they recruited.

Targets of espionage

Espionage agents are usually trained experts in a specific targeted field. This allows them to differentiate mundane information from a target which has intrinsic value to own organisational development. Correct identification of the target at its execution is the sole purpose of the espionage operation.

The broad areas of espionage targeting expertise are:

Natural resource strategic production identification and assessment (food, energy, materials)

:Agents are usually found among bureaucrats that administer these resources in own countries

Popular sentiment towards domestic and foreign policies (popular, middle class, elites)

:Agents often recruited from field journalistic crews, exchange postgraduate students and sociology researchers

Strategic economic strengths (production, research, manufacture, infrastructure)

:Agents recruited from science and technology academia, commercial enterprises, and more rarely from military technologists

Military capability intelligence (offensive, defensive, manoeuvre, naval, air, space)

:Agents are trained by special military espionage education facilities, and posted to area of operation with covert identities to prevent prosecution

Methods and terminology

While news media may speak of "spy satellites" and the like, espionage is not a synonym for all intelligence functions. It is a specific form of human source intelligence (HUMINT). Codebreaking (cryptanalysis or COMINT), aircraft or satellite photography (IMINT) and research in open publications (OSINT) are all intelligence gathering disciplines, but none of them are espionage. Many HUMINT activities, such as prisoner interrogation, reports from military reconnaissance patrols and from diplomats, etc., are not espionage.

Unlike other forms of intelligence collection disciplines, espionage usually involves accessing the place where the desired information is stored, or accessing the people who know the information and will divulge it through some kind of subterfuge. There are exceptions to physical meetings, such as the Oslo Report, or the insistence of Robert Hanssen in never meeting the people to whom he was selling information.

The US defines espionage towards itself as "The act of obtaining, delivering, transmitting, communicating, or receiving information about the national defense with an intent, or reason to believe, that the information may be used to the injury of the United States or to the advantage of any foreign nation. ''Black's Law Dictionary'' (1990) defines espionage as: "...gathering, transmitting, or losing...information related to the national defense". Espionage is a violation of United States law, and Article 106 of the Uniform Code of Military Justice". The United States, like most nations, conducts espionage against other nations, under the control of the National Clandestine Service. Britain's espionage activities are controlled by the Secret Intelligence Service.

Organization

A spy is a person employed to obtain such secrets. Within the United States Intelligence Community, "asset" is a more common usage. A case officer, who may have diplomatic status (i.e. official cover or non-official cover), supports and directs the human collector. Cutouts are couriers who do not know the agent or case officer, but transfer messages. A safe house is a refuge for spies.

In larger networks the organization can be complex with many methods to avoid detection, including clandestine cell systems. Often the players have never met. Case officers are stationed in foreign countries to recruit and to supervise intelligence agents, who in turn spy on targets in their countries where they are assigned. A spy need not be a citizen of the target country. While the more common practice is to recruit a person already trusted with access to sensitive information, sometimes a person with a well-prepared synthetic identity, called a ''Legend'' in tradecraft, may attempt to infiltrate a target organization.

These agents can be moles (who are recruited before they get access to secrets), defectors (who are recruited after they get access to secrets and leave their country) or defectors in place (who get access but do not leave).

Spies may also be used to spread disinformation in the organization in which they are planted, such as giving false reports about their country's military movements, or about a competing company's ability to bring a product to market. Spies may be given other roles that also require infiltration, such as sabotage.

Many governments routinely spy on their allies as well as their enemies, although they typically maintain a policy of not commenting on this. Governments also employ private companies to collect information on their behalf such as SCG International Risk and others.

Industrial espionage

Reportedly Canada is losing $12 billion and German companies are estimated to be losing about €50 billion ($87 billion) and 30,000 jobs to industrial espionage every year.

Agents in espionage

An Agent is someone that has been authorized to function on behalf of another. There are several types of agent in use today. Double agent, "is a person who engages in clandestine activity for two intelligence or security services (or more in joint operations), who provides information about one or about each to the other, and who wittingly withholds significant information from one on the instructions of the other or is unwittingly manipulated by one so that significant facts are withheld from the adversary. Peddlers, fabricators, and others who work for themselves rather than a service are not double agents because they are not agents. The fact that doubles have an agent relationship with both sides distinguishes them from penetrations, who normally are placed with the target service in a staff or officer capacity."

*Re-doubled agent, an agent who gets caught as a double agent and is forced to mislead the foreign intelligence service.

**Unwitting double agent, an agent who offers or is forced to recruit as a double or re-doubled agent and in the process is recruited by either a third party intelligence service or his own government without the knowledge of the intended target intelligence service or the agent. This can be useful in capturing important information from an agent that is attempting to seek allegiance with another country. The double agent usually has knowledge of both intelligence services and can identify operational techniques of both, thus making third party recruitment difficult or impossible. The knowledge of operational techniques can also effect the relationship between the Operations Officer (or case officer) and the agent if the case is transferred by an Operational Targeting Officer to a new Operations Officer, leaving the new officer vulnerable to attack. This type of transfer ''may'' occur when an officer has completed his term of service or when his ''cover'' is blown.

*** Triple agent, an agent that is working for three intelligence services.

Intelligence agent: Provides access to sensitive information through the use of special privileges. If used in ''corporate intelligence'' gathering, this may include gathering information of a corporate business venture or stock portfolio. In ''economic intelligence'', "Economic Analysts may use their specialized skills to analyze and interpret economic trends and developments, assess and track foreign financial activities, and develop new econometric and modeling methodologies." This may also include information of trade or tariff.

Access agent: Provides access to other potential agents by providing profiling information that can help lead to recruitment into an intelligence service.

