This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
She first recorded vaudeville songs for Okeh Records in New York in 1923, with pianist Henry Callens. Later that year she recorded "Pawn Shop Blues" in Atlanta, which was the first time a black blues singer had been recorded outside New York or Chicago. In 1927 she began recording for Paramount Records in Chicago, where she recorded her first big success, "Sweet Petunia", which was covered by Blind Blake. She also recorded for Brunswick Records, backed by Tampa Red and Cow Cow Davenport.
By 1930 her recordings had begun to concentrate on drinking and sex, with songs such as "Sloppy Drunk Blues" (covered by Leroy Carr and others) and "Tricks Ain't Walkin' No More" (later recorded by Memphis Minnie). She also recorded the original version of "Black Angel Blues", which (as "Sweet Little Angel") was covered by B.B. King and many others. Trained in the rowdier juke joints of the 1920s, many of Bogan's songs, most of which she wrote herself, have thinly-veiled humorous sexual references. The theme of prostitution, in particular, features prominently in several of her recordings.
In 1933 she returned to New York, and, apparently to conceal her identity, began recording as Bessie Jackson for the Banner (ARC) label. She was usually accompanied on piano by Walter Roland, with whom she recorded over 100 songs between 1933 and 1935, including some of her biggest commercial successes including "Seaboard Blues", "Troubled Mind", and "Superstitious Blues".
Her other songs included "Stew Meat Blues", "Coffee Grindin' Blues", "My Georgia Grind", "Honeycomb Man", "Mr. Screw Worm In Trouble", and "Bo Hog Blues". Her final recordings with Roland and Josh White included two takes of "Shave 'Em Dry", recorded in New York on Tuesday March 5, 1935. The unexpurgated alternate take is notorious for its explicit sexual references, a unique record of the lyrics sung in after-hours adult clubs. Another of her songs, "B.D. Woman's Blues", takes the position of a "bull dyke" ("B.D."), with the line ''"Comin' a time, B.D. women, they ain't gonna need no men" "They got a head like a sweet angel and they walk just like a natural man." "They can lay their jive just like a natural man."''.
She appears not to have recorded after 1935, and spent some time managing her son's jazz group, Bogan's Birmingham Busters, before moving to Los Angeles shortly before her death from coronary sclerosis in 1948.
Category:1897 births Category:1948 deaths Category:Classic female blues singers Category:African American musicians Category:American blues singers Category:American female singers Category:Dirty blues musicians
de:Lucille Bogan sv:Lucille BoganThis text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
Coordinates | 38°37′38″N90°11′52″N |
---|---|
name | Morihei Ueshiba |
native name | 植芝 盛平 ''Ueshiba Morihei'' |
native lang | jp |
birth date | December 14, 1883 |
birth place | Tanabe, Wakayama, Japan |
death date | April 26, 1969 |
death place | Iwama, Ibaraki, Japan |
death cause | of hepatocellular carcinoma |
nationality | Japanese |
martial art | Founder of Aikido }} |
was a famous martial artist and founder of the Japanese martial art of aikido. He is often referred to as "the founder" or , "Great Teacher".
The only son of Yoroku and Yuki Ueshiba's five children, Morihei was raised in a somewhat privileged setting. His father was a rich landowner who also traded in lumber and fishing and was politically active. Ueshiba was a rather weak, sickly child and bookish in his inclinations. At a young age his father encouraged him to take up sumo wrestling and swimming and entertained him with stories of his great-grandfather Kichiemon who was considered a very strong samurai in his era. The need for such strength was further emphasized when the young Ueshiba witnessed his father being attacked by followers of a competing politician.
