Baking is the technique of prolonged cooking of food by dry heat acting by convection, and not by radiation, normally in an oven, but also in hot ashes, or on hot stones. It is primarily used for the preparation of bread, cakes, pastries and pies, tarts, quiches, cookies and crackers. Such items are sometimes referred to as "baked goods," and are sold at a bakery. A person who prepares baked goods as a profession is called a baker. It is also used for the preparation of baked potatoes, baked apples, baked beans, some casseroles and pasta dishes such as lasagna, and various other foods, such as the pretzel.

Many commercial ovens are provided with two heating elements: one for baking, using convection and conduction to heat the food, and one for broiling or grilling, heating mainly by radiation. Meat may also be baked, but this is usually reserved for meatloaf, smaller cuts of whole meats, and whole meats that contain stuffing or coating such as breadcrumbs or buttermilk batter; larger cuts prepared without stuffing or coating are more often roasted, a similar process, using higher temperatures and shorter cooking times. Baking can sometimes be combined with grilling to produce a hybrid barbecue variant, by using both methods simultaneously or one before the other, cooking twice. Baking is connected to barbecuing because the concept of the masonry oven is similar to that of a smoke pit.

The baking process does not require any fat to be used to cook in an oven. Some makers of snacks such as potato chips or crisps have produced baked versions of their snack items as an alternative to the usual cooking method of deep-frying in an attempt to reduce the calorie or fat content of their snack products.

Overview

The dry heat of baking changes the form of starches in the food and causes its outer surfaces to brown, giving it an attractive appearance and taste. The browning is caused by caramelization of sugars and the Maillard reaction. However, the moisture is never entirely "sealed in"; over time, an item being baked will become dry. This is often an advantage, especially in situations where drying is the desired outcome, like drying herbs or roasting certain types of vegetables. The most common baked item is bread. Variations in the ovens, ingredients and recipes used in the baking of bread result in the wide variety of breads produced around the world.

Some foods are surrounded with moisture during baking by placing a small amount of liquid (such as water or broth) in the bottom of a closed pan, and letting it steam up around the food, a method commonly known as braising or slow baking.

When baking, consideration must be given to the amount of fat that is contained in the food item. Higher levels of fat such as margarine, butter or vegetable shortening will cause an item to spread out during the baking process.

With the passage of time breads harden; they become stale. This is not primarily due to moisture being lost from the baked products, but more a reorganization of the way in which the water and starch are associated over time. This process is similar to recrystallization, and is promoted by storage at cool temperatures, such as in a domestic refrigerator.

History

In ancient history, the first evidence of baking occurred when humans took wild grass grains, soaked them in water, and mixed everything together, mashing it into a kind of broth-like paste. The paste was cooked by pouring it onto a flat, hot rock, resulting in a bread-like substance. Later, this paste was roasted on hot embers, which made bread-making easier, as it could now be made anytime fire was created.

Baking flourished in the Roman Empire. In about 300 BC, the pastry cook became an occupation for Romans (known as the pastillarium). This became a respected profession because pastries were considered decadent, and Romans loved festivity and celebration. Thus, pastries were often cooked especially for large banquets, and any pastry cook who could invent new types of tasty treats was highly prized. Around 1 AD, there were more than three hundred pastry chefs in Rome, and Cato wrote about how they created all sorts of diverse foods, and flourished because of those foods. Cato speaks of an enormous amount of breads; included amongst these are the libum (sacrificial cakes made with flour), placenta (groats and cress), spira (our modern day flour pretzels), scibilata (tortes), savaillum (sweet cake), and globus apherica (fritters). A great selection of these, with many different variations, different ingredients, and varied patterns, were often found at banquets and dining halls. The Romans baked bread in an oven with its own chimney, and had mills to grind grain into flour.

Eventually, because of Rome, the art of baking became known throughout Europe, and eventually spread to the eastern parts of Asia. Bakers often baked goods at home and then sold them in the streets. This scene was so common that Rembrandt illustrated a work that depicted a pastry chef selling pancakes in the streets of Germany, with children clamoring for a sample. In London, pastry chefs sold their goods from handcarts. This developed into a system of delivery of baked goods to households, and demand increased greatly as a result. In Paris, the first open-air café of baked goods was developed, and baking became an established art throughout the entire world.

See also

Barbecue

Baker percentage

Bread pan

Convection oven

Grilling

High altitude cooking

Kneading

Parbaking

Pastry

Peel (tool)

Proofing (baking technique)

Roller docker

Rolling pin

Smoking (cooking)

Wonder Pot

References

External links

Short video of kneading machine in a bakery.

Category:Baking Category:Barbecue Category:Cooking techniques Category:Food science

ca:Enfornat cs:Pečení de:Backen es:Horneado fa:نان‌پزی و شیرینی‌پزی gd:Fuineadh hi:सेंकना he:אפייה mr:भाजणे nl:Bakken ja:焼く (調理) no:Baking pl:Pieczenie pt:Assado simple:Baking sk:Pečenie sl:Pečenje fi:Leivonta sv:Bakning zh:焗烤

name	Julia Child
birth date	August 15, 1912
birth place	Pasadena, California
death date	August 13, 2004
death place	Montecito, California
spouse	Married September 1, 1946
style	French
education	Smith College B.A. History 1934Le Cordon Bleu''Le Grand Diplôme''
television	''The French Chef'', "Julia Child: bon appétit", ''Julia Child & Company'', ''Dinner at Julia's'', ''Cooking with Master Chefs'', ''In Julia's Kitchen with Master Chefs'', ''Baking with Julia'', ''Julia Child & Jacques Pépin Cooking at Home''
awards	Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Service Show Host1996 ''In Julia's Kitchen with Master Chefs''2001 ''Julia & Jacques Cooking at Home'' Emmy Award for Achievements in Educational Television—Individuals1966 ''The French Chef'' Peabody Award1965 ''The French Chef'' }}

Julia Child (née McWilliams; August 15, 1912 August 13, 2004) was an American chef, author, and television personality. She is recognized for introducing French cuisine to the American public with her debut cookbook, ''Mastering the Art of French Cooking'', and her subsequent television programs, the most notable of which was ''The French Chef'', which premiered in 1963.

