company name	British Aerospace plc
company logo
fate	Merged with Marconi Electronic Systems
foundation	29 April 1977
defunct	30 November 1999
subsid	Rover Group (1988-1994)
location	Farnborough, England
successor	BAE Systems
homepage	bae.co.uk }}

British Aerospace plc (BAe) was a UK aircraft, munitions and defence-systems manufacturer. Its head office was in the Warwick House in the Farnborough Aerospace Centre in Farnborough, Hampshire. In 1999 it purchased Marconi Electronic Systems, the defence electronics and naval shipbuilding subsidiary of the General Electric Company plc, to form BAE Systems.

History

{{infobox uk legislation mini |short title

British Aerospace Act 1980 |parliamentParliament of the United Kingdom |long_titleAn Act to provide for the vesting of all the property, rights, liabilities and obligations of British Aerospace in a company nominated by the Secretary of State and the subsequent dissolution of British Aerospace; and to make provision with respect to the finances of that company. |statute_book_chapter1980 c. 26 |introduced_byunknown |territorial_extentEngland and Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland |royal_assent1 May 1980 |commencement1 May 1980 |repeal_date |amendments— |related_legislationAircraft and Shipbuilding Industries Act 1977 |repealing_legislation |statusCurrent |original_text |activeTextDocId1259632 |legislation_history }}

The company was formed in the United Kingdom as a statutory corporation on 29 April 1977 as a result of the Aircraft and Shipbuilding Industries Act. This called for the nationalisation and merger of the British Aircraft Corporation, Hawker Siddeley Aviation, Hawker Siddeley Dynamics and Scottish Aviation. In 1979 BAe officially joined Airbus, the UK having previously withdrawn support for the consortium in April 1969.

In accordance with the provisions of the British Aerospace Act 1980 the statutory corporation was changed to a Public limited company (plc), British Aerospace Public Limited Company, on 1 January 1981. On 4 February 1981 the government sold 51.57% of its shares. The British government sold its remaining shares in 1985, maintaining a £1 Golden Share which allows it veto foreign control of the board or company.

On 26 September 1985, the UK and Saudi Arabian governments signed the Al Yamamah contract, with BAe as prime contractor. The contracts, extended in the 1990s and never fully detailed, involved the supply of Panavia Tornado strike and air defence aircraft, Hawk trainer jets, Rapier missile systems, infrastructure works and naval vessels. The Al Yamamah deals are valued at anything up to £20 billion and still continue to provide a large percentage of BAE Systems' profits. With Alenia Aeronautica, CASA and DASA, BAe formed Eurofighter GmbH in 1986 for the development of the Eurofighter Typhoon. On 22 April 1987 BAe acquired Royal Ordnance, the British armaments manufacturer, for £190 million. Heckler & Koch GmbH was folded into this division when BAe acquired it in 1991. In 1988 BAe purchased the Rover Group which was being privatised by the British government.

In 1991 BAe acquired a 30% interest acquired in Hutchison Telecommunications and formed a naval systems joint venture, BAeSEMA, with the Sema Group. BAe acquired Sema's 50% share in 1998. 1991 also saw BAe begin to experience major difficulties. BAe saw its share price fall below 100p for the first time. On 9 September 1991, the company issued a profits warning and later that week "bungled" the launch of a £432 million rights issue. On 25 September 1991 BAe directors led by CEO Richard Evans ousted the Chairman Professor Sir Roland Smith in a move described by ''The Independent'' as "one of the most spectacular and brutal boardroom coups witnessed in many years." Evans described the troubles as a confluence of events:

"our property company [Arlington Securities] was hit with a lousy market. Sales of the Rover Group sank by about a fifth and losses mounted. The government's defence spending volumes underwent a major review. Losses in our commercial aerospace division increased dramatically with the recession in the airline industry."

In 1992 BAe formed Avro RJ Regional Jets to produce the Avro RJ series, an evolution of the BAe 146. In mid-1992 BAe wrote off £1 billion of assets, largely as part of redundancies and restructuring of its regional aircraft division. This was largest asset write-off in UK corporate history. It is interesting to note that The General Electric Company (GEC), later to sell its defence interests to BAe, came close to acquiring BAe at this time. BAe cut 47% of its workforce (60,000 out of 127,000), 40,000 of which were from the regional aircraft division.