Ueshiba is known to have studied several martial arts in his life but he did not train extensively in most and even his training in Yagyū Shingan-ryū was sporadic due to his military service in those years. Records show that he trained in Tenjin Shin'yō-ryū jujutsu under Tozawa Tokusaburō for a short period in 1901 in Tokyo; Gotō-ha Yagyū Shingan-ryū under Nakai Masakatsu from 1903 to 1908 in Sakai, and judo under Kiyoichi Takagi 1911 in Tanabe. However, it was only after moving to the northern island of Hokkaidō in 1912 with his wife, as part of a settlement effort, that his martial art training took on real depth. For it was here that he began his study of Daitō-ryū aiki-jūjutsu under its reviver Takeda Sokaku. He characterized his early training thus:
The basic techniques of aikido seem to have their basis in teachings from various points in the Daitō-ryū curriculum. A source of confusion is the different names used for these techniques in aikido and in the Daitō-ryū system. In part this is because Takeda Tokimune added much of the nomenclature after the period in which Ueshiba studied. In addition the names ''ikkajo'', ''nikkajo'', ''sankajo'' used in both Daitō-ryū and the early years of aikido, latter supplanted by terms such as ''ikkyo'', ''nikkyo'', ''sankyo'', were really generic names translating to "first teaching", "second teaching", and so on. In Daitō-ryū these usually refer to groupings of techniques while in aikido they usually refer to specific techniques and joint manipulations.
The early form of training under Ueshiba was characterized by the ample use of strikes to vital points (''atemi''), a larger total curriculum, a greater use of weapons, and a more linear approach to technique than would be found in later forms of aikido. These methods are preserved in the teachings of his early students Kenji Tomiki (who founded the Shodokan Aikido sometimes called Tomiki-ryū), Noriaki Inoue (who founded Shin'ei Taidō), Minoru Mochizuki (who founded Yoseikan Budo), Gozo Shioda (who founded Yoshinkan Aikido) and Morihiro Saito (who preserved his early form of aikido under the Aikikai umbrella sometimes referred to as Iwama-ryū). Many of these styles are considered "pre-war styles", although some of the teachers continued to have contact and influence from Ueshiba in the years after the Second World War.
Later, as Ueshiba seemed to slowly grow away from Takeda, he began to implement more changes into the art. These changes are reflected in the differing names with which he referred to his art, first as ''aiki-jūjutsu'', then Ueshiba-ryū, Asahi-ryū, ''aiki budō'', and finally aikido.
As Ueshiba grew older, more skilled, and more spiritual in his outlook, his art also changed and became softer and more circular. Striking techniques became less important and the formal curriculum became simpler. In his own expression of the art there was a greater emphasis on what is referred to as ''kokyū-nage'', or "breath throws" which are soft and blending, utilizing the opponent's movement in order to throw them. Many of these techniques are rooted in the ''aiki-no-jutsu'' portions of the Daitō-ryū curriculum rather than the more direct jujutsu style joint-locking techniques.
The real birth of Aikido came as the result of three instances of spiritual awakening that Ueshiba experienced. The first happened in 1925, after Ueshiba had defeated a naval officer's ''bokken'' (wooden katana) attacks unarmed and without hurting the officer. Ueshiba then walked to his garden and had a spiritual awakening.
His second experience occurred in 1940 when,
"Around 2am as I was performing misogi, I suddenly forgot all the martial techniques I had ever learned. The techniques of my teachers appeared completely new. Now they were vehicles for the cultivation of life, knowledge, and virtue, not devices to throw people with."His third experience was in 1942 during the worst fighting of WWII, Ueshiba had a vision of the "Great Spirit of Peace".
"The Way of the Warrior has been misunderstood. It is not a means to kill and destroy others. Those who seek to compete and better one another are making a terrible mistake. To smash, injure, or destroy is the worst thing a human being can do. The real Way of a Warrior is to prevent such slaughter - it is the Art of Peace, the power of love."
In 1927, Ueshiba moved to Tokyo where he founded his first dojo, which still exists today under the name Aikikai Hombu Dojo. Between 1940 and 1942 he made several visits to Manchukuo (Japanese occupied Manchuria) to instruct his martial art. In 1942 he left Tokyo and moved to Iwama in the Ibaraki Prefecture where the term "aikido" was first used as a name for his art. Here he founded the Aiki Shuren Dojo, also known as the Iwama dojo. During all this time he traveled extensively in Japan, particularly in the Kansai region teaching his aikido.
