Coordinates	29°25′″N98°30′″N
Name	Lille
Common name	Lille
Image coat of arms	Blason ville fr Lille.svg
Coat of arms legend	Traditional coat of arms
Insee	59350
Postal code	59000, 59800
longitude	3.063333
latitude	50.637222
Time zone	CET (GMT +1)
Region	Nord-Pas de Calais
Department	Nord
Arrondissement	Lille
Mayor	Martine Aubry
Party	PS
Term	2008–2014
Area km2	39.51
Population date	2006
Population	226014
Population ranking	10th in France
Urban area km2	450
Urban area date	1999
Urban pop	1,000,900
Urban pop date	1999
Metro area km2	975
Metro area date	1999
Metro area pop	1,164,716
Metro area pop date	2007
Intercommunality	Lille Métropole
Website	http://www.mairie-lille.fr/en }}

Lille (; ) is a city in northern France (French Flanders). It is the principal city of the Lille Métropole, the fourth-largest metropolitan area in the country behind those of Paris, Lyon and Marseille. Lille is situated on the Deûle River, near France's border with Belgium. It is the capital of the Nord-Pas de Calais region and the prefecture of the Nord department.

The city of Lille, which annexed Lomme on 27 February 2000, had a population of 226,014 at the 2006 census. Meanwhile, the Lille Métropole, which also includes Roubaix, Tourcoing and numerous suburban communities, had a population of 1,091,438. The eurodistrict of Lille-Kortrijk, which also includes the areas of the Belgian cities of Kortrijk, Tournai, Mouscron and Ypres, had 1,905,000 residents.

History

Origin of the city

The legend of "Lydéric and Phinaert" puts the foundation of the city of "L'Isle" at 640. Although the first mention of the town appears in archives from the year 1066, some archeological digs seem to show the area as inhabited by as early as 2000 BC, most notably in the modern-day ''quartiers'' of Fives, Wazemmes, and Old Lille.

The original inhabitants of this region were the Gauls, such as the Menapians, the Morins, the Atrebates, and the Nervians, who were followed by Germanic peoples, the Saxons and the Frisians, and the Franks later.

From 830 until around 910, the Vikings invaded Flanders. After the destruction caused by Norman and Magyar invasion, the eastern part of the region fell under the eyes of the area's princes.

The name Lille comes from ''insula'' or ''l'Isla'', i. "the island", since the area was at one time marshy. This name was used for the castle of the Counts of Flanders, built on dry land in the middle of the marsh. The Dutch name for the town, ''Rijsel'', has the same meaning ("Ryssel" in French Flemish, from "ter Yssel" meaning "to/at the island").

The Count of Flanders controlled a number of old Roman cities (Boulogne, Arras, Cambrai) as well as some founded by the Carolingians (Valenciennes, Saint-Omer, Ghent, Bruges).

The County of Flanders thus extended to the left bank of the Scheldt, one of the richest and most prosperous regions of Europe.

Middle Ages

A local notable in this period was Évrard, who lived in the 9th century and participated in many of the day's political and military affairs.

From the 12th century, the fame of the Lille cloth fair began to grow. In 1144 Saint-Sauveur parish was formed, which would give its name to the modern-day ''quartier Saint-Sauveur''.

The counts of Flanders, Boulogne, and Hainaut came together with England and the Holy Roman Empire of Germany and declared war on France and Philip II of France, a war that ended with the French victory at Bouvines in 1214. Infante Ferdinand, Count of Flanders was imprisoned and the county fell into dispute: it would be his wife, Jeanne, Countess of Flanders and Constantinople, who ruled the city. She was said to be well-loved by the residents of Lille, who by that time numbered 10,000.

In 1224, the monk Bertrand of Rains, doubtlessly encouraged by local lords, tried to pass himself off as Baldwin I of Constantinople (the father of Jeanne of Flanders), who had disappeared at the battle of Adrianople. He pushed the kingdoms of Flanders and Hainaut towards sedition against Jeanne in order to recover his land. She called her cousin, Louis VIII ("The Lion"). He unmasked the imposter, whom Countess Jeanne quickly had hanged. In 1226 the King agreed to free Infante Ferdinand, Count of Flanders. Count Ferrand died in 1233, and his daughter Marie soon after. In 1235, Jeanne granted a city charter by which city governors would be chosen each All Saint's Day by four commissioners chosen by the ruler. On 6 February 1236, she founded the Countess's Hospital (L'hospice de la comtesse), which remains one of the most beautiful buildings in Old Lille. It was in her honor that the hospital of the Regional Medical University of Lille was named "Jeanne of Flanders Hospital" in the 20th century.

The Countess died in 1244 in the Abbey of Marquette, leaving no heirs. The rule of Flanders and Hainaut thus fell to her sister, Margaret II, Countess of Flanders, then to Margaret's son, Guy of Dampierre. Lille fell under the rule of France from 1304 to 1369, after the battle of Mons-en-Pévèle.

The county of Flanders fell to the Duchy of Burgundy next, after the 1369 marriage of Margaret III, Countess of Flanders, and Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy. Lille thus became one of the three capitals of said Duchy, along with Brussels and Dijon. By 1445, Lille counted some 25,000 residents. Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, was even more powerful than the King of France, and made Lille an administrative and financial capital.

On 17 February 1454, one year after the taking of Constantinople by the Turks, Philip the Good organised a Pantagruelian banquet at his Lille palace, the still-celebrated "Feast of the Pheasant". There the Duke and his court undertook an oath to Christianity.

In 1477, at the death of the last duke of Burgundy, Charles the Bold, Mary of Burgundy married Maximilian of Austria, who thus became Count of Flanders. At the end of the reign of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, Spanish Flanders fell to his eldest son, and thus under the rule of Philip II of Spain, King of Spain. The city remained under Spanish rule until the reign of Philip IV of Spain.

The modern era

The 16th century was marked by the outbreak of the Plague, a boom in the regional textile industry, and the Protestant revolts.

The first Calvinists appeared in the area in 1542; by 1555 anti-Protestant oppression was taking place. In 1578, the Hurlus, a group of Protestant rebels, stormed the castle of the Counts of Mouscron. They were removed four months later by a Catholic Wallon regiment, after which they tried several times between 1581 and 1582 to take the city of Lille, all in vain. The Hurlus were notably held back by the legendary Jeanne Maillotte. At the same time (1581), at the call of Elizabeth I of England, the north of the Seventeen Provinces, having gained a Protestant majority, successfully revolted and formed the United Provinces.