Agent of influence: Someone who may provide political influence in an area of interest or may even provide publications needed to further an intelligence service agenda. I.e. The use of the media to print a story to mislead a foreign service into action, exposing their operations while under surveillance.

Agent provocateur: This type of agent will instigate trouble or may provide information to gather as many people as possible into one location for an arrest.

Facilities agent: A facilities agent may provide access to buildings such as garages or offices used for staging operations, resupply, etc.

Principal agent: This agent functions as a handler for an established network of agents usually Blue Chip.

Confusion agent: May provide misleading information to an enemy intelligence service or attempt to discredit the operations of the ''target'' in an operation.

Sleeper agent: A sleeper agent is a person who is recruited to an intelligence service to ''wake up'' and perform a specific set of tasks or functions while living under cover in an area of interest. This type of agent is not the same as a ''deep cover operative'' who is continually in contact with their case officer in order to file intelligence reports. A sleeper agent will not be in contact with anyone until ''activated''.

Illegal agent: This is a person who is living in another country under false credentials that does not report to a local station. A non official cover operative is a type of cover used by an intelligence operative and can be dubbed an "Illegal" when working in another country without diplomatic protection.

Law

Espionage is a crime under the legal code of many nations. The risks of espionage vary. A spy breaking the host country's laws may be deported, imprisoned, or even executed. A spy breaking his/her own country's laws can be imprisoned for espionage or/and treason, or even executed, as the Rosenbergs were. For example, when Aldrich Ames handed a stack of dossiers of CIA agents in the Eastern Bloc to his KGB-officer "handler", the KGB "rolled up" several networks, and at least ten people were secretly shot. When Ames was arrested by the FBI, he faced life in prison; his contact, who had diplomatic immunity, was declared persona non grata and taken to the airport. Ames's wife was threatened with life imprisonment if her husband did not cooperate; he did, and she was given a five-year sentence. Hugh Francis Redmond, a CIA officer in China, spent nineteen years in a Chinese prison for espionage—and died there—as he was operating without diplomatic cover and immunity.

Many organizations, both national and non-national, conduct espionage operations. It should not be assumed that espionage is always directed at the most secret operations of a target country. National and terrorist organizations and other groups are also targets.

Communications both are necessary to espionage and clandestine operations, and also a great vulnerability when the adversary has sophisticated SIGINT detection and interception capability. Agents must also transfer money securely.

The United States in World War I passed the Espionage Act of 1917. Over the years many spies, such as the Soble spy ring, Robert Lee Johnson, the Rosenberg ring, Aldrich Hazen Ames, Robert Philip Hanssen, John Anthony Walker, James Hall III, and others have been prosecuted under this law.

However espionage laws are also used to prosecute non-spies. In the United States the Espionage Act of 1917 was used against socialist politician Eugene V. Debs. It was later used to suppress publication of periodicals, for example of Father Coughlin in WWII. In the early 21st century, the act was used to prosecute officials who communicated with US journalists, such as Thomas Andrews Drake and Stephen Jin-Woo Kim

List of famous spies

Espionage under Elizabeth I of England

Sir Francis Walsingham

Espionage in the American Revolution

Thomas Knowlton, The First American Spy

Nathan Hale

John Andre

James Armistead

Espionage in the Napoleonic Wars

William Wickham

Espionage in the American Civil War

One of the innovations in the American Civil War was the use of proprietary companies for intelligence collection. See Allan Pinkerton.

Belle Boyd

Espionage in the Aceh War

Dutch professor Snouck Hurgronje world leading authority on Islam was a proponent of espionage to quell Muslim resistance in Aceh in the Dutch East Indies. In his role as Colonial Advisor of Oriental affairs he gathered intelligence under the name "Haji Abdul Ghaffar".

His knowledge of Islamic and Aceh culture enabled him to devise strategies which significantly helped crush the resistance of the Aceh inhabitants and impose Dutch colonial rule on them, ending the 40 year Aceh War with varying casualty estimates of between 50,000 and 100,000 inhabitants dead and about a million wounded.

Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje

Espionage in the Second Boer War

Fritz Joubert Duquesne

Espionage in World War I

Fritz Joubert Duquesne

Jules C. Silber

Mata Hari

Howard Burnham

T.E. Lawrence

Espionage in World War II

Informants were common in World War II. In November 1939, the German Hans Ferdinand Mayer sent what is called the Oslo Report to inform the British of German technology and projects in an effort to undermine the Nazi regime. The Réseau AGIR was a French network developed after the fall of France that reported the start of construction of V-weapon installations in Occupied France to the British.

Counterespionage included the use of turned Double Cross agents to misinform Nazi Germany of impact points during the Blitz and internment of Japanese in the US against "Japan's wartime spy program". Additional WWII espionage examples include Soviet spying on the US Manhattan project, the German Duquesne Spy Ring convicted in the US, and the Soviet Red Orchestra spying on Nazi Germany. The US lacked a specific agency at the start of the war, but quickly formed the Office of Strategic Services (OSS).

Spying has sometimes been considered a gentlemanly pursuit, with recruiting focused on military officers, or at least on persons of the class from whom officers are recruited. However, the demand for male soldiers, an increase in women's rights, and the tactical advantages of female spies led the Special Operations Executive (SOE) to set aside any lingering Victorian Era prejudices and begin employing them in April 1942. Their task was to transmit information from Nazi occupied France back to Allied Forces. The main strategic reason was that men in France faced a high risk of being interrogated by Nazi troops but women were less likely to arouse suspicion. In this way they made good couriers and proved equal to, if not more effective than, their male counterparts. Their participation in Organization and Radio Operation was also vital to the success of many operations, including the main network between Paris and London.

