{{Interventions infobox | Name = | Image = CPR training-04.jpg | Caption = CPR being performed on a mannequin | ICD10 = | ICD9unlinked = | MeshID = D016887 | OPS301 = | OtherCodes = | }} Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is an emergency procedure which is performed in an effort to manually preserve intact brain function until further measures are taken to restore spontaneous blood circulation and breathing in a person in cardiac arrest. It is indicated in those who are unresponsive with no breathing or abnormal breathing, for example agonal respirations. It may be performed both in and outside of a hospital.

CPR involves chest compressions at least 5 cm deep and at a rate of at least 100 per minute in an effort to create artificial circulation by manually pumping blood through the heart. In addition, the rescuer may provide breaths by either exhaling into the subject's mouth or utilizing a device that pushes air into the subject's lungs. This process of externally providing ventilation is termed artificial respiration. Current recommendations place emphasis on high-quality chest compressions over artificial respiration; a simplified CPR method involving chest compressions only is recommended for untrained rescuers.

CPR alone is unlikely to restart the heart; its main purpose is to restore partial flow of oxygenated blood to the brain and heart. The objective is to delay tissue death and to extend the brief window of opportunity for a successful resuscitation without permanent brain damage. Administration of an electric shock to the subject's heart, termed defibrillation, is usually needed in order to restore a viable or "perfusing" heart rhythm. Defibrillation is only effective for certain heart rhythms, namely ventricular fibrillation or pulseless ventricular tachycardia, rather than asystole or pulseless electrical activity. CPR may succeed in inducing a heart rhythm which may be shockable. CPR is generally continued until the subject regains return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) or is declared dead.

Medical uses

CPR is indicated for any person who is unresponsive with no breathing, or who is only breathing in occasional agonal gasps, as it is most likely that they are in cardiac arrest. If a person still has a pulse, but is not breathing (respiratory arrest), artificial respirations may be more appropriate, but due to the difficulty people have in accurately assessing the presence or absence of a pulse, CPR guidelines recommend that lay persons should not be instructed to check the pulse, while giving health care professionals the option to check a pulse. In those with cardiac arrest due to trauma CPR is considered futile but still recommended.

Methods

In 2010, the American Heart Association and International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation updated their CPR guidelines. The importance of high quality CPR (sufficient rate and depth without excessively ventilating) was emphasized. The order of interventions was changed for all age groups except newborns from airway, breathing, chest compressions (ABC) to chest compressions, airway, breathing (CAB). An exception to this recommendation is for those who are believed to be in a respiratory arrest (drowning, etc.).

Standard

A universal compression to ventilation ratio of 30:2 is recommended for adult and in children and infant if only a single rescuer is present. If at least 2 rescuers are present a ratio of 15:2 is preferred in children and infants. In newborns a rate of 3:1 is recommended unless a cardiac cause is known in which case a 15:2 ratio is reasonable. If an advanced airway such as an endotracheal tube or laryngeal mask airway is in place delivery of respirations should occur without pauses in compressions at a rate of 8-10 per minute. The recommended order of interventions is chest compressions, airway, breathing or CAB in most situations. With a compression rate of at least 100 per minute in all groups. Recommended compression depth in adults and children is about 5 cm (2 inches) and in infants it is 4 cm (1.5 inches. As of 2010 the Resuscitation Council (UK) still recommends ABC for children. As it can be difficult to determine the presence or absence of a pulse the pulse check has been removed for lay providers and should not be performed for more than 10 seconds by health care providers. In adults rescuers should use two hands for the chest compressions, while in children they should use one, and with infants two fingers (index and middle fingers).

Compression only

Compression only (hands-only or cardiocerebral resuscitation) CPR is a technique that involves chest compressions without artificial respiration. It is recommended as the method of choice for the untrained rescuer or those who are not proficient as it is easier to perform and instructions are easier to give over the phone. In adults with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, compression-only CPR by the lay public has a higher success rate than standard CPR. The exceptions are cases of drownings, drug overdose, and arrest in children. Children who receive compression only CPR have the same outcomes as those who received no CPR. The method of delivering chest compressions remains the same, as does the rate (at least 100 per minute). It is hoped that the use of compression only delivery will increase the chances of the lay public delivering CPR. As per the American Heart Association, the beat of the Bee Gees' song Stayin' Alive provides an ideal amount of beats-per-minute to use for hands-only CPR. For those with non cardiac arrest and people less than 20 years of age standard CPR is superior to compression only CPR.

In pregnancy

During pregnancy when a women is lying on her back the uterus may compress the inferior vena cava and thus decrease venous return. It is recommended for this reason that the uterus be pushed to the persons left and if this is not effective either roll the person 30°s or consider emergency cesarean section.

Other

Interposed abdominal compressions may be beneficial in the in hospital environment. There is however no evidence of benefit pre hospital or in children. Internal cardiac massage is manual squeezing of the heart carried out through a surgical incision into the chest cavity. This may be carried out if the chest is already open for cardiac surgery.

Effectiveness

! Type of Arrest	! ROSC	! Survival	! Source
Witnessed In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest	48%	22%
Unwitnessed In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest	21%	1%
Bystander Cardiocerebral Resuscitation	40%	6%
Bystander Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation	40%	4%
No Bystander CPR (Ambulance CPR)	15%	2%
Defibrillation within 3–5 minutes	74%	30%

Used alone, CPR will result in few complete recoveries, and those who do survive often develop serious complications. Estimates vary, but many organizations stress that CPR does not "bring anyone back," it simply preserves the body for defibrillation and advanced life support. However, in the case of "non-shockable" rhythms such as Pulseless Electrical Activity (PEA), defibrillation is not indicated, and the importance of CPR rises. On average, only 5–10% of people who receive CPR survive. The purpose of CPR is not to "start" the heart, but rather to circulate oxygenated blood, and keep the brain alive until advanced care (especially defibrillation) can be initiated. As many of these patients may have a pulse that is impalpable by the layperson rescuer, the current consensus is to perform CPR on a patient who is not breathing.

