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1981
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A. J. Cronin
Archibald Joseph Cronin (19 July 1896–6 January 1981) was a Scottish physician and novelist. His best-known works are ''Hatter's Castle, The Stars Look Down, The Citadel, The Keys of the Kingdom and The Green Years, all of which were adapted to film. He also created the Dr. Finlay character, the hero of a series of stories that served as the basis for the popular BBC television and radio series entitled Dr. Finlay's Casebook''.
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Aaron Schock
Aaron Jon Schock (born May 28, 1981) is a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives, representing the 18th district of Illinois. The district is based in Peoria and also includes part of Springfield.
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Abel Gance
Abel Gance (25 October 1889 - 10 November 1981) was a French film director and producer, writer and actor. He is best known for three major silent films: ''J'accuse, La Roue, and the monumental Napoléon''.
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Abolhassan Banisadr
http://wn.com/Abolhassan_Banisadr -
Adele Astaire
Lady Charles Cavendish (September 10, 1896 – January 25, 1981), better known as Adele Astaire, was an American dancer and entertainer. She was Fred Astaire's elder sister. Her birthdate was often given as 1897 or 1898, but the 1900 U.S. census showed her birth year as 1896.
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Adriana Lima
Adriana Francesca Lima ; born June 12, 1981) is a Brazilian model, best known as a Victoria's Secret Angel since 2000, and as a spokesmodel for Maybelline cosmetics from 2003 to 2009. At age 15, Lima finished first in Ford's "Supermodel of Brazil" competition, and took second place the following year in the Ford "Supermodel of the World" competition before signing with Elite Model Management in New York City.
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Ai Nonaka
is a seiyū. She currently works for Aoni Production and was formerly a member of the seiyū unit DROPS, which included fellow seiyū Akemi Kanda, Tomoko Kaneda, Mariko Kōda, and Ryōko Shiraishi. In high school in Fukuoka, she was head of the drama club and her ambition was to play male roles in the famous all-female Takarazuka Revue.
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Ainārs Kovals
Ainārs Kovals (born 21 November 1981 in Riga, Latvia) is a male Latvian javelin thrower. His personal best throw is 86.64 metres, achieved at the Summer Olympics in Beijing, where he finished second.
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Albert Speer
Albert Speer, born Berthold Konrad Hermann Albert Speer, (; March 19, 1905 – September 1, 1981) was a German architect who was, for a part of World War II, Minister of Armaments and War Production for the Third Reich. Speer was Adolf Hitler's chief architect before assuming ministerial office. As "the Nazi who said sorry", he accepted responsibility at the Nuremberg trials and in his memoirs for crimes of the Nazi regime. His level of involvement in the persecution of the Jews and his level of knowledge of the Holocaust remain matters of dispute.
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Alessandra Ambrosio
Alessandra Corine Ambrósio (often spelled without the diacritic mark; born April 11, 1981) is a Brazilian model. Described by Tyra Banks as "the future of the modeling world", Ambrosio is best known for her work with Victoria's Secret and was chosen as the first spokesmodel for the company's "PINK" line. Ambrosio is currently one of the Victoria's Secret Angels and the former face of the UK company Next.
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Alex Band
Alex Band (born Alexander Max Band, June 8, 1981, Los Angeles, California) is an American musician and singer-songwriter, best known for his work in his former band The Calling and their signature song "Wherever You Will Go", which peaked at #3 on the Top 40 in 2001.
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Alex Koroknay-Palicz
Alex Koroknay-Palicz (born July 2, 1981) is an American activist in Washington, D.C. He is currently the executive director of the National Youth Rights Association.
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Alexander Hleb
Aliaksandr Paulavich Hleb (, ; ; born 1 May 1981), commonly referred to in English as Alexander Hleb, is a Belarusian footballer who currently plays for Premier League club Birmingham City on loan from Spanish club Barcelona.
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Alexis Bledel
Alexis Bledel (born September 16, 1981) is an American actress and fashion model. She is best known for her roles as Rory Gilmore in the television series Gilmore Girls and Lena Kaligaris in The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants and The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants 2.