: See also Honeypot

Espionage post World War II

In the United States, there are several federal agencies that form the United States Intelligence Community. The Central Intelligence Agency operates a Clandestine Service (NCS) to collect human intelligence and perform Covert operations. The National Security Agency collects Signals Intelligence. Other agencies do similar work. The CIA used to head the IC but after the September 11 attacks a new agency was formed, the Director of National Intelligence, to lead the group.

Espionage technology and techniques

Agent handling

Concealment device

Covert agent

Covert listening device

Cut-out

Cyber spying

Dead drop

False flag operations

Interrogation

Numbers messaging

Non-official cover

Official cover

One-way voice link

Safe house

Side channel attack

Steganography

Surveillance

Honeypot

Spy fiction

An early example of espionage literature is ''Kim'' by the English novelist Rudyard Kipling, with a description of the training of an intelligence agent in the Great Game between the UK and Russia in 19th century Central Asia. An even earlier work was James Fenimore Cooper's classic novel, ''The Spy,'' written in 1821, about an American spy in New York during the Revolutionary War.

During the many 20th century spy scandals, much information became publicly known about national spy agencies and dozens of real-life secret agents. These sensational stories piqued public interest in a profession largely off-limits to human interest news reporting, a natural consequence of the secrecy inherent to their work. To fill in the blanks, the popular conception of the secret agent has been formed largely by 20th and 21st century literature and cinema. Attractive and sociable real-life agents such as Valerie Plame find little employment in serious fiction, however. The fictional secret agent is more often a loner, sometimes amoral—an existential hero operating outside the everyday constraints of society. Loner spy personalities may have been a stereotype of convenience for authors who already knew how to write loner private investigator characters that sold well from the 1920s to the present.

Johnny Fedora achieved popularity as a fictional agent of early Cold War espionage, but James Bond is the most commercially successful of the many spy characters created by intelligence insiders during that struggle. His less fantastic rivals include Le Carre's George Smiley.

Jumping on the spy bandwagon, other writers also started writing about spy fiction featuring female spies as protagonists, such as ''The Baroness'', which has more graphic action and sex, as compared to other novels featuring male protagonists.

See also

Nations

* Chinese Intelligence Operations in the United States

* Covert United States foreign regime change actions

* History of Soviet espionage

People

* Spymaster

* Stalker

* List of cryptographers

* Mole (espionage)

* Ninja

* Labor spies

* Wikileaks

Artefacts

* Classified information

* Dumpster diving

* Safe house

* Security clearance

* Mitrokhin Archive

* Operation Snow White

Types

* Corporate espionage

* Counter-espionage

* Economic and Industrial Espionage

* Military intelligence

* Intelligence (information gathering)

* Sabotage

References

Further reading

Jenkins, Peter ''Surveillance Tradecraft: The Professionals Guide to Surveillance Training'' ISBN 978-9535378-22

Felix, Christopher ''A Short Course in the Secret War, 4th Edition'' ''Madison Books'' November 19, 2001

West, Nigel ''MI6: British Secret Intelligence Service Operations 1909-1945'' 1983

Smith Jr., W. Thomas ''Encyclopedia of the Central Intelligence Agency'' 2003

Richelson, Jeffery T. ''The U.S. Intelligence Community'' 1999 fourth edition

Richelson, Jeffery T. ''A Century of Spies: Intelligence in the Twentieth Century'' 1977

Owen, David ''Hidden Secrets: A Complete History of Espionage and the Technology Used to Support It''

O'Toole, George ''Honorable Treachery: A History of U.S. Intelligence, Espionage, Covert Action from the American Revolution to the CIA'' 1991

Lerner, Brenda Wilmoth & K. Lee Lerner, eds. ''Terrorism: essential primary sources'' Thomas Gale 2006 ISBN 978-1-4144-0621-3

Lerner, K. Lee and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner, eds. ''Encyclopedia of Espionage, Intelligence and Security'' 2003 1100 pages.

Knightley, Philip ''The Second Oldest Profession: Spies and Spying in the Twentieth Century'' Norton 1986

Kahn, David ''The Codebreakers: The Comprehensive History of Secret Communication from Ancient Times to the Internet'' 1996 Revised edition. First published in 1967.

Johnson, Robert ''Spying for Empire: The Great Game in Central and South Asia, 1757-1947'' London: Greenhill 2006

Friedman, George ''America's Secret War: Inside the Hidden Worldwide Struggle Between the United States and Its Enemies'' 2005

Tunney, Thomas Joseph and Paul Merrick Hollister ''Throttled!: The Detection of the German and Anarchist Bomb Plotters'' Boston: Small, Maynard & company 1919 | available on Wikisource: s:Throttled!

Beesly, Patrick || ''Room 40'' 1982

Burnham, Frederick Russell ''Taking Chances'' 1944

May, Ernest (ed.) ''Knowing One's Enemies: Intelligence Assessment before the Two World Wars'' 1984

Tuchman, Barbara W. ''The Zimmermann Telegram'' Ballantine Books 1966

World War II: 1931–1945

Title ''Air Spy: The Story of Photo Intelligence in World War II'' ''Best-Kept Secret: Canadian Secret Intelligence in the Second World War'' ''Codebreakers: The Inside Story of Bletchley Park'' ''British Intelligence in the Second World War'' ''Canaris: Hitler's Master Spy'' ''The Wizard War: British Scientific Intelligence 1939-1945'' ''Hitler's Spies: German Military Intelligence in World War II' ''Seizing the Enigma: The Race to Break the German U-Boat Codes, 1939-1943'' ''The Hunt for Nazi Spies: Fighting Espionage in Vichy France'' ''The American Magic: Codes, Ciphers and the Defeat of Japan'' ''The Double Cross System in the War of 1935 to 1945'' ''Roosevelt's Secret War: FDR and World War II Espionage'' ''Casey: The Lives and Secrets of William J. Casey-From the OSS to the CIA'' ''Counterfeit Hero: Fritz Joubert Duquesne ''Sabotage - ''OSS: The Secret History of America's First Central Intelligence Agency'' ''World War II Photo Intelligence'' ''The Ultimate Enemy: British Intelligence and Nazi Germany, 1933-1939'' "Cryptographic Innocence: The Origins of Signals Intelligence in Canada in the Second World War" in ''Journal of Contemporary History'' 22 ''Secret War: The Story of SOE, Britain's Wartime Sabotage Organization'' ''The Ultra (cryptography) ''The Nazi Connection'' ''No Cloak No Dagger'' ''Pearl Harbor: Warning and Decision''