Studies have shown the importance of immediate CPR followed by defibrillation within 3–5 minutes of sudden VF cardiac arrest improve survival. In cities such as Seattle where CPR training is widespread and defibrillation by EMS personnel follows quickly, the survival rate is about 30 percent. In cities such as New York, without those advantages, the survival rate is only 1–2 percent.

In most cases, there is a higher proportion of patients who achieve a Return of Spontaneous Circulation (ROSC), where their heart starts to beat on its own again, than ultimately survive to be discharged from hospital (see table below). This is due to medical staff either being ultimately unable to address the cause of the arrhythmia or cardiac arrest, or in some instances due to other co-morbidities, due to the patient being gravely ill in more than one way.

Compression-only CPR is less effective in children than in adults, as cardiac arrest in children is more likely to have a non-cardiac cause. In a 2010 prospective study of cardiac arrest in children (age 1–17), for arrests with a non-cardiac cause provision by bystanders of conventional CPR with rescue breathing yielded a favorable neurological outcome at one month more often that did compression-only CPR (OR 5.54; 95% confidence interval 2.52–16.99). For arrests with a cardiac cause in this cohort, there was no difference between the two techniques (OR 1.20; 95% confidence interval 0.55–2.66). This is consistent with American Heart Association guidelines for parents.

Pathophysiology

CPR is used on people in cardiac arrest in order to oxygenate the blood and maintain a cardiac output to keep vital organs alive. Blood circulation and oxygenation are required to transport oxygen to the tissues. The brain may sustain damage after blood flow has been stopped for about four minutes and irreversible damage after about seven minutes. Typically if blood flow ceases for one to two hours, the cells of the body die. Because of that CPR is generally only effective if performed within seven minutes of the stoppage of blood flow. The heart also rapidly loses the ability to maintain a normal rhythm. Low body temperatures as sometimes seen in near-drownings prolong the time the brain survives. Following cardiac arrest, effective CPR enables enough oxygen to reach the brain to delay brain death, and allows the heart to remain responsive to defibrillation attempts.

Adjunct devices

While several adjunctive devices are available none other than defibrillation as of 2010 have consistently been found to be better than standard CPR for out of hospital cardiac arrest. These devices can be split in to three broad groups - timing devices, those that assist the rescuer to achieve the correct technique, especially depth and speed of compressions, and those which take over the process completely.

Timing devices

They can feature a metronome (an item carried by many ambulance crews) in order to assist the rescuer in getting the correct rate. Some units can also give timing reminders for performing compressions, breathing and changing operators.

Manual assist devices

Mechanical devices have not been found to have greater benefit than harm and thus are not currently recommended for widespread use.

Audible and visual prompting may improve the quality of CPR and prevent the decrease of compression rate and depth that naturally occurs with fatigue, and to address this potential improvement, a number of devices have been developed to help improve CPR technique.

These items can be devices to placed on top of the chest, with the rescuers hands going over the device, and a display or audio feedback giving information on depth, force or rate, or in a wearable format such as a glove. Several published evaluations show that these devices can improve the performance of chest compressions.

As well as use during actual CPR on a cardiac arrest victim, which relies on the rescuer carrying the device with them, these devices can also be used as part of training programs to improve basic skills in performing correct chest compressions.

Automatic devices

There are also some automated devices available which take over the chest compressions for the rescuer. These have several advantages: they allow rescuers to focus on performing other interventions; they do not fatigue and begin to perform less effective compressions, as humans do; and they are able to perform effective compressions in limited-space environments such as air ambulances, where manual compressions are difficult. These devices use either pneumatic (high-pressure gas) or electrical power sources to drive a compressing pad on to the chest of the patient. One such device, known as the LUCAS, was developed at the University Hospital of Lund, is powered by the compressed oxygen supplies already standard in ambulances and hospitals, and has undergone numerous clinical trials, showing a marked improvement in coronary perfusion pressure and return of spontaneous circulation.

Another system called the AutoPulse is electrically powered and uses a large band around the patients chest which contracts in rhythm in order to deliver chest compressions. This is also backed by clinical studies showing increased successful return of spontaneous circulation.

Prevalence

Chance of receiving CPR

Various studies suggest that in out-of-home cardiac arrest, bystanders, lay persons or family members attempt CPR in between 14% and 45% of the time, with a median of 32%. This indicates that around a third of out-of-home arrests have a CPR attempt made on them. However, the effectiveness of this CPR is variable, and the studies suggest only around half of bystander CPR is performed correctly.

There is a clear correlation between age and the chance of CPR being commenced, with younger people being far more likely to have CPR attempted on them prior to the arrival of emergency medical services. It was also found that CPR was more commonly given by a bystander in public than when an arrest occurred in the patient's home, although health care professionals are responsible for more than half of out-of-hospital resuscitation attempts. This is supported by further research, which suggests that people with no connection to the victim are more likely to perform CPR than a member of their family. This is likely because of the shock experienced by finding a family member in need of CPR; it is easier to remain calm - and think clearly - when the person in need of CPR is a complete stranger, as in this case one will not be as frightened.

There is also a correlation between the cause of arrest and the likelihood of bystander CPR being initiated. Lay persons are most likely to give CPR to younger cardiac arrest victims in a public place when it has a medical cause; victims in arrest from trauma, exsanguination or intoxication are less likely to receive CPR.

Finally, it has been claimed that there is a higher chance of CPR being performed if the bystander is told to only perform the chest compression element of the resuscitation.

