:''For other meanings, see Rosales (disambiguation).

Rosales is an order of flowering plants. It is one of the four orders in the nitrogen fixing clade of the fabids and is sister to a clade consisting of Fagales and Cucurbitales. It contains about 7700 species, distributed into about 260 genera. Rosales comprises nine families, the type family being the rose family, Rosaceae. The largest of these families are Rosaceae (90/2500) and Urticaceae (54/2600). Rosales is divided into three clades that have never been assigned a taxonomic rank. The basal clade consists of the family Rosaceae; another clade consists of four families, including Rhamnaceae; and the third clade consists of the four urticalean families.

The order Rosales is strongly supported as monophyletic in phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences, such as those carried out by members of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. In their APG III system of plant classification, they defined Rosales as consisting of the nine families listed in the taxobox on the right. The relationships of these families were uncertain until 2011, when they were resolved in a molecular phylogenetic study based on two nuclear genes and ten chloroplast genes.

Well-known members of Rosales include: roses; strawberries; blackberries and raspberries; apples and pears; plums, peaches and apricots; almonds; rowan and hawthorn; jujube; elms; banyans; figs; mulberries; breadfruit; nettles; hops and cannabis.

Cronquist system

In the obsolete Cronquist system, the order Rosales was many times polyphyletic. It consisted of the family Rosaceae and 23 other families that are now placed in various other orders. These families and their placement in the APG III system are shown below:

Alseuosmiaceae (Asterales)

Anisophylleaceae (Cucurbitales)

Brunelliaceae (Oxalidales)

Bruniaceae (Bruniales)

Byblidaceae (Lamiales)

Cephalotaceae (Oxalidales)

Chrysobalanaceae (Malpighiales)

Columelliaceae (Bruniales)

Connaraceae (Oxalidales)

Crassulaceae (Saxifragales)

Crossosomataceae (Crossosomatales)

Cunoniaceae (Oxalidales)

Davidsoniaceae (Cunoniaceae, Oxalidales)

Dialypetalanthaceae (Rubiaceae, Gentianales)

Eucryphiaceae (Cunoniaceae, Oxalidales)

Greyiaceae (Melianthaceae, Geraniales)

Grossulariaceae (Saxifragales)

Hydrangeaceae (Cornales)

Neuradaceae (Malvales)

Pittosporaceae (Apiales)

Rhabdodendraceae (Caryophyllales)

Rosaceae

Saxifragaceae (Saxifragales)

Surianaceae (Fabales)

Phylogeny

The following phylogenetic tree is from a cladistic analysis of DNA that was published in 2011.

}} }} |label2= urticalean rosids   |2= }} }} }} }} }}

References

External links

Rosales At: Trees At: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website At: Missouri Botanical Garden Website

Rosales - Plant Life Forms

Category:Angiosperm orders

ar:ورديات az:Gülçiçəklilər bg:Rosales ca:Rosal cs:Růžotvaré da:Rosen-ordenen de:Rosenartige et:Roosilaadsed el:Ροδώδη es:Rosales eo:Rozaloj eu:Rosales fa:گل‌سرخ‌سانان fr:Rosales gl:Rosales ko:장미목 id:Rosales is:Rósabálkur it:Rosales he:ורדנאים jv:Rosales kv:Роза чукӧр la:Rosales lt:Erškėtiečiai lmo:Rosales hu:Rózsavirágúak ms:Rosales nl:Rosales (orde) ja:バラ目 no:Rosales koi:Роза чукӧр pl:Różowce pt:Rosales ro:Rosales ru:Розоцветные simple:Rosales sr:Rosales fi:Rosales sv:Rosales tt:Розачәчәклеләр tr:Rosales uk:Розоцвіті vi:Bộ Hoa hồng zh:薔薇目

Name	Rosa Parks
Dead	dead
Birth name	Rosa Louise McCauley Parks
Birth date	February 04, 1913
Birth place	Tuskegee, Alabama, U.S.
Death date	October 24, 2005
Death place	Detroit, Michigan, U.S.
Known for	Montgomery Bus Boycott
Occupation	Civil rights activist
Signature	Rosa Parks Signature.svg}}

Rosa Louise McCauley Parks (February 4, 1913 – October 24, 2005) was an African-American civil rights activist, whom the U.S. Congress called "the first lady of civil rights", and "the mother of the freedom movement".

On December 1, 1955 in Montgomery, Alabama, Parks, age 42, refused to obey bus driver James Blake's order that she give up her seat to make room for a white passenger. Parks' action was not the first of its kind to impact the civil rights issue, and there had been others, including Lizzie Jennings in 1854, Homer Plessy in 1892, Irene Morgan in 1946, Sarah Louise Keys in 1955 and Claudette Colvin, on the same bus system nine months before Parks, who had taken similar steps. But Parks' civil disobedience had the effect of sparking the Montgomery Bus Boycott.

Parks' act of defiance became an important symbol of the modern Civil Rights Movement and Parks became an international icon of resistance to racial segregation. She organized and collaborated with civil rights leaders, including boycott leader Martin Luther King, Jr., helping to launch him to national prominence in the civil rights movement.

At the time of her action, Parks was secretary of the Montgomery chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and had recently attended the Highlander Folk School, a Tennessee center for workers' rights and racial equality. Nonetheless, she took her action as a private citizen "tired of giving in". Although widely honored in later years for her action, she suffered for it, losing her job as a seamstress in a local department store. Eventually, she moved to Detroit, Michigan, where she found similar work. From 1965 to 1988 she served as secretary and receptionist to African-American U.S. Representative John Conyers. After retirement from this position, she wrote an autobiography and lived a largely private life in Detroit. In her final years she suffered from dementia, and became involved in a lawsuit filed on her behalf against American hip-hop duo OutKast.

Parks eventually received many honors ranging from the 1979 Spingarn Medal to the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the Congressional Gold Medal and a posthumous statue in the United States Capitol's National Statuary Hall. Her death in 2005 was a major story in the United States' leading newspapers. She was granted the posthumous honor of lying in honor at the Capitol Rotunda.

Early years

Rosa Parks was born as Rosa Louise McCauley in Tuskegee, Alabama on February 4, 1913, to James McCauley and Leona Edwards, respectively, a carpenter and a teacher, and was of African-American, Cherokee-Creek, and Scots-Irish ancestry. Parks' great grandfather was a Scottish-Irishman. She was small, even for a child, and she suffered poor health and had chronic tonsillitis. When her parents separated, she moved with her mother to Pine Level, just outside Montgomery, Alabama. There she grew up on a farm with her maternal grandparents, mother, and younger brother Sylvester, and began her lifelong membership in the African Methodist Episcopal Church. She attended rural schools until the age of eleven, then enrolled at the Industrial School for Girls in Montgomery where she took academic and vocational courses. Parks then went on to a laboratory school set up by the Alabama State Teachers College for Negroes for secondary education but was forced to drop out to care for her grandmother, and later for her mother, after they became ill.

Under Jim Crow laws, black and white people were segregated in virtually every aspect of daily life in the South, including public transportation. Bus and train companies did not provide separate vehicles for the different races but did enforce seating policies that allocated separate sections for blacks and whites. School bus transportation was unavailable in any form for black schoolchildren in the South. Parks recalled going to elementary school in Pine Level, where school buses took white students to their new school and black students had to walk to theirs: "I'd see the bus pass every day... But to me, that was a way of life; we had no choice but to accept what was the custom. The bus was among the first ways I realized there was a black world and a white world."

Although Parks' autobiography recounts that some of her earliest memories are of the kindness of white strangers, her situation made it impossible to ignore racism. When the Ku Klux Klan marched down the street in front of her house, Parks recalls her grandfather guarding the front door with a shotgun. The Montgomery Industrial School, founded and staffed by white northerners for black children, was burned twice by arsonists, and its faculty was ostracized by the white community.

In 1932, Rosa married Raymond Parks, a barber from Montgomery, at her mother's house. Raymond was a member of the NAACP, at the time collecting money to support the Scottsboro Boys, a group of black men falsely accused of raping two white women. After her marriage, Rosa took numerous jobs, ranging from domestic worker to hospital aide. At her husband's urging, she finished her high school studies in 1933, at a time when less than 7% of African Americans had a high school diploma. Despite the Jim Crow laws that made political participation by black people difficult, she succeeded in registering to vote on her third try.

In December 1943, Parks became active in the Civil Rights Movement, joined the Montgomery chapter of the NAACP, and was elected volunteer secretary to its president, Edgar Nixon. Of her position, she later said, "I was the only woman there, and they needed a secretary, and I was too timid to say no." She continued as secretary until 1957. In the 1940s, Parks and her husband were members of the Voters' League. Sometime soon after 1944, she held a brief job at Maxwell Air Force Base, a federally owned area where racial segregation was not allowed, and rode on an integrated trolley. Speaking to her biographer, Parks noted, "You might just say Maxwell opened my eyes up." Parks worked as a housekeeper and seamstress for a white couple, Clifford and Virginia Durr. The politically liberal Durrs became her friends and encouraged Parks to attend—and eventually helped sponsor her—at the Highlander Folk School, an education center for workers' rights and racial equality in Monteagle, Tennessee, in the summer of 1955.

Many people were moved by the brutal murder of Emmett Till in August 1955. On November 27, 1955—only four days before she refused to give up her seat—she later recalled that she had attended a mass meeting in Montgomery which focused on this case as well as the recent murders of George W. Lee and Lamar Smith. The featured speaker at the meeting was T.R.M. Howard, a black civil rights leader from Mississippi who headed the Regional Council of Negro Leadership.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

In Montgomery, the first four rows of bus seats were reserved for white people. Buses had "colored" sections for black people—who made up more than 75% of the bus system's riders—generally in the rear of the bus. These sections were not fixed in size but were determined by the placement of a movable sign. Black people could sit in the middle rows, until the white section was full. Then they had to move to seats in the rear, stand, or, if there was no room, leave the bus. Black people were not allowed to sit across the aisle from white people. The driver also could move the "colored" section sign, or remove it altogether. If white people were already sitting in the front, black people could board to pay the fare, but then had to disembark and reenter through the rear door. Sometimes, the bus departed before the black customers who had paid could make it to the back entrance.