Childhood and education

Child was born Julia Carolyn McWilliams in Pasadena, California, the daughter of John McWilliams, Jr., a Princeton University graduate and prominent land manager, and his wife, the former Julia Carolyn ("Caro") Weston, a paper-company heiress whose father, Byron Curtis Weston, served as lieutenant governor of Massachusetts. The eldest of three children, she had a brother, John III (1914–2002), and a sister, Dorothy Dean (1917–2006).

Child attended Westridge School, Polytechnic School from fourth grade to ninth grade and then The Katherine Branson School in Ross, California, which was at the time a boarding school. At six feet, two inches (1.88 m) tall, Child played tennis, golf, and basketball as a child and continued to play sports while attending Smith College, from which she graduated in 1934 with a major in English. A press release issued by Smith in 2004 states that her major was history.

Following her graduation from college, Child moved to New York City, where she worked as a copywriter for the advertising department of upscale home-furnishing firm W. & J. Sloane. Returning to California in 1937, she spent the next four years writing for local publications and working in advertising.

World War II

Child joined the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) after finding that she was too tall to enlist in the Women's Army Corps (WACs) or in the U.S. Navy's WAVES. She began her OSS career as a typist at its headquarters in Washington, but because of her education and experience soon was given a more responsible position as a top secret researcher working directly for the head of OSS, General William J. Donovan. As a research assistant in the Secret Intelligence division, she typed 10,000 names on white note cards to keep track of officers. For a year, she worked at the OSS Emergency Rescue Equipment Section (ERES) in Washington, D.C. as a file clerk and then as an assistant to developers of a shark repellent needed to ensure that sharks would not explode ordnance targeting German U-boats. In 1944 she was posted to Kandy, Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), where her responsibilities included "registering, cataloging and channeling a great volume of highly classified communications" for the OSS's clandestine stations in Asia. She was later posted to China, where she received the Emblem of Meritorious Civilian Service as head of the Registry of the OSS Secretariat. For her service, Child received an award that cited her many virtues, including her "drive and inherent cheerfulness." As with other OSS records, Child's file was declassified in 2008, and, unlike other files, her complete file is available online.

While in Ceylon, she met Paul Cushing Child, also an OSS employee, and the two were married September 1, 1946 in Lumberville, Pennsylvania, later moving to Washington, D.C. Child, a New Jersey native who had lived in Paris as an artist and poet, was known for his sophisticated palate, and introduced his wife to fine cuisine. He joined the United States Foreign Service and in 1948 the couple moved to Paris when the US State Department assigned Paul there as an exhibits officer with the United States Information Agency. The couple had no children.

Post-war France

Child repeatedly recalled her first meal in Rouen as a culinary revelation; once, she described the meal of oysters, sole meunière, and fine wine to ''The New York Times'' as "an opening up of the soul and spirit for me." In Paris she attended the famous Le Cordon Bleu cooking school and later studied privately with Max Bugnard and other master chefs. She joined the women's cooking club ''Cercle des Gourmettes''; through the club she met Simone Beck, who was writing a French cookbook for Americans with her friend Louisette Bertholle. Beck proposed that Child work with them, to make the book appeal to Americans.

In 1951, Child, Beck, and Bertholle began to teach cooking to American women in Child's Paris kitchen, calling their informal school ''L'école des trois gourmandes'' (The School of the Three Food Lovers). For the next decade, as the Childs moved around Europe and finally to Cambridge, Massachusetts, the three researched and repeatedly tested recipes. Child translated the French into English, making the recipes detailed, interesting, and practical.

In 1963, the Childs built a home near the Provence town of Plascassier in the hills above Cannes on property belonging to co-author Simone Beck and her husband, Jean Fischbacher. The Childs named it "La Pitchoune", a Provençal word meaning "the little one" but over time the property was often affectionately referred to simply as 'La Peetch'.

Books and television

The three would-be authors initially signed a contract with publisher Houghton Mifflin, which later rejected the manuscript for seeming too much like an encyclopedia. Finally, when it was first published in 1961 by Alfred A. Knopf, the 734-page ''Mastering the Art of French Cooking'' was a best-seller and received critical acclaim that derived in part from the American interest in French culture in the early 1960s. Lauded for its helpful illustrations and precise attention to detail, and for making fine cuisine accessible, the book is still in print and is considered a seminal culinary work. Following this success, Child wrote magazine articles and a regular column for ''The Boston Globe'' newspaper. She would go on to publish nearly twenty titles under her name and with others. Many, though not all, were related to her television shows. Her last book was the autobiographical ''My Life in France'', published posthumously in 2006 and written with her husband's nephew, Alex Prud'homme. The book recounts Child's life with her husband, Paul Child, in post-World War II France.

''The French Chef'' and related books

A 1962 appearance on a book review show on the National Educational Television (NET) station of Boston, WGBH, led to the inception of her first television cooking show after viewers enjoyed her demonstration of how to cook an omelette. ''The French Chef'' had its debut on February 11, 1963, on WGBH and was immediately successful. The show ran nationally for ten years and won Peabody and Emmy Awards, including the first Emmy award for an educational program. Though she was not the first television cook, Child was the most widely seen. She attracted the broadest audience with her cheery enthusiasm, distinctively charming warbly voice, and non-patronizing and unaffected manner.

In 1972, ''The French Chef'' became the first television program to be captioned for the deaf, albeit in the preliminary technology of open captioning.

Child's second book, ''The French Chef Cookbook,'' was a collection of the recipes she had demonstrated on the show. It was soon followed in 1971 by ''Mastering the Art of French Cooking, Volume Two,'' again in collaboration with Simone Beck, but not with Louisette Bertholle, the professional relationship with whom ended. Child's fourth book, ''From Julia Child's Kitchen,'' was illustrated with her husband's photographs and documented the color series of ''The French Chef,'' as well as providing an extensive library of kitchen notes compiled by Child during the course of the show.

In 1981 she founded The American Institute of Wine & Food, with vintners Robert Mondavi and Richard Graff, and others, to "advance the understanding, appreciation and quality of wine and food," a pursuit she had already begun with her books and television appearances.