Chance of receiving CPR in time

CPR is only likely to be effective if commenced within 6 minutes after the blood flow stops, because permanent brain cell damage occurs when fresh blood infuses the cells after that time, since the cells of the brain become dormant in as little as 4–6 minutes in an oxygen deprived environment and the cells are unable to survive the reintroduction of oxygen in a traditional resuscitation. Research using cardioplegic blood infusion resulted in a 79.4% survival rate with cardiac arrest intervals of 72±43 minutes, traditional methods achieve a 15% survival rate in this scenario, by comparison. New research is currently needed to determine what role CPR, electroshock, and new advanced gradual resuscitation techniques will have with this new knowledge A notable exception is cardiac arrest occurring in conjunction with exposure to very cold temperatures. Hypothermia seems to protect by slowing down metabolic and physiologic processes, greatly decreasing the tissues' need for oxygen. There are cases where CPR, defibrillation, and advanced warming techniques have revived victims after substantial periods of hypothermia.

Society and culture

Portrayed effectiveness

CPR is often severely misrepresented in movies and television as being highly effective in resuscitating a person who is not breathing and has no circulation. A 1996 study published in the New England Journal of Medicine showed that CPR success rates in television shows was 75% for immediate circulation, and 67% survival to discharge. This gives members of the public an unrealistic expectation of a successful outcome. When educated on the actual survival rates, the proportion of patients over 60 years of age desiring CPR should they suffer a cardiac arrest drops from 41% to 22%.

Stage CPR

Chest compressions are capable of causing significant local blunt trauma, including bruising or fracture of the sternum or ribs. Performing CPR on a healthy person may or may not disrupt normal heart rhythm, but regardless the technique should not be performed on a healthy person because of the risk of trauma.

The portrayal of CPR technique on television and film often is purposely incorrect. Actors simulating the performance of CPR may bend their elbows while appearing to compress, to prevent force from reaching the chest of the actor portraying the victim. Other techniques, such as substituting a mannequin torso for the "victim" in some shots, may also be used to avoid harming actors.

Self-CPR hoax

A form of "self-CPR" termed "Cough CPR" was the subject of a hoax chain e-mail entitled "How to Survive a Heart Attack When Alone" which wrongly cited "ViaHealth Rochester General Hospital" as the source of the technique. Rochester General Hospital has denied any connection with the technique.

Rapid coughing has been used in hospitals for brief periods of cardiac arrhythmia on monitored patients. One researcher has recommended that it be taught broadly to the public.

However, “cough CPR” cannot be used outside the hospital because the first symptom of cardiac arrest is unconsciousness in which case coughing is impossible, although myocardial infarction (heart attack) may occur to give rise to the cardiac arrest, so a patient may not be immediately unconscious. Further, the vast majority of people suffering chest pain from a heart attack will not be in cardiac arrest and CPR is not needed. In these cases attempting “cough CPR” will increase the workload on the heart and may be harmful. When coughing is used on trained and monitored patients in hospitals, it has only been shown to be effective for 90 seconds.

The American Heart Association (AHA) and other resuscitation bodies do not endorse "Cough CPR", which it terms a misnomer as it is not a form of ''resuscitation''. The AHA does recognize a limited legitimate use of the coughing technique: "This coughing technique to maintain blood flow during brief arrhythmias has been useful in the hospital, particularly during cardiac catheterization. In such cases the patients ECG is monitored continuously, and a physician is present."

CPR learned from movies and television

In at least one case, it has been claimed that CPR allegedly learned from a movie was used to save a person's life. In April 2011, it was claimed that nine-year-old Tristin Saghin saved his sister's life by administering CPR on her after she fell into a swimming pool, using only the knowledge of CPR that he had gleaned from a motion picture, ''Black Hawk Down.''

Hands-Only CPR portrayed as more palatable version

Less than 1/3 of those people who experience a cardiac arrest at home, work or in a public location have CPR performed on them. Most bystanders are worried that they might do something wrong. On October 28, 2009 The American Heart Association and the Ad Council launched a Hands Only CPR PSA and website as a means to address this issue. In July 2011, new content was added to the website including a digital app that helps a user learn how to perform Hands-Only CPR.

History

In the 19th century, Doctor H. R. Silvester described a method (The Silvester Method) of artificial respiration in which the patient is laid on their back, and their arms are raised above their head to aid inhalation and then pressed against their chest to aid exhalation. The procedure is repeated sixteen times per minute. This type of artificial respiration is occasionally seen in films made in the early part of the 20th century.

A second technique, called the Holger Neilson technique, described in the first edition of the Boy Scout Handbook in the United States in 1911, described a form of artificial respiration where the person was laid on their front, with their head to the side, resting on the palms of both hands. Upward pressure applied at the patient’s elbows raised the upper body while pressure on their back forced air into the lungs, essentially the Silvester Method with the patient flipped over. This form is seen well into the 1950s (it is used in an episode of ''Lassie'' during the Jeff Miller era), and was often used, sometimes for comedic effect, in theatrical cartoons of the time (see ''Tom and Jerry's'' "The Cat and the Mermouse"). This method would continue to be shown, for historical purposes, side-by-side with modern CPR in the Boy Scout Handbook until its ninth edition in 1979. The technique was later banned from first-aid manuals in the U.K.

However, it was not until the middle of the 20th century that the wider medical community started to recognize and promote artificial respiration combined with chest compressions as a key part of resuscitation following cardiac arrest. The combination was first seen in a 1962 training video called "The Pulse of Life" created by James Jude, Guy Knickerbocker and Peter Safar. Jude and Knickerbocker, along with William Kouwenhoven and Joseph S. Redding had recently discovered the method of external chest compressions, whereas Safar had worked with Redding and James Elam to prove the effectiveness of artificial respiration. It was at Johns Hopkins University where the technique of CPR was originally developed. The first effort at testing the technique was performed on a dog by Redding, Safar and JW Perason. Soon afterward, the technique was used to save the life of a child. Their combined findings were presented at annual Maryland Medical Society meeting on September 16, 1960 in Ocean City, and gained rapid and widespread acceptance over the following decade, helped by the video and speaking tour they undertook. Peter Safar wrote the book ''ABC of resuscitation'' in 1957. In the U.S., it was first promoted as a technique for the public to learn in the 1970s.