Evans decided to sell non-core businesses (these "non-core" activities included The Rover Group, Arlington Securities, BAe Corporate Jets, BAe Communications and Ballast Nedam). Although the rationale of diversification was sound (to shield the company from cyclical aerospace and defence markets) the struggling company could not afford to continue the position: "We simply could not afford to carry two core businesses, cars and aerospace. At one point Rover was eating up about £2 billion of our banking capacity." BAe Corporate Jets Ltd and Arkansas Aerospace Inc were sold to Raytheon in 1993. In 1994 the Rover Group was sold to BMW and British Aerospace Space Systems was sold to Matra Marconi Space. In 1998 BAe's shareholding of Orange plc was reduced to 5%. The Orange shareholding was a legacy of the 30% stake in Hutchison Telecommunications (UK) Ltd when Hutchison exchanged its own shares for a mobile phone company (Microtel Communications Ltd) from BAe.

BAeSEMA, Siemens Plessey and GEC-Marconi formed UKAMS Ltd in 1994 as part of the Principal Anti-Air Missile System (PAAMS) consortium. UKAMS would become a wholly owned subsidiary of BAe Dynamics in 1998. In 1995 Saab Military Aircraft and BAe signed an agreement for the joint development and marketing of the export version of the JAS 39 Gripen. In 1996 BAe and Matra Defense agreed to merge their missile businesses into a joint venture called Matra BAe Dynamics. In 1997 BAe joined the Lockheed Martin X-35 Joint Strike Fighter team. The company acquired the UK operations of Siemens Plessey Systems (SPS) in 1998 from Siemens AG. DASA purchased SPS' German assets.

Transition to BAE Systems

Defence consolidation became a major issue in 1998, with numerous reports linking various European defence groups — mainly with each other but also with American defence contractors. It was widely anticipated that BAe would merge with Germany’s DASA to form a pan-European aerospace giant. A merger deal was negotiated between Richard Evans and DASA CEO Jürgen Schrempp. However when it became clear that GEC was selling its defence electronics business Marconi Electronic Systems, Evans put the DASA merger on hold in favour of purchasing Marconi. Evans stated that in 2004 that his fear was that an American defence contractor would acquire Marconi and challenge both BAe and DASA. Schrempp was angered by Evans' actions and chose instead to merge DASA with Aerospatiale to create the European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company (EADS). This group was joined by Spain’s CASA following an agreement in December 1999.

The GEC merger to create a UK company compared to what would have been an Anglo-German firm, made the possibility of further penetration of the United States (US) defence market more likely. The company, initially called "New British Aerospace", was officially formed on 30 November 1999 and known as BAE Systems.

Products

BAe was the UK's largest exporter, a Competition Commission report gives a ten-year aggregate figure of £45 billion, with defence sales accounting for approximately 80%.

Aircraft

Airbus A300

Airbus A310

Airbus A320 family

Airbus A330

Airbus A340

Airbus Beluga

Avion de Transport Supersonique Futur

BAe 125

BAe 146

BAe ATP

British Aerospace EAP

BAE Harrier II

BAe Hawk

BAe Hawker 800

BAe Jetstream 41

BAe Sea Harrier

BAe / Aerospatiale Concorde

BAe / Avro 748

BAe / Avro Vulcan

BAe / BAC Strikemaster

BAe / Blackburn Buccaneer

BAe / English Electric Canberra

BAe / English Electric Lightning

BAe / Handley Page Jetstream

BAe / Handley Page Victor

BAe / Hawker Hunter

BAe / Hawker Siddeley Harrier

* Harrier Jump Jet

BAe / Hawker Siddeley Nimrod

BAe / Hawker Siddeley Trident

BAe / Hunting Jet Provost

McDonnell Douglas / BAe AV-8B Harrier II

McDonnell Douglas / BAe T-45 Goshawk

BAe / Saab JAS 39 Gripen

BAe / Scottish Aviation Bulldog

BAe / Vickers VC10

Eurofighter Typhoon

Panavia Tornado

Panavia Tornado ADV

Sepecat Jaguar

Missiles

BAC/BAe Rapier missile

Hawker Siddeley Dynamics Sea Dart missile

BAe Sea Eagle

BAe Sea Skua

BAe Sea Wolf missile

BAe Skyflash

Principal Anti Air Missile System (PAAMS)