For years, the black community had complained that the situation was unfair, and Parks was no exception: "My resisting being mistreated on the bus did not begin with that particular arrest...I did a lot of walking in Montgomery." Parks had her first run-in on the public bus on a rainy day in 1943, when the bus driver, James F. Blake, demanded that she get off the bus and reenter through the back door. As she began to exit by the front door, she dropped her purse. Parks sat down for a moment in a seat for white passengers to pick up her purse. The bus driver was enraged and barely let her step off the bus before speeding off.

Her refusal to move

After a day at work at Montgomery Fair department store, Parks boarded the Cleveland Avenue bus at around 6 p.m., Thursday, December 1, 1955, in downtown Montgomery. She paid her fare and sat in an empty seat in the first row of back seats reserved for blacks in the "colored" section, which was near the middle of the bus and directly behind the ten seats reserved for white passengers. Initially, she had not noticed that the bus driver was the same man, James F. Blake, who had left her in the rain in 1943. As the bus traveled along its regular route, all of the white-only seats in the bus filled up. The bus reached the third stop in front of the Empire Theater, and several white passengers boarded. In 1900, Montgomery had passed a city ordinance for the purpose of segregating passengers by race. Conductors were given the power to assign seats to accomplish that purpose; however, no passengers would be required to move or give up their seat and stand if the bus was crowded and no other seats were available. Over time and by custom, however, Montgomery bus drivers had adopted the practice of requiring black riders to move whenever there were no white only seats left.

So, following standard practice, bus driver Blake noted that the front of the bus was filled with white passengers and two or three white men were standing. He then moved the "colored" section sign behind Parks and demanded that four black people give up their seats in the middle section so that the white passengers could sit. Years later, in recalling the events of the day, Parks said, "When that white driver stepped back toward us, when he waved his hand and ordered us up and out of our seats, I felt a determination cover my body like a quilt on a winter night."

By Parks' account, Blake said, "Y'all better make it light on yourselves and let me have those seats." Three of them complied. Parks said, "The driver wanted us to stand up, the four of us. We didn't move at the beginning, but he says, 'Let me have these seats.' And the other three people moved, but I didn't." The black man sitting next to her gave up his seat. Parks moved, but toward the window seat; she did not get up to move to the newly repositioned colored section. Blake then said, "Why don't you stand up?" Parks responded, "I don't think I should have to stand up." Blake called the police to arrest Parks. When recalling the incident for ''Eyes on the Prize'', a 1987 public television series on the Civil Rights Movement, Parks said, "When he saw me still sitting, he asked if I was going to stand up, and I said, 'No, I'm not.' And he said, 'Well, if you don't stand up, I'm going to have to call the police and have you arrested.' I said, 'You may do that.'"

During a 1956 radio interview with Sydney Rogers in West Oakland several months after her arrest, when asked why she had decided not to vacate her bus seat, Parks said, "I would have to know for once and for all what rights I had as a human being and a citizen."

She also detailed her motivation in her autobiography, '' My Story'':

:}}

When Parks refused to give up her seat, a police officer arrested her. As the officer took her away, she recalled that she asked, "Why do you push us around?" The officer's response as she remembered it was, "I don't know, but the law's the law, and you're under arrest." She later said, "I only knew that, as I was being arrested, that it was the very last time that I would ever ride in humiliation of this kind."

Parks was charged with a violation of Chapter 6, Section 11 segregation law of the Montgomery City code, even though she technically had not taken up a white-only seat—she had been in a colored section. E.D. Nixon and Clifford Durr bailed Parks out of jail the evening of December 2.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

That evening, Nixon conferred with Alabama State College professor Jo Ann Robinson about Parks' case. Robinson, a member of the Women's Political Council (WPC), stayed up all night mimeographing over 35,000 handbills announcing a bus boycott. The Women's Political Council was the first group to officially endorse the boycott.

On Sunday, December 4, 1955, plans for the Montgomery Bus Boycott were announced at black churches in the area, and a front-page article in ''The Montgomery Advertiser'' helped spread the word. At a church rally that night, those attending agreed unanimously to continue the boycott until they were treated with the level of courtesy they expected, until black drivers were hired, and until seating in the middle of the bus was handled on a first-come basis.

Four days later, Parks was tried on charges of disorderly conduct and violating a local ordinance. The trial lasted 30 minutes. Parks was found guilty and fined $10, plus $4 in court costs. Parks appealed her conviction and formally challenged the legality of racial segregation. In a 1992 interview with National Public Radio's Lynn Neary, Parks recalled:

:

On Monday, December 5, 1955, after the success of the one-day boycott, a group of 16 to 18 people gathered at the Mt. Zion AME Zion Church to discuss boycott strategies. The group agreed that a new organization was needed to lead the boycott effort if it were to continue. Rev. Ralph David Abernathy suggested the name "Montgomery Improvement Association" (MIA). The name was adopted, and the MIA was formed. Its members elected as their president a relative newcomer to Montgomery, a young and mostly unknown minister of Dexter Avenue Baptist Church, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.

That Monday night, 50 leaders of the African American community gathered to discuss the proper actions to be taken in response to Parks' arrest. E.D. Nixon said, "My God, look what segregation has put in my hands!" Parks was the ideal plaintiff for a test case against city and state segregation laws. While the 15-year-old Claudette Colvin, unwed and pregnant, had been deemed unacceptable to be the center of a civil rights mobilization, King stated that Mrs. Parks was regarded as "one of the finest citizens of Montgomery—not one of the finest Negro citizens, but one of the finest citizens of Montgomery." Parks was securely married and employed, possessed a quiet and dignified demeanor, and was politically savvy.

The day of Parks' trial — Monday, December 5, 1955 — the WPC distributed the 35,000 leaflets. The handbill read, "We are...asking every Negro to stay off the buses Monday in protest of the arrest and trial ... You can afford to stay out of school for one day. If you work, take a cab, or walk. But please, children and grown-ups, don't ride the bus at all on Monday. Please stay off the buses Monday."

It rained that day, but the black community persevered in their boycott. Some rode in carpools, while others traveled in black-operated cabs that charged the same fare as the bus, 10 cents. Most of the remainder of the 40,000 black commuters walked, some as far as 20 miles (30 km). In the end, the boycott lasted for 381 days. Dozens of public buses stood idle for months, severely damaging the bus transit company's finances, until the law requiring segregation on public buses was lifted.

Through her role in sparking the boycott, Parks played an important part in internationalizing the awareness of the plight of African Americans and the civil rights struggle. King wrote in his 1958 book ''Stride Toward Freedom'' that Parks' arrest was the precipitating factor, rather than the cause, of the protest: "The cause lay deep in the record of similar injustices." He stated, "Actually, no one can understand the action of Mrs. Parks unless he realizes that eventually the cup of endurance runs over, and the human personality cries out, 'I can take it no longer.'"

Later years

After her arrest, Parks became an icon of the Civil Rights Movement but suffered hardships as a result. She lost her job at the department store, and her husband quit his job after his boss forbade him to talk about his wife or the legal case. Parks traveled and spoke extensively. In 1957, Raymond and Rosa Parks left Montgomery for Hampton, Virginia; mostly because she was unable to find work, but also because of disagreements with King and other leaders of Montgomery's struggling civil rights movement. In Hampton, she found a job as a hostess in an inn at the historically black Hampton Institute. Later that year, after the urging of her brother and sister-in-law, Sylvester & Daisy McCauley, Rosa Parks, her husband Raymond, and her mother Leona McCauley, moved to Detroit, Michigan.

Parks worked as a seamstress until 1965 when African-American U.S. Representative John Conyers hired her as a secretary and receptionist for his congressional office in Detroit. She held this position until she retired in 1988. In a telephone interview with CNN on October 24, 2005, Conyers recalled, "You treated her with deference because she was so quiet, so serene — just a very special person ... There was only one Rosa Parks". Later in life, Parks served as a member of the Board of Advocates of the Planned Parenthood Federation of America.

The 1970s was a decade of loss and suffering for Parks, though more due to personal problems than racism or other social issues. Her family was plagued with illness; she and her husband had suffered stomach ulcers for years and both required hospitalization. More serious was when her brother Sylvester, her husband Raymond, and her mother Leona all were diagnosed with cancer within a relatively short period of time, causing Parks to sometimes have to visit three hospitals in the same day. In spite of her fame and constant speaking engagements (most of the money for which, above expenses, she donated to civil rights causes) Parks was not a wealthy woman. She lived on her salary and her husband's pension. Medical bills and time missed from work caused financial strain that required her to accept assistance from church groups and admirers. Her husband died of throat cancer on August 19, 1977 and her brother, her only sibling and to whom she was very close, died of cancer the following November. Personal ordeals caused her to become increasingly removed from the civil rights movement; in her memoir she writes that it was a major blow to her when she learned from a newspaper that Fannie Lou Hamer, once a close friend, had died several months before. An injury from an accidental fall while walking on an icy sidewalk briefly hospitalized Parks with two broken bones, causing her considerable and recurring pain thereafter and convincing her to move into an apartment for senior citizens. There she nursed her mother, Leona Edwards McCauley, through the final stages of her own illnesses (cancer and geriatric dementia) until she died in 1979 at the age of 92.

In 1980 Parks, now widowed and without immediate family, rededicated herself to founding and fund raising for civil rights and educational organizations. She co-founded the Rosa L. Parks Scholarship Foundation for college-bound high school seniors, to which she donated most of her speaker fees. In February 1987 she co-founded, with Elaine Eason Steele, the Rosa and Raymond Parks Institute for Self Development, an institute that runs the "Pathways to Freedom" bus tours which introduce young people to important civil rights and Underground Railroad sites throughout the country. Though her health declined as she entered her seventies, she continued to make as many appearances and devote as much energy as possible to these endeavors.

In 1992, Parks published ''Rosa Parks: My Story'', an autobiography aimed at younger readers which details her life leading up to her decision not to give up her seat. In 1995, she published her memoirs, titled ''Quiet Strength'', which focuses on the role that her faith had played in her life. On August 30, 1994, Joseph Skipper, an African-American drug addict, attacked 81-year-old Parks in her home. The incident sparked outrage throughout the United States. After his arrest, Skipper said that he had not known he was in Parks' home but recognized her after entering. Skipper asked, "Hey, aren't you Rosa Parks?" to which she replied, "Yes." She handed him $3 when he demanded money, and an additional $50 when he demanded more. Before fleeing, Skipper struck Parks in the face. Skipper was arrested and charged with various breaking and entering offenses against Parks and other neighborhood victims. He admitted guilt and, on August 8, 1995, was sentenced to eight to 15 years in prison. Suffering anxiety upon returning to her too small central Detroit house following the ordeal, she moved into Riverfront Towers, a secure high rise apartment building where she lived for the rest of her life.