Later shows and books

In the 1970s and 1980s, she was the star of numerous television programs, including ''Julia Child & Company'', ''Julia Child & More Company'' and ''Dinner at Julia's''; at the same time she also produced what she considered her magnum opus, a book and instructional video series collectively entitled ''The Way To Cook,'' which was published in 1989.

She starred in four more series in the 1990s that featured guest chefs: ''Cooking with Master Chefs,'' ''In Julia's Kitchen with Master Chefs,'' ''Baking With Julia,'' and ''Julia Child & Jacques Pépin Cooking at Home.'' She collaborated with Jacques Pépin many times for television programs and cookbooks. All of Child's books during this time stemmed from the television series of the same names.

Child's use of ingredients like butter and cream has been questioned by food critics and modern-day nutritionists. She addressed these criticisms throughout her career, predicting that a "fanatical fear of food" would take over the country's dining habits, and that focusing too much on nutrition takes the pleasure from enjoying food. In a 1990 interview, Child said, "Everybody is overreacting. If fear of food continues, it will be the death of gastronomy in the United States. Fortunately, the French don't suffer from the same hysteria we do. We should enjoy food and have fun. It is one of the simplest and nicest pleasures in life."

Home as television set

thumb|right|Julia Child's kitchenJulia Child's kitchen, designed by her husband, was the setting for three of her television shows. It is now on display at the National Museum of American History in Washington, D.C. Beginning with ''In Julia's Kitchen with Master Chefs,'' the Childs' home kitchen in Cambridge was fully transformed into a functional set, with TV-quality lighting, three cameras positioned to catch all angles in the room, and a massive center island with a gas stovetop on one side and an electric stovetop on the other, but leaving the rest of the Childs' appliances alone, including "my wall oven with its squeaking door." This kitchen backdrop hosted nearly all of Child's 1990s television series.

Other appearances

She appeared in an episode of ''This Old House'' as designer of the kitchen. This Old House was launched in 1979 by Russell Morash, who helped create ''The French Chef with Julia Child''.

Awards

Emmy Awards

#1966: Achievements in Educational Television- Individuals for The French Chef, won #1972: Special Classification of Outstanding Program and Individual Achievement - General Programming for The French Chef, nominated #1994: Outstanding Informational Series for Cooking with Master Chefs, nominated

Daytime Emmy Awards

#1996: Outstanding Service Show Host for In Julia's Kitchen with Master Chefs, won #1997: Outstanding Service Show Host for Baking with Julia, nominated #1999 Outstanding Service Show Host for Baking with Julia, nominated #2000: Outstanding Service Show Host for Julia & Jacques Cooking at Home, nominated #2001: Outstanding Service Show Host for Julia & Jacques Cooking at Home, won

Peabody Awards

#1965: Personal Award for The French Chef, won

In popular culture

Child was a favorite of audiences from the moment of her television debut on public television in 1963, and she was a familiar part of American culture and the subject of numerous references. In 1966 she was featured on the cover of ''Time'' with the heading, "Our Lady of the Ladle."

In a 1978 ''Saturday Night Live'' sketch (episode 74), she was parodied by Dan Aykroyd continuing with a cooking show despite ludicrously profuse bleeding from a cut to his thumb, and eventually expiring while advising "Save the liver". Child reportedly loved this sketch so much she showed it to friends at parties.

Jean Stapleton portrayed her in a 1989 musical, ''Bon Appétit!'', based on one of her televised cooking lessons. The title derived from her famous TV sign-off: "This is Julia Child. Bon appétit!" She was the inspiration for the character "Julia Grownup" on the Children's Television Workshop program, ''The Electric Company'' (1971–1977), and was portrayed (or more accurately, parodied) in many other television and radio programs and skits, including ''The Cosby Show'' (1984–1992) by character Heathcliff Huxtable (Bill Cosby) and Garrison Keillor's radio series ''A Prairie Home Companion'' by voice actor Tim Russell. Julia Child's TV show is briefly portrayed in the 1986 movie, ''The Money Pit'' starring Tom Hanks and Shelley Long; the 1985 Madonna film ''Desperately Seeking Susan'' and the 1991 comedy ''Don't Tell Mom The Babysitter's Dead''. In 1993, she was the voice of Dr. Juliet Bleeb in the children's film ''We're Back! A Dinosaur's Story''.

In 2002, Child was the inspiration for "The Julie/Julia Project," a popular cooking blog by Julie Powell that was the basis of Powell's 2005 bestselling book, ''Julie and Julia: 365 Days, 524 Recipes, 1 Tiny Apartment Kitchen'', the paperback version of which was retitled ''Julie and Julia: My Year of Cooking Dangerously''. The blog and book, along with Child's own memoir, in turn inspired the 2009 feature film ''Julie & Julia.'' (Meryl Streep portrayed Child in half the narrative.) Child is reported to have been unimpressed by Powell's blog, believing Powell's determination to cook every recipe in ''Mastering the Art of French Cooking'' in a year to be a stunt. Child's editor, Judith Jones, said in an interview: "Flinging around four-letter words when cooking isn't attractive, to me or Julia. She didn't want to endorse it. What came through on the blog was somebody who was doing it almost for the sake of a stunt. She would never really describe the end results, how delicious it was, and what she learned. Julia didn’t like what she called 'the flimsies.' She didn't suffer fools, if you know what I mean."

Retirement

After the death of her beloved friend Simone Beck, Child relinquished La Peetch after a month long stay in June 1992 with her niece, Phila, and her family. She turned the keys over to Jean Fischbacher's sister, just as she and Paul had promised nearly 30 years earlier. Paul, who was ten years older, died in 1994 after living in a nursing home for five years following a series of strokes in 1989.

In 2001, she moved to a retirement community in Santa Barbara, California, donating her house and office to Smith College, which later sold the house. She donated her kitchen, which her husband designed with high counters to accommodate her formidable height, and which served as the set for three of her television series, to the National Museum of American History, where it is now on display. Her iconic copper pots and pans were on display at COPIA in Napa, California, until August 2009 when they were reunited with her kitchen at the Smithsonian National Museum of American History in Washington, DC.