In 1667, Louis XIV of France (the Sun-King) successfully laid siege to Lille, resulting in it becoming French in 1668 under the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, provoking discontent among the citizens of the prosperous city. A number of important public works undertaken between 1667 and 1670, such as the Citadel (erected by Vauban), or the creation of the quartiers of Saint-André and la Madeleine, enabled the King to gradually gain the confidence of his Lille subjects, some of whom continued to feel Flemish, though they had always spoken the Romance Picard language.

For five years, from 1708 to 1713, the city was occupied by the Dutch, during the War of the Spanish Succession. Throughout the 18th century, Lille remained profoundly Catholic. It took little part in the French Revolution, though there were riots and the destruction of churches. In 1790, the city held its first municipal elections.

After the French Revolution

In 1792, in the aftermath of the French Revolution, the Austrians, then in the United Provinces, laid siege to Lille. The "Column of the Goddess", erected in 1842 in the "Grand-Place" (officially named Place du Général-de-Gaulle), is a tribute to the city's resistance, led by Mayor André Bonte. Although Austrian artillery destroyed many houses and the main church of the city, the city did not surrender and the Austrian army left after eight days.

The city continued to grow, and by 1800 held some 53,000 residents, leading to Lille becoming the county seat of the Nord ''départment'' in 1804. In 1846, a rail line connecting Paris and Lille was built.

At the beginning of the 19th century, Napoleon I's continental blockade against the United Kingdom led to Lille's textile industry developing itself even more fully. The city was known for its cotton, and the nearby towns of Roubaix and Tourcoing worked wool.

In 1853, Alexandre Desrousseaux composed his famous lullaby ''P'tit quinquin''. In 1858, an imperial decree led to the annexation of the adjacent towns of Fives, Wazemmes, and Moulins. Lille's population was 158,000 in 1872, growing to over 200,000 by 1891. In 1896 Lille became the first city in France to be led by a socialist, Gustave Delory.

By 1912, Lille's population was at 217,000: the city profited from the Industrial Revolution, particularly via coal and the steam engine. The entire region had grown wealthy thanks to the mines and to the textile industry.

First World War

Between 4–13 October 1914, the troops in Lille were able to trick the enemy by convincing them that Lille possessed more artillery than was the case; in reality, the city had only a single cannon. Despite the deception, the German bombardments destroyed over 2,200 buildings and homes. When the Germans realised they had been tricked, they burned down an entire section of town, subsequently occupying the city. Lille was liberated by the British on 17 October 1918, when General Sir William Birdwood and his troops were welcomed by joyous crowds. The general was made an honorary citizen of the city of Lille on 28 October of that year.

Lille was also the hunting ground of World War I German flying Ace Max Immelmann who was nicknamed "the Eagle of Lille".

The ''Années Folles'', the Great Depression, and the Popular Front

In July 1921, at the Pasteur Institute in Lille, Albert Calmette and Camille Guérin discovered the first anti-tuberculosis vaccine, known as BCG ("Bacille de Calmette et Guérin"). The Opéra de Lille, designed by Lille architect Louis M. Cordonnier, was dedicated in 1923.

From 1931 Lille felt the repercussions of the Great Depression, and by 1935 a third of the city's population lived in poverty. In 1936, the city's mayor, Roger Salengro, became Minister of the Interior of the Popular Front, eventually killing himself after right-wing groups led a slanderous campaign against him.

Second World War

During the Battle of France, Lille was besieged by German forces for several days. Due to the prolonged French defense, many Allied troops were able to escape to Dunkirk. When Belgium was invaded, the citizens of Lille, still marked by the events of the First World War, began to flee the city in large numbers. Lille was part of the zone under control of the German commander in Brussels, and was never controlled by the Vichy government in France. The ''départments'' of Nord and Pas-de-Calais (with the exception of the coast, notably Dunkirk) were, for the most part, liberated in five days, from the 1 to 5 September 1944 by British, American, Canadian, and Polish troops. On 3 September, the German troops began to leave Lille, fearing the British, who were on their way from Brussels. Following this, the Lille resistance managed to retake part of the city before the British tanks arrived. Rationing came to an end in 1947, and by 1948, some normality had returned to Lille.

Post-war to the present

In 1967, the Chambers of Commerce of Lille, Roubaix and Tourcoing were joined, and in 1969 the ''Communauté urbaine de Lille'' (Lille urban community) was created, linking 87 ''communes'' with Lille.

Throughout the 1960s and 70s, the region was faced with some problems after the decline of the coal, mining and textile industries. From the start of the 1980s, the city began to turn itself more towards the service sector.

In 1983, the VAL, the world's first automated rapid transit underground network, was opened. In 1993, a high-speed TGV train line was opened, connecting Paris with Lille in one hour. This, with the opening of the Channel Tunnel in 1994 and the arrival of the Eurostar train, put Lille at the centre of a triangle connecting Paris, London and Brussels.

Work on Euralille, an urban remodelling project, began in 1991. The Euralille Centre was opened in 1994, and the remodeled district is now full of parks and modern buildings containing offices, shops and apartments. In 1994 the "Grand Palais" was also opened.

Lille was elected European Capital of Culture in 2004, along with the Italian city of Genoa

Climate

Lille can be described as having a temperate oceanic climate; summers do not reach high temperatures, but winters can fall below zero temperatures. Precipitation is above average year round.

The table below gives temperatures and precipitation levels for 2006 and also the record temperatures. |date=August 2010 }}

Economy

A former major mechanical, food industry and textile manufacturing centre as well as a retail and finance center, Lille forms the heart of a larger conurbation, regrouping Lille, Roubaix, Tourcoing and Villeneuve d'Ascq, which is France's 4th-largest urban conglomeration with a 1999 population of over 1.1 million.

Revenues and taxes

For centuries, Lille has been a city of revenues contrasts : as a merchants city, great wealth and precarity have been living side by side, especially until the end of the 19th century. This contrast has been witnessed by Victor Hugo in 1851 in his poem Les Châtiments: « ''Caves de Lille ! on meurt sous vos plafonds de pierre !'' » ( « Lille cellars : there are deaths below your stone roofs») File:Lille courée.JPG|Courée in Wazemmes area File:Lille hotels particuliers Négrier.JPG|Hôtels particuliers rue Négrier, Vieux-Lille File:Lille - Cité Administrative.JPG|Administrative city zone

Employment

Employment in Lille has switched over half a century from a predominant industry to tertiary activities and services. Services account for 91% of employment in 2006.