Author(s)	|	Publisher	Date	Notes
Babington-Smith, Constance	|	-	1957	-
Bryden, John	|	Lester	1993	-
Hinsley, F. H. and Alan Stripp	|	-	2001	-
Hinsley, F. H.	|	-	1996	Abridged version of multivolume official history.
Hohne, Heinz	|	-	1979	-
Jones, R. V.	|	-	1978	-
Kahn, David	|	-	1978	-
Kahn, David	|	-	1991	FACE
Kitson, Simon
Lewin, Ronald	|	-	1982	-
Masterman, J. C.	|	Yale	1972	-
Persico, Joseph	|	-	2001	-
Persico, Joseph	|	-	1991	-
Ronnie, Art	Fritz Duquesne, Adventurer and Spy'' ||	-	1995	ISBN 1-55750-733-3
Sayers, Michael & Albert E. Kahn	The Secret War Against America''	|	1942	-
Smith, Richard Harris	|	-	2005	-
Stanley, Roy M.	|	-	1981	-
Wark, Wesley	|	-	1985	-
Wark, Wesley	|	-	1987	-
West, Nigel	|	-	1992	-
Winterbotham, F. W.	Ultra Secret'' ||	Harper & Row	1974	-
Winterbotham, F. W.	|	Harper & Row	1978	-
Cowburn, B.	|	Brown, Watson, Ltd.	1960	-
Wohlstetter, Roberta.	|	-	1962	-

Cold War era: 1945–1991

Title ''The Hidden Hand: Britain, America and Cold War Secret Intelligence'' ''Ike's Spies: Eisenhower and the Intelligence Establishment'' ''The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB'' ''KGB: The Inside Story of Its Foreign Operations from Lenin to Gorbachev'' ''The Spy Novels of John Le Carré: Balancing Ethics and Politics'' ''Reflections of a Cold Warrior: From Yalta to the Bay of Pigs' ''Cold War Espionage and Spying'' ''The World Was Going Our Way: The KGB and the Battle for the Third World'' ''The Mitrokhin Archive: The KGB in Europe and the West'' ''My Life as an Italian Mafioso Spy'' ''Treasonable Doubt: The Harry Dexter Spy Case'' ''MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service'' ''Chekisty: A History of the KGB'' ''From The Shadows: The Ultimate Insider's Story Of Five Presidents And How They Won The Cold War' ''Spyworld: Inside the Canadian and American Intelligence Establishments'' ''Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America'' ''A Look over My Shoulder: A Life in the Central Intelligence Agency'' ''Stasi: The Untold Story of the East German Secret Police' ''Casey: The Lives and Secrets of William J. Casey-From the OSS to the CIA'' ''Battleground Berlin: CIA vs. KGB in the Cold War'' ''Presidents' Secret Wars: CIA and Pentagon Covert Operations Since World War II'' ''The CIA's Secret Operations: Espionage, Counterespionage, and Covert Action'' ''Allen Dulles: Master of Spies'' ''Blind Man's Bluff: The Untold Story of American Submarine Espinonage'' ''Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage, Spies and Secret Operations''

Author(s)	|	Publisher	Date	Notes
Aldrich, Richard J.	|	-	2002	-
Ambrose, Stephen E.	|	-	1981-	-
Andrew, Christopher and Vasili Mitrokhin	|	Basic Books	1991, 2005	ISBN 0465003117
Andrew, Christopher, and Oleg Gordievsky	|	-	1990	-
Aronoff, Myron J.	|	-	1999	-
Bissell, Richard	|	-	1996	-
Bogle, Lori, ed.	|	-	2001-	essays
Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin	|	-	-	-
Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin	|	Gardners Books	2000	ISBN 978-0-14-028487-4
Colella, Jim	|	-	2000	-
Craig, R. Bruce	|	University Press of Kansas	2004	ISBN 978-0-7006-1311-3
Dorril, Stephen	|	-	2000	-
Dziak, John J.	|	-	1988	-
Gates, Robert M.	|	-	1997	-
Frost, Mike and Michel Gratton	|	Doubleday Canada	1994	-
Haynes, John Earl, and Harvey Klehr	|	-	1999	-
Helms, Richard	|	-	2003	-
Koehler, John O.	|	-	1999	-
Persico, Joseph	|	-	1991	-
Murphy, David E., Sergei A. Kondrashev, and George Bailey	|	-	1997	-
Prados, John	|	-	1996	-
Rositzke, Harry.	|	-	1988	-
Srodes, James	|	Regnery	2000	CIA head to 1961
Sontag Sherry, and Christopher Drew	|	Harper	1998
	|	Greenwood Press/Questia	2004	-

Anderson, Nicholas ''NOC'' Enigma Books 2009 - Post Cold War era

Ishmael Jones ''The Human Factor: Inside the CIA's Dysfunctional Intelligence Culture'' Encounter Books 2008, rev. 2010

Michael Ross ''The Volunteer: The Incredible True Story of an Israeli Spy on the Trail of International Terrorists'' McClelland & Stewart 2007, rev. 2008