In 2000, Child received the French Legion of Honor and was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2000. She was awarded the U.S. Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2003. Child also received honorary doctorates from Harvard University, Johnson & Wales University in 1995, her alma mater Smith College, Brown University in 2000, and several other universities.

Death

On August 13, 2004, Julia Child died of kidney failure at her assisted-living home in Montecito, two days before her 92nd birthday. Child ended her last book ''My Life in France'' with "... thinking back on it now reminds that the pleasures of the table, and of life, are infinite - toujours bon appétit!"

Films

On August 18, 2004, a documentary filmed during her lifetime premiered. Produced by WGBH, the one-hour feature, ''Julia Child! America's Favorite Chef'', was aired as the first episode of the 18th season of the PBS series ''American Masters''. The film combined archive footage of Child with current footage from those who influenced and were influenced by her life and work.

A film adapted by Nora Ephron from Child's memoir ''My Life in France'' and from Julie Powell's memoir, and directed by Ephron, ''Julie & Julia'', was released on August 7, 2009. Meryl Streep played Child; her performance was nominated for numerous awards, winning the Golden Globe for Best Actress in a Leading Role in a Musical or Comedy.

A film titled ''Primordial Soup With Julia Child'' was on display at the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum's ''Life in The Universe'' gallery from 1976 until the gallery closed.

She also voiced the character Doctor Juliet Bleeb, an eccentric Museum of Natural History employee in the children's movie ''We're Back! A Dinosaur's Story''.

Public works

Television series

''The French Chef'' (1963–1973)

''Julia Child & Company'' (1978–1979)

''Julia Child & More Company'' (1980–1982)

''Dinner at Julia's'' (1983–1985)

''The Way To Cook'' (1989) six one-hour videocassettes

''A Birthday Party for Julia Child: Compliments to the Chef'' (1992)

''Cooking with Master Chefs: Hosted by Julia Child'' (1993–1994) 16 episodes

''Cooking In Concert: Julia Child & Jacques Pepin'' (1993)

''In Julia's Kitchen with Master Chefs'' (1994–1996), 39 episodes

''Cooking in Concert: Julia Child & Jacques Pepin'' (1995)

''Baking with Julia'' (1996–1998) 39 episodes

''Julia & Jacques Cooking at Home'' (1999–2000) 22 episodes

''Julia Child's Kitchen Wisdom'', (2000) two-hour special

DVD releases

''Julia Child's Kitchen Wisdom'' (2000)

''Julia and Jacques: Cooking at Home'' (2003)

''Julia Child: America's Favorite Chef'' (2004)

''The French Chef: Volume One'' (2005)

''The French Chef: Volume Two'' (2005)

''Julia Child! The French Chef'' (2006)

''The Way To Cook'' (2009)

''Baking With Julia'' (2009)

''Julie and Julia'' (2010)

Books

''Mastering the Art of French Cooking'' (1961), with Simone Beck and Louisette Bertholle—ISBN 0-375-41340-5

''The French Chef Cookbook'' (1968)—ISBN 0-394-40135-2

''Mastering the Art of French Cooking, Volume Two'' (1970), with Simone Beck—ISBN 0-394-40152-2

''From Julia Child's Kitchen'' (1975)—ISBN 0-517-20712-5

''Julia Child & Company'' (1978)—ISBN 0-345-31449-2

''Julia Child & More Company'' (1979)—ISBN 0-345-31450-6

''The Way To Cook'' (1989)—ISBN 0-394-53264-3

''Julia Child's Menu Cookbook'' (1991), one-volume edition of ''Julia Child & Company'' and ''Julia Child & More Company''—ISBN 0-517-06485-5

''Cooking With Master Chefs'' (1993)—ISBN 0-679-74829-6

''In Julia's Kitchen with Master Chefs'' (1995)—ISBN 0-679-43896-3

''Baking with Julia'' (1996)—ISBN 0-688-14657-0

''Julia's Delicious Little Dinners'' (1998)—ISBN 0-375-40336-1

''Julia's Menus For Special Occasions'' (1998)—ISBN 0-375-40338-8

''Julia's Breakfasts, Lunches & Suppers'' (1999)—ISBN 0-375-40339-6

''Julia's Casual Dinners'' (1999)—ISBN 0-375-40337-X

''Julia and Jacques Cooking at Home'' (1999), with Jacques Pépin—ISBN 0-375-40431-7

''Julia's Kitchen Wisdom'' (2000)—ISBN 0-375-41151-8

''My Life in France'' (2006, posthumous), with Alex Prud'homme—ISBN 1-4000-4346-8

(collected in) ''American Food Writing: An Anthology with Classic Recipes'', ed. Molly O'Neill (Library of America, 2007) ISBN 1598530054

By Others

''Appetite for Life : The Biography of Julia Child'' (1997), Fitch, Noel Riley—ISBN 0-385-49383-5

''Gifts of Age: 32 Remarkable Women'', Charlotte Painter (Chronicle Books, 1985) ISBN 978-0877013686. Interview with Child, with portrait on cover

''As Always, Julia: The Letters of Julia Child and Avis DeVoto'' (2010), ed. Joan Reardon

''A Covert Affair: Julia Child and Paul Child in the OSS'', Jennet Conant (Simon & Schuster, 2011).

References

External links

Julia Child: Lessons with Master Chefs from PBS

Julia Child's Kitchen at the Smithsonian

American television interview with Julia Child on June 25, 1999, at Google Video

Coverage of Julia Child in ''The New York Times''

Interview in Frontline Diplomacy: The Foreign Affairs Oral History Collection of the Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training.

JULIA CHILD: 1912-2004 TV's French chef taught us how to cook with panache, Obituary in the ''San Francisco Chronicle''

The IMDb page for the film "Julie & Julia" starring Meryl Streep

Julia Child Papers.Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University.

