Events

1293 – Raden Wijaya is crowned as the first monarch of Majapahit kingdom of Java, taking throne name Kertarajasa Jayawardhana.

1444 – Battle of Varna: The crusading forces of King Vladislaus III of Varna (aka ''Ulaszlo I of Hungary'' and ''Wladyslaw III of Poland'') are crushed by the Turks under Sultan Murad II and Vladislaus is killed.

1520 – Danish King Christian II executes dozens of people in the Stockholm Bloodbath after a successful invasion of Sweden.

1619 – René Descartes has the dreams that inspire his ''Meditations on First Philosophy''.

1659 – Chattrapati Shivaji Maharaj, Maratha King kills Afzal Khan, Adilshahi in the battle popularly known as Battle of Pratapgarh. This is also recognised as the first defence of Swarajya

1674 – Anglo-Dutch War: As provided in the Treaty of Westminster, Netherlands cedes New Netherlands to England.

1766 – The last colonial governor of New Jersey, William Franklin, signs the charter of Queen's College (later renamed Rutgers University).

1775 – The United States Marine Corps is founded at Tun Tavern in Philadelphia by Samuel Nicholas.

1793 – A Goddess of Reason is proclaimed by the French Convention at the suggestion of Chaumette.

1821 – Cry of Independence by Rufina Alfaro at La Villa de Los Santos, Panama setting into motion a revolt which lead to Panama's independence from Spain and to it immediately becoming part of Colombia

1847 – The passenger ship ''Stephen Whitney'' is wrecked in thick fog off the southern coast of Ireland, killing 92 of the 110 on board. The disaster results in the construction of the Fastnet Rock lighthouse.

1865 – Major Henry Wirz, the superintendent of a prison camp in Andersonville, Georgia, is hanged, becoming the only American Civil War soldier executed for war crimes.

1871 – Henry Morton Stanley locates missing explorer and missionary, Dr. David Livingstone in Ujiji, near Lake Tanganyika, famously greeting him with the words, "Dr. Livingstone, I presume?".

1898 – Beginning of the Wilmington Insurrection of 1898, the only instance of a municipal government being overthrown in US history.

1910 – The date of Thomas A. Davis' opening of the San Diego Army and Navy Academy, though the official founding date is November 23, 1910.

1918 – The Western Union Cable Office in North Sydney, Nova Scotia receives a top-secret coded message from Europe (that would be sent to Ottawa, Ontario and Washington, DC) that said on November 11, 1918 all fighting would cease on land, sea and in the air.

1919 – The first national convention of the American Legion is held in Minneapolis, Minnesota, ending on November 12.

1942 – World War II: Germany invades Vichy France following French Admiral François Darlan's agreement to an armistice with the Allies in North Africa.

1944 – The ammunition ship explodes at Seeadler Harbour, Manus, Admiralty Islands, killing at least 432 and wounding 371.

1945 – Heavy fighting in Surabaya between Indonesian nationalists and returning colonialists after World War II, is celebrated as Heroes' Day (Hari Pahlawan).

1951 – Direct-dial coast-to-coast telephone service begins in the United States.

1954 – U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower dedicates the USMC War Memorial (Iwo Jima memorial) in Arlington National Cemetery.

1958 – The Hope Diamond is donated to the Smithsonian Institution by New York diamond merchant Harry Winston.

1969 – National Educational Television (the predecessor to the Public Broadcasting Service) in the United States debuts the children's television program ''Sesame Street''.

1970 – Vietnam War: Vietnamization – For the first time in five years, an entire week ends with no reports of American combat fatalities in Southeast Asia.

1970 – The Soviet Lunar probe Lunokhod 1 is launched.

1971 – In Cambodia, Khmer Rouge forces attack the city of Phnom Penh and its airport, killing 44, wounding at least 30 and damaging nine aircraft.

1972 – Southern Airways Flight 49 from Birmingham, Alabama is hijacked and, at one point, is threatened with crashing into the nuclear installation at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. After two days, the plane lands in Havana, Cuba, where the hijackers are jailed by Fidel Castro.

1975 – The 729-foot-long freighter sinks during a storm on Lake Superior, killing all 29 crew on board.

1975 – United Nations Resolution 3379: United Nations General Assembly approves a resolution equating Zionism with racism (the resolution is repealed in December 1991 by Resolution 4686).

1979 – A 106-car Canadian Pacific freight train carrying explosive and poisonous chemicals from Windsor, Ontario, Canada derails in Mississauga, Ontario, Canada just west of Toronto, Ontario, Canada, causing a massive explosion and the largest peacetime evacuation in Canadian history and one of the largest in North American history.

1984 – The first Breeders' Cup takes place at Hollywood Park Racetrack.

1989 – Fall of the communist regime in Bulgaria.

1995 – In Nigeria, playwright and environmental activist Ken Saro-Wiwa, along with eight others from the Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People (Mosop), are hanged by government forces.

1997 – WorldCom and MCI Communications announce a $37 billion merger (the largest merger in US history at the time).

2001 – Apple resellers start selling the iPod

2006 – Sri Lankan Tamil Parliamentarian Nadarajah Raviraj is assassinated in Colombo.

2007 – ''¿Por qué no te callas?'' incident between King Juan Carlos of Spain and Venezuela's president Hugo Chávez.