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Alfie Anido
Alfie Anido (December 31, 1959 – December 30, 1981) was a popular Filipino matinee idol best remembered for his death at the age of 22. He was the eldest of four children of Alberto Anido and Sara Serrano, and was the brother of Albert Anido, another Filipino actor.
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Alicia Keys
Alicia Augello Cook (born January 25, 1981), better known by her stage name Alicia Keys, is an American recording artist, musician and actress. She was raised by a single mother in the Hell's Kitchen area of Manhattan in New York City. At age seven, Keys began to play classical music on the piano. She attended Professional Performing Arts School and graduated at 16 as valedictorian. She later attended Columbia University before dropping out to pursue her music career. Keys released her debut album with J Records, having had previous record deals first with Columbia and then Arista Records.
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Alicia Molik
Alicia Molik (born 27 January 1981) is a professional female tennis player from Australia. She reached a career high singles rank of number 8 and also won a bronze medal for Australia at the 2004 Athens Olympics. Molik also reached a career high doubles ranking of number 6, and won two grand slam doubles titles, at the Australian Open in 2005 and the French Open in 2007. She retired from the sport in September 2008, however, announced a comeback in 2009.
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Alina Cojocaru
Alina Cojocaru (born 27 May 1981) is a female principal dancer with The Royal Ballet of London.
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Alisan Porter
Alisan Porter (born June 20, 1981) is an American actress, singer and dancer.
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Allan Dwan
Allan Dwan (April 3, 1885 – December 28, 1981) was a pioneering Canadian-born American motion picture director, producer and screenwriter.
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Allen Ludden
Allen Ludden (October 5, 1917 – June 9, 1981), born Allen Packard Ellsworth, was an American television personality, emcee and game show host, perhaps most well-known for hosting various incarnations of the game show Password between 1961 and 1980.
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Amanda Beard
Amanda Ray Beard (born October 29, 1981 in Newport Beach, California), is an American Olympic-level swimmer and model. Beard participated in the 1996 Summer Olympics, 2000 Summer Olympics, 2004 Summer Olympics, and 2008 Summer Olympics, capturing a total of seven medals, the most recent in the 2004 games. She held the world number one ranking of 200 meter breaststrokers in 2003. In U.S. competition, Beard won three 200 meter breaststroke, three 100 meter breaststroke, and two 200 meter individual medley US National titles.
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Amanda Diva
Amanda Diva (born Amanda Seales; July 1, 1981) is a female rapper, actress, and former replacement of the musical group Floetry.
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Amber Chia
Amber Chia (, , pinyin: Xiè Lìpíng; born December 14, 1981) is a Malaysian model. She was born in Ipoh, Malaysia, but grew up in the city of Tawau, in Sabah, East Malaysia. She began her modeling career at seventeen in Kuala Lumpur. Chia gained exposure after being a finalist in the 2004 Guess Watches Timeless Beauty Contest, which was a model search for Guess Watch's brand ambassador.
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Amrita Rao
Amrita Rao (Konkani: अमृता राव, ; born 17 June 1981) is an Indian actress who appears in Bollywood films.
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Amy Lee
Amy Lynn Hartzler (née Lee; born December 13, 1981), better known as Amy Lee, is an American singer-songwriter and classically trained pianist. She is co-founder and lead vocalist of the rock band Evanescence. She cites influences ranging from classical musicians such as Mozart to modern artists Björk, Tori Amos, Danny Elfman and Plumb.
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Ana Hickmann
Ana Lúcia Hickmann (born March 1, 1981 in Santa Cruz do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil) is a Brazilian model who has worked for Victoria's Secret, Nivea, L'Oreal, Clairol, and Bloomingdales. She has appeared in the South African version of the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue, and graced the covers of Brazilian Vogue, Marie Claire, and Elle.
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Anastasia Myskina
Anastasiya Andreyevna Myskina ( ; born July 8, 1981, Moscow, Russia) is a professional tennis player from Russia. She won the 2004 French Open singles title, becoming the first Russian female tennis player to win a Grand Slam event. Subsequent to this victory she rose to number 3 on the WTA ranking, becoming the first Russian female tennis player to reach the top three in the history of the rankings. In September 2004 she reached a career high of No.2, but she has not played professional tennis since 2007, and has stated she does not know whether she will return or not. Injury has prevented her from advancing for the past several years.