"Live Eat Enjoy: A Visit With Julia Child", ''Ms. Magazine'' Summer 2003

"No beef with Julia’s kitchen: Her home’s new owner lacks the bone appetite", ''The Boston Globe'' August 31, 2009

Category:1912 births Category:2004 deaths Category:American food writers Category:American television chefs Category:American television personalities Category:Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur Category:Cookbook authors Category:Cultural history of Boston, Massachusetts Category:Daytime Emmy Award winners Category:Deaths from renal failure Category:Emmy Award winners Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Category:Female wartime spies Category:Food Network chefs Category:Peabody Award winners Category:People from Cambridge, Massachusetts Category:People from Pasadena, California Category:People from Santa Barbara, California Category:People of the Office of Strategic Services Category:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients Category:Smith College alumni

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playername	Andy Carroll
fullname	Andrew Thomas Carroll
height
dateofbirth	January 06, 1989
cityofbirth	Gateshead, Tyne and Wear
countryofbirth	England
position	Striker
currentclub	Liverpool
clubnumber	9
youthyears1	2005–2006
youthclubs1	Newcastle United
years1	2006–2011
clubs1	Newcastle United
caps1	80
goals1	31
years2	2007–2008
clubs2	→ Preston North End (loan)
caps2	11
goals2	1
years3	2011–
clubs3	Liverpool
caps3	10
goals3	2
nationalyears1	2007–2008
nationalteam1	England U19
nationalcaps1	8
nationalgoals1	4
nationalyears2	2009–2010
nationalteam2	England U21
nationalcaps2	5
nationalgoals2	2
nationalyears3	2010–
nationalteam3	England
nationalcaps3	2
nationalgoals3	1
pcupdate	25 August 2011
ntupdate	30 March 2011 }}

Andrew Thomas "Andy" Carroll (born 6 January 1989 in Gateshead, Tyne and Wear, England) is an English footballer who plays as a striker for Premier League club Liverpool and the England national team.

The fee of £35 million paid by Liverpool for Caroll's transfer from Newcastle United on 31 January 2011 is the highest ever amount for a British footballer. Carroll is the eighth-most expensive footballer in history and also the second-most expensive player playing for a British club, behind Fernando Torres, who moved from Liverpool to Chelsea for £50 million on the same day Carroll signed for Liverpool.

Club career

Newcastle United

Carroll, an occasional scorer in Newcastle United's reserve team, made his first-team debut on 2 November 2006 at the age of 17 years and 300 days in a 1-0 UEFA Cup win over Palermo, coming on as a late substitute for Nolberto Solano. In doing so, he became the youngest ever player to represent Newcastle in Europe.

He made his FA Cup debut on 17 January 2007, appearing as substitute for the last ten minutes in the 5–1 home defeat by Birmingham City. On 25 February 2007, Carroll made his Premier League debut for Newcastle, coming on as a substitute in the 87th minute in the 1–0 defeat by Wigan Athletic, almost scoring in the process; only a good save from Wigan goalkeeper John Filan prevented him from scoring his first Newcastle goal.

In 2007, he was the recipient of the "Wor Jackie Milburn Trophy", which is awarded every year to the rising star of North-East football, chosen from among Newcastle players.

On 29 July 2007, Carroll scored his first senior goal with a left foot shot in a 2–0 win over Juventus in a friendly match. After the game, Carroll received praise from Italian goalkeeper Gianluigi Buffon, who tipped Carroll to have a big future.

On 14 August 2007, Carroll began a six-month loan with Preston North End, and made his debut for them in the League Cup against Morecambe on the same day. Carroll was sent off playing for Preston against Scunthorpe United on 18 September. He scored his first Championship goal, and his first English league goal, against Leicester City on 6 November.

Carroll made his first appearance for Newcastle in the 2008–09 season on 20 October, coming on as a substitute for Shola Ameobi at home to Manchester City. Carroll scored his first competitive goal for Newcastle on his first ever home start with a header against West Ham United in a 2–2 draw on 10 January 2009. He signed a new three-and-a-half-year contract, in theory keeping him at Newcastle until 2013.

Following Newcastle's relegation, and the departures of first team strikers, Michael Owen, Mark Viduka and Obafemi Martins, Carroll was paired with Shola Ameobi in attack for Newcastle at the start of the new season. His first league goal in the Championship came on 16 September 2009 against Blackpool with a header. By 2010 Carroll was playing almost every game, in a new strike partnership with Peter Løvenkrands. This partnership accounted for more than half of the club's goals in 2010. Carroll finished the season as Newcastle's top scorer, with 19 goals in all competitions, 17 in the league.

Carroll was given squad number 9 for the 2010–11 season, a number with great significance for Newcastle United supporters, as it has been worn in the past for Newcastle by the likes of Jackie Milburn, Malcolm Macdonald and Alan Shearer. Carroll scored his first career hat-trick against Aston Villa in the their 6–0 win in the Premier League on 22 August 2010. Carroll captained Newcastle for the first time on 3 October 2010 when he came on as a substitute for Kevin Nolan against Manchester City. In October 2010, Carroll signed a new five-year contract, on paper keeping him at the club until 2015. Carroll scored Newcastle's third in a 3–1 victory over Liverpool at St. James' Park on 11 December 2010, with a low 25-yard drive.

Liverpool

On 31 January 2011, Liverpool put in a bid of £30 million for Carroll, which was rejected. Newcastle then accepted a bid in excess of £35 million and, following a medical examination, the transfer was completed shortly before the deadline. Liverpool confirmed that Carroll would wear the number 9 jersey previously worn by Fernando Torres, who left Anfield for Chelsea on the same evening. The transfer made Carroll the eighth overall most expensive footballer and the most expensive British footballer of all time. However, due to an injury that was sustained while with Newcastle United, Carroll had to wait some time before his Liverpool debut. He finally made his debut, appearing as a substitute in the 3-1 win against Manchester United on 6 March 2011. On 10 March, he played his first European game for Liverpool away to Braga in the Europa League, appearing as a substitute after half-time. In the return leg a week later, he made his first Liverpool start as they went out of the competition losing 0-1 on aggregate. On 20 March, he made his first Premier League start for Liverpool at the Stadium of Light against Sunderland.

On 11 April, Carroll scored his first goals for Liverpool in a 3-0 victory against Manchester City at Anfield, scoring his first with a long-range strike and his second with a header. He scored Liverpool's 4th goal and assited the third in a 4-3 friendly win over Guangdong Sunray Cave on 13 July. On 24 August 2011 he scored with a 20 yard drive against Exeter to make the score 3-0 in the League Cup.