Births

1341 – Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland, English statesman and former Lord Marshall (d. 1408)

1433 – Charles, Duke of Burgundy (d. 1477)

1480 – Bridget of York, English princess and nun (d. 1517)

1483 – Martin Luther, German Protestant reformer (d. 1546)

1565 – Laurentius Paulinus Gothus, Swedish theologian and astronomer (d. 1646)

1566 – Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, English politician (d. 1601)

1577 – Jacob Cats, Dutch poet, jurist and politician (d. 1660)

1620 – Ninon de l'Enclos, French courtesan and writer (d. 1705)

1668 – Louis III, Prince of Condé (d. 1710)

1668 – François Couperin, French composer (d. 1733)

1683 – George II of Great Britain (d. 1760)

1695 – John Bevis, English physician and astronomer (d. 1771)

1697 – William Hogarth, English artist (d. 1764)

1710 – Adam Gottlob Moltke, Danish statesman (d. 1792)

1728 – Oliver Goldsmith, English playwright (d. 1774)

1735 – Granville Sharp, English abolitionist (d. 1813)

1759 – Friedrich Schiller, German writer (d. 1805)

1801 – Samuel Gridley Howe, American social reformer (d. 1876)

1801 – Vladimir Dal, Russian lexicographer (d. 1872)

1810 – George Jennings, English sanitary engineer (d. 1882)

1834 – José Hernández, Argentine author of Martín Fierro (d. 1886)

1844 – Henry Eyster Jacobs, American theologian (d. 1932)

1845 – Sir John Sparrow David Thompson, fourth Prime Minister of Canada (d. 1894)

1848 – Sir Surendranath Banerjea, leader, Indian National Congress (d. 1925)

1850 – Arthur Goring Thomas, English composer (d. 1892)

1868 – Gichin Funakoshi, Japanese martial artist (d. 1957)

1871 – Winston Churchill, American novelist (d. 1947)

1873 – Henri Rabaud, French composer and conductor (d. 1949)

1874 – Idabelle Smith Firestone, American composer and songwriter (d. 1954)

1878 – Cy Morgan, American baseball player (d. 1962)

1879 – Vachel Lindsay, American poet (d. 1931)

1879 – Patrick Pearse, Irish political activist (d. 1916)

1880 – Jacob Epstein, American sculptor (d. 1959)

1887 – Arnold Zweig, German author (d. 1968)

1888 – Andrei Tupolev, Russian aircraft designer (d. 1972)

1889 – Claude Rains, English actor (d. 1967)

1891 – Carl Stalling, American film composer (d. 1972)

1893 – John P. Marquand, American writer (d. 1960)

1894 – Boris Furlan, Slovenian legal theorist and politician (d. 1957)

1895 – Mabel Normand, American silent actress (d. 1930)

1895 – John Knudsen Northrop, American airplane manufacturer (d. 1981)

1896 – Jimmy Dykes, American baseball player and manager (d. 1976)

1896 – Olga Grey, Hungarian-born American silent actress (d. 1973)

1906 – Josef Kramer, German concentration camp commandant (d. 1945)

1907 – Jane Froman, American actor and singer (d. 1980)

1907 – John Moore, English author (d. 1967)

1908 – Charles Merritt, Canadian Army officer and Victoria Cross recipient (d. 2000)

1909 – Paweł Jasienica, Polish historian (d. 1970)

1909 – Johnny Marks, American songwriter (d. 1985)

1912 – Birdie Tebbetts, American baseball player and manager (d. 1999)

1916 – Billy May, American composer, arranger and bandleader (d. 2004)

1916 – Louis le Brocquy, Irish painter

1918 – Ernst Otto Fischer, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2007)

1919 – George Fenneman, American radio and television announcer (d. 1997)

1919 – Michael Strank, American flag raiser on Iwo Jima (d. 1945)

1919 – Mikhail Kalashnikov, Russian inventor

1919 – François Périer, French actor (d. 2002)

1919 – Moise Tshombe, Congoian politician (d. 1969)

1920 – Jennifer Holt, American actress (d. 1997)

1920 – Rafael del Pino, Spanish entrepreneur (d. 2008)

1923 – Hachiko, world famous dog (d. 1935)

1924 – Russell Johnson, American actor (Gilligan's Island)

1924 – Bobby Limb, Australian entertainer (d. 1999)

1925 – Richard Burton, Welsh actor (d. 1984)

1927 – Sabah (singer), Lebanese singer and actress

1928 – Ennio Morricone, Italian composer

1929 – Marilyn Bergman, American composer and songwriter

1932 – Don Henderson, English actor (d. 1997)

1932 – Roy Scheider, American actor (d. 2008)

1933 – Ronald Evans, American astronaut (d. 1990)

1934 – Lucien Bianchi, Belgian racing driver (d. 1969)

1935 – Bernard Babior, American biochemist

1935 – Igor Dmitrievich Novikov, Russian astrophysicist

1937 – Albert Hall, American actor

1939 – Russell Means, Native American activist

1939 – Allan Moffat, Canadian-Australian race car driver

1940 – Screaming Lord Sutch, English musician and politician (d. 1999)

1941 – John Geoghegan, American soldier and Silver Star recipient (d. 1965)

1942 – Robert F. Engle, American economist, Nobel laureate

1942 – Hans-Rudolf Merz, Swiss Federal Councilor

1943 – Saxby Chambliss, American politician, senior senator of Georgia

1944 – Silvestre Reyes, American politician

1944 – Sir Tim Rice, English lyricist

1945 – Donna Fargo, American singer

1946 – Roy Thomas Baker, English record producer

1947 – Glen Buxton, American musician (Alice Cooper) (d. 1997)

1947 – Bachir Gemayel, Lebanese military commander (d. 1982)

1947 – Greg Lake, British musician (Emerson, Lake & Palmer)

1947 – Dave Loggins, American songwriter and singer

1948 – Aaron Brown, American broadcast journalist

1948 – Shigesato Itoi, Japanese novelist and video game designer.

1948 – Hugh Moffatt, American songwriter

1948 – Vincent Schiavelli, American actor (d. 2005)

1949 – Ann Reinking, American dancer

1950 – Debra Hill, American screenwriter and film producer (d. 2005)

1950 – Bob Orton, Jr., American wrestler

1952 – Gerry DiNardo, American football coach

1955 – James Chapman, American novelist

1955 – Jack Clark, American baseball player

1955 – Roland Emmerich, German film producer and director

1956 – Mohsen Badawi, Egyptian entrepreneur and activist

1956 – Sinbad, American actor

1958 – Stephen Herek, American film director

1958 – George Lowe, American voice actor

1958 – Massimo Morsello, Italian singer (d. 2001)