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Andreas Papandreou
Andreas G. Papandreou (); February 5, 1919 - June 23, 1996) was a Greek economist, a socialist politician and a dominant figure in Greek politics. He served two terms as Prime Minister of Greece (21 October 1981, to 2 July 1989, and 13 October 1993, to 22 January 1996). In 1999, Papandreou was posthumously awarded the Swedish Order of the Polar Star.
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Andrei Arshavin
Andrei Sergeyevich Arshavin (; sometimes romanized as Andrey; born 29 May 1981) is a Russian footballer who plays for English Premier League team Arsenal and captains the Russian national team. He has won both the UEFA Cup and the UEFA Super Cup with Zenit.
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Andrés Romero
For the Chilean footballer with the same name see Andrés Romero (footballer)
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Angela Via
Angela Vía (born December 29, 1981 as Angela Jolena Trullinger Villarreal) is an American singer/songwriter from Texas. Initially marketed as a pop artist, Angela's catalog contains music of a variety of genres in both English and Spanish. While she was scheduled to release an album in 2009, it is currently unknown when her next work will be released as she is shopping for a record label.
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Anita Loos
Anita Loos (April 26, 1888 – August 18, 1981) was an American screenwriter, playwright and author.
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Anja Pärson
MedalCountry|
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Anna Kournikova
Anna Sergeyevna Kournikova (lang-ru|; born 7 June 1981) is a Russian American professional tennis player and model. Her celebrity status made her one of the best known tennis players worldwide. At the peak of her fame, fans looking for images of Kournikova made her name one of the most common search strings on the Internet search engine Google.
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Anna Rogowska
MedalCountry|
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Anna Sedokova
Anna Sedokova (Анна Седокова, sometimes known as Аня Седакова, Anya Sedakova) is a Ukrainian-Russian pop singer, born on December 16, 1982 in Kiev in the family of Tomsk emigrants.
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Anoushka Shankar
Anoushka Shankar (, born 9 June 1981) is an Indian sitar player and composer in the United States. She is the daughter of Ravi Shankar, Indian sitar player, and Sukanya Rajan, a bank employee. Through her father, she is the half-sister of Grammy Award winner Norah Jones.
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Antonio Bryant
Antonio Bryant (born March 9, 1981 in Miami, Florida) is an American football wide receiver currently a free agent. He was drafted by the Dallas Cowboys in the second round of the 2002 NFL Draft. He played college football at Pittsburgh.
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Antonio Tejero
Antonio Tejero Molina (born April 30 1932) is a Spanish former Lieutenant Colonel of the Guardia Civil, and the most visible figure in the attempted coup d'état - also known as the 'Tejerazo' - against the Spanish democracy on February 23, 1981.
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Anwar Sadat
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Anya Phillips
Anya Phillips (?-19 June 1981) was the manager and girlfriend of New York-based musician James Chance (aka James White). Also co-founder of legendary New York nightclub the Mudd Club along with Steve Maas and Diego Cortez, Anya had an influence on the fashion, sound and look of the New York-based No Wave scene of the late 1970s that continues to be in vogue. She was a friend of Debbie Harry.
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Arthur O'Connell
'''Arthur O'Connell' (March 29, 1908 – May 18, 1981) was an American stage and film actor. He appeared in films (starting with a small role in Citizen Kane) in 1941 and television programs (mostly guest appearances). Among his screen appearances were Picnic, Anatomy of a Murder, and as the watch-maker who hides Jews during WWII in The Hiding Place''.
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Arthur Scargill
Arthur Scargill (born 11 January 1938) is a former president of the National Union of Mineworkers (NUM) and is the current leader of the Socialist Labour Party (SLP). He was the NUM president from 1981 to 2000, leading the union through the 1984-85 miners' strike, a key event in British labour and political history. He founded the SLP in 1996.