Employment in Lille-Hellemmes-Lomme from 1968 to 2006

Business area	1968	1975	1982	1990	1999	2006
Agriculture
Industry and engineering
Tertiairy activities
Total

Employment per categories in 1968 and in 2006

style="background:#f5f5f5; color:#000; width:100px;"

Farmers

Businesspersons, entrepreneurs

Upper class

Midlle class

Employees

Blue-collar worker

style="text-align:center;"

''1968''

''2006''

''1968''

''2006''

''1968''

''2006''

''1968''

''2006''

''1968''

''2006''

''1968''

''2006''

Lille

Greater Lille

France

Unemployment in active population from 1968 to 2006

	1968	1975	1982	1990	1999	2006
Lille
Greater Lille
France

Enterprises

In 2007, Lille hosts around industry or service sites.

Enterprises as per 31 December 2007

style="background:#f5f5f5; color:#000; width:100px;"

Number

Size category

Mean number of employees

style="text-align:center;"

''Greater Lille''

''Lille''

''% Lille''

''None''

''1 to 19''

''20 to 99''

''100 to 499''

''500+''

''Lille''

''Greater''

Industries

Construction

Commerce

Transports

Finance

Real property

Business services

Services to consummers

Education and health

Administration

Total

Main sights

Lille features an array of architectural styles with various amounts of Flemish influence, including the use of brown and red brick. In addition, many residential neighborhoods, especially in Greater Lille, consist of attached 2–3 story houses aligned in a row, with narrow gardens in the back. These architectural attributes, many uncommon in France, help make Lille a transition in France to neighboring Belgium, as well as nearby Netherlands and England, where the presence of brick, as well as row houses or the Terraced house is much more prominent.

Points of interest include

Lille Cathedral (''Basilique-cathédrale Notre-Dame-de-la-Treille'')

Citadel of Lille

Palais des Beaux-Arts de Lille

Jardin botanique de la Faculté de Pharmacie

Jardin botanique Nicolas Boulay

Jardin des Plantes de Lille

Transport

Public transport

The Lille Métropole has a mixed mode public transport system, which is considered one of the most modern in the whole of France. It comprises buses, trams and a driverless metro system, all of which are operated under the Transpole name. The Lille Metro is a VAL system (''véhicule automatique léger'' = light automated vehicle) that opened on 16 May 1983, becoming the first automatic metro line in the world. The metro system has two lines, with a total length of 45 km and 60 stations. The tram system consists of two interurban tram lines, connecting central Lille to the nearby communities of Roubaix and Tourcoing, and has 45 stops. 68 urban bus routes cover the metropolis, 8 of which reach into Belgium.

Railways

Lille is an important crossroads in the European high-speed rail network: it lies on the Eurostar line to London and the French TGV network to Paris, Brussels and other major centres in France such as Marseille, Lyon, and Toulouse. It has two railway stations, which stand next door to one another: Lille-Europe station (''Gare de Lille-Europe''), which primarily serves high-speed trains and international services (Eurostar), and Lille-Flandres station (''Gare de Lille-Flandres''), which primarily serves lower speed regional trains.

Highways

No fewer than five ''autoroutes'' pass by Lille, the densest confluence of highways in France after Paris:

Autoroute A27 : Lille – Tournai – Brussels / Liège – Germany

Autoroute A23 : Lille – Valenciennes

Autoroute A1 : Lille – Arras – Paris / Reims – Lyon / Orléans / Le Havre

Autoroute A25 : Lille – Dunkirk – Calais – England / North Belgium

Autoroute A22 : Lille – Antwerp – Netherlands

A sixth one – the proposed A24 – will link Amiens to Lille if built, but there is opposition to its route.

Air traffic

Lille Lesquin International Airport is 15 minutes from the city centre by car (11 km). In terms of shipping, it ranks fourth, with almost 38,000 tonnes of freight which pass through each year.

Waterways

Lille is the third largest French river port after Paris and Strasbourg. The river Deûle is connected to regional waterways with over 680 km of navigable waters. The Deûle connects to Northern Europe via the River Scarpe and the River Scheldt (towards Belgium and the Netherlands), and internationally via the Lys River (to Dunkerque and Calais).

Shipping statistics

{| class=wikitable |- ! Year !! 1997 !! 2000 !! 2003 |- | Millions of tonnes||5.56||6.68||7.30 |- | By river or sea||8.00%||8.25%||13.33% |- | By rail||6.28%||4.13%||2.89% |- | By road||85.72%||87.62%||83.78% |}

Education

With over 110 000 students, the metropolitan area of Lille is one France's top student cities.

The Université Catholique de Lille was founded in 1875. Today it has law, economics, medicine, physics faculties and schools. Among the most famous is Institut catholique d'arts et métiers (ICAM) founded in 1898, ranked 20th among engineering schools, with the specificity of graduating polyvalent engineers, Ecole des Hautes études d'ingénieur (HEI) a school of engineering founded in 1885 and offering 10 fields of specialization, École des hautes études commerciales du nord (EDHEC) founded in 1906, SKEMA Business School and the IESEG currently ranked within the top 5, the top 10 and top 15 business schools in France, respectively. In 1924 ESJ – a leading journalism school – was established.

With roots back from 1562 to 1793 as University of Douai (Université de Douai), then as Université Impériale in 1808, the State Université of Lille (Université Lille Nord de France) was established in Lille in 1854 with Louis Pasteur as the first dean of its Faculty of Sciences. A school of medicine and an engineering school were also established in Lille in 1854. The Université de Lille was united as the association of existing public Faculties in 1887 and was split into three independent university campus in 1970, including:

* Université de Lille I, also referred-to as Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille (USTL),

* Université de Lille II with law, management, sports and medical faculties,

* Université Charles-de-Gaulle Lille III with humanities and social sciences courses.

:ESA – Ecole Supérieure des Affaires is a Business Management school established in Lille in 1990. IEP Sciences-Po Lille political studies institute was established in Lille in 1992.

Ecole Centrale de Lille is one of the five Centrale Graduate Schools of engineering in France ; it was founded in Lille city in 1854, its graduate engineering education and research center was established as Institut Industriel du Nord (IDN) in 1872, in 1968 it moved in a modern campus in Lille suburb. École nationale supérieure de chimie de Lille was established as Institut de chimie de Lille in 1894 supporting chemistry research as followers of Kuhlmann's breakthrough works in Lille. Skema Business School established in 1892 is ranked among the top business schools in France. École nationale supérieure d'arts et métiers settled in Lille in 1900.

The European Doctoral College Lille Nord-Pas de Calais is headquartered in Lille metropole and includes 3,000 PhD Doctorate students supported by university research laboratories.

Notable people from Lille

Scientists and entrepreneurs

Charles-Joseph Panckoucke, (1736–1788), intellectual and writer

Charles Frédéric Kuhlmann, (1803–1881), chemist professor

Louis Pasteur, (1822–1895), micro-biologist

Joseph Valentin Boussinesq (1842–1929), mathematician and physicist

Charles Barrois (1851–1939), geologist and palaeontologist.