1958 – Brooks Williams, American musician

1959 – Linda Cohn, American sports reporter

1959 – Mackenzie Phillips, American actress

1959 – Mike McCarthy, American football coach

1960 – Neil Gaiman, English writer

1960 – Dan Hawkins, American college football coach

1961 – Rudolf Grimm, Austrian physics professor

1961 – John Walton, English darts player

1963 – Hugh Bonneville, English actor

1964 – Kenny Rogers, American baseball player

1964 – Magnús Scheving, Icelandic athlete

1965 – Jamie Dixon, American basketball coach

1965 – Eddie Irvine, Northern Irish racing driver

1965 – Sean Hughes, Irish comedian

1966 – Vanessa Angel, English actress

1966 – Bill DeMott, American wrestler

1967 – Michael Jai White, American actor

1968 – Steve Brookstein, English X Factor winner

1968 – Tracy Morgan, American actor/comedian

1969 – Faustino Asprilla, Colombian footballer

1969 – Jens Lehmann, German footballer

1969 – Ellen Pompeo, American actress

1969 – Jason Huling, Library president, and future ruler of the world

1970 – Warren G, American rapper

1970 – Freddy Loix, Belgian rally driver

1970 – Vince Vieluf, American actor

1970 – Tay Ping Hui, Singaporean actor

1971 – Walton Goggins, American actor

1972 – DJ Ashba, American musician (Guns N' Roses)

1972 – Isaac Bruce, American football player

1972 – Shawn Green, American baseball player

1973 – Patrik Berger, Czech footballer

1974 – Niko Hurme, Finnish musician

1974 – Chris Lilley, Australian comedian

1976 – Steffen Iversen, Norwegian footballer

1976 – Shefki Kuqi, Finnish footballer

1977 – Josh Barnett, American Mixed Martial Artist

1977 – Brittany Murphy, American actress (d. 2009)

1977 – Won Bin, Korean actor

1978 – Kyla Cole, Slovak pornographic actress

1978 – Eve, American rapper

1978 – Drew McConnell, Irish musician (Babyshambles)

1979 – Chris Joannou, Australian musician, (Silverchair)

1980 – Troy Bell, American basketball player

1980 – Calvin Chen, Taiwanese singer, (Fei Lun Hai/Fahrenheit)

1980 – Donté Stallworth, American football player

1981 – Tony Blanco, Dominican baseball player

1981 – Jason L. Dunham, American Medal of Honor recipient (d. 2004)

1982 – Heather Matarazzo, American actress

1983 – Miranda Lambert, American singer

1983 – Craig Smith, American basketball player

1984 – Kendrick Perkins,Texanian basketball player

1985 – Ricki-Lee Coulter, New Zealand/Australian singer

1985 – Giovonnie Samuels, American television actress

1985 – Krystian Trochowski, German rugby player

1986 – Ilias Iliadis, Greek judoka

1986 – Josh Peck, American actor

1987 – Charles Hamilton, American hip-hop artist

1987 – Jessica Tovey, Australian actress

1989 – Aditya Kesarkar, Advertising Copywriter and Photographer

2000 – Mackenzie Foy, American actress and model

Deaths

627 – Justus, Archbishop of Canterbury

901 – Queen Adelaide of Paris

1241 – Pope Celestine IV

1444 – King Władysław III of Poland (b. 1424)

1549 – Pope Paul III (b. 1468)

1596 – Peter Wentworth, English Puritan politician (b. 1530)

1605 – Ulisse Aldrovandi, Italian naturalist (b. 1522)

1617 – Barnabe Rich, English soldier and writer

1624 – Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton, English theater patron (b. 1573)

1644 – Luís Vélez de Guevara, Spanish writer (b. 1579)

1659 – Afzal Khan, Adilshahi Emperor by Chattrapati Shivaji Maharaj, Maratha King in Battle of Pratapgarh

1673 – Michael of Poland (b. 1640)

1727 – Alphonse de Tonty, French explorer and American settler (b. 1659)

1728 – Fyodor Apraksin, Russian admirals (b. 1661)

1772 – Pedro Antonio Joaquim Correa da Serra Garção, Portuguese poet (b. 1724)

1777 – Cornstalk, Shawnee chief

1808 – Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester, British soldier and Governor of Quebec (b. 1724)

1865 – Henry Wirz, Swiss-born American POW commandant (b. 1823)

1869 – John E. Wool, American soldier (b. 1822)

1891 – Arthur Rimbaud, French poet, (b. 1854)

1909 – George Essex Evans, Australian poet (b. 1863)

1912 – Louis Cyr, Canadian strongman (b. 1863)

1917 – Harry Trott, Australian cricketer (b. 1866)

1936 – Louis Gustave Binger, French officer and explorer (b. 1856)

1938 – Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, Turkish statesman (b. 1881)

1964 – Jimmie Dodd, American actor (b. 1910)

1973 – David "Stringbean" Akeman, American country music banjo player (b. 1915)

1975 – Ernest M. McSorley, American ship captain (b. 1912)

1981 – Abel Gance, French film director, producer, and actor (b. 1889)

1982 – Leonid Brezhnev, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (b. 1906)

1984 – Xavier Herbert, Australian author (b. 1901)

1986 – Rogelio de la Rosa, Filipino actor and politician (b. 1916)

1986 – Gordon Richards, British jockey. (b. 1904)

1990 – Aurelio Monteagudo, Cuban baseball player (b. 1943)

1990 – Mário Schenberg, Brazilian physicist (b. 1914)

1991 – William Afflis, American professional wrestler (b. 1929)

1992 – Chuck Connors, American actor and pro athlete (b. 1921)

1994 – Carmen McRae, American singer (b. 1920)

1995 – Ken Saro-Wiwa, Nigerian writer and activist (b. 1941)

1997 – Tommy Tedesco, American musician (b. 1930)

1998 – Mary Millar, English actress (b. 1936)

2000 – Jacques Chaban-Delmas, Frech statesman (b. 1915)

2000 – Adamantios Androutsopoulos, Greek lawyer and politician (b. 1919)

2001 – Ken Kesey, American author (b. 1935)

2002 – Michel Boisrond, French film director (b. 1921)

2003 – Canaan Banana, Zimbabwen politician (b. 1936)

2003 – Irv Kupcinet, American columnist and television personality (b. 1912)

2004 – Katy de la Cruz, Filipino singer (b. 1907)

2006 – Diana Coupland, British comedy actress (b. 1932)

2006 – Gerald Levert, American singer (b. 1966)

2006 – Jack Palance, American actor (b. 1919)