Royal Aircraft Establishment Skylark sounding rocket

S225XR

Unmanned Air Vehicles

BAe Flybac

BAE Systems Phoenix

BAE SkyEye

BAe Stabileye

Space hardware

Giotto probe

HOTOL

Skynet (satellites)

Church spires

Church Army Chapel, Blackheath 1965

Security Systems

CONDOR CONtraband DetectOR

Vehicle Cargo X-Ray Systems

Criticisms

There have been numerous allegations that the Al Yamamah contracts were a result of bribes ("douceurs") to members of the Saudi royal family and government officials. Some allegations suggested that the former Prime Minister's son Mark Thatcher may have been involved, however he has strongly denied receiving payments or exploiting his mother's connections in his business dealings. The UK National Audit Office investigated the contracts and has so far never released its conclusions - the only NAO report ever to be withheld. The BBC's ''Newsnight'' observed that it is ironic that the once classified report analysing the construction of MI5's Thames House and MI6's Vauxhall Cross headquarters has been released, but the Al Yamamah report is still deemed too sensitive.

The 2007 documentary film Welcome Aboard Toxic Airlines contained evidence that vital data was withheld from a 1999-2000 Australian Senate Inqury into the health and flight safety issues relating to oil fumes on the BAe 146. The film also contains an Australian Senator speech about money being paid for silence by BAe on the fumes issues relating to the BAe 146.

See also

Aerospace industry in the United Kingdom

Hawker Siddeley Company

Rover Group

References

External links

British Aerospace (Archive)

Category:Companies established in 1977 Category:Defence companies of the United Kingdom Category:Defunct aircraft manufacturers of the United Kingdom Category:Defunct companies of the United Kingdom Category:Companies formerly listed on the London Stock Exchange Category:Former nationalised industries of the United Kingdom Category:Aerospace companies of the United Kingdom Category:British space programme Category:1977 establishments in the United Kingdom

de:British Aerospace es:British Aerospace id:British Aerospace it:British Aerospace nl:British Aerospace ja:ブリティッシュ・エアロスペース pt:British Aerospace ru:British Aerospace scn:British Aerospace fi:British Aerospace sv:British Aerospace zh:英國宇航

{|

{{infobox aircraft begin |name	BAe 146 / Avro RJ |imageImage:Buzz BAE 146-300.jpg |captionBuzz BAe 146-300 }}

{{infobox aircraft type |type	Airliner |manufacturersBritish AerospaceBAE Systems |designer |first flight3 September 1981 |introducedMay 1983 |retired |statusActive service |primary userBrussels Airlines |more usersCityJetLufthansa CityLineSwiss Air Lines |produced1978-2001 |number built387 (Avro RJ: 166; BAe 146: 221) |unit cost |variants with their own articles }}

|}

The British Aerospace 146 (also BAe 146) is a medium-sized commercial airliner formerly manufactured in the United Kingdom by British Aerospace, later part of BAE Systems. Production ran from 1983 until 2002. Manufacture of an improved version known as the Avro RJ began in 1992. A further-improved version with new engines, the Avro RJX, was announced in 1997, but only two prototypes and one production aircraft were built before production ceased in late 2001. With 387 aircraft produced, the Avro RJ/BAe 146 is the most successful British civil jet programme.

The BAe 146/Avro RJ is a high-wing cantilever monoplane with a T-tail. It has four turbofan jet engines mounted on pylons underneath the wings, and has retractable tricycle landing gear. The aircraft has very quiet operation, and has been marketed under the name Whisperjet. It sees wide usage at small city-based airports. In its primary role it serves as a regional jet, short-haul airliner or regional airliner. The BAe 146/Avro RJ is in wide use among European airlines, such as Brussels Airlines, CityJet, Swiss International Air Lines and Lufthansa. The freight-carrying version has the designation "QT" (Quiet Trader), while a convertible version is designated "QC".

The BAe 146 comes in -100, -200 and -300 models. The equivalent Avro RJ versions are designated RJ70, RJ85, and RJ100.