Albert Calmette (1863–1933) and Camille Guérin (1872–1961), scientists who discovered the antituberculosis vaccine.

Henri Padé (1863–1953), mathematician

Paul Painlevé (1863–1933), mathematician and politician

Joseph Kampé de Fériet (1893–1982), researcher on fluid dynamics

Jean Baptiste Perrin (1870–1942), Nobel Prize in physics

Jean Dieudonné (1906–1992), mathematician.

Matthias de l'Obel (1538–1616), physician to King James I of England, scientist

Artists

Renée Adorée (1898–1933), actress.

Alfred-Pierre Agache (1843–1915), academic painter

Alain de Lille (or Alanus ab Insulis) (c. 1128–1202), French theologian and poet

Émile Bernard (1868–1941), neoimpressionist painter and friend of Paul Gauguin

Édouard Chimot (d. 1959), artist and illustrator, editor of the Devambez illustrated art-editions.

Léon Danchin (1887–1938), animal artist and sculptor.

Alain Decaux (1925–), television presenter, minister, writer, and member of the Académie française.

Pierre Dubreuil (1872–1944), photographer.

Pierre De Geyter (1848–1932), textile worker who composed the music of ''The Internationale'' in Lille.

Raoul de Godewaersvelde (1928–1977), singer.

Gabriel Grovlez (1879–1944), pianist, conductor and composer who studied under Gabriel Fauré

Alexandre Desrousseaux (1820–1892), songwriter.

Carolus-Duran (1837–1917), painter.

Julien Duvivier (1896–1967), director.

Yvonne Furneaux (1928–), actress.

Paul Gachet (1828–1909), doctor most famous for treating the painter Vincent van Gogh

Kamini (1980– ), rap singer, hits success in 2006 in France with the funny "rural-rap" ''Marly-Gomont''

Édouard Lalo (1823–1892), composer.

Serge Lutens (born 1942) photographer, make-up artist, interior and set designer, creator of perfumes and fashion designer.

Philippe Noiret (1930–2006), actor.

Albert Samain (1858–1900), poet.

Politicians, professionals and military

Lydéric, (620–?) legendary founder of the city.

Jeanne, Countess of Flanders, (1188/1200? –1244), Countess.

Jeanne Maillotte, (circa 1580), resistance fighter during the Hurlu attacks.

Louis Faidherbe (1818–1889), general, founder of the city of Dakar and senator.

Achille Liénart (1884–1973), « cardinal des ouvriers ».

Charles de Gaulle (1890–1970), general, resistance fighter, President of France.

Roger Salengro (1890–1936), minister, deputy, and Mayor of Lille.

Augustin Laurent (1896–1990), minister, deputy, resistance fighter, and Mayor of Lille.

Madeleine Damerment (1917–1944), French Resistance fighter – Legion of Honor, Croix de Guerre, Médaille combattant volontaire de la Résistance

Pierre Mauroy (1928–), deputy, senator, Prime Minister of France, and Mayor of Lille.

Martine Aubry (1950–), deputy, minister, and Mayor of Lille.

Sports

Lille's football club, the Lille O.S.C., is one of the major teams in the French football league. They have won 8 major national trophies and now regularly feature in the UEFA Champions League and UEFA Cup. And have also recently won the 2010/11 Ligue 1 title

International relations

Twin towns – sister cities

Lille is twinned with:

Cologne, Germany Erfurt, Germany Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg Kharkiv, Ukraine Leeds, United Kingdom Liège, Belgium Nablus, Palestinian National Authority Oujda, Morocco Rotterdam, Netherlands Safed, Israel Wrocław, Poland Saint-Louis, Senegal Shanghai, People's Republic of China Turin, Italy Valladolid, Spain Buffalo, United States

References

Sources

External links

Official website in English

European Capital of Culture 2004

Proposal for Lille Expo 2017

Category:Communes of Nord Category:European Capitals of Culture

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{{Infobox musical artist| | name = Lisa Hannigan | image = Lisa Hannigan deco16-10.jpg | caption = Lisa Hannigan in Temple Bar, Dublin | image_size = 200 | background = solo_singer | birth_name = Lisa Margaret Hannigan | alias = | birth_date = February 12, 1981 | origin = Kilcloon, County Meath, Ireland | genre = Indie folk | occupation = Musician | years_active = 2001–''present'' | label = Barp/ATO Records/Play It Again Sam | associated_acts = Damien Rice, Vyvienne Long, Tom Osander, The Frames, Mic Christopher, David Kitt, Herbie Hancock, Paul Noonan, David Geraghty, Bell X1, The Cake Sale, Gary Lightbody, Cathy Davey, Jason Mraz, Mick Flannery. At the age of eighteen, she enrolled at Trinity College, Dublin, where she studied art history. Hannigan enjoyed theater and auditioned for musicals as a teenager and was cast as Second Urchin in her school's production of ''My Fair Lady''.

Career

2001-2007

Hannigan began her six year collaboration with Damien Rice at a concert in the Temple Bar Music Centre in Dublin in early 2001. “It was upsetting, but worse things have happened. For everybody it was coming to the end of its cycle.” She was comforted by members of The Magic Numbers and has not spoken to Rice since the split. In retrospect, Hannigan says the split was the best thing that has ever happened to her.

2008-present

Some of Hannigan's live recordings were made available through trading networks radio shows. These recordings included: "Willy" by Joni Mitchell, "Be My Husband" by Nina Simone (from the 1965 album ''Pastel Blues''), "Mercedes Benz" by Janis Joplin and "Love Hurts" by Roy Orbison. Hannigan also performed live with her own band, called The Daisy Okell Quartet and contributed guest vocals to the recordings of Mic Christopher, The Frames and Herbie Hancock.

Lisa Hannigan's debut solo album, titled ''Sea Sew'', was rehearsed in a barn in Thomastown and recorded in Dublin before being released in Ireland in September 2008. The lead single, "Lille", was made available as a free Internet download and other tracks were available for preview on her Myspace page. The sleeve featured needle-work by Hannigan. Some music critics called the recording one of the best Irish albums of the year.

''Sea Sew'' was played on the American radio station KCRW and received favorable reviews in the ''Los Angeles Times'' and ''The New York Times''. The single "Lille", released in August 2008 on Irish and American radio stations. Hannigan performed at Electric Picnic 2008. Hannigan supported singer-songwriter Jason Mraz on a 42-date U.S. tour in 2008.