2006 – Nadarajah Raviraj, Sri Lankan politician (b. 1962)

2006 – Fokko du Cloux, mathematician (b. 1954)

2007 – Laraine Day, American actress (b. 1920)

2007 – Augustus F. Hawkins, American politician and civil rights figure (b. 1907)

2007 – Norman Mailer, American author (b. 1923)

2008 – Miriam Makeba, South African singer and anti-apartheid activist (b. 1932)

2008 – Arthur Shawcross, American serial killer (b. 1945)

2008 – Wannes Van de Velde, Flemish singer (b. 1937)

2009 – Gheorghe Dinica, Romanian actor (b. 1934)

2009 – Robert Enke, German footballer (b. 1977)

2009 – Tomaž Humar, Slovenian mountaineer (b. 1969)

2009 – John Allen Muhammad, American convicted spree killer (b. 1960)

2010 – Dino De Laurentiis, Italian film producer (b. 1919)

2010 – Dave Niehaus, American sportscaster (b. 1935)

2010 – Nicolo Rizzuto, Sicilian-born Canadian organized crime figure (b. 1924)

Holidays and observances

Christian Feast Day:

*Andrew Avellino

*Justus

*Pope Leo I

*November 10 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)

Cry of Independence Day (Panama)

Day of Remembrance of Ataturk (Turkey)

Day of Russian Militsiya (Russia)

Day of Tradition or ''Día de la Tradición'', celebrated on the birthday of José Hernández (Argentina, especially San Antonio de Areco)

Heroes' Day or ''Hari Pahlawan'' (Indonesia)

United States Marine Corps birthday ball (United States)

External links

BBC: On This Day

On This Day in Canada

----

Category:Days of the year Category:November

af:10 November ar:ملحق:10 نوفمبر an:10 de noviembre frp:10 novembro ast:10 de payares az:10 noyabr bn:নভেম্বর ১০ bjn:10 Nupimbir zh-min-nan:11 goe̍h 10 ji̍t be:10 лістапада be-x-old:10 лістапада bcl:Nobyembre 10 bs:10. novembar br:10 Du bg:10 ноември ca:10 de novembre cv:Чӳк, 10 ceb:Nobiyembre 10 cs:10. listopad co:10 nuvembri cy:10 Tachwedd da:10. november de:10. November dv:ނޮވެމްބަރު 10 et:10. november el:10 Νοεμβρίου myv:Сундерьковонь 10 чи es:10 de noviembre eo:10-a de novembro eu:Azaroaren 10 fa:۱۰ نوامبر hif:10 November fo:10. november fr:10 novembre fy:10 novimber fur:10 di Novembar ga:10 Samhain gv:10 Mee Houney gd:10 an t-Samhain gl:10 de novembro gan:11月10號 gu:નવેમ્બર ૧૦ xal:Үкр сарин 10 ko:11월 10일 hy:Նոյեմբերի 10 hi:१० नवम्बर hr:10. studenog io:10 di novembro bpy:নভেম্বর ১০ id:10 November ia:10 de novembre is:10. nóvember it:10 novembre he:10 בנובמבר jv:10 November kl:Novemberi 10 kn:ನವೆಂಬರ್ ೧೦ pam:Nobiembri 10 krc:10 ноябрь ka:10 ნოემბერი csb:10 lëstopadnika kk:Қарашаның 10 sw:10 Novemba kv:10 вӧльгым ht:10 novanm ku:10'ê sermawezê la:10 Novembris lv:10. novembris lb:10. November lt:Lapkričio 10 li:10 november lmo:10 11 hu:November 10. mk:10 ноември ml:നവംബർ 10 mr:नोव्हेंबर १० xmf:10 გერგობათუთა arz:10 نوفمبر ms:10 November mn:11 сарын 10 nah:Tlamahtlāccēti 10 nl:10 november nds-nl:10 november ne:१० नोभेम्बर new:नोभेम्बर १० ja:11月10日 nap:10 'e nuvembre no:10. november nn:10. november nrm:10 Novembre nov:10 de novembre oc:10 de novembre mhr:10 Кылме uz:10-noyabr pa:੧੦ ਨਵੰਬਰ pag:November 10 nds:10. November pl:10 listopada pt:10 de novembro ro:10 noiembrie qu:10 ñiqin ayamarq'a killapi rue:10. новембер ru:10 ноября sah:Сэтинньи 10 se:Skábmamánu 10. sco:10 November sq:10 Nëntor scn:10 di nuvèmmiru simple:November 10 sk:10. november sl:10. november ckb:١٠ی تشرینی دووەم sr:10. новембар sh:10.11. su:10 Nopémber fi:10. marraskuuta sv:10 november tl:Nobyembre 10 ta:நவம்பர் 10 kab:10 wember tt:10 ноябрь te:నవంబర్ 10 th:10 พฤศจิกายน tg:10 ноябр tr:10 Kasım tk:10 noýabr uk:10 листопада ur:10 نومبر vec:10 de novenbre vi:10 tháng 11 vo:Novul 10 fiu-vro:10. märtekuu päiv wa:10 di nôvimbe vls:10 november war:Nobyembre 10 yi:10טן נאוועמבער yo:10 November zh-yue:11月10號 bat-smg:Lapkristė 10 zh:11月10日

Volume 10 is a hip hop artist from Los Angeles, California. He was part of the ''Heavyweights Crew'', which included artists Freestyle Fellowship, Medusa, Ganjah K, and other Los Angeles acts from what would later become Project Blowed. His 1994 hit single ''Pistol Grip Pump'' was released to critical acclaim despite being edited for radio and referred to simply as ''Pump''.

Volume 10 is featured in Ava DuVernay's 2008 hip hop documentary ''This Is the Life''.

Discography

Albums

''Hip-Hopera'' (1994)

''Psycho'' (2000)

''Pawn Shop'' (2007)

Singles

Pistol Grip Pump (1994)

Sunbeams (1994)

Cameos

"Heavyweights" (Freestyle Fellowship - Innercity Griots)

"What It Do?" (Project Blowed - 10th Anniversary CD/DVD) (2005)

Chart history

;Album

Chart (1994)	Peakposition
align="left"

;Singles

Billboard Hot 100	Hot R&B;/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks	Hot Rap Singles
	"Pump"

Trivia

Volume 10's single "Pistol Grip Pump" was covered by Rage Against The Machine on their album ''Renegades''.