In 1994 the Ku Klux Klan applied to sponsor a portion of United States Interstate 55 in Saint Louis County and Jefferson County, near St. Louis, Missouri for clean up (which allowed them to have signs stating that this section of highway was maintained by the organization). Since the state could not refuse the KKK's sponsorship, the Missouri legislature voted to name the highway section the ''"Rosa Parks Highway".'' When asked how she felt about this honor, she is reported to have commented, "It is always nice to be thought of."

In 1999 Parks filmed a cameo appearance for the television series Touched by an Angel. It was to be her last appearance on film as health problems made her increasingly an invalid.

In March 1999, a lawsuit (Rosa Parks v. LaFace Records) was filed on Parks' behalf against American hip-hop duo OutKast and LaFace Records, claiming that the group had illegally used Rosa Parks' name without her permission for the song "Rosa Parks", the most successful radio single of OutKast's 1998 album ''Aquemini''. The lawsuit was settled April 15, 2005. In the settlement agreement, OutKast and their producer and record labels paid Parks an undisclosed cash settlement and agreed to work with the Rosa and Raymond Parks Institute for Self Development in creating educational programs about the life of Rosa Parks. The record labels and OutKast admitted to no wrongdoing. It is not known whether Parks' legal fees were paid for from her settlement money or by the record companies.

A comedic scene in the 2002 film ''Barbershop'' featured a cantankerous barber, played by Cedric the Entertainer, arguing with co-workers and shop patrons that other African Americans before Parks had resisted giving up their seats in defiance of Jim Crow laws, and that she had received undeserved fame because of her status as an NAACP secretary. Activists Jesse Jackson and Al Sharpton launched a boycott against the film, contending it was "disrespectful", but NAACP president Kweisi Mfume stated he thought the controversy was "overblown." The scene offended Parks, who boycotted the NAACP 2003 Image Awards ceremony, which Cedric hosted. ''Barbershop'' received nominations in four categories, including a "Best Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture" nomination for Cedric.

In 2002 Parks received an eviction notice from her $1800 per month apartment due to non-payment of rent. Parks herself was incapable of managing her own financial affairs by this time due to age related physical and mental decline, and her rent was paid from a collection taken by Hartford Memorial Baptist Church in Detroit. When her rent again became delinquent and her impending eviction was highly publicized in 2004, executives of the company that owned her apartment building announced that they had forgiven the back rent and that Parks, by then 91 and in extremely poor health, was welcome to live rent free in the building for the remainder of her life. Allegations that her financial affairs had been mismanaged began during the eviction proceedings and continued after her death among her heirs and various organizations.

Death and funeral

Parks resided in Detroit until she died of natural causes at the age of 92 on October 24, 2005, about 7:00 pm EDT, in her apartment on the east side of the city. She and her husband never had children and she outlived her only sibling. She was survived by her sister-in-law, 13 nieces and nephews and their families, and several cousins, most of them residents of Michigan or Alabama.

City officials in Montgomery and Detroit announced on October 27, 2005 that the front seats of their city buses would be reserved with black ribbons in honor of Parks until her funeral. Parks' coffin was flown to Montgomery and taken in a horse-drawn hearse to the St. Paul African Methodist Episcopal (AME) church, where she lay in repose at the altar on October 29, 2005, dressed in the uniform of a church deaconess. A memorial service was held there the following morning. One of the speakers, United States Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, said that if it had not been for Parks, she would probably have never become the Secretary of State. In the evening the casket was transported to Washington, D.C., and taken, aboard a bus similar to the one in which she made her protest, to lie in honor in the U.S. Capitol.

On October 28, 2005, the United States House of Representatives approved a resolution passed the previous day by the United States Senate to honor Parks by allowing her body to lie in honor in the Capitol. Since the founding of the practice of lying in state, or honor, in the Rotunda in 1852, Parks was the 31st person, the first American who had not been a U.S. government official, and the second non-government official (after Frenchman Pierre L'Enfant) to be paid this tribute. She was also the first woman and the second black person to lie in honor. An estimated 50,000 people viewed the casket there, and the event was broadcast on television on October 31, 2005. This was followed by another memorial service at a different St. Paul AME church in Washington on the afternoon of October 31, 2005.

For two days, she lay in repose at the Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History in Detroit. Parks' funeral service, seven hours long, was held on Wednesday, November 2, 2005, at the Greater Grace Temple Church in Detroit. After the funeral service, an honor guard from the Michigan National Guard laid the U.S. flag over the casket and carried it to a horse-drawn hearse, which had been intended to carry it, in daylight, to the cemetery. As the hearse passed the thousands of people who had turned out to view the procession, many clapped and cheered loudly and released white balloons. Rosa was interred between her husband and mother at Detroit's Woodlawn Cemetery in the chapel's mausoleum. The chapel was renamed the Rosa L. Parks Freedom Chapel just after her death. Parks had previously prepared and placed a headstone on the selected location with the inscription "Rosa L. Parks, wife, 1913–."

Awards and honors

Parks received most of her national accolades very late in life, with relatively few awards and honors being given to her until many decades after the Montgomery Bus Boycott. In 1979, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People awarded Parks the Spingarn Medal, its highest honor, and she received the Martin Luther King Jr. Award the next year. She was inducted into the Michigan Women's Hall of Fame in 1983 for her achievements in civil rights. In 1990, she was called at the last moment to be part of the group welcoming Nelson Mandela, who had just been released from his imprisonment in South Africa. Upon spotting her in the reception line, Mandela called out her name and, hugging her, said, "You sustained me while I was in prison all those years." In 1992, she received the Peace Abbey Courage of Conscience Award along with Dr. Benjamin Spock and others at the Kennedy Library and Museum in Boston, Massachusetts. In 1995, she received the Academy of Achievement's Golden Plate Award in Williamsburg, Virginia.

On September 9, 1996, President Bill Clinton presented Parks with the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest honor given by the U.S. executive branch. In 1998, she became the first recipient of the International Freedom Conductor Award given by the National Underground Railroad Freedom Center. The next year, Parks was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal, the highest award given by the U.S. legislative branch and received the Detroit-Windsor International Freedom Festival Freedom Award. Parks was a guest of President Bill Clinton during his 1999 State of the Union Address. That year, ''Time'' magazine named Parks one of the 20 most influential and iconic figures of the twentieth century. In 2000, her home state awarded her the Alabama Academy of Honor, as well as the first Governor's Medal of Honor for Extraordinary Courage. She was awarded two dozen honorary doctorates from universities worldwide, and was made an honorary member of Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority.

The Rosa Parks Library and Museum on the campus of Troy University in Montgomery was dedicated to her on December 1, 2000. It is located on the corner where Parks boarded the famed bus. The most popular items in the museum are the interactive bus arrest of Mrs. Parks and a sculpture of Parks sitting on a bus bench. The documentary ''Mighty Times: The Legacy of Rosa Parks'' received a 2002 nomination for Academy Award for Documentary Short Subject. She collaborated that year in a TV movie of her life starring Angela Bassett.

In 2002, scholar Molefi Kete Asante listed Parks on his list of 100 Greatest African Americans.

On October 30, 2005, President George W. Bush issued a proclamation ordering that all flags on U.S. public areas both within the country and abroad be flown at half-staff on the day of Parks' funeral.

Metro Transit in King County, Washington placed posters and stickers dedicating the first forward-facing seat of all its buses in Parks' memory shortly after her death, and the American Public Transportation Association declared December 1, 2005, the 50th anniversary of her arrest, to be a "National Transit Tribute to Rosa Parks Day". On that anniversary, President George W. Bush signed , directing that a statue of Parks be placed in the United States Capitol's National Statuary Hall. In signing the resolution directing the Joint Commission on the Library to do so, the President stated:

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On February 5, 2006, at Super Bowl XL, played at Detroit's Ford Field, long-time Detroit residents Coretta Scott King and Parks were remembered and honored by a moment of silence. The Super Bowl was dedicated to their memory.

As part of an effort to shed the image left after the disastrous 1967 riot, in 1976 Detroit renamed 12th Street "Rosa Parks Boulevard."

In the Los Angeles County MetroRail system, the Imperial Highway/Wilmington station, where the Blue Line connects with the Green Line, has been officially named the "Rosa Parks Station".

Nashville, Tennessee renamed MetroCenter Boulevard (8th Avenue North) (US 41A and TN 12) in September 2007 as Rosa L. Parks Boulevard.

In Grand Rapids, Michigan, a plaza in the heart of the city is named Rosa Parks Circle.

On July 14, 2009, the Rosa Parks Transit Center opened in Detroit at the corner of Michigan and Cass Avenues.

See also

African American Women, 1960's

Black Indians in the United States

Cleveland Court Apartments 620–638

Elizabeth Jennings Graham

John Mitchell, Jr. (editor)

Irene Morgan

Racism in the United States

Timeline of the African American Civil Rights Movement

References

Further reading

Editorial. 1974. "Two decades later." ''New York Times'' (May 17): 38. ("Within a year of ''Brown,'' Rosa Parks, a tired seamstress in Montgomery, Alabama, was, like Homer Plessy sixty years earlier, arrested for her refusal to move to the back of the bus.")

Barnes, Catherine A. ''Journey from Jim Crow: The Desegregation of Southern Transit,'' Columbia University Press, 1983.