Development

Hawker Siddeley carried out the original design in 1973 using the designation HS.146, but soon abandoned the project as a result of the world economic downturn resulting from the 1973 oil crisis. Low-key development proceeded, however, and in 1978 British Aerospace, Hawker Siddeley's corporate successor, re-launched the project. The 146 type number comes from the original de Havilland designation sequence, which was continued by Hawker Siddeley when the former became a subsidiary of the latter. The type name "Avro RJ" superseded "BAe 146" in 1993.

The BAe 146 received its Certificate of Airworthiness on 8 February 1983.

Production

The early aircraft were built at what was originally a de Havilland factory at Hatfield. The Avro RJ family of aircraft was assembled at the BAE Systems Regional Aircraft Centre at the Avro Airfield at Woodford in Greater Manchester, England. Production of various sections of the aircraft was carried out at different BAE plants. The rear fuselage section was manufactured at BAE Systems' former Avro site at Chadderton, near Oldham, Greater Manchester. The center fuselage section was manufactured at the Filton BAE site. The fin came from Brough and the engine pylons were made at Prestwick. The nose section was manufactured at Hatfield, where the assembly line for the early aircraft was located. Some manufacturing was subcontracted outside the UK. The wings were made by Textron in the USA and the tailplane and control surfaces were made by Saab-Scania in Sweden. The original Lycoming ALF 502 geared turbofan engines were replaced by the higher thrust, derivative Honeywell LF 507 geared turbofan engines with the development of the Avro RJ series, which were housed in redesigned nacelles. The Avro RJ series also had a slightly modernised cockpit. Production of this aircraft has ended, with the final four aircraft being delivered in October–November 2003. 166 Avro RJ aircraft were delivered between 1993 and 2002.

The aircraft have proven to be useful on "high density" regional and short-haul routes. In economy class, the aircraft can either be configured in a standard five-abreast layout or a high-density 6-abreast layout, making it one of very few regional jets that can use a 6-abreast layout in economy class. The plane is also renowned for its relatively quiet operation, a positive feature which won the hearts of many operators who wanted to fly in and out of noise stringent airports within cities. The aircraft is one of only a few types that can be used on flights to London City Airport, which has a unique steep approach and a short runway.

Problems

The ALF 502 turbofans suffered from some reliability problems. The internal electronics were prone to overheating, which could trigger an automatic shutdown of an engine with no option of in-flight restarting, and certain rare atmospheric conditions caused loss of engine thrust due to internal icing.

The BAe 146 experienced aerotoxic syndrome due to leakage of tricresyl phosphate (TCP) into the plane's bleed air. This has been blamed on problems with leaking engine seals. Neurotoxic fumes have been known to incapacitate pilots.

Variants

BAe 146-100, Avro RJ70 & BAe 146 Statesman

First flight of the -100 occurred on 3 September 1981, with deliveries commencing in 1983. The launch customer in March 1983 was Dan-Air, soon followed by the RAF's Royal Flight. The -100 was the last of the 146 series designs to be developed into the Avro RJ standard with first deliveries of the Avro RJ70 in late 1993. The RJ70 differed from the 146-100 in having FADEC LF 507 engines and digital avionics. The RJ70 seats 70 passengers five abreast, 82 six abreast or 94 in high-density configuration. The 146 is the first jet aircraft operated by the British Queen's Flight (later 32 (The Royal) Squadron), and entered service in 1986 after two aircraft were leased by the Royal Air Force for evaluation. The Queen's Flight acquired a total of three 146s, all fitted out with a luxurious bespoke interior. A complete spare interior was also ordered and held in storage at RAF Stafford. The aircraft are operated in a VIP configuration with a capacity of 19 passengers and 6 crew. The BAe 146-100QC is the convertible passenger/freight version and the BAe 146-100QT (Quiet Trader) is the freighter version.

BAe 146-200 and Avro RJ85

The 146-200 features a 2.41 m (7 ft 11 in) fuselage extension and reduced cost per seat mile. The -200 first flew in August 1982 and entered service six months later. The RJ85, the first RJ development of the BAe 146 family, features an improved cabin and the more efficient LF 507 engines. Deliveries of the RJ85 began in April 1993. The RJ85 seats up to 112 passengers. The BAe 146-200QC is the convertible passenger/freight version and the BAe 146-200QT (Quiet Trader) is the freighter version.