External links

An Interactive Rosenberg Espionage Ring Timeline and Archive

GCHQ: Britain's Most Secret Intelligence Agency

Category:Cyberwarfare Category:French loanwords

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birth name	Jermaine Scott
born	March 09, 1985
origin	Tottenham, London
genre	British hip hop, grime
years active	2006–present
label	Ministry of Sound(2010–present)
associated acts	The Movement, Bashy, Chipmunk, Skepta, Wiley, Double S, Tinie Tempah, Example
occupation	Rapper
background	solo_singer
website	}}

Jermaine Scott (born 9 March 1985), better known by his stage name Wretch 32, is an English rapper and former Grime MC from Tottenham, London, where he grew up the son of a local reggae DJ in the notorious Tiverton Estate. He was a member of the grime collective "Combination Chain Gang", before forming The Movement with Scorcher, Ghetts, Devlin and Mercston. He is also often associated with the TMT crew, also from Tottenham, due to his close relationship to fellow Tottenham rapper Cell 22. The pair have made several songs together. He released his first single "Traktor" in January 2011.

On 6 December 2010, the BBC announced that Wretch 32 had been nominated for the BBC's Sound of 2011 poll and MTV named him as a nominee for MTV Brand New for 2011.

Career

Born in The Shithole, Scott grew up alongside crews Combination Chain Gang and The Movement, the latter of which featured Scorcher, Ghetto, Mercston and Devlin. Beginning his MC career in 2006, Scott under the name ''Wretch 32'' released a series of mixtapes, including ''Teacher's Training Day'' - which featured guest appearances from Ghetts, Bashy and Scorcher. After coming to the attention of BBC Radio 1 Xtra's DJ Cameo, Wretch went on to win a 1Xtra Mixtape Award.

The movement into mainstream began when Wretch 32 appeared at Radio 1's Big Weekend on the BBC Introducing stage in 2009. His debut studio album, ''Wretchrospective'' was released in the United Kingdom during 2008, prior to Wretch's signing with record label Ministry of Sound. On 6 December 2010, Wretch 32 was named as one of the nominees for BBC's ''Sound of 2011'', an annual poll which predicts artists that will progress during the upcoming year. Wretch 32 then continued to release his debut single, "Traktor". The single featured vocals from L and Marteria and was released on 16 January 2011 through Ministry of Sound as both a digital download and a CD single. The single debuted at number 5 on the UK Singles Chart as the third highest entry of the week; whilst also debuting at number 2 on the R&B; singles chart. In an interview with Soccer AM he stated that he hoped for his second album, ''Black and White'', to be released in August 2011.

Discography

Albums

Album Title	Album details	Chart positions
		! style="width:40px;"	! style="width:40px;"	! style="width:40px;"	! style="width:40px;"
''Wretchrospective''		* Released: 13 October 2008	Compact Disc>CD
! scope="row"		* Released: 22 August 2011	* Format: [[Compact Disc

Mixtapes

2006: from My Mixtape''

2007: Training Day''

2008: ''Verses 3 and 2 Chapter Wretch''

2009: ''Wretch32.com'' 2010: ''More Fun! [Wretch 32 + Chipmunk]''

Singles

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" border="1" ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Year ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Single ! scope="col" colspan="5"| Peak chart positions ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"|UK ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"|UKR&B; ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"|UKIND ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"|IRE ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"|SCO |- |rowspan="3"| 2011 |align="left"|"Traktor" (featuring L & Marteria) | 5 || 2 || 2 || 45 || 8 |rowspan="3"|''Black and White'' |- |align="left"|"Unorthodox" (featuring Example) | 2 || 1 || 1 || 32 || 3 |- |align="left"|"Don't Go" (featuring Josh Kumra) | 1|| 1 || 1 || 40 || 2 |- |}

Other charted songs

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" border="1" ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Year ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Single ! scope="col" colspan="2"| Peak chart positions ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"|UK ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"|UKR&B; |- |rowspan="1"| 2011 |align="left"|"Hush Little Baby" (featuring Ed Sheeran) | 87 || 26 |rowspan="1"|''Black and White'' |}

Other singles

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" border="1" ! scope="col" | Year ! scope="col" style="width:25em;"| Single ! scope="col" | Album |- |2007 |"Punctuation" (featuring Scorcher and Bashy) |''Teachers' Training Day'' |- |rowspan="3"|2008 |"Be Cool" (featuring Wizzy) |rowspan="3"|''Wretchrospective'' |- |"Me and You" (featuring Haydon) |- |"Ina Di Ghetto" (featuring Ghetts and Badness) |- |2009 |"Superhero" | |}

As featured artist

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" border="1" ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Year ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Single ! scope="col" colspan="5"| Peak chart positions ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"|UK ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"|UKR&B; ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"|UKIND ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"|IRE ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"|SCO |- | 2011 | align="left"|"Hangover" (Starboy Nathan featuring Wretch 32) | colspan="5"|''TBC'' | ''3D - Determination,Dedication, Desire'' |}

Guest appearances

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" border="1" |+ List of appearances, showing year and album name ! scope="col"| Year ! scope="col" style="width:26em;"| Single ! scope="col"| Album |- |rowspan="7"|2009 |scope="row"| "In My Lifetime" (with Lowkey) |''Dear Listener'' |- |scope="row"| "Ransom" (with Bashy and Scorcher) |''Catch Me If You Can'' |- |scope="row"| "Let It Out" (with Donaeo and Double S) | |- |scope="row"| "Skinny Sort" (with Ghetto and Scorcher) |rowspan="1"| |- |scope="row"| "Good Morning" (with Scorcher and Kay Young) |rowspan="1"|''Concrete Jungle'' |- |scope="row"| "Trend Setters" (with Scorcher, G-Frsh and Mercston) |rowspan="1"|''Concrete Jungle'' |- |scope="row"| "Lights On" (with Scorcher and Mercston) |rowspan="1"|''Concrete Jungle'' |- |rowspan="3"|2010 |scope="row"| "History" (with Chipmunk) |''I Am Chipmunk'' |- |scope="row"| "Run" (with Baby Blue) |''No Smoke Without Fire'' |- |scope="row"| "Sometimes" (with Maverick Sabre) |''The Travelling Man'' |- |rowspan="2"|2011 |scope="row"| "Nightmares" (with Ed Sheeran, Random Impulse and Sway) |''No. 5 Collabroations'' |- |scope="row"| "Armageddon" (with Chipmunk) |''Transition'' |- |}