Rosa Parks with James Haskins, ''Rosa Parks: My Story'' New York: Scholastic Inc., 1992. ISBN 0-590-46538-4

Brinkley, Douglas. ''Rosa Parks: A Life'', Penguin Books, October 25, 2005. ISBN 0-143-03600-9

External links

Rosa Parks Library and Museum at Troy University

The Rosa and Raymond Parks Institute for Self Development

Parks article in the Encyclopedia of Alabama

Rosa Parks bus on display at the Henry Ford Museum

;Multimedia and interviews

''Civil Rights Icon Rosa Parks Dies'' - National Public Radio

''Civil Rights Pioneer Rosa Parks 1913–2005'' - Democracy Now! democracynow.org

Rosa Parks:the woman who changed a nation Parks interviewed by Kira Albin

''Biography and 1995 interview'' at achievement.org

''Oprah Winfrey, Cicely Tyson, Julian Bond, Dorothy Height & Others Pay Tribute to Civil Rights Pioneer Rosa Parks'' - Democracy Now! democracynow.org

''The Departure Of Rosa Parks'' (Trumpet & Symphony Orchestra) by American composer David J. Sosnowski

''Jeanne Theoharis lecture on Parks at Black Women and the Radical Tradition''

;Others

A Guide to Materials for Parks from the Library of Congress

Parks' Ancestry and Genealogy

Complete audio/video and newspaper archive of the Montgomery Bus Boycott

An essay on the life of Parks

Biography on women's history website

Rosa Parks: cadre of working-class movement that ended Jim Crow

Quotations

Parks at Find A Grave

Black history resource - biography of Parks and links to related articles which may be of interest in the study of slavery and civil rights in America

==Related information== October 31, 2005}}

Category:1913 births Category:2005 deaths Category:African American female activists Category:African American history of Alabama Category:African Americans' rights activists Category:Alabama State University alumni Category:American Methodists Category:American people of Scotch-Irish descent Category:Community organizing Category:Congressional Gold Medal recipients Category:Deaths from dementia Category:History of civil rights in the United States Category:Nonviolence advocates Category:People from Tuskegee, Alabama Category:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients Category:Spingarn Medal winners Category:20th-century African-American activists

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Name	Ephesto
Names	Ephesto / HefestoHombre Sin NombrePantera del Ring/Panterita del RingSafari
Height
Birth date	June 10, 1965
Birth place	Gomez Palacio, Durango, Mexico
Trainer	Halcon SurianoAsteriónSatánicoBlue Panther
Debut
Website	}}

Ephesto (born June 10, 1965) is a Mexican Luchador Enmascarado (Spanish for "Masked professional wrestler). Ephesto's real name has not been officially documented, a tradition in Mexican Lucha Libre where masked wrestlers' real names often are not a matter of public record. The wrestler currently known as Ephesto made his debut in 1982 and worked for almost 20 years as ''Pantera del Ring'' with limited success.

His current ring name "Ephesto" is derived from the Spanish name for Hephaestus, the Greek God of fire, Hefesto, in fact his name is sometimes spelled Hefesto in print sources. Ephesto is a member of the stable ''Los Hijos de Averno'' (Spanish for ''the sons of Hell'') with Averno and Mephisto, with whom he currently holds the CMLL World Trios Championship, while also being a former CMLL World Light Heavyweight Champion.

Professional wrestling career

He made his debut in 1982 at the age of 16 after training with Halco Suriano, Asterión, Satánico and Blue Panther. His first ring persona was ''Pantera del Ring'' (Spanish for ''the Panther of the Ring''), a masked luchador with a panther inspired mask and trunks, inspired by his trainer Blue Panther. As Pantera del Ring, also referred to as ''Panterita del Ring''', he signed with Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) in the very early 1990s and began working as a low card ''Technicó'' (the Lucha Libre term for a "Good guy"). When Antonio Peña, the head booker of CMLL at the time broke off to form the rival promotion Asistencia Asesoría y Administración (AAA), Pantera del Ring was one of the CMLL workers that went with Peña in 1992. In AAA he teamed up with Latin Lover to win the Mexican National Tag Team Championship from the team of Fuerza and Juventud Guerrera on June 1, 1995. The team only held the Tag Team titles for three and a half months before losing them back to the Guerreras. By 1997 Panterita del Ring was working for the newly formed ''Promo Azteca'' promotion, this time as a Rudo (the Lucha Libre term for "bad guy"). He won the tournament to crown the first ever Aztecas Middleweight Champion defeating Ángel Azteca and Black Dragon in the finals. He eventually lost the title but kept working for Promo Azteca as an upper card worker until Promo Azteca folded in the late 1990s.

In 2000 he returned to CMLL and began working under the ring persona ''Safari'', a mid-card Technico. Safari did not gain much momentum, generally working random tag matches until he was teamed up with Mr. Niebla and Olímpico and defeated the team of Blue Panther, Fuerza Guerrera and El Signo for the Mexican National Trios Championship on March 30, 2001. The team had a rather uneventful title reign that lasted 15 months but rarely saw the team defended the title until ''Los Nuevos Infernales'' (Averno, Mephisto and Satánico) won the titles from them on June 23, 2001. In late 2003 Safari teamed up with El Felino and Volador, Jr. to win a tournament for the vacant Mexican National Trios Championship, defeating Alan Stone, Super Crazy and Zumbido in a tournament final to claim the title. Safari's second run with the title proved to be about as long as the first one, 16 months, but once again did not result in many memorable matches or a sustained push for Safari. When ''Pandilla Guerrera'' (Doctor X, Nitro and Sangre Azteca) defeated Safari's team for the titles it signaled the last time the Safari character was given the spotlight.

In late 2005, only months after losing the Trios titles Safair became ''El Hombre sin Nombre'' (Spanish for "The Man without name"), a ring persona & name that indicates that the wrestler is a "blank slate", as he has no name and wrestles in plain black clothes & mask. CMLL started a contenst for the fans to come up with a new name and ring persona for this wrestler. As Hombre sin Nombre he worked as a Rudo with no public reference given to the fact that he was previously known as Safari. By the end of 2007 it was announced that El Hombre Sin Nombre finally had a name, ''Ephesto'' as suggested by a fan after the Greek God of fire, Hephaestus.

Working as Ephesto

Along with the new name came a new look, dressing mainly in black with a mask with a ram's horn design and a new group of allies. Ephesto joined forces with Averno and Mephisto to form the stable ''La Triada del Terror'' (Spanish for the ''Trio of Terror''), and although he was considered the low man in the group associating with two of CMLL's top Rudo acts meant he got more exposure as Ephesto than he ever did as Safari or El Hombre Sin Nombre. When Averno and Mephisto formed ''Los Hijos del Averno'' (Spanish for ''the Sons of Hell'') Ephesto was one of the first to join up with them. In late 2008 Ephesto received a couple of shots at La Sombra's NWA World Welterweight Championship, his first chance at a singles title in CMLL. While he did not win the title the matches with La Sombra were very competitive and well received. In the spring/summer of 2009 Ephesto began targeting rival Rey Bucanero, challenging him for the CMLL World Light Heavyweight Championship. At first the storyline between the two saw Rey Bucanero turn down the challenge, only to late accept after Ephesto brought a ringside ticket for a show where Bucanero was in the main event and interfered in the match. On May 26, 2009 the two met with the title on the line, after each winning one fall the match was stopped by the referee as Rey Bucanero had suffered a serious knee injury. The referee awarded the match and the title to Ephesto, his first CMLL singles title. Bucanero's injury was so severe that it required surgery and he was out of action for six months. By virtue of holding the CMLL World Light Heavyweight Championship Ephesto participated in the 2010 Universal Championship tournament. He was part of "Block A" that competed on the July 30, 2010 Super Viernes show. He co-won the eight-man seeding battle royal, but was eliminated from the tournament when he lost to El Texano, Jr. in the first round of the actual tournament. On August 16, 2010 it was announced that Ephesto was one of 14 men putting their mask on the line in a ''Luchas de Apuestas'' steel cage match, the main event of the CMLL 77th Anniversary Show. Ephesto was the third man to leave the steel cage as all three members of ''Los Hijos del Averno'' quickly left the cage, keeping their masks safe. The match came down to La Sombra pinning Olímpico to unmask him. On February 22, 2011, Ephesto lost the CMLL World Light Heavyweight Championship to Rush, ending his reign at 637 days. On July 15, ''Los Hijos del Averno'' defeated ''La Generación Dorada'' (Máscara Dorada, La Máscara and La Sombra]]) to win the CMLL World Trios Championship.

Personal life

It has until recently been a common misconception that Ephesto, Ultimo Guerrero and Hooligan were all brothers. All three come from the "Lagunero" area in Mexico and early in their professional wrestling career the three stuck together to try and break into wrestling. This shared experience caused them to sometimes refer to each other as "Brother".

In wrestling

Finishing moves

:*''La Safarina'' (Inverted three–quarter figure four surfboard) – innovated :*Shoulderbreaker

Signature moves

:*Fallaway slam

:*Suicide dive

Championships and accomplishments

Asistencia Asesoría y Administración

:*Mexican National Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Latin Lover

Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre

:*CMLL World Light Heavyweight Championship (1 time) :*CMLL World Trios Championship (1 time, current) – with Averno and Mephisto :*Mexican National Trios Championship (2 times) – with Olimpico and Mr. Niebla (1), and Volador, Jr. and El Felino (1)

Promo Azteca

:*Aztecas Middleweight Championship (1 time)

Pro Wrestling Illustrated

:*PWI ranked him #152 of the 500 best singles wrestlers of the PWI 500 in 2007

Lucha de Apuesta record

{|class="wikitable" width=100% |- !style="background: #e3e3e3;" width=5%|Wager !style="background: #e3e3e3;" width=20%|Winner !style="background: #e3e3e3;" width=20%|Loser !style="background: #e3e3e3;" width=20%|Location !style="background: #e3e3e3;" width=15%|Date !style="background: #e3e3e3;" width=20%|Notes |----- align="center" |Hair || Pantera del Ring || Acuario || Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes || ||   |----- align="center" |Hair || Pantera del Ring || Guerrero Negro || Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes || ||   |----- align="center" |Mask || Pantera del Ring || Dragon || Torreón, Coahuila || ||   |----- align="center" |Mask || Pantera del Ring || Astro Flash || Torreón, Coahuila || ||   |----- align="center" |Mask || Pantera del Ring || Megatron || Monterrey, Nuevo León || ||   |----- align="center" |Hair || Pantera del Ring || Principe Island || Monterrey, Nuevo León || 1992 ||   |----- align="center" |Hair || Pantera del Ring || Kendo || Monterrey, Nuevo León || 1992 ||   |----- align="center" |Mask || Pantera del Ring || White Wolf || Monterrey, Nuevo León || ||   |}

Footnotes

References

External links

Category:1965 births Category:Mexican professional wrestlers Category:Living people

ja:エフェスト

name	Nelson Aquino de la Rosa
birth date	September 6, 1968
birth place	Dominican Republic
death date	October 22, 2006
death place	Providence, Rhode Island
othername	Mahow
occupation	Actor
yearsactive	1987-2006
spouse	Jennifer De Leonel
website	}}

Nelson Aquino de la Rosa (September 6, 1968 – October 22, 2006), a.k.a. Mahow, was one of the shortest men of the 20th and 21st centuries and an actor from the Dominican Republic. Nelson measured 71 centimeters tall (about 2 feet 4 inches).