In 1969, Morihei Ueshiba became ill. He died suddenly on April 26, 1969 of cancer. Two months later, his wife Hatsu (植芝 はつ; ''Ueshiba Hatsu'', née ''Itokawa Hatsu''; 1881–1969) died in turn. His son Kisshomaru Ueshiba carried forward.
To this day, Ōmoto-kyō priests oversee a ceremony in Ueshiba's honor every April 29 at the Aiki Shrine in Iwama.
Over the years, Ueshiba trained a large number of students, many of whom have grown into great teachers in their own right. Some of them were ''uchideshi'', or live-in students. There are roughly four generations of students. A partial list follows:
First (pre-war) generation(c.1921–c.1935) | Second (war) generation(c.1936–c.1945) | Third (post-war) generation(c.1946–c.1955) | Fourth (and last) generation(c.1956–c.1969) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
*Zenzaburo Akazawa (born 1920) since 1933 | *Masahiro Hashimoto (born 1910) since 1931 | *Takuma Hisa (1895–1980) since 1934 | *Yasuhiro Konishi (1893–1983) | *Noriaki Inoue (1902–1994) since c.1921, nephew of Morihei Ueshiba | *Ikkusai Iwata (born 1909) since 1930, 9th dan Aikikai | *Hisao Kamada (1911–1986) since 1929 | *Minoru Mochizuki (1907–2003) since 1930, 10th dan (received from the International Martial Arts Federation) | *Aritoshi Murashige (1895–1964) since 1931 | *Gozo Shioda (1915–1994) since 1932, founder of the Yoshinkan Aikido | *Rinjiro Shirata (1912–1993) since 1933, 9th dan | *Yoshio Sugino (1904–1998) since 1934, 10th dan IMAF, 10th dan Katori Shinto-ryu | *Isamu Takeshita (1869–1949) since c.1925 | *Kenji Tomiki (1900–1979) since 1926, was the first 8th dan awarded in aikido in 1942. | *Shigemi Yonekawa (1910–2005) since 1933 | *Tsutomu Yukawa (1911–1942) since 1931 | *Tadashi Abe (1926–1984) since 1942, 6th dan | *Minoru Hirai (1903–1998) since 1939, founder of the Korindo style. | *Kisaburo Osawa (1911–1991) since 1941, 9th dan | *Kanshū Sunadomari (1923-2010) since 1942, 9th dan | *Bansen Tanaka (1912–1988) since 1936, 9th dan | *Saburo Tenryū (1903–1989) since 1939, he was a famous sumo wrestler | *Koichi Tohei (1920-2011) since 1939, only 10th dan awarded by Ueshiba ''and'' approved by Aikikai | *Michio Hikitsuchi (1923–2004) since 1937, 10th dan (verbally awarded by Ueshiba), opened Shingu's Kumano Juku in 1951 (when he was 7th dan) | *Seiseki Abe (1915-2011) since 1952, 10th dan | *Sadateru Arikawa (1930–2003) since 1947, 9th dan | *Katsuaki Asai (born 1942) since 1955, 8th dan | *Hiroshi Kato (born 1935) since 1954, 8th dan | *Yasuo Kobayashi (born 1936) since 1954, 8th dan | *Reishin Kawai (1931–2010) since 1952, 8th dan | *Yoshio Kuroiwa (1932–2010) since 1954, 6th dan | *Mutsuro Nakazono (1918–1994) 7th dan | *Shoji Nishio (1927–2005) since 1951, 8th dan | *André Nocquet (1914–1999) since 1955, 8th dan, the first European ''uchideshi'' | *Masamichi Noro (born 1935) since 1955, 6th