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Ashley Blue
Ashley Blue (born Oriana Small July 8, 1981) is the pseudonym of an American pornographic actress.
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Ashley Drane
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Ashley Roberts
Ashley Maria Roberts (born September 14, 1981) is an American dancer, recording artist, model, actress, fashion designer and television personality. Best known as a former member of the modern burlesque group the Pussycat Dolls. She left the Pussycat Dolls in 2010, to pursue a solo career in acting.
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Asli Bayram
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Audrey Tang
Audrey Tang (born April 18, 1981; formerly known as Autrijus Tang) is a Taiwanese free software programmer, who has been described as one of the "ten greats of Taiwanese computing."
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Augusto Pinochet
Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte (25 November 1915 – 10 December 2006) was a Chilean army general and president who assumed power in a coup d'état on 11 September 1973. Among his titles, he was the Commander-in-Chief of the Chilean army from 1973 to 1998, president of the Government Junta of Chile from 1973 to 1974 and President of the Republic from 1974 until transferring power to a democratically elected president in 1990.
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Aurora Snow
Aurora Snow (born on November 26, 1981 in Santa Maria, California) is the stage name of an American pornographic actress and occasional director.
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Azura Skye
Azura Skye (born November 8, 1981) is an American actress who first gained recognition for her role as Jane on The WB television sitcom, Zoe, Duncan, Jack and Jane. She also had a memorable, but brief appearance (2 episodes), as Cassie Newton in the seventh season of Buffy the Vampire Slayer.
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Barbara Pierce Bush
:For the wife of George H.W. Bush, see Barbara Bush.
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Beatrice Tinsley
Beatrice Muriel Hill Tinsley (January 27, 1941 - March 23, 1981) was a New Zealand astronomer and cosmologist whose research made fundamental contributions to the astronomical understanding of how galaxies evolve with time.
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Beau Brady
Beau Brady (born 11 October 1981 in Sydney) is an Australian actor, best known for his role as Noah Lawson on the drama Home and Away.
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Beijing
| style="float:right;"
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Ben Adams
Benjamin "Ben" Stevens Adams (born 22 November 1981) is an English singer-songwriter, best known as a member of the popular Boyband A1.
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Ben Barnes (actor)
Benjamin Thomas "Ben" Barnes (born 20 August 1981) is an English actor. He has appeared in the television series Doctors, and in the films Stardust, Bigga Than Ben, , Dorian Gray and Easy Virtue.
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Ben Kweller
Ben Kweller (born June 16, 1981, San Francisco, California) is an American singer, songwriter and multi-instrumentalist.
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Ben Moody
Ben Robert Moody (born January 22, 1981, in Little Rock, Arkansas, U.S.) is a singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, record producer, and actor. He is best known as co-founder, lead guitarist, and songwriter of Grammy Award-winning rock band Evanescence from 1995 to October 2003. Since leaving Evanescence, Moody has collaborated with an array of performers vocally, instrumentally, and as a writer. He is now a member of We Are the Fallen.
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Bernard Lee
Bernard Lee (10 January 1908 – 16 January 1981) was an English actor, best known for his role as M in the first eleven James Bond films.
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Bertie Ahern
Patrick Bartholomew "Bertie" Ahern (born 12 September 1951) is an Irish politician who served as Taoiseach (prime minister) of Ireland from 26 June 1997 to 7 May 2008.
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Bethany Joy Lenz
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Beulah Bondi
Beulah Bondi (May 3, 1888 – January 11, 1981)
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Beverley Mitchell
Beverley Ann Mitchell (born January 22, 1981) is an American actress and country music singer. She is best known for her role as Lucy Camden-Kinkirk on the television series 7th Heaven.
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Beyoncé Knowles
Beyoncé Giselle Knowles (born September 4, 1981), often known simply as Beyoncé ( ), is an American Pop/R&B; singer, songwriter, actress and fashion designer. Born and raised in Houston, Texas, she enrolled in various performing arts schools and was first exposed to singing and dancing competitions as a child. Knowles rose to fame in the late 1990s as the lead singer of the R&B; girl group Destiny's Child, one of the world's best-selling girl groups of all time.