Acting career

De la Rosa starred in a 1987 feature Italian horror film made in Dominican Republic called ''Ratman''. During the 1990s Nelson continued his path to international success by becoming a staple guest at Venevision's television show ''Súper Sábado Sensacional'' in Venezuela, and, later on, he would be invited as a guest to Don Francisco's show, ''Sábado Gigante'', and to other Univision shows. His popularity took him to other Hispanic countries such as Argentina, where he featured several times in Susana Giménez show, Puerto Rico, Mexico, Spain and others. He married, and had a son.

He had a minor role in the Hollywood production, ''The Island of Dr. Moreau'', where he shared lines with Marlon Brando, among others. This role is said to be the inspiration for the ''Austin Powers'' movie character, "Mini-Me" as well as Kevin who accompanies Dr. Alphonse Mephisto in South Park. Another very popular appearance was in the video for the song ''Coolo'' by the Argentine hip hop group Illya Kuryaki and the Valderramas. De la Rosa had been approached by many American media operators and television shows, such as ESPN and others, for a feature about his life. So far, however, no plans to film a documentary about him have been completed.

Life

De la Rosa befriended then Boston Red Sox pitcher and fellow Dominican, Pedro Martínez, who began to take de la Rosa to playoff games as a good luck charm during the 2004 MLB playoffs. He was often referred to as "Pedro's Midget."

He was a main attraction in the "Hermanos Mazzini" and "Las Águilas Humanas" circuses, which marketed him as the Guinness World Record-holder for world's smallest man at 54 cm (21.25 inches), though this organization does not endorse this claim.

While no official diagnosis of the cause of de la Rosa's short stature is known, it has been speculated that he was born with the genetic syndrome MOPD II (microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type II). The primary symptoms of the syndrome include extreme proportional short stature, as well as distinct facial features similar to those exhibited by Nelson de la Rosa. A recent documentary by Granada Television highlighting the syndrome was aired on TLC several times in 2006. There are approximately 100 known cases of MOPD II in the world at this time, spread throughout various races and ethnic backgrounds. He also went by the American name of Phil Stone while acting in the U.S.

Death

He died at the age of 38, October 22, 2006 in Providence, Rhode Island, USA, reportedly from heart failure. He is survived by his wife, Jennifer De Leonel, and nine-year-old son. His remains were transferred to the Dominican Republic, and buried in the Cristo Redentor cemetery.

References

External links

Videos of Nelson de la Rosa

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GvwpSm0BL-g&feature;=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rfIY7SI3-us

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C58FyBiZYHY&feature;=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uHaepRaypcY&feature;=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3XVJ4JghoVI&feature;=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OTRjwJ3-w6E&feature;=related

Category:1968 births Category:2006 deaths Category:Deaths from myocardial infarction Category:Hispanic and Latino American actors Category:Dominican Republic actors Category:Actors with dwarfism Category:People with dwarfism Category:American people of Dominican Republic descent

de:Nelson de la Rosa es:Nelson de la Rosa fr:Nelson de la Rosa fi:Nelson de la Rosa

name	Sarah Brightman
background	solo_singer
birth date	August 14, 1960
origin	Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire, England
genre	Classical crossover, operatic pop, symphonic rock, pop, New Age, rock, dance, electronica, techno, folk, traditional
instrument	Vocals, piano, keyboards
occupation	Singer, actress, songwriter, dancer
years active	1976–present
label	A&M; (1993)East West (1995–2001)Angel/EMI (1997–2007)Manhattan/EMI (2008–present)
website	www.sarah-brightman.com }}

Sarah Brightman (born 14 August 1960) is an English classical crossover soprano, actress, songwriter and dancer. She began her career as a member of the dance troupe Hot Gossip and released several disco singles as a solo performer. In 1981, she made her musical theatre debut in ''Cats'' and met composer Andrew Lloyd Webber, whom she married. She went on to star in several Broadway musicals, including ''The Phantom of the Opera'', where she originated the role of Christine Daaé. The Original London Cast Album of the musical was released in CD format in 1987 and sold over 40 million copies worldwide, making it the biggest-selling cast album of all time.

After retiring from the stage and divorcing Lloyd Webber, Brightman resumed her music career with former Enigma producer Frank Peterson, this time as a classical crossover artist. She is often credited as the creator of this genre and remains among the most prominent performers, with worldwide sales of more than 30 million records and 2 million DVDs. She has established herself as the world's biggest selling soprano of all time.

Her duet with the Italian tenor Andrea Bocelli, "Time To Say Goodbye", topped charts all over Europe and became the highest and fastest selling single of all times in Germany, where it stayed at the top of the charts for fourteen consecutive weeks breaking the all-time sales record, with over 3 million copies sold in the country. and subsequently became an international success with 12 million copies worldwide. She has now collected over 180 gold and platinum sales awards in 38 different countries.

Brightman is the first artist to have been invited twice to perform at the Olympic Games, first at the 1992 Barcelona Olympic Games where she sang "Amigos Para Siempre" with the Spanish tenor Jose Carreras with an estimated global audience of a billion people, and sixteen years later in Beijing, this time with Chinese singer Liu Huan and performing the song "You and Me" to an estimated 4 billion people worldwide.

Apart from music, Brightman has begun a film career, making her major debut in ''Repo! The Genetic Opera'' (2008), a rock opera-musical film directed by Darren Lynn Bousman, And in summer 2009, she completed filming Stephen Evans' "Cosi" or "First Night" in which she plays the role of a conductor, opposite Richard E. Grant. In addition, she formed her own production company, Instinct Films, where her first film is in pre-production.

Brightman ranks among Britain's music millionaires with a fortune of £30m (about US$49m).

Family and early life

Brightman is the oldest of six children of businessman Grenville Geoffrey Brightman (1934–1992) and Paula Brightman (née Hall). She was raised in Little Gaddesden, a village near Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire, England, and lived in John O'Gaddesden House in the village. At age three, she began taking dance classes at the Elmhurst School for Dance in Camberley, Surrey. and went on to perform in local festivals and competitions. At age 11, she successfully auditioned for The Arts Educational School, Tring Park, a boarding school specialising in performing arts. Although Brightman was teased by other students and attempted to run away, she nevertheless remained at the school. Later, she auditioned for the Royal Ballet in London but was rejected. Brightman continued to study dance, particularly jazz, as a pupil of choreographer Arlene Phillips. At 13, on 1973 Brightman made her theatrical debut in the musical I and Albert at the Piccadilly Theatre, London, playing one of Queen Victoria's daughters (Vicki).

In 1977, she was recruited to lead Arlene Phillips' troupe Hot Gossip. More provocative than Pan's People, the group had a disco hit in 1978 with "I Lost My Heart to a Starship Trooper", which sold half a million and reached number six on the UK charts. Hot Gossip released a follow-up single, "The Adventures of the Love Crusader", six months later, but it failed to chart. Brightman, now solo, released more disco singles under Whisper Records, such as "Not Having That!" and a cover of the song "My Boyfriend's Back". In 1979, Brightman appeared on the soundtrack of the movie "The World Is Full of Married Men" and sings the song Madam Hyde.

1981–1989: Stage career

right|thumb|Michael Crawford and Sarah Brightman performing the title song of The Phantom of the Opera at Her Majesty's Theatre. In 1981, Brightman auditioned for the new musical ''Cats'' and was cast as Jemima. In rehearsals she met Andrew Lloyd Webber. After a year in Cats, Brightman took over from Bonnie Langford as Kate in ''The Pirates of Penzance'' at the Drury Lane Theatre, London and appeared as Tara Treetops in ''Masquerade'', a musical based on Kit Williams's book of the same title. On that year she left to play the title role in Charles Strouse's children's opera, ''Nightingale''.

Enticed by a rave review, Webber went to watch her in the show one evening and was flabbergasted. It seemed inconceivable that he could have missed such vocal talent when she'd been in his show for a year. It would be an awakening that would alter more than just his perception of her. It would alter the course of their careers and lives. The two married in 1984, and Brightman appeared in many of Lloyd Webber's subsequent musicals including ''Song and Dance'' and the mass ''Requiem'', the latter written for her.

Scarcely a year later, Brightman's crystalline recording of Pie Jesu rocketed up the charts, selling 25,000 copies on the first day of release and peaking at number 3; no mean feat for a song in Latin. With classical music permeating the Lloyd Webber household (Brightman was in heavy operatic training at the time), Webber was moved to write the Requiem Mass as a tribute to young victims of war. Its Manhattan premiere, starring Placido Domingo and Sarah Brightman, was filmed by both PBS and the BBC for later broadcast. The LP eventually became UK's top selling classical album of the year and earned Brightman a Grammy nomination as Best New Classical Artist."

Brightman starred as Christine Daaé in Lloyd Webber's adaptation of ''The Phantom of the Opera''. The role of Christine was written specifically for her. Lloyd Webber refused to open ''The Phantom of the Opera'' on Broadway unless Brightman played Christine. Initially, the American Actors' Equity Association balked, because of their policy that any non-American performer must be an international star. Lloyd Webber had to cast an American in a leading role in his next West End musical before the Equity would allow Brightman to appear (a promise he kept in casting ''Aspects of Love''). In the end, it was a compromise that more than paid off. Phantom chalked up a staggering $17 million in advance sales prior to opening night on Jan 28, 1988, and generated a public and media frenzy that is unmatched since. The original cast album was the first in British musical history to enter the music charts at number one. Album sales now exceed forty million worldwide and it is the biggest selling cast album of all time, and has gone six times platinum in the US, twice platinum in the UK, nine times platinum in Germany, four times platinum in the Netherlands, 21 times platinum in Korea and 17 times platinum in Taiwan.

After leaving ''Phantom'', she performed in a tour of Lloyd Webber's music throughout England, Canada, and the United States, and performed ''Requiem'' in the Soviet Union. Studio recordings from this time include the single "Anything But Lonely" from ''Aspects of Love'' and two solo albums: the 1988 album ''The Trees They Grow So High'', a compilation of folk songs accompanied by piano, and the 1989 album ''The Songs That Got Away'', a musical theatre compilation of songs cut from shows by composers such as Irving Berlin and Stephen Sondheim, also Brightman sang the song "Make Believe" at the end during the credits of the children's film "Grandpa", Howard Blake wrote the music and lyrics.