Artificial respiration was combined with chest compressions based on the assumption that active ventilation is necessary to keep circulating blood oxygenated, and the combination was accepted without comparing its effectiveness with chest compressions alone. However, research over the past decade has shown that assumption to be in error, resulting in the AHA's acknowledgment of the effectiveness of chest compressions alone (see ''Cardiocerebral resuscitation'' in this article).

In other animals

It is feasible to perform CPR on animals, including cats and dogs. The principles and practices are virtually identical to CPR for humans. One difference is that resuscitation is usually done through the animal's nose, not the mouth. One is cautioned to only perform CPR on unconscious animals to avoid the risk of being bitten and that animals, depending on species, have a lower bone density than humans, causing bones to become weakened after CPR is performed.

References

External links

2005 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care

ERC European Resuscitation Council

Learn CPR - University of Washington

How Stuff Works - CPR

CPR: NHS Choices

How to resuscitate a child: NHS Choices

Sarver Heart Center's Continuous Chest Compression CPR on YouTube

Category:Emergency medical procedures Category:First aid

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playername	Vinnie Jones
fullname	Vincent Peter Jones
dateofbirth	January 05, 1965
cityofbirth	Watford, Hertfordshire
countryofbirth	England
height
position	Midfielder
years1	1984–1986
clubs1	Wealdstone
years2	1986
clubs2	Holmsund
years3	1986–1989
clubs3	Wimbledon
caps3	77
goals3	9
years4	1989–1990
clubs4	Leeds United
caps4	46
goals4	5
years5	1990–1991
clubs5	Sheffield United
caps5	35
goals5	2
years6	1991–1992
clubs6	Chelsea
caps6	42
goals6	4
years7	1992–1998
clubs7	Wimbledon
caps7	177
goals7	14
years8	1998–1999
clubs8	Queens Park Rangers
caps8	9
goals8	1
years9	1996–1998
totalcaps	386
totalgoals	33
nationalyears1	1994–1997
nationalteam1	Wales
nationalcaps1	9
nationalgoals1	0 }}

Vincent Peter "Vinnie" Jones (born 5 January 1965) is an English film actor and retired Welsh footballer.

Born in Hertfordshire, England, Jones represented and captained the Welsh national football team, having qualified via a Welsh grandparent. He also previously played for Chelsea and Leeds United. As a member of the "Crazy Gang", Jones won the 1988 FA Cup Final with Wimbledon, a club for which he played well over 200 games during two spells between 1986 and 1998. Jones appeared in the 7th series of UK gameshow Celebrity Big Brother finishing in 3rd place behind Dane Bowers and Alex Reid.

He has capitalised on his tough man image as a footballer and is known as an actor for his aggressive style and intimidating demeanour, often being typecast into roles as coaches, hooligans and violent criminals.

Early life

Jones was born in Watford, Hertfordshire, to Peter Jones (a gamekeeper) and Glenda Harris Jones.

Club career

Jones started his football career in 1984 at Alliance Premier League side Wealdstone, during which time he combined playing football with being a hod carrier. He played one season with second-level Swedish club IFK Holmsund in 1986 and helped them win the league.

In the autumn of 1986, Jones moved to Wimbledon for £10,000. He was part of the 'Crazy Gang' team that won the 1988 FA Cup Final against Liverpool, the dominant English side of that era.

He was transferred to Leeds United in the summer of 1989, where he was part of a young side under the management of Howard Wilkinson. During his time there, he won promotion to the old Division One from the second division. After helping them win promotion to the top-flight as Champions of the Second Division, Jones proved that he could thrive without the illegal side of his game, and under the stewardship of Wilkinson, he received only three yellow cards in the whole season.

Jones left Leeds early in the 1990-91 season after losing his first-team place to youngsters David Batty and Gary Speed, as well as new signing Gary McAllister - much to the disappointment of the Leeds fans - in order to seek regular first-team football. To this day, he remains a hugely popular figure with the Leeds fans; Jones has a Leeds United badge tattooed on his leg (after having helped them to the 1989/90 second division championship). Jones also showed his passion for the club when he returned to Leeds for Lucas Radebe's testimonial in 2006.

His former Wimbledon manager Dave Bassett signed him for Sheffield United on his exit from Elland Road, before selling him to Chelsea a year later. After just one year at Stamford Bridge, he was on his way back to Wimbledon, where he stayed until becoming player/coach of QPR in 1998, scoring on his debut against Huddersfield Town. Jones was once rumoured to take the vacant managers post at QPR but that failed.

International career

Jones was so desperate to play international football he looked to distant relations and was photographed wearing a Republic of Ireland jersey before being chosen by Wales. Though Jones is a common surname in Wales, the qualifying relationship was his maternal grandfather, who came from Ruthin, north Wales. He earned nine caps and even captained the side.

Jones's international call-up was however greeted with consternation and even ridiculed by Jimmy Greaves, who said, "Well, stone me! We've had cocaine, bribery and Arsenal scoring two goals at home. But just when you thought there were truly no surprises left in football, Vinnie Jones turns out to be an international player!".

Playing events

During his playing days, Jones was renowned for his "hard man" image, an aspect of his play that was frequently the target of criticism. He was sent off 12 times in his career, as well as holding the record for the quickest ever booking in a football match, being booked after just three seconds for a foul on the opposition player Dane Whitehouse in a Premier League tie between Chelsea and Sheffield United in 1992. In his autobiography, he recalls fondly: "I must have been too high, too wild, too strong or too early, because, after three seconds, I could hardly have been too bloody late!".

In one notorious incident in 1987, Jones was photographed grabbing Paul Gascoigne by his testicles in order to faze him. In November 1986, in a match between Tottenham and Wimbledon, he was responsible for a dangerous challenge on defender Gary Stevens, an injury that Stevens never fully recovered from and eventually caused him to retire in 1992.