Remixes

2010: Tinchy Stryder - "Game Over"

2011: Professor Green - "Jungle"

2011: Mark Ronson & The Business Intl - "Record Collection 2012"

2011: Chase & Status - "Hitz"

Awards and nominations

{| class="wikitable" |- ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Year ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Organisation ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Nominated work ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Award ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Result |- |rowspan="2"|2010 |BBC Sound of 2011 |Wretch32 |Sound of 2011 |style="background:lightgrey" |Nominated |- |MTV Brand New |Wretch32 |New for 2011 |style="background:lightgrey" |Nominated |-

References

External links

Category:Living people Category:Grime artists Category:People from Tottenham Category:1985 births

de:Wretch 32

name	Wyclef Jean
background	solo_singer
birth name	Wyclef Jeanelle Jean
alias	Wyclef, Nel
born	October 17, 1969
birth place	Croix-des-Bouquets, Haiti
instrument	Vocals, guitar, piano, drums
genre	Hip hop, dancehall, R&B;, reggae, pop rap
occupation	Musician, songwriter, producer, actor
years active	1992–present
label	Ruffhouse, Columbia, Clef Recording
associated acts	Fugees, Akon, Lil Wayne, R. Kelly, Niia, The Rock, Mary J Blige, Doug E. Fresh, Flo Rida, Shakira
website
notable instruments	}}

Wyclef Jeanelle Jean (, ; born October 17, 1969) is a Haitian American musician, record producer, and politician. At age nine, Jean moved to the United States with his family and has spent much of his life in the country. He first received fame as a member of the acclaimed New Jersey hip hop group the Fugees.

On August 5, 2010, Jean filed for candidacy in the 2010 Haitian presidential election, although the Electoral Commission subsequently ruled him ineligible to stand as he had not met the requirement to have been resident in Haiti for five years.

Early life

Although his birth date was widely given as October 17, 1972, papers filed for his run as a candidate for the presidency of Haiti, disclosed that he was, in fact, born in 1969. Born in Croix-des-Bouquets, Haiti, the son of a Nazarene pastor, Wyclef moved with his family to Brooklyn, New York, when he was nine before moving again to northern New Jersey. Jean has cited reggae artist Bigga Haitian as one of his early influences, as well as neighborhood heroes MC Tiger Paw Raw and producer Lobster v. Crab. Jean graduated from Vailsburg High School in Newark, briefly attended Eastern Nazarene College in Massachusetts, and finished one semester at Five Towns College in New York. Jean has been a resident of Saddle River, South Orange, and North Caldwell, New Jersey. In 2009, Jean enrolled in the Berklee College of Music.

Music career

Fugees era

Jean's musical breakthrough was as part of The Refugee Camp (The Fugees), a three-member group that included Lauryn Hill and Prakazrel "Pras" Michel. Jean is Pras's cousin and a fellow Haitian immigrant. The Fugees signed to Ruffhouse Records, which released the group's debut album, ''Blunted on Reality''. It sold fairly well, peaking at #49 on the U.S. Hot 100 and selling over 2 million copies worldwide. The follow-up album – ''The Score'' – sold over 18 million copies worldwide, eventually becoming a multi-platinum, Grammy-winning album.

Jean announced plans to begin a solo career with 1997's ''Wyclef Jean Presents the Carnival Featuring the Refugee All-Stars'' (generally called ''The Carnival''). The album's guests included Lauryn Hill and Pras along with Jean's siblings' group Melky Sedeck; the I Threes (back-up vocals for Bob Marley); The Neville Brothers and Celia Cruz. The album was a hit, as were two singles: "We Trying to Stay Alive" (adapted from The Bee Gees' "Stayin' Alive") and "Gone Till November" (recorded with the New York Philharmonic Orchestra).

Solo career

Released in 2000, Jean's second solo album ''The Ecleftic: 2 Sides II a Book'' was recorded with guests including Youssou N'Dour; Earth, Wind & Fire; Kenny Rogers; The Rock; and Mary J. Blige. With Blige he released "911" as a single. He was nominated for Best Hip-Hop Act at the 2000 MTV Europe Music Awards.

Following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, Jean participated in the benefit concert America: A Tribute to Heroes contributing a cover of the Bob Marley song "Redemption Song".

Jean's third album, ''Masquerade'', was released in 2002. His fourth album, ''The Preacher's Son'', was released in November 2003 as the follow-up to his first solo album, ''The Carnival''.

In 2004, he released his fifth album, entitled ''Sak Pasé Presents: Welcome to Haïti (Creole 101)'' (released in the United States by Koch Records). Most of its songs are in his native language of Haitian Creole like "Fanm Kreyol" with the French Caribbean Admiral T. He also figured on the album ''Mozaik Kreyol'' of this one in the song "Secret Lover". Then he covered Creedence Clearwater Revival's song "Fortunate Son" for the soundtrack of the 2004 film remake of ''The Manchurian Candidate'' and wrote the song "Million Voices" for the film ''Hotel Rwanda''.