By 1990, Brightman and Lloyd Webber separated. After their divorce, Brightman played the lead in Lloyd Webber's ''Aspects'' in London opposite Michael Praed, before transferring to Broadway. Her work in ''Aspects'' notwithstanding, Brightman steeled herself and set forth to find her own footing. Perhaps the most poignant declaration of independence came in the form of her second solo album from this period, an eclectic but personal collection of folk-rock songs that she had hand-picked. It was a departure from musical theatre and indeed, a departure for Webber himself. More tellingly, the album bore a most prescient title: ''As I Came of Age''.

1990s: Solo career

Brightman and José Carreras closed the Barcelona Olympic Games singing the theme song "Amigos Para Siempre" to a worldwide audience of 3 billion people. The song was released on seven-inch vinyl and CD single. The CD single also has the rarer Spanish version of the song. The lyrics, written by Don Black, are in English, except for the title phrase which is repeated in English, Spanish and Catalan.

Her stage career curtailed, Brightman pursued solo recording in Los Angeles. Inspired by the German band Enigma, she requested to work with one of its members. Her request was answered and in 1991 Brightman traveled to Germany to meet producer Frank Peterson. Their first release was ''Dive'' (1993), a water-themed pop album that featured "Captain Nemo", a cover of a song by the Swedish electronica band Dive. The album is considered Brightman's first success as a recording solo artist, receiving her first Gold award for exceptional sales in Canada. ''Fly'' (1995), a pop rock album and her second collaboration with Peterson, propelled Brightman to fame in Europe with the hit "A Question of Honour". The song and the video by Frank Papenbroock introduced at the World Boxing Championship match between Germany's Henry Maske and Graciano Rocchigiani, combined electronic dance music, rock elements, classical strings, and excerpts from the aria "Ebben? ... Ne andrò lontana" from Alfredo Catalani's opera ''La Wally''.

"Time to Say Goodbye" ("''Con te partirò''") was the second Brightman song debuted for Maske, this time at his retirement match. This duet with tenor Andrea Bocelli became an international hit and sold more than 3 million copies in Germany alone, became Germany's best-selling single, and was successful in numerous other countries; the album eventually sold over 12 million copies worldwide. and 4 million worldwide.

In March 1998, her own PBS special, Sarah Brightman: In Concert at the Royal Albert Hall, marked the point when she crossed from Billboard's Top Heatseekers chart to the Billboard 200 chart, with ''Time to Say Goodbye''. The same year, Brightman starred A Christmas in Vienna along Placido Domingo, Helmut Lottie and Riccardo Cocciante singing traditional Christmas carols. On 7 April 1998 she was one of the guest stars in Andrew Lloyd Webber's 50th Birthday Celebration singing ''Hossanaa'' with Dennis O'Neill, Pie Jesu, Phantom of the Opera with Antonio Banderas, All I Ask of You with Michael Ball and Music of the Night. In 1999, she appeared on the album ''I Won't Forget You'' by Princessa, another artist with whom Peterson had worked.

2000–2004: Further international success

Later albums included ''Eden'' (1998) (the title track of which was a cover of a song by Belgian band Hooverphonic), and ''La Luna'' (2000). These albums, unlike ''Time to Say Goodbye'', incorporated more pop music elements. Reviews were mixed – LAUNCHcast deemed ''Eden'' "deliriously sappy", while Allmusic called ''Eden'' "a winning combination" and ''La Luna'' "a solid, stirring collection".

''Eden'' reached #65 on the Billboard 200 charts (certified Gold for selling over 500,000 copies in the United States), and ''La Luna'' peaked at #17 (scanned 873.000 sold in the country). In addition, both albums reached #1 on Billboard's Classical Crossover charts. In 2000, PBS's ''La Luna'' concert, Brightman sang There for Me in a duet with an up and coming star, Josh Groban. At the end of 2001, ''Billboard'' magazine noted Brightman as one of four classical crossover artists from the UK (the others being Charlotte Church, Russell Watson, and bond) with albums on both the Classical Crossover and Billboard 200 charts, a phenomenon which, it said, contributed to a resurgence of UK music in the U.S. after "a historic low" in 1999. In 2000, Brightman sold more records than Elton John and the Rolling Stones becoming America's highest-selling British artist and later North America's top European touring artist.

Brightman ventured into film acting in 2000 when she was part of the cast of the German film Zeit der Erkenntnis, based on Rosamunde Pilcher book.

In 2001, Brightman released Classics, an compilation album of operatic arias and other classical pieces including a solo version of "Time to Say Goodbye", this was released worldwide except Europe, on the other hand, the album peaked at #66 on the Billboard's 200 charts (certified gold for selling over 500.000 copies in the U.S) and reached #2 on Billboard's Classical Crossover charts, ''Entertainment Weekly'' although calling Brightman a "stronger song stylist than a singer", gave the album a grade of B-.

In 2002, Brightman released "The secret" on SASH!'s fourth studio album S4!Sash!. This song was re-released in 2007 as "The secret 2007 (Unreleased)" on SASH!'s sixth album 10th Anniversary.

Her 2003 album ''Harem'' represented another departure: a Middle Eastern-themed album influenced by dance music. On ''Harem'', Brightman collaborated with artists such as Ofra Haza and Iraqi singer Kazem al-Saher. Nigel Kennedy contributed violin tracks to the songs "Free" and "The War is Over", and Jaz Coleman contributed arrangements.

The album peaked at #29 on the Billboard 200 charts (with sales tracked by Nielsen SoundScan figuring at approximately 333,000, or about one-third the total sales of ''La Luna''), #1 on the Billboard Classical Crossover chart, and yielded a #1 dance/club single with the remix of the title track. Some time later, another single from the album (the ballad "Free", cowritten with Sophie B. Hawkins) became a second Top-10 hit on this chart. In March 2004, the album was listed as one of the year's top-selling albums by the label, having moved over 1,1 million copies worldwide in only one year.

The albums ''Eden'', ''La Luna'' and ''Harem'' were accompanied by live world tours which incorporated the theatricality of her stage origins. Brightman acknowledged this in an interview, saying, "They're incredibly complicated...[but also] natural. I know what works, what doesn't work, all the old tricks." In both 2000 and 2001, Brightman was among the top 10 most popular British performers in the U.S., with concert sales grossing $7.2 million from 34 shows in 2000 and over $5 million from 21 shows in 2001.

In 2004 the Harem tour grossed $60 million and sold 800,000 tickets, $15 million and 225,000 sales of which came from the North American leg, although with ticket prices raised 30% from previous tours, average sales per venue were up 65%. In North America, Harem tour promoters Clear Channel Entertainment (now Live Nation) took the unusual step of advertising to theatre subscribers, in an effort to reach fans of Brightman's Broadway performances, and also sold VIP tickets, at $750 each, that included in-stage seating during the concert and a backstage pass. Tour reviews were mixed: one critic from the ''New York Times'' called the La Luna tour "not so much divine but post-human" and "unintentionally disturbing: a beautiful argument of emptiness." In contrast, a reviewer from the ''Boston Globe'' deemed the Harem tour "unique, compelling" and "charmingly effective."

Television specials on PBS were produced for nearly every Brightman album in the U.S.; a director of marketing has credited these as her number-one source of exposure in the country. Indeed, her concert for ''Eden'' was among PBS's most grossing pledge events.

2006–2008: Diva and Symphony

Brightman released a DVD collection of her music videos on 3 October 2006 under the title of ''Diva: The Video Collection''. ''The Singles Collection'' is the accompanying CD, released on the same date. The album marked the first time Brightman has released a greatest hits album in the United States; it reached #1 on the Billboard Classical Crossover chart. ''The Singles Collection'' scanned 36,000 units sold in the United States, which achieved lower sales compared to its previous compilation album Classics. Her other reflective offerings for Europe were The Very Best of 1990-2000 and Classics: The Best of Sarah Brightman. These four compilation albums were intended as a marketing strategy to bridge the gap between Brightman's previous 2003 album ''Harem'' and her next album that would be released on early 2008.

Brightman was one of the artists featured on the January 2007 series of the prime time BBC One show ''Just the Two of Us'', partnered with English cricketer Mark Butcher. The pair finished the competition in third place.

Subsequent appearances include the Concert for Diana in July 2007, where she sang "All I Ask of You" from ''The Phantom of the Opera'' with Josh Groban, Around 15 million people from across the UK watched ''Concert for Diana'' at home, and it was broadcast to over 500 million homes in 140 countries; 7 July 2007 Chinese leg of Live Earth in Shanghai, where she performed four songs ("Nessun Dorma", "La Luna", "Nella Fantasia" and "Time to Say Goodbye") and debuted her single "Running" at the 2007 IAAF Championships in Osaka, Japan on 25 August. She also participated at the 2007 Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade, where she performed "The Journey Home" on the Jolly Polly Pirate Ship. She recorded a duet with Anne Murray singing "Snowbird" on Murray's 2007 album ''Anne Murray Duets: Friends and Legends''.

On May 2007, Brightman was invited along with Lesley Garrett to sing at the Wembley Stadium in London the anthem'' Abide With Me'' before the FA Cup final between Chelsea and Manchester United.

At a dinner held at The Mansion House on September 10, 2008, His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales highlighted the urgent need for action to halt tropical deforestation. The Prince invited Brightman to sing at the event they hosted to engage the financial community in the task of finding a solution to the problem of making rainforests worth more alive than dead. The music performed was Nella Fantasia (used in the soundtrack of the movie The Mission) and further declared a Hymn to the rainforests.

On 29 January 2008, Brightman released her first album in five years: ''Symphony'', influenced by gothic music. The Title track of the album "Symphony" is a cover of "Symphonie" by the German band Silbermond. In the United States it became Brightman's most successful chart entry and also her highest ranked album on Billboard's "Top 200 Albums". It was also a #1 album on two other Billboard's charts: "Top Internet Albums" and "Top Classical Crossover Albums". The album moved there 32,033 copies in first week, according to Nielsen Soundscan. However, the album's success was short-lived in the United States, with sales declining rapidly in the country and disappointing final results. In contrast, the album debuted in top five positions and received multiple Gold and Platinum awards in Canada, Mexico, Japan, Tawian, China and entered the top twenty across Europe.