BAe 146-300 and Avro RJ100

Designers' initial proposals for the -300, the final development of the 146 product line, included a 3.2 m extension to the fuselage of the -200, more powerful engines and winglets. However due to the requirements of airlines for higher efficiency rather than capacity the production 146-300 emerged as a 2.44 m stretch of the -200, without winglets or the proposed ALF 502R-7. Deliveries began in December 1988. The Avro version of the 146-300, the second such development of the 146 product line, became the RJ100. It shared the fuselage of the 146 version, but with interior, engine and avionics improvements. The most common configuration in the RJ100 seats 100 passengers. The RJ115 seats 116 as standard or up to a maximum of 128 in a high-density layout. A modified version 146-301 is used as a Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements (FAAM). The BAe 146-300QC is the convertible passenger/freight version and the BAe 146-300QT (Quiet Trader) is the freighter version.

BAe 146STA

Throughout the production life of the BAe 146, British Aerospace proposed a number of specialist military versions, including side and rear loading transports, an airborne tanker version, and a carrier onboard delivery version.

Of these proposals, only one, the BAe 146STA (Sideloading Tactical Airlifter), based on the BAe 146QT cargo aircraft, and with the same cargo door on the left side of the rear fuselage was built. The military transport version has a refuelling probe protruding from the nose. A demonstrator, fitted with a dummy refuelling probe and an air-openable paratroop door was displayed at the 1989 Paris Air Show and carried out extensive demonstration tours, but no orders resulted.

BAe 146M

In 2009, BAE Systems announced the BAe 146M programme. This aims to sell ex-civilian BAe 146-200 and -300 aircraft to military air arms in either passenger or freighter configuration.

Avro RJX series

The RJX-70, RJX-85 and RJX-100 aircraft represented advanced variants of the Avro RJ Series. The RJX series used Honeywell AS977 turbofans for greater efficiency (15% less fuel-burn, 17% increased range), quieter performance and 20% lower maintenance costs. Drukair of Bhutan placed orders for two RJX-85s, while British European placed firm orders for 12 RJX-100s and 8 options. However, BAE Systems terminated the project in December 2001, having completed and flown only three aircraft - a prototype each of the RJX-85 and RJX-100, and a production RJX-100 for British European. BAE reached an agreement with Druk Air and British European in early 2002 in which the airlines agreed not to enforce their firm orders for the RJX. BAE explored the possibility of manufacturing 14 "hybrid" aircraft, however British European at least was unwilling to accept the risk of operating a unique type.

The termination of the RJX project marked the end of complete commercial airliner production in the United Kingdom, though various components for Airbus aircraft continue to be produced there.

Operators

Civilian operators

;BAe 146: As of August 2008, a total of 140 BAE 146 aircraft (all variants) remain in airline service. Major operators include:

;

Albanian Airlines (3)

Belle Air (1)

;

Cobham Aviation Services Australia (14)

;

TNT Airways (16)

;

TAM (4)

; Air Botswana (1) ;

TABA (2)

;

Bulgaria Air (8)

;

Aerovías DAP (1)

;:

China Eastern Airlines (3)

;

WDL Aviation (5)

;

Astra Airlines (2)

;

Starbow Airlines (2)

;

MDLR Airlines (3)

;

Aviastar Mandiri

Penas Air

Riau Airlines (2)

;

Mahan Air (2)

Taban Air (2)

;

CityJet (12)

Nex Aviation (1)

; Heritage Air ;

efly (1)

;

Vincent Aviation (1)

Air National - Former operator, ceased flight operations in 2010.

Ansett New Zealand - Former operator, ceased operations in 2001.

Mount Cook Airlines - Former operator.

;

Líneas Aéreas Paraguayas (1 BAe 146-300)

Regional Paraguaya (1 BAe 146-200)

;

Asian Spirit (4)

; Star Peru (6) ;

Carpatair (1)

Romavia (2)

;

Airlink (4)

;

Directflight (operated on behalf of the Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements) (1).

Some 17 other airlines also operate smaller numbers of the type.