International career

England youth teams

On 11 September 2007, Carroll made his England under-19 debut against Belarus, scoring in the 4–0 victory. On 12 March 2009, Carroll, fresh from signing a new contract at Newcastle, was called up to the England U-20s for a match against Italy U-20s, but was withdrawn from the squad and replaced by Hal Robson-Kanu of Swindon Town.

Carroll received his first call up to the England U-21s on 5 August 2009. He made his debut on 11 August 2009 against Holland, coming on as a second half substitute. On his second cap with the under-21 team, on 9 October 2009 against Macedonia U-21s, he scored two goals and assisted another as England romped to a 6–3 win.

England senior team

Carroll's performances for Newcastle earned him a call up to the England squad for the friendly against France on 17 November 2010. Carroll passed a late fitness test to start the match. Carroll scored his first senior goal, a low left foot drive into the bottom corner, for England on 29 March 2011 in a friendly against Ghana which ended 1-1.

International goals

Wembley Stadium, London

Goal !! Date !! Venue !! Opponent !! Score !! Result !! Competition
1.	29 March 2011	|		1-0	1-1	Friendly match>Friendly

Style of play

Carroll has been compared to Newcastle legend Alan Shearer, Chelsea striker Didier Drogba, and also to former Newcastle and Everton striker Duncan Ferguson due to his skill in the air. He is referred to as a classic No. 9 centre forward, owing to his strength, powerful shot and excellent heading ability. Former Newcastle United manager Kevin Keegan stated "he is probably in the top three headers of a ball I have ever seen in football".

After Newcastle's game at home to Blackpool, Blackpool manager Ian Holloway described Carroll as the best striker in the Premier League.

Personal life

Born in Gateshead, Tyne and Wear, England, Carroll attended Brighton Avenue Primary School and Joseph Swan School.

Carroll and his ex-girlfriend have a daughter, born 15 September 2009.

Discipline

Carroll has been involved in many off-the-pitch incidents in his career. On 14 September 2008, he was arrested by police in Newcastle, and later accepted a police caution. On 7 December 2009, he was arrested in the aftermath of a nightclub fight, again in Newcastle, accused of smashing glass in a man's face. He was charged with assault and in October 2010 he pleaded guilty to common assault and was fined £1,000. He was also ordered to pay £2,500 compensation.

He was also involved in an incident on the training ground which allegedly left teammate Steven Taylor with a broken jaw, though no charges were filed according to police. Carroll reportedly suffered a broken hand in the incident, and he was shortly photographed at a pop concert with bandages to both hands. Newcastle manager Chris Hughton and club representatives declined to comment any further on the incident.

On 18 October 2010, Carroll was charged with assault in an incident with his ex-girlfriend. Claiming self-defence, and having given a local hotel as his address, Carroll was granted bail on the condition that he resided with Newcastle captain Kevin Nolan until the case resumed in January. The charges were later dropped due to lack of evidence. Two days following his bail, Carroll's car was set on fire whilst parked on Nolan's driveway, with the club captain's garage door also being daubed with obscenities.

Whilst on international duty with England U-19s, Carroll and teammates Scott Sinclair and Ryan Bertrand were sent home from the squad after breaking a curfew on 14 October 2007 during preparation for a match against Romania U-19s.

Following England's 1-1 draw with Ghana on 29 March 2011, England manager Fabio Capello told Carroll to curtail his drinking habits. This was quickly refuted by Liverpool manager Kenny Dalglish, who stated "Well he's never bought me a drink. I've been with him at Boyzone concerts and he's still never bought me a drink!"

Career statistics

Club

0 0 1 3 17 11 2 0

Club	Season	League	Cup	League Cup	!colspan="2"	Other	Total
!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
rowspan="2"	Newcastle United		4	|	1	0	0	0	2	0	0	0	7	0
2007–08 Premier League	2007–08	4	|	2	0	0	0	–		0	0	6	0
Preston North End F.C.	Preston North End (loan)		11	|	0	0	1	0	–		0	0	12	1
rowspan="4"	Newcastle United		14	|	2	0	0	0	–		0	0	16	3
2009–10 Football League Championship	2009–10	39	|	3	2	0	0	–		0	0	42	19
2010–11 Premier League	2010–11	19	|	0	0	1	0	–		0	0	20	11
!Total	!81!!32!!8!!2!!2!!0!!2!!0!!0!!0!!93!!34
rowspan="3"	Liverpool		7	|	0	0	0	0	2	0	0	0	9	2
2011–12 Premier League	2011–12	3	|	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	4	1
!Total	!10!!2!!0!!0!!1!!1!!2!!0!!0!!0!!13!!3
Career total	!91!!34!!8!!2!!3!!1!!4!!0!!0!!0!!106!!37

International

''As of 31 August 2011.'' {|class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align: center" |- ! National team !! Club !! Year !! Apps !! Goals |- |rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:center;"|England | rowspan="1"|Newcastle United | 2010 || 1 || 0 |- | rowspan="1"|Liverpool | 2011 || 1 || 1 |- ! colspan="3" | Total !! 2 !! 1 |}

Honours

;Newcastle United

Football League Championship (1): 2009–10

Teresa Herrera Trophy: Winner: 2010

Individual

PFA Championship Team of the Year (1): 2009–10

Jackie Milburn Trophy – 2007

References

External links

Andy Carroll profile Newcastle United FC

9. Andy Carroll - Profile Liverpool FC

Profile on Andy Carroll LFCHistory.net

Player profile - Andrew Carroll FA Premier League

Category:1989 births Category:Living people Category:People from Gateshead Category:English footballers Category:England under-21 international footballers Category:England international footballers Category:Association football forwards Category:Liverpool F.C. players Category:Newcastle United F.C. players Category:Preston North End F.C. players Category:Premier League players Category:The Football League players

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Charles Graham "Charlie" Adam (born 10 December 1985) is a Scottish international footballer who plays for Liverpool. He plays primarily as a central midfielder.