Featured on the album were artists Andrea Bocelli, Fernando Lima, and KISS vocalist Paul Stanley, who duets with Brightman on "I Will Be with You", the album version of the theme song to the 10th Pocket Monsters motion picture, ''Dialga VS Palkia VS Darkrai'' (''Pokémon: The Rise of Darkrai''). On 16 January 2008, she also appeared in concert at Vienna’s Stephansdom Cathedral performing songs from her new album. Special guests that sang duets with Brightman include Italian tenor Alessandro Safina, Argentinean countertenor Fernando Lima, and British singer Chris Thompson. Brightman made several appearances on television in the United States to promote ''Symphony'', including ''Fashion on Ice'' on NBC on 12 January, The View on 30 January, Martha on 31 January and Fox and Friends on the Fox News Channel.

She performed two songs, "Pie Jesu" and "There You'll Be", at the United States Memorial Day concert on 25 May 2008 held on the west lawn of the United States Capitol in Washington D.C.. The top-rated show was broadcast live on PBS before a concert audience of 300,000 and millions more at home, as well as to American troops serving around the world on the American Forces Radio and Television Network. Brightman made her feature film debut as Blind Mag in the rock musical film ''Repo! The Genetic Opera'' which was released on 7 November 2008. Brightman was cast in the film at the last minute after the original actress who was cast for the role was dropped. On 8 August 2008, Brightman was honored to sing the Olympic theme song, "You and Me", with Chinese star Liu Huan in both Mandarin and English at the Beijing Olympics opening ceremony. The event appeased the already established supreme popularity and recognition of Brightman in the Asian country. The performance was broadcast to over five billion viewers. In the 26 hours after the performance, "You and Me" was downloaded 5.7 million times.

On 4 November 2008, Brightman released her first holiday album, entitled ''A Winter Symphony'', the album debuted at number #38 on the Billboard Top 200 and scored a number six in the Top Holiday Albums, being the first entry for Brightman on this chart. Once again, A Winter Symphony failed to be a commercial success in the U.S. To accompany ''Symphony'' and ''A Winter Symphony'', Brightman embarked on a tour in Autumn 2008; "The Symphony World Tour" featured new and groundbreaking technology, with virtual and holographic stage sets that had never been seen before in any touring concert production. The tour was listed as one of the top-grossing circuits in North America during the 2008 holiday season.

In addition to the tour, there were other appearances to promote the Christmas album such as the Walt Disney World Very Merry Christmas parade where Brightman sang "Silent Night" airing on ABC in the Christmas Morning. Brightman also performed in the Japanese TV show ''Happy Xmas Show'' (Nippon Television Network) which was aired on NTV(Japan) on 23 December. Filmed at St. Brendan Catholic Church in Los Angeles, the songs performed included Lennon's "Happy Christmas (War is Over)" and "Symphony". Finally, the "I Believe in Father Christmas" music video was premiered on Amazon as part of their Twelve Days of Christmas program. The video was featured on the Music Homepage.

According to an article posted on ''Billboard'', Brightman and EMI parted ways shortly after her ''Symphony: Live in Vienna'' was released. Stated in the cited article, "The buzz about Brightman's exit was fueled earlier this week when her picture disappeared online and Billboard, citing unnamed sources, reported Friday that Brightman, 49, dropped the label.

2009–present: Rise in Latin American and Asian markets

Following her performance at the Beijing Olympics, Brightman was appointed as the Shanghai 2010 World Expo Promotion Ambassador in Britain. In anticipation of the Expo, she launched "Shanghai Week in London", which showcases the city's heritage and culture.

In response to persistent calls for a global release of the Symphony: Live in Vienna concert, EMI Music launched worldwide the PBS special which features Brightman's landmark performance at Vienna’s St. Stephen's Cathedral on January 16th, 2008, in both audio and visual formats. The Symphony — Live in Vienna television special debuted on PBS in March 2008 during the network’s spring pledge drive and aired throughout the month. The album went Gold in Taiwan in a record-breaking ten days.

The music of Brightman was featured in the movie ''Amarufi: Megami no hôshû'' (international title: ''Amalfi: Rewards of the Goddess''), which was a special production to mark Fuji Television's 50th anniversary. The first Japanese movie to be shot entirely on location in Italy. In conjunction with the release of the movie ''Amalfi'', Brightman released only in Japan an album titled Amalfi - Sarah Brightman Love Songs which reached Gold status in the aforementioned country.

Autumn 2009 saw Brightman starting a new concert tour called ''Sarah Brightman In Concert'' covering Latin America with 13 sold-out performances in Mexico, Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Chile, Argentina, and Brazil. The last venue of the tour, "The Concert of the Pyramid" featured Brightman performing a fancy concert at the archaeological site of Chichen Itza, an UNESCO World Heritage Site and one of the New Seven Wonders of the World.

In November 2009, Brightman was in charge of the main theme song for the NHK's historical drama series ''Saka no Ue no Kumo''. The song's lyrics are entirely in Japanese. Titled "Stand Alone," the song was composed by Joe Hisaishi and written by Kundo Koyama. It was included on the drama's soundtrack album, released on 18 November 2009.

In January 2010, Panasonic Corporation launched the song "Shall Be Done" performed by Brightman at Panasonic's Olympic Pavilion at LiveCity Yaletown, official celebration site of the Vancouver 2010 Winter Games. The song is Panasonic's innovative means of reaching out to the global community with its corporate philosophy and vision. The song is currently being incorporated in creative across all it's marketing channels, including online, advertising and events.

Brightman's career is now expanding into other disciplines. In summer 2009, she completed filming Stephen Evans' "Cosi," in which she plays the role of a conductor, opposite Richard E. Grant. In addition, she formed her own production company, Instinct Films, where her first film is in pre-production.

On 15 September 2010, Brightman appeared on America's Got Talent's finale episode before that season's winner was revealed. The soprano was the celebrity guest duetting with ten year old favorite contestant Jackie Evancho.

Given the increasing popularity of Brightman in Asia, the artist's record company prepared a tour there with 5 gigs in Tokyo alone, followed by presentations on Kanazawa, Nagoya, Osaka. The singer headed to perform in Canada, Macau, South Korea and Ukraine as well.

On 3 November 2010, Brightman was invited to sing at the Tōdai-ji Buddhist temple complex located in the city of Nara, Japan. The temple is a listed UNESCO World Heritage Site as "Historic Monuments of Ancient Nara". The concert was recorded and later broadcasted nationwide by TBS network.

On 27 January 2011 Hunan Broadcasting System, China's second biggest television network after China Central Television (CCTV) invited Brightman to participate in their Spring Festival, analogous celebration to the New Year's celebrations in the Western countries. She sang Scarborough Fair -Brightman's evergreen song in China- and Nessun Dorma. For the first time it was revealed that Brightman charges an average of US$ 150,000 for interpretation in such events as Chinese media remarked. When announcing the arrival of Brightman in their country, local press took the opportunity to mention China's appreciation and gratitude for the singer by her donations for the development of China after the Wenchuan earthquake.

Brightman's popularity continues to rise remarkably in Asia, with high profile appearances and sales. Brightman was South Korea's best-selling international artist of 2010 with her album ''Diva: The Singles Collection'' charting the almost the whole year in the #1 spot ahead Mariah Carey, Michael Jackson, Eminem, among others. The album was released in 2006, but charted again in both 2009 and 2010 when Brightman toured there with the Symphony World Tour and Sarah Brightman In Concert With Orchestra. ''Diva'' was certified three times platinum in South Korea. Also, her digital single "Nella Fantasia" has sold 2 million copies in the country.

Legal action against YouTube

Frank Peterson, a German composer, producer and copyright holder for several of Sarah Brightman's performances, sued YouTube in Germany for allowing Brightman's work to be posted by users. The Hamburg state court has now ruled that Google Inc.'s subsidiary YouTube LLC must pay.

Music and voice

Brightman underwent vocal training first with Elizabeth Hawes, head of the Trinity Music College in London, and later with Ellen Faull of Juilliard. She currently studies with internationally known voice teacher David Romano. She has a three-octave vocal range. According to Brightman, her voice sometimes reaches an F6. However, her highest note sung in public and in studio is the E6 final of "The Phantom of the Opera".

David Caddick, a conductor of ''Phantom'', has stated:

"What is amazing about Sarah is that she has two voices, really. She can produce a pop, contemporary sound, but she can also blossom out into a light soprano. The soprano part of her voice can go up to an E natural above high C. She doesn’t sing it full out, but it is there. Of course, she has to dance while she is singing some of the time, so it’s all the more extraordinary."

She sometimes uses her pop and classical voices in the same song. One example is "Anytime, Anywhere" from ''Eden'', a song based on Albinoni's ''Adagio in G minor''. In the song, she starts out in classical voice, switches to pop voice temporarily, and finishes with her classical voice. Another example is heard in the Lions Gate film ''Repo! The Genetic Opera'', during the songs "Chase The Morning" and "Chromaggia" by her character, Blind Mag.

Brightman's music is generally classified as classical crossover. According to Manhattan Records GM Ian Ralfini, she is largely responsible for the popularity of the genre. In a 2000 interview with ''People'', Brightman dismissed the classical crossover label as "horrible" but stated she understood people's need to categorise music. Her personal influences include '60s and '70s musicians and artists such as David Bowie and Pink Floyd, and she incorporates aspects of genres from pop/rock to classical. Her work has also been compared to that of Madonna, Cher and Celine Dion. The material on her albums ranges from versions of opera arias from composers such as Puccini (on ''Harem'', ''Eden'', and ''Timeless''), to pop songs by artists such as Kansas ("Dust in the Wind" on ''Eden''), Dido ("Here with Me" on ''La Luna''), and Procol Harum ("A Whiter Shade of Pale" on ''La Luna''). She sings in many languages including English, Spanish, French, Latin, German, Italian, Russian, Hindi, Mandarin Chinese and Japanese.

Personal life

At age 18, in 1979, Brightman married Andrew Graham-Stewart, who then managed the German band Tangerine Dream. In 1983, she divorced Graham-Stewart. She met Andrew Lloyd Webber when she performed in ''Cats'', and Lloyd Webber later divorced his first wife, Sarah Hugill, to marry her on 22 March 1984. in Hampshire. Their marriage saw intense media and tabloid scrutiny. Brightman acknowledged the marriage in a 1999 interview as a "difficult time" but also one of much creative output. in Hertfordshire after divorce and financial issues. Later, she experienced an ectopic pregnancy and two miscarriages with Peterson. In an interview with British magazine ''Hello!'', she said motherhood would have been "lovely" but accepted that she would never have a child.