Controversy

He also was the presenter of the infamous ''Soccer's Hard Men'' video released in 1992, which featured archived footage of himself and many other "hard men" of the game, and included advice for budding "hard men". After the release of the video, Jones was fined £20,000, banned for six months, and suspended for three years from The FA for "bringing the game into disrepute." Wimbledon chairman Sam Hammam branded Jones a "mosquito brain". Jones continued to find trouble. After exceeding 40 disciplinary points he was once again summoned to Lancaster Gate, but failed to appear. The FA banned Jones indefinitely. Jones explained that he had "mixed up" the date of the hearing; the FA imposed a four-match ban and told Jones to "grow up". Jones commented later: "The FA have given me a pat on the back. I've taken violence off the terracing and onto the pitch."

Many of Jones' fellow professionals were quick to condemn both the video and Jones himself. One of his most vocal critics was David Ginola, who said, "Jones does not deserve to be considered a footballer. Getting kicked is part of the job in France as well as England, but the real scandal is that someone like Jones gets to be a star, to make videos and become an example for kids."

Other football activities

Jones has stated that he would eventually like to return to football, possibly to Leeds. Jones told Yorkshire Radio "I will come back without a doubt, Leeds fans gave me so much and it's a club very close to my heart."

Jones made an appearance in Ireland for Carlisle United, coming on as a second-half substitute in 2001 against Shelbourne, teaming up with friend Roddy Collins who was manager at the time.

Despite being considered just a midfield enforcer, he did show a different side to his game. In 1995, he stood in for Wimbledon as an emergency Goalkeeper against Newcastle United, due to Paul Heald being sent off, and other keeper Neil Sullivan was injured with a broken leg. Despite the Dons Losing 6–1, Jones pulled off a string of world class saves, and only conceded 3 goals in 60 minutes, as opposed to Heald's 3 in 30. Pundits joked he would be a good replacement for Neville Southall, should the keeper be unfit for Wales duty.

After participating in a charity football match alongside fellow British Hollywood film actor Jason Statham, Jones was approached by a Los Angeles Galaxy scout and asked whether he would go for a trial at the club. Jones laughed off the offer by saying "You're 15 years too late".

In June 2010, Jones released a press statement stating that he was donating his 1988 FA Cup winners medal to the fans of AFC Wimbledon, wishing their fans the best for the future. The medal will be displayed in the club's Kingsmeadow Stadium.

Film career

name	Vinnie Jones
birth date	January 05, 1965
birth place	Watford, Hertfordshire, England, UK
birth name	Vincent Peter Jones
other names	Vinnie Jones
occupation	footballer, actor, film producer, composer, singer
website	http://www.vinniejones.co.uk/
spouse	Tanya Jones (1994–present)
years active	1993–present }}

Jones made his 1998 feature film debut in Guy Ritchie's ''Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels''. He later starred in Guy Ritchie's next blockbuster ''Snatch'' as Bullet-Tooth Tony.

He became known to American audiences in the 2000 movie remake of ''Gone in 60 Seconds'' where he played "the Sphinx." Jones only had one line in the movie but was portrayed as a silent tough brawler.

Jones went back to his football days to play Danny Meehan in ''Mean Machine'', a 2001 British take of the Burt Reynolds' film ''The Longest Yard'' (a.k.a Mean Machine for its UK release). He plays a former Captain of the English National Football Team, who is sent to prison and subsequently takes control of a team of inmates who play the guards.

His next big piece was in the 2006 movie, ''X-Men: The Last Stand'', as the mutant, Juggernaut. Jones said that he would like to play Juggernaut in a spin-off. His line in the movie, "I'm the Juggernaut, Bitch!", was based on a pre-existing Internet parody.

Jones played a role of a professional killer in a Kazakhstani movie called ''Ликвидатор'' ("Eliminator"), 2011. Jones' character is an elite assassin invited from abroad in order to eliminate the main character. Producers of the film have dealt with the language barrier rather interestingly – Jones' character is mute and does not say a single word throughout the movie.

He also played a role in the Hungarian film ''The Magic Boys''. The film was never completed and there is no known release date. The film's producer, Gabor Koltai, was arrested on major tax fraud charges in December 2010 and is remanded to the Budapest Prison waiting trial. He could get up to 8 years in federal prison. The film co starred Michael Madsen and was directed by his father Robert Koltai.

Jones is said to have been cast as The Kurgan in the remake of the 1986 cult classic ''Highlander''.

He played a major role in the 2004 Japanese film ''Survive Style 5+'', where he plays a thuggish hit-man from Britain who kills several people and, with the help of his translator, tries to discover what everyone's function in life is.

Jones also played a part in the movie ''Kill the Irishman'', where he played the character Keith Ritson, an ex-Hells Angels who works as an enforcer. He also played Mahogany in ''Midnight Meat Train''. He also played the role of a sadistic former SAS agent in 'The Condemned'.

Music

In November 2002, Jones released an album of blues and soul songs on Telstar called ''Respect'' in the UK, as his musical debut under the tuition of Phil Edwards.

Vinnie performed a cover version of the song "Bad, Bad Leroy Brown" on the popular British television show, ''TOTP2'' in December 2002.

The opening track of Joss Stone 2007 album ''Introducing Joss Stone'' features a short speech by Jones.

In May 2002, Jones played a character in the music video for Westlife's single 'Bop Bop Baby'.

Television

Jones also appeared in the US series Chuck – in episode 2 of the third series he plays an arms dealer (the main villain). In 2010 he was added to the cast of the NBC superhero/crime drama series ''The Cape''.

Jones narrated the TV series ''Vinnie Jones’ Toughest Cops''. The series commenced airing in 2008 on ITV4 in the UK. Each episode to date has examined the work of a police force in a different country in the world, concentrating on dangerous aspects of the work. The first show concerned police in Colombia.