Jean also produced and wrote songs for the soundtrack to Jonathan Demme's 2003 documentary ''The Agronomist'', about the Haitian activist and radio personality Jean Dominique. With Jerry 'Wonder' Duplessis, Jean also composed the score of the documentary ''Ghosts of Cité Soleil'', He also helped produce the film and he appears briefly onscreen speaking by telephone in 2004 to a "''chimere''" gang-leader and aspiring rapper, Winston "2Pac" Jean. During a period between 2004 and 2006 and fueled by a reunion performance in Dave Chappelle's "Block Party", it appeared that the Fugees were on track to record a new album, however Fugees member Pras claims to Billboard "To put it nicely, it's dead." He says the root of this animosity is the third member of the group, Lauryn Hill, and was quoted in Billboard as saying; "Me and Clef, we on the same page, but Lauryn Hill is in her zone, and I'm fed up with that shit. Here she is, blessed with a gift, with the opportunity to rock and give and she's running on some bulls**t? I'm a fan of Lauryn's but I can't respect that."

In 2006, Jean was featured in Shakira's smash hit ''Hips Don't Lie''. The song went on to become the highest selling single of the 21st century, in addition to reaching number one in over fifty-five countries. Jean and Shakira went on to perform the song at the 2006 Grammys and the 2006 MTV Video Music Awards.

Jean released an album in September 2007 that he recorded in Atlanta, Georgia, with the help of T.I., who also collaborated with Jean on the songs "You Know What it is" and "My Swag" on T.I.'s 2007 album, T.I. vs. T.I.P. Recently, Wyclef released a new song called "Sweetest Girl (Dollar Bill)" featuring Lil' Wayne, Niia and Akon, which references the song "C.R.E.A.M." by the Wu-Tang Clan. The album also features a single, "Fast Car", whose video was made with the assistance of video game ''Burnout Paradise''. During this period, he was featured in a mix version of the Cartel song "Wasted" that was released with their self-titled album. In November 2008, an upbeat single 'Let Me Touch Your Button' featuring will.i.am (of The Black Eyed Peas) was released in the UK in conjunction with Wyclef's invovlement with UK MOTOROKRSTAR (which sees Motorola UK on the search to discover British talent).

In 2009, he featured in a song called "Spanish Fly" with Ludacris and Bachata group Aventura in Aventura's upcoming album "The Last" which came out in June.

On June 17, 2009, Wyclef announced via Twitter that his new album will be called ''wyclefjean'' and is to be released sometime in February 2010. The first single off of ''wyclefjean'' is to be titled "Seventeen" and will feature Lil' Wayne.

In November 2009, a track titled "Suicide Love" featuring rapper Eve leaked online prior to the release of his EP.

Wyclef Jean's EP named ''From the Hut, to the Projects, to the Mansion'' was released on November 10, 2009. It includes 17 tracks, featuring Cyndi Lauper, Timbaland, Eve, and Lil' Kim. In this album, Wyclef uses the alias Toussaint St. Jean, his alter ego, when he raps.

Wyclef Jean's upcoming self-entitled studio album was due to be released in 2011, has still yet to be released. "Hold On," the lead single from the project, will feature Dancehall artist Mavado.

Personal life

In 1994, he married Fusha designer Marie Claudinette. In 2005, they adopted their daughter, Angelina Claudinelle Jean. The couple renewed their vows in August 2009.

His uncle – political activist, journalist and diplomat Raymond Alcide Joseph – has been the Haitian ambassador to the United States since 2005, and came to prominence as a spokesman for his country after the devastating 2010 Haiti earthquake. Together with Wyclef, he issued an appeal for international aid.

On March 19, 2011, Jean claimed that he was shot in the palm of his right hand in Port-au-Prince, Haiti. The police reported otherwise saying that Wyclef was not wounded by a bullet but was cut by glass. Police Chief Vanel Lacroix said "we met with the doctor who saw him and he confirmed Wyclef was cut by glass."

Yéle Haiti

In 2005, Jean established the Yéle Haiti Foundation. In its first year of operation, the foundation, with funding by Comcel, provided scholarships to 3,600 children in Gonaïves, Haiti, after the devastation by Hurricane Jeanne. In its second year of operation, it is almost doubling the amount of the scholarships and spreading them throughout Haiti, providing tuition in 5 regions. The foundation aims to provide 6,800 scholarships to children in Port-au-Prince, Gonaïves, Les Cayes, Port-de-Paix, and Cap-Haïtien.

After the earthquake on January 12, 2010 in Haiti, Jean called on others to donate to his foundation's Yéle Haiti Earthquake Fund, imploring "We must act now."

Jean has been active in his support of his native country and created the foundation Yéle Haiti to provide humanitarian aid and assistance to Haiti. He describes Yéle as a non-political organization intended to empower the people of Haiti and the Haitian diaspora to rebuild their nation, saying, "The objective of Yéle Haiti is to restore pride and a reason to hope, and for the whole country to regain the deep spirit and strength that is part of our heritage".. Yéle Haiti was created in October 2004 with Wyclef's cousin Jerry 'Wonder' Duplessis. Projects were launched in January 2005. Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt were present for the first anniversary of the launch in 2006.

In January 2007, Jean became a roving ambassador for Haiti, to help improve its image abroad.

May 20, 2008 – Yéle Haiti partnered with WFP (World Food Programme) of the United Nations to launch www.togetherforhaiti.org

September, 2008 – Wyclef in conjunction with Yéle Haiti Charity delivered food to Hurricane Ike victims in Haiti. Matt Damon provided assistance in the food lines serving food.

Oct 23, 2008 – Wyclef Jean performed on stage with Carlos Santana in San Francisco on behalf of Yéle Haiti, OneXOne, and WaterPartners International to raise funds for clean water, education, health, environment, and community development in the USA and in the developing world.