dan, founder of Kinomichi | *Morihiro Saito (1928–2002) since 1946, 9th dan | *Mitsugi Saotome (born 1937) since 1955 | *Hiroshi Tada (born 1929) since 1945, 9th dan | *Nobuyoshi Tamura (1933–2010) since 1953, 8th dan | *Seigo Yamaguchi (1924–1996) since 1951, 8th dan | *Nobuyuki Watanabe (born 1930) since 1958, 8th dan | *Kazuo Chiba (born 1940) since 1958, 8th dan | *Yasunari Kitaura (born 1937) since 1959, 8th dan, founder of Asociación Cultural de Aikido en España (ACAE) | *Terry Dobson (1938–1992) since 1960, 5th dan | *Seishiro Endo (born 1942) since 1964, 8th dan | *Robert Frager (born 1940) since 1964, 7th dan | *Gaku Homma (born 1950) founder of Nippon Kan (Aikido dojo) and was the last ''uchideshi'' Ueshiba trained before he died. | *Norihiko Ichihashi (1940–2001) since 1960, 8th dan | *Shizuo Imaizumi (born 1938) since 1959, 7th dan | *Mitsunari Kanai (1939–2004) since 1959, 8th dan | *Yutaka Kurita (born 1940) since 1959, 6th dan | *Koretoshi Maruyama (born 1936) since 1954, founder Aikido Yuishinkai International | *Shuji Maruyama (born 1940) since 1959, 6th dan, founder of Kokikai | *Seijuro Masuda (born 1936) since 1962, 8th dan | Robert Nadeau (aikido teacher)>Robert Nadeau (born 1937) since 1962, 7th dan | *Kenji Shimizu (born 1940) since 1963, 8th dan | *Roy Suenaka (born 1940) since 1961, 8th dan, founder Wadokai Aikido. | *Seiichi Sugano (1939–2010) since 1959, 8th dan | *Morito Suganuma (born 1942) since 1964, 8th dan | *Akira Tohei (1929–1999) since 1956, 8th dan | *Takeji Tomita (born 1942) since 1961, 7th dan | *Yoshimitsu Yamada (born 1938) since 1956, 8th dan | Hirokazu Kobayashi (aikidoka)>Hirokazu Kobayashi (1929–1998) Kobayashi aikido | *Henry Kono since 1964 |
As a young man, Ueshiba was renowned for his incredible physical strength. He would later lose much of this muscle, which some believe changed the way he performed aikido technique.
Ueshiba was said to be a simple but wise man, and a gifted farmer. In his later years, he was regarded as very kind and gentle as a rule, but there are also stories of terrifying scoldings delivered to his students. For instance, he once thoroughly chastised students for practicing ''jō'' (staff) strikes on trees without first covering them in protective padding. Another time, as students sneaked back into the dojo after a night of drinking and brawling, he smashed the first one through the door over the head with a ''bokken'' (wooden practice sword), and proceeded to scold them.
Morihei Ueshiba played the game of Go often. During one game with Sokaku Takeda, Takeda utilized the Goban as a weapon against a man he mistook for an assassin. The "assassin" was actually a friend of Ueshiba, and had arrived in a scarf due to bad weather. The scarf hid the man's identity, triggering Takeda's paranoia as, at the time, many people actually were trying to kill him.