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Bill Haley
:This article is specifically about the singer. For detailed information about his rock and roll group, see Bill Haley & His Comets.
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Bill Shankly
William "Bill" Shankly, OBE (2 September 1913 – 29 September 1981) was one of Britain's most successful and respected football managers. Shankly was also a fine player, whose career was interrupted by the Second World War. He played nearly 300 times in The Football League for Preston North End and represented Scotland seven times, as well as playing for Partick Thistle and Carlisle United.
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Blair Chenoweth
Blair Jane Chenoweth (born 3 November 1981) is a beauty queen from Anchorage, Alaska who has competed in the 2003 Miss America pageant and in the 2007 Miss USA pageant.
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Bob Marley
Robert Nesta "Bob" Marley (6 February 1945 – 11 May 1981) was a Jamaican singer-songwriter and musician. He was the rhythm guitarist and lead singer for the ska, rocksteady and reggae bands The Wailers (1964–1974) and Bob Marley & The Wailers (1974–1981). Marley remains the most widely known and revered performer of reggae music, and is credited with helping spread both Jamaican music and the Rastafari movement to a worldwide audience.
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Bobby Sands
Robert Gerard Sands (, commonly known as Bobby Sands; 9 March 1954 5 May 1981) was an Irish volunteer of the Provisional Irish Republican Army and member of the United Kingdom Parliament who died on hunger strike while in HM Prison Maze.
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Bracha van Doesburgh
Bracha Semeyns de Vries van Doesburgh (born September 2, 1981 in Enschede) is a Dutch actress.
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Brad Winchester
Brad Winchester (born March 1, 1981 in Madison, Wisconsin), is a professional ice hockey left winger for the St. Louis Blues. He was selected in the second round of the 2000 NHL Entry Draft, 35th overall, by the Edmonton Oilers.
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Brandon Flowers
Brandon Richard Flowers (born June 21, 1981) is an American musician, best known as the frontman, vocalist, and keyboardist of the Las Vegas-based rock band The Killers.
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Brandon Jay McLaren
Brandon Jay McLaren (born July 3, 1981) is a Canadian actor. He is best known by his role of Jack Landors, the Red SPD Power Ranger, on , and Danny Brooks on ''Harper's Island. He was a guest star in the episode "" of . He was featured throughout the first season of The N original television series, The Best Years'' as Devon Sylver, the love interest of lead character Samantha Best.
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Brendan Fevola
Brendan Fevola (born 20 January 1981) is a professional Australian rules footballer currently with the Brisbane Lions in the Australian Football League.
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Brian Bonsall
Brian Eric Bonsall (born December 3, 1981) is a former American child actor. He is best known for playing the youngest Keaton child, Andy, on the NBC sitcom Family Ties from 1986 through 1989. He is also known for his portrayal of Alexander Rozhenko, the son of Worf, on .
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Brian Simnjanovski
Brian Simnjanovski (May 29, 1981 - May 10, 2009) was a former NFL Europe punter for the Berlin Thunder, an American football team.
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Britney Spears
Britney Jean Spears (born December 2, 1981) is an American recording artist and entertainer. Born in McComb, Mississippi and raised in Kentwood, Louisiana, Spears began performing as a child, landing acting roles in stage productions and television shows. She signed with Jive Records in 1997 and released her debut album in 1999. During her first decade within the music industry, she became a prominent figure in mainstream popular music and popular culture, followed by a much-publicized personal life. Her first two albums established her as a pop icon and broke sales records, while title tracks "...Baby One More Time" and "Oops!... I Did It Again" became international number-one hits. Spears was credited with influencing the revival of teen pop during the late 1990s.
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Bryant McFadden
Bryant McFadden (born November 21, 1981 in ) is an American football cornerback for the Pittsburgh Steelers of the National Football League. He was drafted by the Steelers in the second round of the 2005 NFL Draft. He played college football at Florida State.
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Bryce Howard
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Burton O'Brien
'''Burton O'Brien''' (born June 10, 1981, in Johannesburg, South Africa) is a former Scotland Under-21 midfielder footballer at Scottish Premier League side Falkirk.