Also in 2008, she appeared on the charity album ''Even Better Than the Disco Thing'' and performed a duet of Mick Flannery's new song "Christmas Past" with Flannery on Tony Fenton's Christmas Special on Today FM. In December 2008, she made her UK solo debut at St Johns Church in London. Hannigan signed with ATO Records in the U.S., where her album was released in February 2009.

''Sea Sew'' was nominated for the Choice Music Prize and Best Irish Album at the Meteor Music Awards in January 2009.

That same year, Hannigan appeared on the American television shows Jay Leno, The Colbert Report and was well received by their respective hosts. In 2009, Hannigan also appeared on the BBC's ''Later... with Jools Holland'', performing her song "I Don't Know". ''Sea Sew'' rose in the UK charts following this appearance and she performed at Glastonbury 2009 music festival and went on tour later in the year. She performed at the nomination ceremony and she was greeted by confused journalists wondering "Lisa who?".

Hannigan performed at Electric Picnic 2009 and Le Chéile. Later in 2009, she toured the United States with David Gray and performed solo shows in New York, Los Angeles and London. She then began a tour of Ireland to finish the year. Hannigan's song "Ocean and Rock" was used in a 2009 Irish video supporting same-sex marriage entitled "Sinéad's Hand".

In 2010, a broadcast of ''Other Voices'' was planned. Hannigan recently recorded her second album, titled ''Passenger'', at Bryn Derwen Studios in North Wales with producer Joe Henry and engineer Ryan Freeland. The album will be released in the US and Canada on September 20, and a month later in Ireland and the UK.

Reception

Her music has received critical praise, airplay and award nominations both in her native Ireland and the United States. In 2008, her debut album ''Sea Sew'' spawned the single "Lille", a Choice Music Prize nomination, two Meteor Music Awards nominations and a Mercury Prize nomination. There has also been praise from fellow musicians and, in recent times, Jools Holland of the United Kingdom and US television hosts Jay Leno and Stephen Colbert.

Hannigan emits "a moan of delicate strength, and stirring warmth and humanity", describing her style as that of "plinky plonk rock", a genre coined by a friend. She performs using "broken-down, wheezy old instruments", assisting her band members in the transportation of this equipment. Her blog posts are noted for containing recipes for baking cakes.

Hannigan also contributed to the 2009 charity album, ''Sparks n' Mind'', released in aid of Aware.

Discography

''Sea Sew'' (2008)

''Lille - EP'' (2009)

''Live at Fingerprints - EP'' (2009)

''Passenger'' (2011)

Awards

''Hot Press'' Readers' Poll

Hannigan has four ''Hot Press'' Readers' Poll awards. She won Best Debut Album, Best Irish Album, Best Irish Track and Best Female in 2009. The award was won by Jape for the album ''Ritual'' on 4 March 2009.

|- | 2009 || ''Sea Sew'' || Irish Album of the Year 2008 || |-

Meteor Music Awards

Hannigan and her work was nominated in the Best Irish Female and Best Irish Album categories at the Meteor Music Awards in 2009. She was the only solo artist nominated in more than one category at the awards. She lost to Imelda May and The Script's self-titled album respectively.

|- | 2009 || ''Sea Sew'' || Best Irish Album || |- | 2009 || Lisa Hannigan || Best Irish Female || |-

Mercury Prize

''Sea Sew'' was nominated for the Mercury Prize on 21 July 2009. It was Hannigan's first nomination; other Irish acts nominated before her included U2 Gemma Hayes, The Thrills and Fionn Regan. The identity of the award-winning album was confirmed as ''Speech Therapy'' by Speech Debelle on 8 September 2009 in London. Hannigan described the nomination as "an incredible honour" and "an amazing affirmation that people like your record". She also said she had "never been so excited about anything before".

Hannigan was referred to as 2009's "token folk nominee" in the UK, with the ''NME'', a music magazine in that country, calling her a "token folkie". One British journalist even claimed she was "truly obscure" and part of the "moribund sensitive singer-songwriter genre". Ed Power, writing in the ''Irish Independent'', criticised such claims, wondering if Jape (whose album ''Ritual'' beat Hannigan to the Choice Music Prize) had come close to receiving a Mercury nomination—"Or, for that matter, how many of the judges had even heard of him".

|- | 2009 || ''Sea Sew'' || Best Album || |-

See also

Side projects of Lisa Hannigan

References

External links

Official site

Official biography

Lisa Hannigan Refined an unofficial website

Lisa Hannigan on ''Other Voices''

Lisa Hannigan interview on LAist

Lisa Hannigan at Eskimo Friends, a Damien Rice site

Lisa Hannigan Review Fazer.ca March 2009

Mercury nomination photos at the ''Irish Independent''

Category:1981 births Category:Irish female singers Category:Irish folk singers Category:Living people Category:Alumni of The King's Hospital Category:People from County Meath

bs:Lisa Hannigan ca:Lisa Hannigan de:Lisa Hannigan es:Lisa Hannigan fr:Lisa Hannigan it:Lisa Hannigan nl:Lisa Hannigan pt:Lisa Hannigan fi:Lisa Hannigan sv:Lisa Hannigan zh:麗莎·漢尼根

Coordinates	29°25′″N98°30′″N
name	Parov Stelar
alt	Parov Stelar
background	non_performing_personnel
birth name	Marcus Füreder
alias	Plasma, Cash Candy, Nola Grey
born	November 27, 1974
origin	Linz, Austria
genre	Electro Swing, Hip Hop
occupation	Producer, DJ
years active	1998-present
label	Etage Noir Recordings
website
notable instruments	}}

Parov Stelar aka Marcus Füreder (born November 27, 1974) is a musician who lives and works in Linz, Austria. He performs with his Band - the Parov Stelar Band - and as a DJ worldwide. Parov Stelar is the head of Etage Noir Recordings.

Biography

After experience as a DJ at nightclubs during the mid-late 1990s, Parov Stelar got involved in producing and publishing in 2000 for the first time.

After early works under the pseudonym Plasma and his real name, and also being a partner of the label Bushido Recordings, in 2004 he started producing under the pseudonym Parov Stelar. In the same year he founded his own label: Etage Noir Recordings.

His first release,for Etage Noir, "KissKiss EP" and the soon after released LP  "Rough Cuts", provided him immediate breakthrough on the international electronic music scene. His specific approach to music production, combined with a proven sense of sound aesthetics, led to massive reaction of audience and colleagues all around the world, giving him reputation as the founder of a new genre:  "Electroswing"

The following albums "Seven and Storm", "Shine" and latest the double album "Coco", as well as numerous singles and remixes made Parov Stelar one of the most wanted and successful artists of his kind. Parov Stelar's Tracks have been used on more than 700 Compilations (for example: Hôtel Costes, Buddha Bar, Electro Swing) and have been the soundtrack for numerous TV ads (Chrysler, Motorola, Audi,...), TV shows, TV series and movies.