Category:Aikido Category:Japanese aikidoka Category:Japanese educators Category:Martial arts school founders Category:1883 births Category:1969 deaths Category:Deists Category:Spiritualists Category:Japanese Shintoists Category:Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun Category:People from Wakayama Prefecture
ar:موريهاي أيوشيبا ast:Morihei Ueshiba az:Morihey Ueşiba bs:Morihej Uešiba bg:Морихей Уешиба ca:Morihei Ueshiba cs:Morihei Uešiba da:Morihei Ueshiba de:Morihei Ueshiba es:Morihei Ueshiba eo:Ueshiba Morihei fa:موریهه اوشیبا fr:Morihei Ueshiba got:𐌼𐍉𐍂𐌹𐌷𐌴𐌹 𐌿𐌴𐍃𐌹𐌱𐌰/Morihei Uesiba hy:Մորիհեյ Ուեսիբա hr:Morihej Uešiba id:Morihei Ueshiba it:Morihei Ueshiba he:מוריהי אואשיבה ka:მორიჰეი უეშიბა hu:Uesiba Morihei mn:Үэшиба Морихэй nl:Morihei Ueshiba ja:植芝盛平 no:Morihei Ueshiba nn:Morihei Ueshiba pl:Morihei Ueshiba pt:Morihei Ueshiba ro:Morihei Ueshiba ru:Уэсиба, Морихэй sq:Morihei Ueshiba sk:Morihei Uešiba sl:Morihei Ueshiba fi:Morihei Ueshiba sv:Morihei Ueshiba tr:Morihei Ueshiba uk:Уесіба Моріхей vi:Ueshiba Morihei zh:植芝盛平This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
Coordinates | 38°37′38″N90°11′52″N |
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name | Tazio Nuvolari |
birth date | November 16, 1892 |
birth place | Castel d'Ario, Italy |
death date | August 11, 1953 |
death place | Mantua, Italy |
occupation | Racing driver |
spouse | |
parents | Arturo NuvolariElisa Zorzi |
children | Giorgio NuvolariAlberto Nuvolari }} |
Tazio Giorgio Nuvolari (16 November 1892 – 11 August 1953) was an Italian motorcycle and racecar driver, known as ''Il Mantovano Volante'' (''The Flying Mantuan'') or ''Nivola''. He was the 1932 European Champion in Grand Prix motor racing. Dr Ferdinand Porsche called Nuvolari "''The greatest driver of the past, the present, and the future.''".
Tazio Nuvolari started out in motorcycle racing in 1920 at the age of 27. In 1925 he captured the 350cc European Championship. From then until the end of 1930, he competed both in motorcycle racing and in automobile racing. For 1931, he decided to concentrate fully on racing cars and agreed to race for Alfa Romeo's factory team, Alfa Corse. In 1932 he took two wins and a second place in the three European Championship Grands Prix, winning him the title. He won four other Grands Prix including a second Targa Florio and the Monaco Grand Prix.
After Alfa Romeo officially left Grand Prix racing, Nuvolari stayed on with Scuderia Ferrari who ran the Alfa Romeo cars semi-officially. During 1933, Nuvolari left the team for Maserati after becoming frustrated with the Alfa Romeo's performance. At the end of 1934, Maserati pulled out of Grand Prix racing and Nuvolari returned to Ferrari, who were reluctant to take him back, but were persuaded by Mussolini, the Italian prime minister.
The relationship with Ferrari turned sour during 1937, and Nuvolari raced an Auto Union as a one-off in the Swiss Grand Prix that year before agreeing to race for them for the 1938 season. Nuvolari remained at Auto Union until Grand Prix racing was put on hiatus by World War II. The only major European Grand Prix he never won was the Czechoslovakian Grand Prix. Upon his return to racing after the war, he was 54 and suffering from ill health. His final race, in 1950, saw him finish first in class and fifth overall. He died in 1953 from a stroke.
Nuvolari was married to Carolina Perina, and together they had two children: Giorgio (born 4 September 1918), who died in 1937 aged 19 from myocarditis, and Alberto, who died in 1946 aged 18 from nephritis.
In 1925, Nuvolari became the 350 cc European Motorcycling champion by winning the European Grand Prix. At the time, the European Grand Prix was considered the most important race of the motorcycling season and the winners in each category were designated ''European Champions''. Nuvolari also won the Nations Grand Prix four times between 1925 and 1928 and the Lario Circuit race five times between 1925 and 1929, all in the 350 cc class and each time on a Bianchi motorcycle.