Jones was the first ever guest host for ''The Friday Night Project'' when it first aired on Channel 4 in February 2005. In the same year he also had a minor role in the film ''She's the Man'' as coach Dinklage. He also appeared in an episode of ''Extras'' playing an exaggerated version of himself.

Jones appeared on the first episode of the second season of ''Top Gear'' in their ''Star in a Reasonably Priced Car'' segment. He managed to make it around the track in 1 minute 53 seconds.

On 6 December 1998, Jones appeared at the World Wrestling Federation pay-per-view Capital Carnage, where he played up his 'hard man' image, acting as a special guest enforcer for the main event. Before the match he had a (staged) fight with fellow enforcer The Big Bossman and was "red carded" and kicked out. He came back at the end of the show to drink beer with "Stone Cold" Steve Austin and referee Earl Hebner. Jones returned to the promotion, now known as World Wrestling Entertainment, on 18 February 2007 at No Way Out, where he claimed he had "kicked Stone Cold's arse" on the set of ''The Condemned''.

Brian Michael Bendis announced via Twitter on 28 July 2011 that Vinnie will be playing Johnny Royale in Powers (FX TV series)

Jones is also joined Eric Wynalda and Coby Jones as studio analyst for Fox Soccer Sunday broadcast of the English Premier League.

Celebrity Big Brother

Jones was a housemate on the reality television show ''Celebrity Big Brother 2010'', and celebrated his 45th birthday while he participated. He took part in the show to change the public's perception of him as a 'hard man'. Jones received loud cheers as he entered the house and was the favourite to win going into the house, however he did not maintain popularity with the public, the crowd chanted 'Get Vinnie Out' on the final night and booed him as he left the house after he finished in third place. Speaking of his experience on the show, he said: "It was like One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest in there – and I was Jack Nicholson."

During the 29 January 2010 broadcast of ''Celebrity Big Brother'', Vinnie Jones accused Davina McCall of 'walking like a retard', McCall responded by laughing and Jones then mimed what he meant. Despite immediate protests by disability charities, individual disabled people and a Facebook campaign; it was not until 12 February that Channel 4 removed the incident from its on-demand service 4oD and issued an apology, blaming the failure on the 'tiredness' of production staff. Vinnie Jones and Davina McCall issued apologies via their respective publicists at around the same time.

Advertisements

As of September 2006, Jones' image and voice are being used in a campaign by UK bookmakers Ladbrokes to promote greyhound racing, a sport Jones has been connected with in the past, as a racing dog owner and an enthusiast.

Jones has appeared as himself in an RAC commercial also featuring his wife, Tanya.

In 2000, Jones caused controversy when he appeared in an ad for a drink called "Red Devil". In the ad, Jones is pruning flowers in his garden when he sees a robin crying because its bird feeder is empty. Jones fills the feeder, and places it on the windowsill of his kitchen. Seeing the feeder, the robin flies at it, collides with the kitchen window, and slides down the pane while Jones bursts out laughing. Many parents said the ad (which drew about 390 complaints) was tasteless, and upsetting for children. Later, the ad was shown only after the nine o'clock watershed. The ad was eventually axed.

He also appeared in a series of UK TV advertisements for Bacardi.

During the early months of 2012, he starred in a British Heart Foundation television advert promoting Hands-Only CPR to the rhythm of the famous Bee Gees single "Stayin' Alive". His character was an obvious reflection of his roles as Big Chris and Bullet-Tooth Tony from the Guy Ritchie films "Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels" and "Snatch" respectively; being accentuated by the presence fellow actor Andy Beckwith who played the thug Errol in "Snatch".

Books

In 1998 Jones published his autobiography, ''Vinnie: The Autobiography'', which was later revised and reprinted a year later to include information on his first film appearance in ''Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels''.

Jones is soon to be the star of a new comic book, ''Noble'', written and drawn by Howard Chaykin.

Personal life

During his football career Jones resided in Dronfield, near Sheffield. Jones married Tanya Terry (b. 1966) in 1994 in Watford. She has a daughter, Kaley Jay Terry (born 1987, Watford), by her first husband, footballer Steve Terry. She had a heart transplant straight after the birth and is a cervical cancer survivor. Jones has a son, Aaron Elliston Jones (born 1991, Sheffield), by Mylene Elliston. His son joined the British Army, completing his training in August 2008, and serves in the Life Guards.

Jones, his wife and daughter live in Los Angeles. Jones is a staunch supporter of the British Conservative Party and has suggested standing as an MP.

Jones has had several brushes with the law. He was convicted in June 1998 of assault occasioning actual bodily harm and criminal damage against a neighbour in November 1997. In December 2003, Jones was convicted of air rage offences committed on a flight the previous May. Following his conviction, Bacardi withdrew the ads in which Jones appeared. In December 2008 he was treated for injuries and arrested after a bar fight at Wiley's Tavern in Sioux Falls, South Dakota. The fight is alleged to have been started over Jones attempting to join a game of pool with patrons Juan Barrera and Jesse Bickett. Jones was alleged to have dealt a headbutt to Barrera, while Bickett allegedly struck Jones with a beer glass. Jones was charged with misdemeanour assault which could have landed him in jail for one year if he had been convicted. Jones was found not guilty after a two-day trial on 15 May 2009.

In April 2010, Jones was reported to be carrying injuries after losing a fight with fellow actor Tamer Hassan.

He is a big fan of sports fishing. He has claimed to be a fan of the death metal band Bolt Thrower.