The Parov Stelar Band

After starting as a solo artist and gaining initial success, in 2005 Parov Stelar decided to expand his on-stage music with a full band. This collaboration with four musicians noticeably influenced his work. Since that time, the Parov Stelar Band has increased in popularity.

Instrumentation of the Parov Stelar Band

Max the Sax aka Markus Ecklmayr (Sax)

Jerry Di Monza (Trumpet)

Beate Baumgartner (Vocals)

Gianna Charles (Vocals)

Cleo Panther (Vocals)

Willie Larsson Jr. (Drums)

Michael Wittner (Bass)

Parov Stelar (Programming)

DJ Sets

Parov Stelar's DJ sets often include live saxophone performance of his band member Markus Ecklmayr (Max The Sax), and occasionally, singer Beate Baumgartner (Yola B).

Discography

Albums

2001: Shadow Kingdom LP (2x12" Vinyl & CD, Bushido Recordings, as ''Plasma'')

2004: Rough Cuts (CD, Etage Noir Recordings)

2005: Seven and Storm (CD, Etage Noir Recordings)

2007: Shine (CD, Etage Noir Recordings)

2008: Daylight (CD, Rambling Records)

2009: That Swing - Best Of (CD, Etage Noir Recordings)

2009: Coco (CD, Etage Noir Recordings)

2010: The Paris Swing Box (Etage Noir Recordings)

EPs

2001: Shadow Kingdom EP (12" Vinyl, Bushido Recordings, as ''Plasma'')

2002: Lo Tech Trash (12" Vinyl, Bushido Recordings, as Marcus Füreder)

2004: KissKiss (12" Vinyl, Etage Noir Recordings)

2004: Move On! (12" Vinyl, Etage Noir Recordings)

2004: Wanna get (12" Vinyl, Etage Noir Recordings)

2004: Primavera (12" Vinyl, Auris Recordings)

2005: Music I believe in (12" Vinyl, ~Temp Records, as Marcus Füreder)

2005: A Night In Torino (12" Vinyl, Etage Noir Recordings)

2005: Spygame (12" Vinyl, Etage Noir Recordings)

2006: Parov Stelar EP (12" Vinyl, Big Sur)

2006: Charleston Butterfly (12" Vinyl, Etage Noir Recordings)

2007: Jet Set EP (12" Vinyl, Etage Noir Special)

2007: Sugar (12" Vinyl, Etage Noir Recordings)

2008: The Flame Of Fame (12" Vinyl, Etage Noir Recordings)

2008: Libella Swing (12" Vinyl, Etage Noir Recordings)

2009: Coco EP (12" Vinyl, Etage Noir Recordings)

2010: The Phantom EP (12" Vinyl, Etage Noir Recordings)

2010: The Paris Swingbox EP (Etage Noir Recordings)

2011: La Fête EP (12" Vinyl, Etage Noir Recordings)

Singles

2000: Synthetica/Stompin' Ground (12" Vinyl, Bushido Recordings, as Marcus Füreder)

2001: Guerrilla (12" Vinyl, Bushido Recordings, as Marcus Füreder)

2004: Get Up On Your Feet (12" Vinyl, Sunshine Enterprises)

2005: Faith (Maxi-CD, Etage Noir Recordings)

2007: Rock For / Love (12" Vinyl, Etage Noir Recordings)

2007: Shine (Maxi-CD, Etage Noir Recordings)

Videoclips

Seven (from the album ''Seven and Storm'')

Love (from the album ''Shine'')

Shine (from the album ''Shine'')

Matilda

Coco

Let's Roll

Catgroove

References

External links

Official site

Parov Stelar at Discogs

BBC music's review of his album Shine

Category:Austrian jazz musicians Category:Breakbeat musicians Category:Electronica musicians Category:Intelligent dance music musicians Category:Remixers Category:Musical groups established in 2000 Category:1975 births Category:Living people

da:Parov Stelar de:Parov Stelar fr:Parov Stelar ko:파로브 스텔라 it:Parov Stelar pl:Parov Stelar ru:Parov Stelar

Coordinates	29°25′″N98°30′″N
name	Moussa Sow
fullname	Moussa Sow
birth date	January 19, 1986
birth place	Mantes-la-Jolie, France
height
currentclub	Lille
clubnumber	8
position	Striker
youthyears1	1999–2002| youthclubs1 Mantes
youthyears2	2002–2003| youthclubs2 Amiens
youthyears3	2003–2006| youthclubs3 Rennes
years1	2006–2010| clubs1 Rennes | caps1 82 | goals1 12
years2	2007–2008| clubs2 → Sedan (loan)| caps2 30 | goals2 6
years3	2010– | clubs3 Lille | caps3 36 | goals3 25
totalcaps	| totalgoals
nationalyears1	2009
nationalteam1	France U-21
nationalcaps1	2
nationalgoals1	0
nationalyears2	2009–
nationalteam2	Senegal
nationalcaps2	10
nationalgoals2	3
club-update	30 May 2011
nationalteam-update	9 February 2011 }}

Moussa Sow (born January 19, 1986 in Mantes-la-Jolie, Yvelines), is a French-born Senegalese football player who currently plays for French club Lille OSC in Ligue 1.

Career

In his first couple of seasons, Sow has made his mark mostly in cup competitions, scoring a brace for Rennes against Cortes in the French Cup in 2006 and one in an away game against Lille in the League Cup. After his contract with Rennes came to an end, the 25-year-old forward signed a three year deal with Lille on 28 June 2010. Sow scored on his debut for Lille in a 1–1 draw away to his former club Rennes. Sow scored a hat-trick in the last game of the season for Lille to tie the knot on their first ever Ligue 1 title.

Sow was the top scorer during the 2010-2011 Ligue 1 season with 25 league goals.

International career

On 5 September 2009, Sow made his debut for the Senegal national football team against Angola.