Sarah Brightman has a younger sister named Amelia Brightman, who has collaborated with both Sarah and Gregorian.

Awards

1986 Grammy Nomination, Best Classical Artist, USA 1996 Echo Award nomination: Best Female Artist, Germany

1996 RSH Gold: Best Female Artist, Germany

1997 Echo Award nomination: Best Female Artist

1998 Echo Award: Best Song Time To Say Goodbye

1998 Golden Lion Award: Best Live Performance, Germany

1998 Goldene Europa Award: Best Female Artist, Germany

1998 Guinness Book Entry: Germany’s Best-Selling Single of All Time Time to Say Goodbye

1998 Grammy Taiwan: Best Selling Record Timeless

1998 Unesco Hand-in-Hand Award

1999 Czechoslovakian Grammy: Singer of the Year

1999 Echo Award nomination: Best Female Artist, Germany

1999 The Point Trophy, Dublin-Ireland: Highest-Grossing Ticket Sales One Night in Eden

2000 IFPI Award, Europe: Album sales exceeding one million copies in Europe Timeless

2001 New Age Voice Music Award, USA: Best Vocal Album

2003 Media Control Award, GAS: Biggest Hit of All Time Time To Say Goodbye

2004 Arabian Music Award: Best Collaboration (“The War Is Over” with Kazim Al Saher)

2004 Arabian Music Award: Best Female Artist

2005 New York Film Festival: First Prize, Music Documentary (A Desert Fantasy)

2005 New York Film Festival: Third Prize, Music Video Time to Say Goodbye

2007 The 21st Japan Gold Disc Award 2007: Classic Album of the Year Diva: The Singles Collection

2009 The 23rd Japan Gold Disc Award 2009: Classic Album of the Year A Winter Symphony

2009 The 24th Japan Gold Disc Award 2010: Classic Album of the Year Amalfi - Sarah Brightman Love Songs

2009 Mexico's Lunas del Auditorio nomination: Best Pop-album in foreign language Symphony: Live in Vienna

2010 Mexico's Lunas del Auditorio nomination: Best Pop-artist in foreign language

Golden Key to the city of Chicago

Golden Key to the city of Istanbul

Stage credits

Musicals

''I and Albert'' (as Vicky and street waif), 1973 Picadilly Theatre, London

''Cats'' (as Jemima), 1981 New London Theatre

''The Pirates of Penzance'' (as Kate), 1982

''Masquerade'' (as Tara Treetops), 1982

''Nightingale'' (as Nightingale), 1982 Buxton Festival and the Lyric, Hammersmith

''Song and Dance'' (as the girl), Palace Theatre in London on 28 April 1984

''The Merry Widow'' (as Valencienne), 1985

''The Phantom of the Opera'' (as Christine Daaé), 1986 Her Majesty's Theatre London, 1988 Broadway

''Aspects of Love'' (as Rose Vibert), 1990

Plays

''Trelawny of the Wells'' (as Rose Trelawney), 1992

''Relative Values'' (as Miranda Frayle), 1993 Chichester Festival and Savoy Theatre

''Dangerous Obsession'' (as Sally Driscoll), 1994 Haymarket Theatre, Basingstoke

''The Innocents'' (as Miss Giddens), 1995 Haymarket Theatre, Basingstoke

Filmography

''Granpa'', 1989 animated children's film, singing "Make Believe" over the end credits

''Brokedown Palace'', 1999 singing "Deliver me".

''Zeit der Erkenntnis'', 2000 feature film (Germany), as herself

''Repo! The Genetic Opera'', 2008 feature film, as Blind Mag

''Amarufi: Megami no hôshû'' (''Amalfi: Rewards of the Goddess''), 2009 feature film (Japan), as herself

''First Night (aka Cosi)'', 2010 feature film, as Celia

Selected discography

Studio albums

1988: ''The Trees They Grow So High''

1990: ''As I Came Of Age''

1993: ''Dive''

1995: ''Fly''

1997: ''Time to Say Goodbye''

1998: ''Eden''

2000: ''La Luna''

2003: ''Harem''

2008: ''Symphony''

2008: ''A Winter Symphony''

Albums with Lloyd Webber

1989: ''The Songs That Got Away''

1992: ''Sarah Brightman Sings the Music of Andrew Lloyd Webber''

1995: ''Surrender''

1997: ''The Andrew Lloyd Webber Collection''

2002: ''Encore''

2005: ''Love Changes Everything''

Compilation albums

2001: ''The Very Best of 1990-2000'' & ''Classics''

2006: ''Classics: The Best of Sarah Brightman'' & ''Diva: The Singles Collection''

2009: ''Amalfi - Sarah Brightman Love Songs'' & ''Bella Voce''

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Duets

Andrea Bocelli – "Time to Say Goodbye", "Canto Della Terra"

Plácido Domingo – Requiem (Lloyd Webber), "The Closing of the year", "La ci darem la mano", "Love Unspoken", "Time to say goodbye", "La Traviata: Libiamo ne' lieti calici... Brindisi", "Die Lustige Witwe – Lippen Schweigen","The Phantom Of The Opera: All I Ask Of You", "West Side Story: Maria & Tonight"

Sir John Gielgud – "Gus: the Theatre Cat"

José Carreras – "Amigos para Siempre ", "Love Unspoken", "La Traviata: Libiamo ne' lieti calici... Brindisi"", "Subaru"

Michael Crawford – The Phantom of the Opera (Andrew Lloyd Webber)

José Cura – "Just Show Me How to Love You", "There for Me"

Josh Groban – "There for Me", "All I Ask of You"

Andrew Lloyd Webber – "Whistle Down the Wind"

Tom Jones – "Something in the Air"

Antonio Banderas – "The Phantom of the Opera"

Cliff Richard – "All I Ask of You", "Only You"

Gregorian – "Moment of Peace", "Join Me", "Héroes", "When A Child is Born", "Send Me An Angel", "Voyage Voyage", "Don’t Give Up"

Riccardo Cocciante – "Frohlice Weihnacht", "Cantemos Rapaces", "Santa Claus is Coming to Town", "Silent Night"

Kadim Al Sahir – "The War is Over"

Nigel Kennedy – "Free"

Ofra Haza – "Mysterious Days"

Chris Thompson – "How Can Heaven Love Me", "I Will Be With You (Where The Lost Ones Go)", "The Phantom of the Opera"

Fernando Lima – "Pasión", "Ave Maria"

Alessandro Safina – "Sarai Qui", "Canto Della Terra", "The Phantom of the Opera" (Symphony World Tour – México, Asia)

Mario Frangoulis – "Carpe Diem", "Sarai Qui", "Canto Della Terra", "The Phantom of the Opera" (Symphony World Tour – EE.UU., Canadá)

Paul Stanley – "I Will Be With You (Where The Lost Ones Go)"

Liu Huan – "You And Me"

Dj Schiller – "The Smile", "I've Seen it All"

Sash! – "The Secret Still Remains" or "The Secret" & "The Secret (2007)"

Prince Ital Joe Feat. Marky Mark – "Happy People", "Life in the Streets" (Background vocals Sarah Brightman)

Michael Ball – "All I Ask of You", "Seeing is Believing"

Andrzej Lampert – "I Will Be With You (Where The Lost Ones Go)"

Sergey Penkin – "I Will Be With You (Where The Lost Ones Go)"

I Muvrini – "Tu Quieres Volver"

Eric Adams – "Where The Eagles Fly"

Jacky Cheung – "There For Me" * Steve Harley – "The Phantom of the Opera"

Erkan Akin – "Just Show Me How To Love You","The Phantom of the Opera", "Canto della Terra" and "Sarai Qui" in "Sarah Brightman In Concert 2009" a Tour in South America "Latin American Tour".

Paul Miles-Kingston – "Pie Jesu"

Connar Burrowes: "Pie Jesu" (This Is Your Life: Andrew Lloyd Webber, 1994)

Adam Clack: "Pie Jesu" (In Concert "At The Royal Albert Hall" – 1997)

Ben De'Ath: "Pie Jesu" (The Andrew Lloyd Webber Celebration, 1998)

Andrew Swait: "Pie Jesu" (The Classical Brit Awards – 8 May 2008)

Eric Scott Kincaid – "The Phantom of the Opera"

David Malek – "The Phantom of the Opera: All I Ask Of You"

Mark Butcher – "Take The Weather With You", "Heroes", "Leaving On A Jet Plane", "Let's Face The Music And Dance", "Music Of The Night", " Ain't No Sunshine", "The Rose", "Moon River"

Princessa – "Calling You" (1996) (Background vocals Sarah Brightman)

Anne Murray – "Snowbird"

Betty Buckley – "Memory" (Kennedy Center Honor – 3 December 2006)

Lesley Garrett – "Abide with me" (FA Cup Final 19 May 2007)

Jackie Evancho – "Time To Say Goodbye" - (America's Got Talent - 15 September 2010)

This Duets was announced but were never made:

Florent Pagny – "Just Show Me How To Love You"

Biondo – "I Will Be With You (Where The Lost Ones Go)"

Tours

"A Timeless Evening With Sarah Brightman" (UK and Germany) 1997

"One Night In Eden Tour" 1999 (Worldwide)

"La Luna World Tour" 2000–2001 (Worldwide)

"Harem World Tour" 2004–2005 (2004: Worldwide, 2005: Mini-Tour in Japan)

"The Symphony World Tour" 2008–2009 (America & Asia)

"Sarah Brightman In Concert" October 2009 (Latin America)

"Sarah Brightman In Concert With Orchestra" October 2010 (Japan, Korea and Macau)

See also

List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. dance chart

List of number-one dance hits (United States)

List of Operatic Pop artists

References

External links

classical-crossover soprano

Category:1960 births Category:Living people Category:People educated at the Arts Educational Schools Category:English dancers Category:English female singers Category:English-language singers Category:English musical theatre actors Category:English rock singers Category:English singer-songwriters Category:English sopranos Category:English stage actors Category:Female rock singers Category:French-language singers Category:German-language singers Category:Italian-language singers Category:Opera crossover singers Category:People from Berkhamsted Category:Spanish-language singers Category:People educated at Tring Park School for the Performing Arts

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