Before having a youth career at Rangers, Adam was part of the Dundee youth set up between 1999–2003. A product of the Rangers youth system, Adam spent much of his early senior career on loan to other clubs. While on loan to St. Mirren during season 2005–06, Adam was part of the team that won both the Scottish Challenge Cup and First Division, playing in over thirty matches for ''the Saints''. Upon returning to Rangers at the end of the 2006 season, he became a regular under managers Paul Le Guen and Walter Smith. Adam was also part of the Rangers team that reached the 2008 UEFA Cup Final.

After falling out of favour at Rangers during season 2008–09, Adam was loaned out to English Championship side Blackpool. The loan was made permanent at the start of the 2009–10 season, and Adam became an integral part of the Blackpool side, captaining the team to a play off victory over Cardiff City which resulted in their promotion to the Premier League. Adam shone in his first season in the English Premier League, his performances being recognised with a nomination for the PFA Players' Player of the Year in April 2011. As a result, he transferred to Liverpool in July 2011.

He has played at B and full international levels for Scotland.

Background

Adam is the son of former professional player Charles Adam, a midfielder who played for various Scottish clubs in the 1980s and 1990s. Adam's brother, Grant, is a goalkeeper and plays for Rangers' under-19s team.Adam confirmed via his personal Twitter that he favours '26' as a squad number because it is his child's date of birth.

Club career

Rangers

Early career at Rangers

Dundee-born Adam joined Rangers on 23 January 2003. He made his debut appearance on 14 April 2004 against Livingston and played sporadically thereafter but did not become a first-team regular until the management of Paul Le Guen.

He made an appearance at the start of the 2004–05 season, and then joined First Division club Ross County on loan for the rest of that campaign. Whilst in Dingwall, Adam made fifteen appearances, scoring twice, against Raith Rovers and St. Mirren. He also played in the 2004 Scottish Challenge Cup Final against Falkirk. County were ahead courtesy of David Winters 56th minute goal. Adam was substituted in the 60th minute as was team mate Sean Higgins six minutes later. Neil Scally and Darryl Duffy then scored in 70 and 75 minutes respectfully for Falkirk to come back to lift the trophy/

Loan to St Mirren

Adam then joined First Division side St. Mirren on loan for the 2005/06 season. During his spell in Paisley, he again appeared in the 2005 Scottish Challenge Cup Final, however this time he was on the winning side as St. Mirren defeated Hamilton Academical 2–1. He was also part of the team that won the First Division title in May 2006. In total he made thirty-seven appearances and scored nine goals for ''the Buddies''.

Rangers first team

After playing for Rangers during a July 2006 pre-season trip to South Africa, including scoring a hat-trick against a Jomo Select side, Adam began the 2006–07 season with the club, and he started in their first league match against Motherwell. He continued to be a regular for Rangers as the season progressed, and scored his first goal for the club in a 3–2 UEFA Cup win over Livorno on 19 October. This was one of fourteen goals Adam scored that season, including strikes against Israeli sides Hapoel Tel Aviv and Maccabi Haifa, as well as a goal in an end-of-season Old Firm match from a free-kick. On 16 April 2007, at the end of his first season in the first team, Adam was voted by Rangers fans as the club's Young Player of the Year at an award ceremony.

On 28 June 2007, it was announced that Adam had signed a new five-year contract with Rangers. Adam had scored his first UEFA Champions League goal on 19 September against VfB Stuttgart, and his second in the return fixture. Adam played against Panathinaikos and Werder Bremen in Rangers run to the 2008 UEFA Cup Final where he was an unused substitute. Rangers lost 2-0 to Zenit St Petersburg.

Loan to Blackpool

On 2 February 2009, Adam signed on loan with English Championship club Blackpool until the end of the 2008–09 season. Five days later, he was sent off on his debut for the Seasiders during a 3–2 defeat by Doncaster Rovers at Bloomfield Road.

On 25 February, after serving a three-match suspension, Adam scored twice, including a goal from just inside the halfway line, for the club's reserve team as they beat Accrington Stanley 4–2. Adam scored his first Football League goal for Tony Parkes's men in a 2–0 victory over Norwich City at Bloomfield Road on 7 March. Two days later he was named in the Football League's "Championship Team of the Week". His second goal for Blackpool came on 11 April in their 1–0 West Lancashire derby win over Preston North End at Deepdale. Blackpool's then-caretaker manager Tony Parkes publicly admitted he was keen to sign Adam permanently. He said, "I have spoken to our club secretary and we will be in touch with Rangers to see if we can do a deal for Charlie". At the end of the season, after two goals in 13 appearances, he returned to Rangers.

On 6 July 2009, Rangers confirmed that they had accepted a bid of £500,000 from Blackpool and that he was set to sign for ''the Seasiders'' the following day, subject to personal terms being agreed. The following day, Blackpool manager Ian Holloway confirmed a deal had been agreed with the Ibrox club, but stressed that talks with Adam would take place on 9 July, once Adam had spoken with Rangers manager Walter Smith. Four weeks later on 2 August, with Adam still a Rangers player and having been on their pre-season trip to Germany, Smith confirmed that the player was in talks with Blackpool, saying, "Adam is talking to Blackpool at the moment. The clubs have agreed a fee and it will be up to Charlie and his representative." The following day, the ''Daily Mail'' reported that Adam had signed for Blackpool on a three-year contract with an option for a further 12 months.

Blackpool

In August 2009 Adam signed a two-year contract with Blackpool with the option of a further year, in a club-record transfer fee of £500,000. His competitive debut as a permanent Blackpool player was in a 1–1 draw with Queens Park Rangers at Loftus Road later that month. His first goal came on 26 August in a 4–1 home win over Wigan Athletic in the League Cup.

In January 2010 he was named in the Press Association's Championship "Team of the Week", along with team-mate Neal Eardley following his performance two days before in the 3–2 home victory over Watford. That same month Adam won the Championship Player of the Month award and was voted the PFA Championship Fans’ Player of the Month for January 2010. In March, Adam scored in his 50th league appearance for Blackpool, a 2–0 win at Plymouth Argyle. Just under a month later, Adam was named in the PFA "Championship Team of the Year".

Blackpool qualified for that season's play-offs. Adam scored a match-winning penalty against Nottingham Forest in the semi-final first leg, and Blackpool won the tie on aggregate. In the play-off final Adam scored a free-kick as Blackpool beat Cardiff City 3–2 at Wembley Stadium and gained promotion to the Premier League.