It was also in 1925 that Nuvolari was asked by Alfa Romeo to have a trial in their Grand Prix car. The car's gearbox seized and Nuvolari crashed, severely lacerating his back. Despite his injuries, he competed in the Nations Grand Prix at Monza six days later, winning the race after he had persuaded staff at the hospital to bandage him in a manner such that he could sit on his motorcycle and receive a push start.
1930 In 1930, Nuvolari won his first RAC Tourist Trophy (he won one more time in 1933). According to a legend, when one of the drivers broke the window of a butchery, Nuvolari, when passing by it, drove on the pavement and tried to catch a ham. According to Sammy Davis who met him there, Nuvolari showed a great sense for dark humour and seemed to enjoy situations when everything went wrong. For example, he told Enzo Ferrari after he got a ticket for a journey home from the Sicilian Targa Florio "What a strange businessman you are. What if I am brought back in a coffin?" Nuvolari and his co-driver Battista Guidotti in Alfa Romeo 6C 1750 GS spider Zagato won the Mille Miglia, becoming the first to complete the race at an average speed of over . Due to starting after his team-mate Achille Varzi, he was leading the race despite still being behind Varzi on the road. In the dark of night Nuvolari tailed Varzi for tens of kilometres, riding at speed of with his headlights off, thereby being invisible in Varzi's rear-view mirrors; he then switched on his headlights before overtaking "the shocked" Varzi near the finish at Brescia.
1931
Towards the end of 1930, Nuvolari made a decision to stop racing motorcycles and to concentrate fully on car racing during 1931. The new season saw a change in the regulations which meant that Grand Prix races had to be at least 10 hours in duration. After drawing ninth place on the grid at the Italian Grand Prix, Nuvolari started the race in an Alfa Romeo shared with Baconin Borzacchini. However, the car had to retire with mechanical problems after 33 laps. Nuvolari then teamed up with Giuseppe Campari and the pair took the race win, although Nuvolari could not receive the championship points from it. Apart from a second place at the Belgian Grand Prix, the only other European Championship race, the French Grand Prix, resulted in a disappointing 11th place finish. Aside from the main European Championship Grands Prix, Nuvolari took victories in the Targa Florio and the Coppa Ciano.
1932
1932 saw a revision of the previous year's regulation change, with the race duration being reduced to between five and ten hours. The season was the only one in which Nuvolari regularly had one of the fastest cars, the Alfa Romeo P3. A consequence was that in the three European Championship Grands Prix, he took two wins and a second place - winning the championship by four points from Borzacchini. He took four other wins during the season, including the prestigious Monaco Grand Prix and a second Targa Florio. His mechanic Mabelli said about this race: "Before the start, Nuvolari told me to go down on the floor of the car every time he shouts, which was a signal that he went to a curve too fast and that we need to decrease the car´s center of mass. I spent the whole race on the floor. Nuvolari started to shout in the first curve and wouldn't stop until the last one."
On 28 April that year he was given a golden turtle badge by the famous Italian writer Gabriele d'Annunzio which symbolised the opposite of his speed. He wore the turtle ever since and it became his talisman and also his symbol.
1933
The 1933 season was the first year of a two year hiatus for the European Championship, and saw Alfa Romeo stop their official involvement in Grand Prix racing. They did not disappear altogether as they were represented by Enzo Ferrari's privateer effort. For economic reasons, the P3 was not passed on to Ferrari and they were forced to use the Monza, the predecessor of the P3. Maserati were their main opposition with a highly improved car.
Nuvolari is often reported as having been involved in a race-fixing scandal at the Tripoli Grand Prix. It is said he, along with Achille Varzi and Baconin Borzacchini, conspired to fix the race in order to profit from the Libyan state lottery. The lottery saw 30 tickets drawn before the race - one for each starter - and the holder of the ticket corresponding to the winning driver would win seven and a half million lire. However, this story is said by some to be a work of fiction by Alfred Neubauer, the team manager of Mercedes-Benz at the time and a well-known raconteur with a penchant for spicing up a story. Some of the facts in Neubauer's version do not hold true with documented records of events, which point to Nuvolari, Varzi and Borzacchini agreeing to pool the prize money should one of them win, as opposed to Neubauer's claims of race fixing.