"Pistol Grip Pump" was also featured in the movie ''Set It Off'' but was briefly heard.

"Pistol Grip Pump" was featured on the video game ''Def Jam: Fight For New York'' as a soundtrack song.

Sources

Category:Rappers from Los Angeles, California Category:African American rappers Category:Living people

Coordinates	34°03′″N118°15′″N
Name	Stephen Hawking
Birth name	Stephen William Hawking
Birth date	January 08, 1942
Birth place	Oxford, England, United Kingdom
Residence	United Kingdom
Nationality	British
Fields	Applied mathematicsTheoretical physicsCosmology
Workplaces	Cambridge UniversityCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPerimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
Alma mater	Oxford UniversityCambridge University
Doctoral advisor	Dennis Sciama
Academic advisors	Robert Berman
Doctoral students	Bruce AllenRaphael BoussoFay DowkerMalcolm PerryBernard CarrGary GibbonsHarvey ReallDon PageTim PrestidgeRaymond LaflammeJulian Luttrell
Known for	Black holesTheoretical cosmologyQuantum gravityHawking radiation
Influences	Dikran TahtaAlbert Einstein
Awards
Spouse	Jane Hawking(m. 1965–1991, divorced)Elaine Mason(m. 1995–2006, divorced)
Signature	Hawkingsig.svg }}

Stephen William Hawking, CH, CBE, FRS, FRSA (born 8 January 1942) is a British theoretical physicist and cosmologist, whose scientific books and public appearances have made him an academic celebrity. He is an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts, a lifetime member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, and in 2009 was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian award in the United States.

Hawking was the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge for 30 years, taking up the post in 1979 and retiring on 1 October 2009. He is now Director of Research at the Centre for Theoretical Cosmology in the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics at the University of Cambridge. He is also a Fellow of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge and a Distinguished Research Chair at the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics in Waterloo, Ontario. He is known for his contributions to the fields of cosmology and quantum gravity, especially in the context of black holes. He has also achieved success with works of popular science in which he discusses his own theories and cosmology in general; these include the runaway best seller ''A Brief History of Time'', which stayed on the British ''Sunday Times'' best-sellers list for a record-breaking 237 weeks.

Hawking's key scientific works to date have included providing, with Roger Penrose, theorems regarding gravitational singularities in the framework of general relativity, and the theoretical prediction that black holes should emit radiation, which is today known as Hawking radiation (or sometimes as Bekenstein–Hawking radiation).

Hawking has a motor neurone disease that is related to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a condition that has progressed over the years and has left him almost completely paralysed.

Early life

Stephen Hawking was born on 8 January 1942 to Dr. Frank Hawking, a research biologist, and Isobel Hawking. He had two younger sisters, Philippa and Mary, and an adopted brother, Edward. Though Hawking's parents were living in North London, they moved to Oxford while his mother was pregnant with Stephen, desiring a safer location for the birth of their first child. (London was under attack at the time by the Luftwaffe.) According to Hawking, a German V-2 missile struck only a few streets away.

After Hawking was born, the family moved back to London, where his father headed the division of parasitology at the National Institute for Medical Research. In 1950, Hawking and his family moved to St Albans, Hertfordshire, where he attended St Albans High School for Girls from 1950 to 1953. (At that time, boys could attend the Girls' school until the age of ten.) From the age of eleven, he attended St Albans School, where he was a good, but not exceptional, student. When asked later to name a teacher who had inspired him, Hawking named his mathematics teacher Dikran Tahta. He maintains his connection with the school, giving his name to one of the four houses and to an extracurricular science lecture series. He has visited it to deliver one of the lectures and has also granted a lengthy interview to pupils working on the school magazine, ''The Albanian''.

Hawking was always interested in science. Inspired by his mathematics teacher, he originally wanted to study the subject at university. However, Hawking's father wanted him to apply to University College, Oxford, where his father had attended. As University College did not have a mathematics fellow at that time, it would not accept applications from students who wished to read that discipline. Hawking therefore applied to read natural sciences, in which he gained a scholarship. Once at University College, Hawking specialised in physics. His interests during this time were in thermodynamics, relativity, and quantum mechanics. His physics tutor, Robert Berman, later said in ''The New York Times Magazine'':

Hawking was passing, but his unimpressive study habits resulted in a final examination score on the borderline between first and second class honours, making an "oral examination" necessary. Berman said of the oral examination:

After receiving his B.A. degree at Oxford in 1962, he stayed to study astronomy. He decided to leave when he found that studying sunspots, which was all the observatory was equipped for, did not appeal to him and that he was more interested in theory than in observation. He left Oxford for Trinity Hall, Cambridge, where he engaged in the study of theoretical astronomy and cosmology.

Career

Almost as soon as he arrived at Cambridge, he started developing symptoms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, known colloquially in the United States as Lou Gehrig's disease), a type of motor neurone disease which would cost him almost all neuromuscular control. During his first two years at Cambridge, he did not distinguish himself, but, after the disease had stabilised and with the help of his doctoral tutor, Dennis William Sciama, he returned to working on his PhD.

Hawking was elected as one of the youngest Fellows of the Royal Society in 1974, was created a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1982, and became a Companion of Honour in 1989. Hawking is a member of the Board of Sponsors of the ''Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists''.

In 1974, he accepted the Sherman Fairchild Distinguished Scholar visiting professorship at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) to work with his friend, Kip Thorne, who was a faculty member there. He continues to have ties with Caltech, spending a month each year there since 1992.

Hawking's achievements were made despite the increasing paralysis caused by the ALS. By 1974, he was unable to feed himself or get out of bed. His speech became slurred so that he could be understood only by people who knew him well. In 1985, he caught pneumonia and had to have a tracheotomy, which made him unable to speak at all. A Cambridge scientist built a device that enables Hawking to write onto a computer with small movements of his body, and then have a voice synthesiser speak what he has typed.

Research fields

Hawking's principal fields of research are theoretical cosmology and quantum gravity.