;Avro RJ: As of August 2006, a total of 152 Avro RJ aircraft (all variants) also remain in airline service. Major operators include:

;

Brussels Airlines (25)

;

Bulgaria Air (1)

;

Atlantic Airways (4)

;

Blue1 (9)

;

Lufthansa CityLine (18)

;

Aegean Airlines (6)

;

MDLR Airlines (2)

;

Pelita Air Service

;

CityJet (23)

;

Eznis Airways (2)

;

Airlink (1)

;

Malmö Aviation (12)

Transwede Airways (6)

;

Swiss European Air Lines (20)

;

BA CityFlyer (2)

British Airways

Flybe

Titan Airways

;

Uzbekistan Airways (3)

Some 12 other airlines also operate smaller numbers of the type.

Military operators

;

Royal Bahraini Air Force

; Bolivian Air Force ; Libyan Republic

Free Libyan Air Force

;

Military of Mali

;

Royal Saudi Air Force

;

Royal Air Force

* No. 32 (The Royal) Squadron RAF

;

Nepalese Army Air Service

Notable incidents

The BAe-146/Avro RJ has been involved in seven hull-loss accidents with a total of 259 fatalities.

On 7 December 1987, a Pacific Southwest Airlines Flight 1771 BAe 146-200 (registration N350PS) crashed after a disgruntled former USAir employee aimed a .44 Magnum pistol and fired several shots in or near the cockpit area, causing the aircraft to enter a steep nosedive. All of the 43 passengers and crew members on board were killed. At the time airline employees were allowed to bypass security checkpoints. On 20 February 1991, a chartered LAN Chile BAe 146-200A (registration CC-CET) overran runway 8 while landing at Puerto Williams Airport (WPU), Chile, killing 20 of the 73 people on board. On 22 March 1992, an Ansett Airlines BAe 146-200A (registration VH-JJP) experienced a failure of all four engines (a condition known as an uncommanded rollback) and the electrical system at night while en-route from Karratha to Perth, Western Australia at FL310 in icing conditions. The aircraft landed safely at Meekatharra following restart of the engines at lower altitude. On 23 July 1993, a China Northwest Flight 2119 BAe 146-300 (registration B-2716) crashed while attempting to take off from Yinchuan Airport (INC), People's Republic of China. 55 of the 113 passengers and crew were killed. On 25 September 1998, a PauknAir Flight 4101 BAe 146-100 (registration EC-GEO) crashed while on an approach to runway 15 at Melilla Airport (MLN/GEML), Spain. All of the 38 passengers and crew were killed. On 24 November 2001, Crossair Flight 3597 Avro RJ-100 (registration HB-IXM) crashed while on a VOR/DME approach to runway 28 at Zürich-Kloten Airport (ZRH/LSZH), Switzerland. 24 of the 33 passengers and crew were killed. On 8 January 2003, Turkish Airlines Flight 634, an Avro RJ-100 (registration TC-THG) crashed while on a VOR/DME approach to runway 34 at Diyarbakir Airport (DIY/LTCC), Turkey. 75 of the 80 passengers and crew were killed. On 10 October 2006, a Atlantic Airways Flight 670 BAe 146-200A (registration OY-CRG) skidded off the runway while landing at Stord Airport, Norway. The spoilers did not deploy when the aircraft landed. 3 passengers and 1 crew member were killed, of the 16 persons on board. On 13 February 2009, a BA CityFlyer Flight 8456 Avro RJ-100 (Registration G-BXAR) suffered a nosewheel collapse whilst landing at London City Airport. Four minor injuries were reported.

On 9 April 2009, a BAe 146-300 belonging to Aviastar Mandiri, an Indonesian charter operator, crashed into the side of Pike Mountain, Wamena and burst into flames killing all six crew after being ordered by the air traffic controller to abort the initial landing attempt.

Specifications (BAe 146-200)

See also

References

External links

Manufacturer website – BAe 146 – Avro RJ

Smiliner 146 family information page

Aerospace-Technology – Avro RJ – Avro RJX

"Jumbolino-Flug abgebrochen"

THE BAE 146 at Greg Goebel's AIR VECTORS

Airliners net British Aerospace BAe 146

Category:British airliners 1980-1989 146

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