Alfa Romeo announced that for the 24 Hours of Le Mans, Nuvolari would be competing in a team with Raymond Sommer. Sommer argued that he would be drive the majority of the race as he was more familiar with the circuit and Nuvolari would likely break the car. Nuvolari countered that he was a leading Grand Prix driver and Le Mans was a simple layout that would not trouble him, to which Sommer backed down and they agreed to divide the driving equally. The race itself saw Sommer and Nuvolari take a two lap lead before their fuel tank developed a hole, which was plugged by chewing gum whilst in the pits. Several more pit stops were necessary as the makeshift repair came undone several times during the race. Nuvolari drove from then until the end of the race, breaking the lap record nine times and winning the race by approximately 400 yards (366 m).
1934 At the start of 1934, Nuvolari entered the Monaco Grand Prix in a privately owned Bugatti. Having made it up to third place in the race, he suffered brake troubles and fell back to fifth at the finish, two laps behind the winner, Guy Moll. Whilst racing at Alessandria in the ''Circuito di Pietro Bordino'' race, Nuvolari crashed whilst avoiding Carlo Felice Trossi's stricken car. He broke a leg, but suffering from boredom in hospital, he decided to enter the AVUS-Rennen just over four weeks after his accident. His Maserati was specially modified so that he could use all three of its pedals with his left foot; his right was still in plaster. Troubled by cramp, Nuvolari finished fifth.
By the time of the Penya Rhin Grand Prix in late June, Nuvolari's leg was finally out of plaster, but was still causing him troubles as he battled pain until he retired his Maserati with technical problems.
In the Italian Grand Prix, Nuvolari debuted Maserati's new 6C-34 model. The car performed poorly and Nuvolari could only finish fifth, three laps behind the Mercedes-Benz of Rudolf Caracciola and Luigi Fagioli.
1935
For 1935, Nuvolari set his sights on a drive with the German Auto Union team. The team were lacking top-line drivers, but relented to pressure from Achille Varzi who did not want to be in the same teams as Nuvolari. Nuvolari then approached Enzo Ferrari, but was turned down as he had previously walked out on the team. However, Mussolini, the Italian prime minister, intervened and Ferrari backed down.
In this year, Nuvolari scored his most impressive victory, thought by many to be the greatest victory in car racing of all times, when at the German Grand Prix at the Nürburgring, driving an old Alfa Romeo P3 (3167 cc, compressor, 265 hp) versus the dominant, all conquering home team's cars of five Mercedes Benz W25 (3990 cm³, 8C, compressor, , driven by Caracciola, Fagioli, Hermann Lang, Manfred von Brauchitsch and Geyer) and four Auto Union Tipo B (4950 cc, 16C, compressor, , driven by Bernd Rosemeyer, Varzi, Hans Stuck and Paul Pietsch). This victory is known as "''The Impossible Victory''". The crowd of 300,000 applauded Nuvolari, but the representatives of the Third Reich were enraged.
1936
Nuvolari had a big accident in May during practice for the Tripoli Grand Prix and it is alleged that he broke some vertebrae. Despite a limp, he took part in the race the following day and finished eighth.
1937
At the beginning of 1937, Alfa Romeo took their works team back from Ferrari and entered it as part of the Alfa Corse team. Nuvolari stayed with Alfa Romeo despite becoming increasingly frustrated with the poor build quality of their racing cars.
At the Coppa Acerbo, Alfa Romeo's new 12C-37 car proved to be slow and unreliable. This frustrated Nuvolari, who handed his car over to Giuseppe Farina mid-race. Not wanting to leave Alfa Romeo, he drove an Auto Union in the Swiss Grand Prix as a one-off. After the Italian Grand Prix, Alfa Romeo withdrew from racing for the remainder of the season and dismissed Vittorio Jano, their chief designer.