In the fourth week of the 2010–11 Premier League season, Adam was named in the official Team of the Week. He was named again in week seven, alongside teammate Luke Varney. In early December, a tribunal ruled in favour of Adam in a dispute over unpaid bonuses from the previous season. They found that Blackpool were required to pay the player £25,000 for successfully avoiding relegation to League 1. The club had argued that the promotion bonus (which had been stipulated in Adam's contract) superseded the 'survival bonus.' The panel upheld Adam's complaint, but did not agree with his second argument that the failure to pay the amount constituted a breach of contract on the club's part. As a result, both parties were responsible for their own legal fees - leaving Adam with a very small net gain from the venture.

In January 2011 Blackpool rejected a £4.5 million bid to buy Adam from Liverpool, an amount described by manager Ian Holloway as "disgraceful". Blackpool then rejected a transfer request that Adam had made to the club. He was one of seven nominees for the 2010–11 PFA Players' Player of the Year. However, Adam and his Blackpool team mates were relegated at the season's end.

In May 2011, Blackpool activated an option to increase Adam's contract by a further twelve months.

Liverpool

In July 2011 Liverpool signed Adam from Blackpool for a fee of £7 million. He played the second half of Liverpool's friendly against Guangdong Sunray Cave in a 4–3 win on 13 July. He scored his first goal for the club via the penalty spot in the 6–3 win vs Malaysia XI. On 13 August 2011, Adam made his debut in Liverpool's first game of the 2011–12 Premier League, a 1-1 draw against Sunderland. There, he assisted the opening goal from Luis Suárez from a free kick outside the area. On 27 August 2011, Adam scored his first Premier League goal for Liverpool in a match against Bolton Wanderers which Liverpool went on to win 3-1. Liverpool won by 3 goals to 1.

Club career statistics

|- |2003–04||rowspan="2"|Rangers||rowspan="2"|Scottish Premier League ||2||0||colspan="6"|-||2||0 |- |2004–05||1||0||colspan="6"|-||1||0 |- |2004–05||Ross County (loan)||First Division ||11||2||colspan="6"|-||15||2 |- |2005–06||Rangers||Scottish Premier League ||1||0||colspan="6"|-||1||0 |- |2005–06||St Mirren (loan)||First Division ||29||5||4||3||1||0||colspan="2"|-||37||9 |- |2006–07||rowspan="3"|Rangers||rowspan="3"|Scottish Premier League ||32||11||1||0||2||0||7||3||42||14 |- |2007–08||16||2||3||0||2||0||11||2||32||4 |- |2008–09||9||0||colspan="6"|-||9||0 |- |- |2008–09||Blackpool (loan)||rowspan="2"|Championship ||13||2||colspan="6"|-||13||2 |- |2009–10||rowspan="2"|Blackpool||43||16||1||0||2||1||colspan="2"|-||46||19² |- |2010–11||rowspan="2"|Premier League||35||12||colspan="2"|-||1||1||colspan="2"|-||36||13 |- |2011–12||Liverpool||3||1||0||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||4||1 |- 101||20||8||3||5||0||18||5||139||29 94||31||1||0||4||2||0||0||99||35 195||51||9||3||9||2||18||5||238||64

;Notes: 1 Scottish League Challenge Cup results included in totals ² Included in 2009–10 stats: 3 Football League play-off appearances, 2 goals

International career

Adam was called up by national manager Alex McLeish to the Scotland squad for the first time on 11 May 2007 for a friendly against Austria and a Euro 2008 qualifying Group B match against the Faroe Islands. He made his debut at the Gerhard Hanappi Stadium in Vienna on 30 May as a 67th-minute substitute, in a 1–0 victory. He then made his competitive debut as a 77th-minute substitute in a 2–0 win over the Faroe Islands at the Svangaskarð stadium in Toftir on 6 June.

Adam was recalled to the Scotland squad by manager George Burley for a friendly against Japan on 10 October 2009 at the Nissan Stadium, Yokohama, Japan. Scotland lost the game 0–2, with Adam earning his third cap, and in doing so became the first Blackpool player to represent Scotland since Tony Green in 1971.

On 10 November 2009, Adam was drafted into the Scotland squad for the friendly against Wales four days later. He replaced his former Rangers teammate Kevin Thomson, who pulled out due to illness. George Burley said of Adam: "He scored a cracking goal for Blackpool last weekend. He is a very good replacement. He has been playing consistently, is a quality player, and is getting a real benefit from playing regularly."

International goals

{|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 100%" align="center" width:"100%" !colspan=7|Charlie Adam's International Goals |- | Goal || Date || Venue || Opponent || Score || Result || Competition |- | 1 || 10 August 2011||Hampden Park, Glasgow || || 1–0 || 2–1 || Friendly match |}

Honours

Club

St. Mirren

Scottish First Division (1): 2005–06

Scottish Challenge Cup (1): 2005

Blackpool

Championship play-off (1): 2009–10

Individual

Championship PFA Team of the Year (1): 2009–10

Championship Player of the Month (1): January 2010

References

External links

Charlie Adam's profile at Liverpool F.C.'s official website

Category:1985 births Category:Living people Category:People from Dundee Category:Scottish footballers Category:Scotland international footballers Category:Scotland B international footballers Category:Scotland under-21 international footballers Category:Association football midfielders Category:Rangers F.C. players Category:Ross County F.C. players Category:St. Mirren F.C. players Category:Blackpool F.C. players Category:Scottish Football League players Category:Scottish Premier League players Category:The Football League players Category:Premier League players Category:Liverpool F.C. players

be-x-old:Чарлі Адам bg:Чарли Адам da:Charlie Adam de:Charlie Adam es:Charlie Adam fr:Charlie Adam ko:찰리 애덤 it:Charlie Adam hu:Charlie Adam ja:チャーリー・アダム no:Charlie Adam pl:Charlie Adam pt:Charlie Adam ru:Адам, Чарли fi:Charlie Adam sv:Charlie Adam th:ชาร์ลี อดัม zh:查理·阿當