Career statistics

|- |1986–87||rowspan="3"|Wimbledon||rowspan="3"|First Division||22||4|||||||||||||||| |- |1987–88||24||2|||||||||||||||| |- |1988–89||31||3|||||||||||||||| |- |1989–90||rowspan="2"|Leeds United||rowspan="2"|Second Division||45||5|||||||||||||||| |- |1990–91||1||0|||||||||||||||| |- |1990–91||rowspan="2"|Sheffield United||rowspan="2"|First Division||31||2|||||||||||||||| |- |1991–92||4||0|||||||||||||||| |- |1991–92||rowspan="2"|Chelsea||First Division||35||3|||||||||||||||| |- |1992–93||Premier League||7||1|||||||||||||||| |- |1992–93||rowspan="6"|Wimbledon||rowspan="6"|Premier League||27||1|||||||||||||||| |- |1993–94||33||2|||||||||||||||| |- |1994–95||33||3|||||||||||||||| |- |1995–96||31||3|||||||||||||||| |- |1996–97||29||3|||||||||||||||| |- |1997–98||24||0|||||||||||||||| |- |1997–98||rowspan="2"|Queens Park Rangers||rowspan="2"|First Division||7||1|||||||||||||||| |- |1998–99||2||0|||||||||||||||| 386||33|||||||||||||||| 386||33|||||||||||||||| |}

Filmography

''Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels'' ''Snatch (film) ''Swordfish (film) ''Night at the Golden Eagle'' ''The Big Bounce (2004 film) ''Mad Maynard'' ''Killer'' ''Number One Girl'' ''Henry'' ''Johnny Was'' ''Coach Dinklage'' ''Detective Brice'' ''7-10 Split (film) ''Loaded (2008 film) ''The Heavy (film) ''You May Not Kiss the Bride'' ''Anton Vargas '' ''Jack Varga ''

!Year!!Title!!Role!!Other notes
1998	|	''Big Chris''
rowspan="2"	2000	Snatch'' ||	''Bullet Tooth Tony''
''Gone in 60 Seconds (2000 film)	Gone in 60 Seconds''	''Sphinx''
rowspan="2"	2001	Swordfish'' ||	''Marco''
''Mean Machine (film)	Mean Machine''	''Danny Meehan''
2002	|	''Rodan''
rowspan="5"	2004	The Big Bounce'' ||	''Lou Harris''
''Tooth''	''The Extractor''
''EuroTrip''	|	''Manchester United Fan''
''Blast	(2004 film)	Blast!''	''Michael Kittredge''
''Survive Style 5+''	|
rowspan="5"	2005	|	''Dragos Molnar''
''Hollywood Flies''	''Sean''
''Slipstream (2005 film)	Slipstream''	''Winston Briggs''
''Submerged''	|
''Mysterious Island (2005 film)	Mysterious Island''	''Bob''
rowspan="6"	2006	|	'' Johnny Doyle''
''She's the Man''	|
''Played''	|
''The Other Half (2006 UK film)	The Other Half''	''Trainer''
''X-Men: The Last Stand''	Juggernaut (comics)>Cain Marko/Juggernaut''
''Garfield: A Tail of Two Kitties''	''Rommel''
rowspan="5"	2007	7–10 Split'' ||	''Roddy''
''Strength and Honour''	''Smasher O'Driscoll''
''The Riddle (film)	The Riddle''	''Mike Sullivan''
''The Condemned''	''Ewan McStarley''
''Tooth and Nail (film)	Tooth & Nail''	''Mongrel''
rowspan="3"	2008	Loaded'' ||	''Mr. Black''
''Hell Ride''	''Billy Wings''
''Midnight Meat Train''	''Mahogany''
rowspan="7"	2009	The Heavy'' ||	''Dunn''
''The Bleeding (film)	The Bleeding''	''Cain''
''The Ballad of G.I. Joe''	''Destro''
''Piers Morgan's Life Stories''	Himself
''Legend of the Bog''	''Mr. Hunter''
''Year One (film)	Year One''	''Sargon''
''Not Another Not Another Movie''	''Nancy''
rowspan="6"	2010	|	''Brick''	upcoming film
''Smokin' Aces 2: Assassins' Ball''	''McTeague''
''Age of the Dragons	''Stubbs''
''Locked Down''	|
''Magic Boys''	|	in production
''The Irishman (2010 film)	Kill the Irishman''	''Keith Ritson''
rowspan="3"	2011	''The Cape''	''Scales''
''Blood Out''	''Zed ''
''Liquidator''	''Killer ''

Discography

Albums

2002: ''"Respect"''

Singles

''"Wooly Bully"'' (1993)

References

External links

Vinnie Jones' Official website

Vinnie Jones career stats National Football Teams

Magazine interview – online version Retransfers

Vinnie Jones Discogs

Category:1965 births Category:Living people Category:20th-century actors Category:21st-century actors Category:Best British Actor Empire Award winners Category:Best Newcomer Empire Award winners Category:Big Brother UK contestants Category:Chelsea F.C. players Category:Conference National players Category:English criminals Category:English film actors Category:English footballers Category:English male singers Category:English people convicted of assault Category:English people of Welsh descent Category:English television actors Category:Hollywood United players Category:Leeds United A.F.C. players Category:People from Watford Category:Premier League players Category:Queens Park Rangers F.C. players Category:Sheffield United F.C. players Category:The Football League players Category:Wales international footballers Category:Wealdstone F.C. players Category:Wimbledon F.C. players

ar:فيني جونز be-x-old:Віні Джонс bg:Вини Джоунс da:Vinnie Jones de:Vinnie Jones es:Vinnie Jones eu:Vinnie Jones fr:Vinnie Jones hr:Vinnie Jones it:Vinnie Jones lv:Vinnijs Džonss hu:Vinnie Jones nl:Vinnie Jones ja:ヴィニー・ジョーンズ no:Vinnie Jones pl:Vinnie Jones pt:Vinnie Jones ru:Джонс, Винни simple:Vinnie Jones sk:Vinnie Jones fi:Vinnie Jones sv:Vinnie Jones tr:Vinnie Jones

name	Ken Jeong
birth name	Kendrick Kang-Joh Jeong
birth date	July 13, 1969
othername	Dr. Ken
birth place	Detroit, Michigan, U.S.
alma mater	Duke University University of North Carolina School of Medicine
occupation	Actor, comedian, physician
yearsactive	1997–present
website	kenjeong.com }}

Kendrick Kang-Joh "Ken" Jeong (born July 13, 1969), also known as "Dr. Ken," is an American comedian, actor, and physician. Currently, he appears as Ben Chang on the NBC comedy series ''Community''.