1938
Although Nuvolari started 1938 as an Alfa Romeo driver, a split fuel tank in the first race of the season at Pau was enough for him to walk out on the team, critical of the poor workmanship that was exhibited. He announced his retirement from Grand Prix racing and took a holiday in America. At the same time, Auto Union were having to rely on inexperienced drivers. Following the Tripoli Grand Prix they contacted Nuvolari who, having been refreshed from his break, agreed to drive for them.
Nuvolari's last race was in 1950 at the Palermo-Montepellegrino hillclimb, in which he came first in his class and fifth overall.
Nuvolari has had four cars named after him - the Cisitalia 202 spider "Nuvolari", the Alfa Romeo Nuvola, the EAM Nuvolari S1, and the Audi Nuvolari Quattro.
Nuvolari was one of the early proponents (if not the inventor, according to Enzo Ferrari) of the four-wheel drift technique. The technique was later utilised by drivers such as Stirling Moss.
In 1976, Italian singer-songwriter Lucio Dalla wrote the song ''Nuvolari'' celebrating his myth. The song is still very famous in Italy, and it's part of Dalla's album ''Automobili'' (''Cars'').
An Italian pay-TV channel dedicated to motor sports is also named ''Nuvolari''.
{| |- | valign="top"|
! Year | ! Entrant | ! Make | ! 1 | ! 2 | ! 3 | ! 4 | ! 5 | ! EDC | ! Points |
! Alfa Corse | Alfa Romeo in motorsport>Alfa Romeo | bgcolor="#ffcfcf" | bgcolor="#dfffdf" | bgcolor="#dfdfdf" | ! 8 | ! 13 | |||
! Alfa Corse | Alfa Romeo in motorsport>Alfa Romeo | bgcolor="#ffffbf" | bgcolor="#ffffbf" | bgcolor="#dfdfdf" | |||||
! Scuderia Ferrari | Alfa Romeo in motorsport>Alfa Romeo | bgcolor="#ffffbf" | bgcolor="#dfffdf" | bgcolor="#cfcfff" | bgcolor="#efcfff" | ! 4 | ! 24 | ||
! Scuderia Ferrari | Alfa Romeo in motorsport>Alfa Romeo | bgcolor="#dfffdf" | bgcolor="#cfcfff" | bgcolor="#efcfff" | bgcolor="#dfdfdf" | ||||
rowspan=2 | ! Scuderia Ferrari | Alfa Romeo in motorsport>Alfa Romeo | bgcolor="#dfffdf" | bgcolor="#dfffdf" | 7= | 28 | |||
! Auto Union | ! Auto Union | bgcolor="#dfffdf" | |||||||
! Auto Union | ! Auto Union | bgcolor="#ffcfcf" | bgcolor="#dfffdf" | bgcolor="#ffffbf" | ! 5= | ! 20 | |||
! Auto Union | ! Auto Union | bgcolor="#dfffdf" | bgcolor="#ffcfcf" | bgcolor="#dfffdf" | bgcolor="#dfffdf" | ! 4= | ! 19 |
Category:1892 births Category:1953 deaths Category:People from the Province of Mantua Category:Italian motorcycle racers Category:International Motorsports Hall of Fame inductees Category:Italian racecar drivers Category:Grand Prix drivers Category:Mille Miglia drivers Category:Monaco Grand Prix winners Category:24 Hours of Le Mans drivers
bg:Тацио Нуволари cs:Tazio Nuvolari de:Tazio Nuvolari el:Τάτσιο Νουβολάρι es:Tazio Nuvolari fr:Tazio Nuvolari it:Tazio Nuvolari hu:Tazio Nuvolari nl:Tazio Nuvolari ja:タツィオ・ヌヴォラーリ no:Tazio Nuvolari pl:Tazio Nuvolari pt:Tazio Nuvolari ru:Нуволари, Тацио sl:Tazio Nuvolari fi:Tazio Nuvolari sv:Tazio NuvolariThis text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
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