Career statistics

International goals

Lubumbashi 9 October 2010 9 February 2011

# !! Date !! Venue !! Opponent !! Score !! Result !! Competition
1	5 September 2010	|		4-2	Win	2012 Africa Cup of Nations qualification>2012 Africa Cup of Nations qualifying
2	|	Dakar		7-0	Win	2012 Africa Cup of Nations qualification>2012 Africa Cup of Nations qualifying
3	|	Dakar		3-0	Win	Friendly match>Friendly

Titles

2005: EM Champion

2007: Champion de France des réserves professionnelles

Honours

Club

Lille

Ligue 1: 2011

Coupe de France: 2011

Individual

Trophée meilleur buteur for Ligue 1 top scorer: 2011

References

External links

Profile at Transfermarkt

Category:1986 births Category:Living people Category:People from Mantes-la-Jolie Category:French footballers Category:France under-21 international footballers Category:Ligue 1 players Category:Ligue 2 players Category:Stade Rennais F.C. players Category:CS Sedan Ardennes players Category:Amiens SC players Category:Lille OSC players Category:Senegalese footballers Category:Senegal international footballers Category:INF Clairefontaine players Category:French people of Senegalese descent

ar:موسى سو cs:Moussa Sow de:Moussa Sow es:Moussa Sow fr:Moussa Sow it:Moussa Sow hu:Moussa Sow mn:Мусса Соу nl:Moussa Sow ja:ムサ・ソウ pl:Moussa Sow ru:Соу, Мусса tr:Moussa Sow

Coordinates	29°25′″N98°30′″N
name	Peter Hammill
background	solo_singer
birth name	Peter Joseph Andrew Hammill
born	November 05, 1948Ealing, London, England
origin	Manchester, England
instrument	Vocals, guitar, keyboards
genre	Progressive rock, art rock, avant garde, opera
occupation	Singer, songwriter, record producer
years active	1968–present
label	Charisma, S-Type, Virgin, Naive, Foundry, Enigma, Fie!
associated acts	Van der Graaf Generator
website	Sofasound
notable instruments	}}

Peter Joseph Andrew Hammill (born 5 November 1948, in Ealing, west London) is an English singer-songwriter, and a founding member of the progressive rock band Van der Graaf Generator. Most noted for his vocal abilities, his main instruments are guitar and piano. He also acts as a record producer for his own recordings, and occasionally for other artists.

Biography

Early career

Hammill's solo career has coexisted with Van der Graaf Generator's activities. The band was offered a contract by Mercury Records in 1968, that only Hammill signed. When Van der Graaf Generator broke up in 1969 he wanted to record his first solo album. In the summer of 1969 Hammill had a residency at The Lyceum and played weekly solo concerts there. Eventually the intended solo album was released under the Van der Graaf Generator banner as their first album (''The Aerosol Grey Machine''). Hammill's first real solo album was ''Fool's Mate'' (1971), containing songs from the early (1967/68) Van der Graaf Generator days.

Van der Graaf Generator and after

When Van der Graaf Generator broke up again in August 1972, Hammill resumed his solo career. Songs that were intended for Van der Graaf Generator, now ended up on his solo albums, notably "Black Room" (on ''Chameleon in the Shadow of the Night'') and "A Louse Is Not a Home" (on ''The Silent Corner and the Empty Stage''). This to some extent makes it difficult to separate Hammill's solo work during the 1970s from his work with the band (for the majority of both his solo songs and the band's songs he is credited as the sole songwriter, and some of his solo albums feature all the members of Van der Graaf Generator). In general, however, solo Hammill is concerned with more personal matters, while the band's songs deal with broader themes.

''Nadir's Big Chance'' (1975) was a great change from the preceding ''In Camera''. Whilst ''In Camera'' is characterised by extremely intense and complex songs and even has some musique concrète on it, ''Nadir's Big Chance'' is notable for its anticipation of punk rock. In a 1977 radio interview, John Lydon of the Sex Pistols played two tracks from the album and expressed his admiration for Hammill in glowing terms: "Peter Hammill's great. A true original. I've just liked him for years. If you listen to him, his solo albums, I'm damn sure Bowie copied a lot out of that geezer. The credit he deserves, just has not been given to him. I love all his stuff".

''Over'' (1977) contains very personal songs about the break-up of a long-term relationship.

Hammill's first solo-album after the 1978 break-up of Van der Graaf was ''The Future Now''. With the next albums, ''pH7'' and ''A Black Box'', the sound became more compact, more new wave. On those albums, Hammill played the drums himself. What followed was the "K group". In later years Hammill would sometimes refer to the band as a "beat group". The K group consisted of Hammill himself on guitars and piano, with John Ellis on lead guitar, Nic Potter on bass, and Guy Evans on drums and percussion. This group recorded the albums ''Enter K'' and ''Patience''.

Live performances

Live concerts by Peter Hammill are characterised by a degree of unpredictability, in terms of the songs played, the arrangements and the players involved. Hammill generally does not undertake live-tours to promote albums. Whenever he plays with a certain predominant line-up, almost always there will also be concerts interspersed with different permutations of musicians, so the word 'tour' is not always very applicable.

From September 1981 until September 1985 Hammill played with the K Group, playing raw, energetic, new-wave rock. A live recording of a number of these concerts was released as ''The Margin''. In March and April 1983, Hammill with John Ellis was the support act for Marillion on their UK tour in support of their debut album ''Script for a Jester's Tear''.

From February until October 1990 he played with Nic Potter on bass and Stuart Gordon on violin. A live recording of these shows was released as ''Room Temperature''. From April 1993 until August 1996 he played with Nic Potter on bass, Stuart Gordon on violin and Manny Elias on drums. A live recording of these shows was released as ''There Goes The Daylight''. From October 1994 until August 1996 Hammill played with David Jackson on flutes and saxophones, Stuart Gordon on violin and Manny Elias on drums (this line-up is sometimes informally referred to as the Peter Hammill Quartet).

From January 1998 until November 2006 Hammill played with just Stuart Gordon on violin. Of these shows the live recording ''Veracious'' was released.

From 1969 on, Hammill has also performed solo concerts, with just guitar and keyboards.

Label Fie!

Hammill's early records, like the Van der Graaf Generator albums, were released on Charisma Records. He parted company with them after ''pH7'' (1979), and then released albums on a number of small labels. ''A Black Box'' came out on S-Type, a label run by Hammill and his manager Gail Colson. ''Enter K'' and ''Patience'' appeared on Naive, ''Skin'' and ''The Margin'' on Foundry and ''In A Foreign Town'', ''Out of Water'' and ''Room Temperature'' on Enigma Records. In 1992 he formed his own label, Fie!, on which all his albums since ''Fireships'' have been released. The label's logo is the Greek letter phi (Φ), a pun on PH-I. Ever since the 1970s he has also had his own home recording studio, appropriately called Sofa Sound (his website was later named after the studio).

Later years

In 1991, Hammill released the long-awaited opera ''The Fall of the House of Usher''. He had written the music and Van der Graaf Generator co-founder Judge Smith the libretto, and the two of them had been working on it since 1973. In 1999 he released a reworked version, ''The Fall Of The House Of Usher (Deconstructed & Rebuilt)''.