Early life and medical career

Jeong was born in Detroit, Michigan, the son of South Korean immigrants Young and D.K. Jeong, who was a professor at North Carolina A&T; State University in Greensboro, North Carolina for 35 years. Jeong was raised in Greensboro and attended Walter Hines Page High School, where he took part in the High IQ team, played violin in the orchestra, and was elected to student council. He graduated at 16 and his achievements earned him Greensboro's Youth of the Year award.

He completed his undergraduate studies at Duke University in 1990 and attained his medical degree at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1995. He then completed his Internal Medicine residency at Ochsner Medical Center in New Orleans while developing his stand-up comedy.

Career in show business

His big break came when he won the Big Easy Laff-Off, of which NBC president Brandon Tartikoff and The Improv founder Budd Friedman were judges. They both urged Jeong to move to Los Angeles, and he began performing regularly at the Improv and Laugh Factory comedy clubs.

Jeong's background in theater and improv has led to several television appearances, including NBC's ''The Office'', HBO's ''Entourage'' and ''Curb Your Enthusiasm''. Ken made his feature film debut as Dr. Kuni in Judd Apatow's ''Knocked Up'' which proved to be his breakout performance. Subsequently, he has appeared in ''Pineapple Express'', ''Role Models'' as King Argotron, ''All About Steve'', ''The Goods: Live Hard, Sell Hard'', ''Couples Retreat'', and as Mr. Chow in ''The Hangover'' and ''The Hangover Part II''. He co-starred in ''Zookeeper'' and ''Transformers: Dark of the Moon'', released in summer 2011.

He attacked (kayfabe) pro wrestler John Cena with a cane on the August 3, 2009 episode of ''WWE Raw''.

Jeong is a series regular as Señor Chang on NBC's sitcom ''Community''.

Jeong was nominated for two 2010 ''MTV Movie Awards'', winning the award for ''Best WTF Moment'' as well as being nominated for ''MTV Movie Award for Best Villain'' for ''The Hangover''.

Jeong was also nominated for "Breakout Star Male" for ''Community'' at the ''2010 Teen Choice Awards''.

In the fall of 2010, Adidas basketball began a wide-ranging marketing campaign in which Jeong stars as the character "Slim Chin" alongside NBA stars Dwight Howard and Derrick Rose.

On May 22, 2011, Jeong hosted the ''2011 Billboard Music Awards'' in Las Vegas on ABC.

On June 15, 2011, Jeong was featured in a Hands Only CPR PSA campaign from the American Heart Association.

Personal life

Jeong's wife, Tran Ho, a Vietnamese American, is also a doctor. Together, they have twin daughters, Alexa and Zooey.

Filmography

colspan="4" style="background: LightSteelBlue;"	Film
! Year	! Film	! Role	! Other notes
	2007	''Knocked Up''	Dr. Kuni
		Employment Agent
	Ken
''Role Models''	King Argotron
''The Goods: Live Hard, Sell Hard''	Teddy Dang
''All About Steve''	Angus
''Couples Retreat''	Therapist No.2
	''How to Make Love to a Woman''	Curtis Lee
''Furry Vengeance''	Neal Lyman
''Despicable Me''	Talk Show Host	Voice role
''Vampires Suck''	Daro
	''Big Mommas: Like Father, Like Son''	Mailman	Cameo
	Venom
''The Hangover Part II''
''Transformers: Dark of the Moon''	Jerry Wang
Television
! Year	! Title	! Role	! Notes
1997	''The Big Easy''	Dr. Tang	Episode: Night Music
1998	''Black Jag''	Kurt	TV-pilot
2001	''The Downer Channel''	Store Owner	Episode: 1.2
2002	''Girls Behaving Badly''	Various characters
2003	''Cedric the Entertainer Presents''	Asian Thunder
2003–2005	''MADtv''	Various characters	4 episodes
		Gynecologist
''Crossing Jordan''	Steve Choi	Episode: Slam Dunk
''Grounded for Life''	Owner
	''Two and a Half Men''	Male Nurse
''Mind of Mencia''	Ken
''Jimmy Kimmel Live!''	Astronaut	Episode: July 29, 2005
	Bill
		Roido's Interpreter	TV-pilot
	Coffee Shop Manager
	''The Shield''	Skip Osaka
''Curb Your Enthusiasm''	Man in Jersey No.1
''Boston Legal''	Coroner Myron Okubo
	''Held Up''	Doctor	TV-pilot
'''Til Death''	Dr. Park	List of 'Til Death episodes#Season 2: 2007-2008
''[[Worst Week''	Phil	List of Worst Week episodes#Season 1: 2008-2009
	''Off Duty''	Jackie Chan	TV-pilot
''[[American Dad!''	Dr. Perlmutter	Family Affair (American Dad!)
''[[Party Down''	Alan Duk	List of Party Down episodes#Season 1: 2009
''[[Men of a Certain Age''	Kuo
2009–present			Series regular

References

External links

Category:1969 births Category:Actors from Michigan Category:American comedians Category:American film actors Category:American physicians Category:American people of Korean descent Category:American television actors Category:Living people Category:People from Detroit, Michigan Category:People from Greensboro, North Carolina Category:Duke University alumni Category:University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill alumni

de:Ken Jeong es:Ken Jeong fr:Ken Jeong it:Ken Jeong ja:ケン・チョン pt:Ken Jeong ru:Джонг, Кен sv:Ken Jeong