In 2009, Wyclef Jean and The Timberland Company joined forces to help raise environmental awareness in Haiti. This duo "will be a multi-platform effort incorporating Timberland products, digital and social media, service events, music, and concerts that will promote environmental awareness." The campaign will push to support and educate the country as well as helping to improve health care and the environment, and the community. Wyclef Jean also plans to spread information about the joint efforts through social media outlets such as "Twitter, YouTube, Myspace, Facebook, imeem, and Social Vibe." He also aims to use social networking websites to help raise money to build the Yéle Center.

In January 2010, along with his uncle Raymond Joseph, Haitian ambassador to the US, Wyclef issued an appeal for international aid following the devastating 2010 Haiti earthquake.

Today, Yele's mission, headed by CEO Derek Johnson, is to provide aid and assistance to the communities in Haiti in greatest need, where severe poverty, widespread unemployment, rampant malnutrition and crippling illiteracy are most pervasive. In doing so, we strive to balance emergency relief with support for long term sustainable initiatives that together are giving both hope and practical assistance to the people of Haiti. Yele's programs focus on emergency relief, employment, youth development and education, and tree planting and agriculture.

In a November 27, 2011 New York Post article entitled "Questions Dog Wyclef's Haiti Fund", the Post asserted that less than one third of the over $16 million raised after the Haiti earthquake in January 2010 has been spent effectively for the victims of the catastrophe. The Post does not allege any dishonest embezzlement of funds on Wyclef's part, but rather asserts that there was gross mismanagement and negligence with regards to the distribution of the funds the charity raised. Required Federal tax returns were not filed, and $1 million was given to a Florida firm that does not seem to exist. Wyclef and most of the board left the charity in the summer of 2010. It is now under new management. Wyclef stated, "It's a clean slate now." Due to the controversial nature of Jean's former charity, he has kept a relatively low profile.

Politics

2010 Haitian presidential campaign

On August 5, 2010, Wyclef confirmed the rumors that he was running for office by telling CNN's Wolf Blitzer that he was running, though Blitzer had questions about Jean's actual citizenship and passport. In an article written by Exclaim! Magazine it was mentioned that Jean will be stepping down as the chairman of Yéle Haiti. On August 5, Jean formally filed papers as a candidate for the 2010 Haitian presidential election, following media speculation that he would make his announcement that evening on ''Larry King Live''. Wyclef would have run as a candidate for the Viv Ansanm (Live Together) political party. On the topic of his candidacy, Jean has stated, "I am being drafted to serve my country."

Besides opposition from Sean Penn in regards to Jean's Haitian presidential plans, Arcade Fire's Win Butler stated in a radio interview: :"Technically, [Wyclef Jean] shouldn't be eligible because he hasn't been a resident of Haiti. And I think him not speaking French and not being fluent in Creole would be a really major issue in trying to run a really complex government, like the government in Haiti. It would kind of be like Arnold Schwarzenegger only speaking Austrian German and being elected president of the United States after New York City and LA had burned to the ground... I think he is a great musician and he really passionately cares about Haiti. I really hope he throws his support behind someone who is really competent and really eligible."

On August 20, 2010, his bid for candidacy was rejected by Haiti's Provisional Electoral Council. He was turned down because he did not meet the residency requirement of having lived in Haiti for five years before the November 28 election. Afterwards, Wyclef stated: }}

Appearances in television and film

On a 2004 episode of Chappelle's Show, he appeared as the musical guest.

He starred in Virgin Mobile commercials as himself.

In 2005, he appeared in the film ''One Last Thing...''. His character is a cab driver named Emmett Ducasse. It is implied he is an angel due to being in the main character's "Heaven". Wyclef also has an original track that is the closing credits first song. The song is "Heaven's in New York".

Also in 2005, Wyclef appeared in 4 episodes of the hit NBC prime time television drama "Third Watch" as the recurring character, Marcel Hollis, a gang leader responsible for blowing up the police precinct house in the final episode of the series.

In December 2007, starred in the four-part MTV exclusive online short-film Americlef May 20, 2008: At the Gansevoort Hotel, Wyclef Jean in partnership with the WFP and PADF launched "Together for Haiti" to address the hunger crisis in Haiti members of the American and international television and print media were invited to cover the news.

Discography

1997: ''The Carnival'' (Columbia)

2000: ''The Ecleftic: 2 Sides II a Book'' (Columbia)

2002: ''Masquerade'' (Columbia)

2003: ''Greatest Hits'' (Columbia)

2003: ''The Preacher's Son'' (J)

2004: ''Welcome to Haiti: Creole 101'' (Koch)

2006: ''Ghosts of Cité Soleil''

2007: ''Carnival Vol. II: Memoirs of an Immigrant'' (Columbia)

2009: ''From the Hut, To the Projects, To the Mansion'' (Columbia)

2010: ''If I Were President: The Haitian Experience'' (Columbia)

References

External links

Official website

Yéle Haiti Foundation

Sak Pasé Records (a record label founded by Wyclef)

Haiti: Working Together at Last by Wyclef Jean, September 23, 2010

New York Post article on mismanagement at Yéle Haiti Foundation

Wyclef talking about Nation19.com / APDTA

Category:1969 births Category:American activists Category:American guitarists Category:American humanitarians Category:American people of Haitian descent Category:American record producers Category:American shooting survivors Category:Berklee College of Music alumni Category:Columbia Records artists Category:Haitian actors Category:Haitian emigrants to the United States Category:Haitian human rights activists Category:Haitian rappers Category:Hip hop singers Category:Living people Category:People from Brooklyn Category:People from North Caldwell, New Jersey Category:People from Ouest Department Category:People from Saddle River, New Jersey Category:People from South Orange, New Jersey Category:Rappers from New Jersey

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