In the late 1960s, he and his Cambridge friend and colleague, Roger Penrose, applied a new, complex mathematical model they had created from Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity. This led, in 1970, to Hawking proving the first of many singularity theorems; such theorems provide a set of sufficient conditions for the existence of a gravitational singularity in space-time. This work showed that, far from being mathematical curiosities which appear only in special cases, singularities are a fairly generic feature of general relativity.

He supplied a mathematical proof, along with Brandon Carter, Werner Israel and D. Robinson, of John Wheeler's no-hair theorem – namely, that any black hole is fully described by the three properties of mass, angular momentum, and electric charge.

Hawking also suggested upon analysis of gamma ray emissions that after the Big Bang, primordial mini black holes were formed. With Bardeen and Carter, he proposed the four laws of black hole mechanics, drawing an analogy with thermodynamics. In 1974, he calculated that black holes should thermally create and emit subatomic particles, known today as Bekenstein-Hawking radiation, until they exhaust their energy and evaporate.

In collaboration with Jim Hartle, Hawking developed a model in which the universe had no boundary in space-time, replacing the initial singularity of the classical Big Bang models with a region akin to the North Pole: one cannot travel north of the North Pole, as there is no boundary. While originally the no-boundary proposal predicted a closed universe, discussions with Neil Turok led to the realisation that the no-boundary proposal is also consistent with a universe which is not closed.

Along with Thomas Hertog at CERN, in 2006 Hawking proposed a theory of "top-down cosmology," which says that the universe had no unique initial state, and therefore it is inappropriate for physicists to attempt to formulate a theory that predicts the universe's current configuration from one particular initial state. Top-down cosmology posits that in some sense, the present "selects" the past from a superposition of many possible histories. In doing so, the theory suggests a possible resolution of the fine-tuning question: It is inevitable that we find our universe's present physical constants, as the current universe "selects" only those past histories that led to the present conditions. In this way, top-down cosmology provides an anthropic explanation for why we find ourselves in a universe that allows matter and life, without invoking an ensemble of multiple universes.

Hawking's many other scientific investigations have included the study of quantum cosmology, cosmic inflation, helium production in anisotropic Big Bang universes, large N cosmology, the density matrix of the universe, topology and structure of the universe, baby universes, Yang-Mills instantons and the S matrix, anti de Sitter space, quantum entanglement and entropy, the nature of space and time, including the arrow of time, spacetime foam, string theory, supergravity, Euclidean quantum gravity, the gravitational Hamiltonian, Brans-Dicke and Hoyle-Narlikar theories of gravitation, gravitational radiation, and wormholes.

At a George Washington University lecture in honour of NASA's fiftieth anniversary, Hawking theorised on the existence of extraterrestrial life, believing that "primitive life is very common and intelligent life is fairly rare."

Losing an old bet

Hawking was in the news in July 2004 for presenting a new theory about black holes which goes against his own long-held belief about their behaviour, thus losing a bet he made with Kip Thorne and John Preskill of Caltech. Classically, it can be shown that information crossing the event horizon of a black hole is lost to our universe, and that thus all black holes are identical beyond their mass, electrical charge and angular velocity (the "no hair theorem"). The problem with this theorem is that it implies the black hole will emit the same radiation regardless of what goes into it, and as a consequence that if a pure quantum state is thrown into a black hole, an "ordinary" mixed state will be returned. This runs counter to the rules of quantum mechanics and is known as the black hole information paradox.

Human spaceflight

At the fiftieth anniversary of NASA in 2008, Hawking gave a keynote speech on the final frontier exhorting and inspiring the space technology community on why we (the human race) explore space.

At the celebration of his sixty-fifth birthday on 8 January 2007, Hawking announced his plan to take a zero-gravity flight in 2007 to prepare for a sub-orbital spaceflight in 2009 on Virgin Galactic's space service. Billionaire Richard Branson pledged to pay all expenses for the latter, costing an estimated £100,000. Stephen Hawking's zero-gravity flight in a "''Vomit Comet''" of Zero Gravity Corporation, during which he experienced weightlessness eight times, took place on 26 April 2007. He became the first quadriplegic to float in zero-gravity. This was the first time in forty years that he moved freely, without his wheelchair. The fee is normally US$3,750 for 10–15 plunges, but Hawking was not required to pay the fee. A bit of a futurist, Hawking was quoted before the flight saying: }} In an interview with ''The Daily Telegraph'', he suggested that space was the Earth's long term hope. He continued this theme at a 2008 Charlie Rose interview.

Existence and nature of extraterrestrial life

Hawking has indicated that he is almost certain that alien life exists in other parts of the universe and uses a mathematical basis for his assumptions. "To my mathematical brain, the numbers alone make thinking about aliens perfectly rational. The real challenge is to work out what aliens might actually be like." He believes alien life not only certainly exists on planets but perhaps even in other places, like within stars or even floating in outer space. He also warns that a few of these species might be intelligent and threaten Earth. Contact with such species might be devastating for humanity. "If aliens visit us, the outcome would be much as when Columbus landed in America, which didn't turn out well for the Native Americans," he said. He advocated that, rather than try to establish contact, humans should try to avoid contact with alien life forms.

Illness

Stephen Hawking is severely disabled by a motor neurone disease known as Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), sometimes known as Lou Gehrig's disease. Hawking's illness is markedly different from typical ALS because if confirmed, Hawking's case would make for the most protracted case ever documented. A survival for more than ten years after diagnosis is uncommon for ALS; the longest documented durations, other than Hawking's, are 32 and 39 years and these cases were termed benign because of the lack of the typical progressive course.

When he was young, he enjoyed riding horses. At Oxford, he coxed a rowing team, which, he stated, helped relieve his immense boredom at the university. Symptoms of the disorder first appeared while he was enrolled at University of Cambridge; he lost his balance and fell down a flight of stairs, hitting his head. Worried that he would lose his genius, he took the Mensa test to verify that his intellectual abilities were intact. The diagnosis of motor neurone disease came when Hawking was 21, shortly before his first marriage, and doctors said he would not survive more than two or three years. Hawking gradually lost the use of his arms, legs, and voice, and as of 2009 has been almost completely paralysed.