Hammill survived a heart attack in December 2003, less than 48 hours after having finished the recording of ''Incoherence''. He was awarded the Italian 'Tenco Prize' for songwriting at the end of 2004.

In 2005, Hammill announced the reformation of Van der Graaf Generator. In 2004 they had recorded a new album, ''Present'', which was released in April 2005, and from May until November 2005 played a series of well received concerts.

Between 2005 and 2007 Hammill oversaw the remastering of almost all of his pre-Fie! releases, and also carried out similar work on his more recent catalogue. The last of the Charisma remasters was released in September 2007.

Hammill's solo career did not end because of the Van der Graaf Generator reunion. He released an album ''Singularity'' in December 2006. It was the first solo album he completed after his heart attack, and for a large part it deals with matters of life and (sudden) death.

In 2007 several gigs by Van der Graaf Generator as a trio (minus David Jackson) took place in Britain and Europe; their new album ''Trisector'' was released in March 2008.

In the summer and fall of 2008 Hammill did a tour of solo dates in the U.S. and Canada. In the summer of 2009 Van der Graaf Generator toured the U.S. and Canada.

Hammill's latest solo album ''Thin Air'' was released on 8 June 2009.

Music

Musically, Hammill's work ranges from short simple riff-based songs to highly complex lengthy pieces. Mainly because of the diversity of his compositions, his refusal to make anything resembling middle-of-the-road music, and the general absence of any smooth or glamorous sounds in his music, there is much debate amongst his admirers whether Hammill is to be considered a part of the so-called progressive rock scene. In many interviews however Hammill himself has stated that he does not want to be put in the progressive rock music label, or any music label at all.

Hammill's output is prolific. Many different styles of music appear in his work, among them artful complexity (for instance ''Chameleon in the Shadow of the Night''), avant garde electronic experiments (''Loops and Reels'', ''Unsung''), opera (''The Fall of the House of Usher''), solo keyboard accompaniment (''And Close As This''), solo guitar accompaniment (''Clutch''), improvisation (''Spur of the Moment''), film music (''Sonix''), band recordings (''Enter K''), and slow, melancholic balladry (''None of the Above'').

Voice

Hammill's voice is a very distinctive element of his music. He sings in an emotional, often even dramatic way. As a former Jesuit chorister, his delivery is usually Received Pronunciation British English — notable exceptions are his Afrikaner accent on "A Motor-bike in Afrika" and the track "Polaroid" — and ranges in tone from peacefully celestial to screaming rants (which are nevertheless highly controlled). Singing in registers from baritone to high falsetto, he growls, croons, shrieks and shouts in ways that have drawn comparison with the guitar playing of Jimi Hendrix.

Lyrics

Hammill's lyrics are another distinctive feature of his work. He has visited a number of recurring themes including love and human relationships, ageing and death, human follies, self-awareness and introspection, politics, and religion. His lyrics often include scientific, literary or historical references. For example, the Norse names mentioned in the song "Viking" on ''Fool's Mate'' (co-written with Judge Smith) are characters in the Icelandic Saga of Eric the Red. (Hammill's source, judging by the spelling of the names, seems to have been Magnus Magnusson's 1965 translation.)

The science fiction themes of Van der Graaf Generator's lyrics are mostly absent in his later work, but there still are many science references, especially to physics (for instance in the song "Patient"). In 1974 Hammill published a book, ''Killers, Angels, Refugees'' (Charisma Books, London), a collection of lyrics, poems and short stories. This was later reissued by Hammill himself (Sofa Sound, Bath) and was followed by a sequel ''Mirrors, Dreams, Miracles'' (1982).

Personal life

Peter Hammill moved with his family to Derby when he was 12. He attended Beaumont College, Old Windsor, and Manchester University, where he studied Liberal Studies in Science.

He has been married since 1978 to Hilary, who is credited with taking the picture for the cover of ''In A Foreign Town''. They have three children, Holly, Beatrice and Phoebe. Holly and Beatrice Hammill sing soprano vox on one track of ''Everyone You Hold'' and on two tracks of ''None of the Above''. Holly Hammill wrote the song "Eyebrows" (on ''Unsung'') and co-wrote "Personality" (on ''Everyone You Hold'').

Discography

Studio albums

''Fool's Mate'' (July 1971)

''Chameleon in the Shadow of the Night'' (May 1973)

''The Silent Corner and the Empty Stage'' (Feb 1974)

''In Camera'' (July 1974)

''Nadir's Big Chance'' (Feb 1975)

''Over'' (April 1977)

''The Future Now'' (Sept 1978)

''pH7'' (Sept 1979)

''A Black Box'' (Aug 1980)

''Sitting Targets'' (June 1981)

''Enter K'' (Oct 1982)

''Loops and Reels'' (June 1983)

''Patience'' (Aug 1983)

''Skin'' (March 1986)

''And Close As This'' (Nov 1986)

''In a Foreign Town'' (Nov 1988)

''Out of Water'' (Feb 1990)

''The Fall of the House of Usher'' (Nov 1991, ''deconstructed and rebuilt'' released in Nov 1999)

''Fireships'' (March 1992)

''The Noise'' (March 1993)

''Roaring Forties'' (Sept 1994)

''X My Heart'' (March 1996)

''Everyone You Hold'' (June 1997)

''This'' (Oct 1998)

''None of the Above'' (April 2000)

''What, Now?'' (June 2001)

''Clutch'' (Oct 2002)

''Incoherence'' (March 2004)

''Singularity'' (Dec 2006)

''Thin Air'' (June 2009)

See also

Van der Graaf Generator

Van der Graaf Generator discography

Notes

Further references

PH-VdGG Study Group, Fiaccavento L., Olivotto M. (2005) ''Van der Graaf Generator – Dark Figures Running – Lyrics 1968–1978'' (Published by PH-VdGG Study Group )

Mike Barnes, ''Life Sentences''. Wire, March 2007. pp. 34–41.

External links

Sofa Sound (official site)

peterhammill.com

Category:1948 births Category:Van der Graaf Generator members Category:Living people Category:People from Ealing Category:Musicians from Manchester Category:English male singers Category:English record producers Category:English songwriters Category:Protopunk musicians Category:Charisma Records artists

bg:Питър Хамил cs:Peter Hammill de:Peter Hammill es:Peter Hammill fr:Peter Hammill it:Peter Hammill he:פיטר האמיל hu:Peter Hammill nl:Peter Hammill ja:ピーター・ハミル pl:Peter Hammill pt:Peter Hammill ru:Хэммилл, Питер sv:Peter Hammill