During a visit to the research centre CERN in Geneva in 1985, Hawking contracted pneumonia, which in his condition was life-threatening as it further restricted his already limited respiratory capacity. He had an emergency tracheotomy, and as a result lost what remained of his ability to speak. He has since used an electronic voice synthesiser to communicate.

The DECtalk DTC01 voice synthesiser he uses, which has an American English accent, is no longer being produced. Asked why he has still kept it after so many years, Hawking mentioned that he has not heard a voice he likes better and that he identifies with it. Hawking is said to be looking for a replacement since, aside from being obsolete, the synthesiser is both large and fragile by current standards. As of mid 2009, he was said to be using NeoSpeech's VoiceText speech synthesiser.

In Hawking's many media appearances, he appears to speak fluently through his synthesiser, but in reality, it is a tedious drawn-out process. Hawking's setup uses a predictive text entry system, which requires only the first few characters in order to auto-complete the word, but as he is only able to use his cheek for data entry, constructing complete sentences takes time. His speeches are prepared in advance, but having a live conversation with him provides insight as to the complexity and work involved. During a TED Conference talk, it took him seven minutes to answer a question.

He describes himself as lucky, despite his disease. Its slow progression has allowed him time to make influential discoveries and has not hindered him from having, in his own words, "a very attractive family." When his wife, Jane, was asked why she decided to marry a man with a three-year life expectancy, she responded, "Those were the days of atomic gloom and doom, so we all had a rather short life expectancy." On 20 April 2009, Cambridge University released a statement saying that Hawking was "very ill" with a chest infection, and was admitted to Addenbrooke's Hospital. The following day, it was reported that his new condition was "comfortable" and he would make a full recovery from the infection.

As popular science advocate

Hawking has played himself on numerous television shows and has been portrayed in many more. He has played himself on a ''Red Dwarf'' anniversary special, played a hologram of himself on the episode "Descent" of ''Star Trek: The Next Generation'', appeared in a skit on ''Late Night with Conan O'Brien'', and appeared on the Discovery Channel special ''Alien Planet''. He has also played himself in several episodes of ''The Simpsons'' and ''Futurama'', and has had an action figure made of his ''Simpsons'' likeness. In 2008, Hawking was the subject of and featured in the documentary series ''Stephen Hawking, Master of the Universe'' for Channel 4. In September 2008, Hawking presided over the unveiling of the 'Chronophage' (time-eating) Corpus Clock at Corpus Christi College Cambridge. His actual synthesiser voice was used on parts of the Pink Floyd song "Keep Talking" from the 1994 album ''The Division Bell'', as well as on Turbonegro's "Intro: The Party Zone" on their 2005 album ''Party Animals'', Wolfsheim's "Kein Zurück (Oliver Pinelli Mix)".

Recognition

Acclaim

On 19 December 2007, a statue of Hawking by renowned late artist Ian Walters was unveiled at the Centre for Theoretical Cosmology, University of Cambridge. In May 2008, the statue of Hawking was unveiled at the African Institute for Mathematical Sciences in Cape Town. The Stephen W. Hawking Science Museum in San Salvador, El Salvador is named in honour of Stephen Hawking, citing his scientific distinction and perseverance in dealing with adversity. Stephen Hawking Building in Cambridge opened on 17 April 2007. The building belongs to Gonville and Caius College and is used as an undergraduate accommodation and conference facility.

Distinctions

Hawking's belief that the lay person should have access to his work led him to write a series of popular science books in addition to his academic work. The first of these, ''A Brief History of Time'', was published on 1 April 1988 by Hawking, his family and friends, and some leading physicists. It surprisingly became a best-seller and was followed by ''The Universe in a Nutshell'' (2001). Both books have remained highly popular all over the world. A collection of essays titled ''Black Holes and Baby Universes'' (1993) was also popular. His book, ''A Briefer History of Time'' (2005), co-written by Leonard Mlodinow, aims to update his earlier works and make them accessible to an even wider audience. In 2007 Hawking and his daughter, Lucy Hawking, published ''George's Secret Key to the Universe'', a children's book focusing on science that has been described as "like ''Harry Potter'', but without the magic." The book includes information on Hawking radiation.

Hawking supports the children's charity SOS Children's Villages UK.

Awards and honours

1975 Eddington Medal

1976 Hughes Medal of the Royal Society

1979 Albert Einstein Medal

1981 Franklin Medal

1982 Order of the British Empire (Commander)

1985 Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society

1986 Member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences

1988 Wolf Prize in Physics

1989 Prince of Asturias Awards in Concord

1989 Companion of Honour

1999 Julius Edgar Lilienfeld Prize of the American Physical Society

2003 Michelson Morley Award of Case Western Reserve University

2006 Copley Medal of the Royal Society 2008 Fonseca Prize of the University of Santiago de Compostela 2009 Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian honour in the United States

Personal life

Hawking revealed that he did not see much point in obtaining a doctorate if he were to die soon. Hawking later said that the real turning point was his 1965 marriage to Jane Wilde, a language student. After gaining his PhD at Trinity Hall, he became first a Research Fellow, and later on a Professorial Fellow at Gonville and Caius College. Jane Hawking (née Wilde), Hawking's first wife, cared for him until 1991 when the couple separated, reportedly because of the pressures of fame and his increasing disability. They had three children: Robert, Lucy, and Timothy. Hawking then married his nurse, Elaine Mason (who was previously married to David Mason, the designer of the first version of Hawking's talking computer), in 1995. In October 2006, Hawking filed for divorce from his second wife amid claims by former nurses that she had abused him.

In 1999, Jane Hawking published a memoir, ''Music to Move the Stars'', detailing the marriage and his breakdown; in 2010 she published a revised version, ''Travelling to Infinity, My Life with Stephen''. Hawking's daughter, Lucy, is a novelist. Their oldest son, Robert, emigrated to the United States, married, and has a son. After a period of estrangement, Hawking and his first family were reconciled in 2007.

His view on how to live life is to "seek the greatest value of our action".

Hawking was asked about his IQ in a 2004 newspaper interview, and replied, "I have no idea. People who boast about their I.Q. are losers." Yet when asked "Are you saying you are not a genius?", Hawking replied "I hope I'm near the upper end of the range."

Hawking strongly opposed the US-led Iraq War, calling it "a war crime" and "based on lies". In 2004, he personally attended a demonstration against the war in Trafalgar Square, and participated in a public reading of the names of Iraqi war victims.

Religious views

In his early work, Hawking spoke of "God" in a metaphorical sense, such as in ''A Brief History of Time'': "If we discover a complete theory, it would be the ultimate triumph of human reason—for then we should know the mind of God." In the same book he suggested the existence of God was unnecessary to explain the origin of the universe. His 2010 book ''The Grand Design'' and interviews with the ''Telegraph'' and the Channel 4 documentary ''Genius of Britain'', clarify that he does "not believe in a personal God". Hawking writes, "The question is: is the way the universe began chosen by God for reasons we can't understand, or was it determined by a law of science? I believe the second." He adds, "Because there is a law such as gravity, the Universe can and will create itself from nothing."

His ex-wife, Jane, said during their divorce proceedings that he was an atheist. Hawking has stated that he is "not religious in the normal sense" and he believes that "the universe is governed by the laws of science. The laws may have been decreed by God, but God does not intervene to break the laws." In an interview published in ''The Guardian'' newspaper, Hawking regarded the concept of Heaven as a myth, stating that there is "no heaven or afterlife" and that such a notion was a "fairy story for people afraid of the dark."

Hawking contrasted religion and science in 2010, saying: "There is a fundamental difference between religion, which is based on authority, [and] science, which is based on observation and reason. Science will win because it works."

Selected publications

Technical

''Singularities in Collapsing Stars and Expanding Universes'' with Dennis William Sciama, 1969 Comments on Astrophysics and Space Physics Vol 1 No.1

''The Large Scale Structure of Space-Time'' with George Ellis, 1973, ISBN 0-521-09906-4

''The Nature of Space and Time'' with Roger Penrose, foreword by Michael Atiyah, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1996, ISBN 0-691-05084-8

''The Large, the Small, and the Human Mind'', (with Abner Shimony, Nancy Cartwright, and Roger Penrose), Cambridge University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-521-56330-5 (hardback), ISBN 0-521-65538-2 (paperback), Canto edition: ISBN 0-521-78572-3

''Information Loss in Black Holes'', Cambridge University Press, 2005

''God Created the Integers: The Mathematical Breakthroughs That Changed History'', Running Press, 2005 ISBN 0762419229

Popular

''A Brief History of Time'', (Bantam Press 1988) ISBN 055305340X

''Black Holes and Baby Universes and Other Essays'', (Bantam Books 1993) ISBN 0553374117

''The Universe in a Nutshell'', (Bantam Press 2001) ISBN 055380202X

''On The Shoulders of Giants. The Great Works of Physics and Astronomy'', (Running Press 2002) ISBN 076241698X

''A Briefer History of Time'', coauthored with Leonard Mlodinow, (Bantam Books 2005) ISBN 0553804367

''The Grand Design'', coauthored with Leonard Mlodinow, (Bantam Press 2010) ISBN 0553805371

Children's fiction

These are co-written with his daughter Lucy.

''George's Secret Key to the Universe'', (Random House, 2007) ISBN 9780385612708

''George's Cosmic Treasure Hunt'', (Simon & Schuster, 2009) ISBN 9781416986713

Films and series

''A Brief History of Time'' (1991)

''Stephen Hawking's Universe'' (1997)

''Horizon: The Hawking Paradox'' (2005)

''Masters of Science Fiction'' (2007)

''Stephen Hawking: Master of the Universe'' (2008) ''Into The Universe with Stephen Hawking'' (2010) A list of Hawking's publications through the year 2002 is available on his website.

See also

Basic concepts of quantum mechanics

Many-worlds interpretation, or flexiverse

Susskind–Hawking battle – see Black hole information paradox

References

Further reading

A layman's guide to Stephen Hawking

Ferguson, Kitty (1991). ''Stephen Hawking: Quest For A Theory of Everything''. Franklin Watts. ISBN 0-553-29895-X

Highly influential in the field. A much cited centennial survey.

Pickover, Clifford, ''Archimedes to Hawking: Laws of Science and the Great Minds Behind Them'', Oxford University Press, 2008, ISBN 978-0195336115

External links

Stephen Hawking's web site

Stephen Hawking's page on Academia.edu

The Life of Stephen Hawking – slideshow by ''The First Post''

Video: Stephen Hawking – discussion of two views of the universe

Videos: Stephen Hawking's concept of God, The role of God within the no boundary cosmology and Imaginary time

;Dated

Stephen Hawking says universe not created by God

Public Lectures, including debate with Roger Penrose 1996–2006

''Hawking celebrates own brief history'', 7 January 2002, BBC

"Leaping the Abyss", interview in ''Reason'' by Gregory Benford 2002-04-01

2002-03-24

''Black holes turned "inside out"'', 22 July 2004, BBC

''Return of the time lord'', Interview about "A Brief History of Time", 27 September 2005, The Guardian.

Stephen Hawking touches on God and science – Physicist says Pope John Paul told scientists not to study universe's origins msnbc June 2006

Press Release from the Catholic League on misquote of Pope by Hawking 2006-06-16

BBC interview 2008-12-05

Category:1942 births Category:Academics of the University of Cambridge Category:Adams Prize recipients Category:Albert Einstein Medal recipients Category:Alumni of Trinity Hall, Cambridge Category:Alumni of University College, Oxford Category:Calculating prodigies Category:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire Category:Cosmologists Category:English astronomers Category:English theoretical physicists Category:English science writers Category:Fellows of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge Category:Fellows of the Royal Society Category:People educated at St Albans School, Hertfordshire Category:Honorary Fellows of University College, Oxford Category:Living people Category:Lucasian Professors of Mathematics Category:Members of the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences Category:Members of the Order of the Companions of Honour Category:Members of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences Category:People from Oxford Category:People from St Albans Category:People with motor neurone disease Category:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients Category:Recipients of the Copley Medal Category:Recipients of the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society Category:Religious skeptics Category:Wolf Prize in Physics laureates Category:20th-century philosophers Category:21st-century philosophers Category:People educated at St Albans High School for Girls

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