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Carl Crawford
Carl lindeman Crawford (born August 5, 1981, in ) is the starting left fielder for the Tampa Bay Rays of Major League Baseball. He bats and throws left-handed.
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Carl Vinson
Carl Vinson (November 19, 1883 – June 1, 1981) was a United States Representative from Georgia. He was a Democrat and the first person to serve for more than 50 years in the United States House of Representatives. He was known as "The Father of the Two-Ocean Navy".
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Carmen Luvana
Carmen Luvana (born August 23, 1981 in New York City) is the stage name of a former American pornographic actress.
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Carol Banawa
Carol Claire Aguilar Banawa (born March 4, 1981, in Pasay City, Philippines), better known in the Philippines as Carol Banawa, is a Filipina singer and actress. She was born in Pasay City to Albino and Cirila Banawa. She has two siblings, Alexander and Cherry. She was raised in Batangas. She was invited to join the new roster of ABS-CBN stars through the children oriented show Ang TV . She is a Star Magic Batch 4 alumni.
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Carol Ryrie Brink
Carol Ryrie Brink (December 28, 1895 Moscow, Idaho - August 15, 1981 La Jolla, California) was an American author of over thirty juvenile and adult books. Her novel Caddie Woodlawn won the 1936 Newbery Medal.
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Caroline Lufkin
Caroline Lufkin (stage name Caroline) is an Okinawan-American musician and younger sister of Japanese pop artist Olivia Lufkin. Caroline's songs feature dozens of live acoustic instruments, including pianos, harps, bells, guitars, strings and hand drums, and use no samples. Caroline performed in Taiwan's Formoz Festival along with Nanase Aikawa on July 29, 2006. She was invited by her Taiwanese record distributor company, White Wabbit Records.
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Cassie Bernall
Cassie René Bernall (November 6, 1981 – April 20, 1999) was a student killed in the Columbine High School massacre, at age 17.
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Cecelia Ahern
Cecelia Ahern (Irish: Cecelia Ní hEachthairn, born September 30, 1981 in Dublin, Ireland) is an Irish novelist, since 2004. In addition to publishing several novels, she has also contributed a number of short stories to various anthologies, for which all her royalties go to charity, and she is currently a producer for the ABC comedy Samantha Who? starring Christina Applegate. Her writings can be compared to the work of Jessica Adams, Susie Boyt and Jenny Colgan.
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Celina Jaitley
Celina Jaitley (Hindi: सेलीना जेटली, ; born 24 November 1981) is an Indian actress who appears in mainly Bollywood films. A former beauty queen and model, she was crowned Femina Miss India Universe in 2001.
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Chad Michael Murray
Chad Michael Murray (born August 24, 1981) is an American actor, former fashion model and spokesperson. Murray became well known after playing Austin Ames in the movie A Cinderella Story with Hilary Duff. He also played the lead role of Lucas Scott in The CW teen, young adult drama series One Tree Hill. In addition, he is popular among teenagers and young adults for starring in the commercially successful films Freaky Friday and House of Wax. Murray has the record for the most Teen Choice Award nominations and has posed on the cover of numerous mainstream magazines; his magazine covers include Rolling Stone, People, Vanity Fair and Entertainment Weekly.
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Charlie Frye
Charles Lester Frye, (born August 28, 1981 in Norwalk, Ohio), is an American football quarterback for the Oakland Raiders of the National Football League. He was drafted by the Cleveland Browns in the third round of the 2005 NFL Draft. He played college football at Akron.
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Chiang Ching
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China
China is seen variously as an ancient civilization extending over a large area in East Asia, a nation and/or a multinational entity.
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Chris Evans (actor)
Christopher Robert "Chris" Evans (born June 13, 1981) is an American actor. He is perhaps best known for his role in the film Not Another Teen Movie and as the Human Torch in the films Fantastic Four and .
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Chris Thile
Chris Thile () (born February 20, 1981) is an American musician, best known as the mandolinist and a vocalist for the progressive acoustic trio Nickel Creek. His current band is Punch Brothers and his most recent album is Antifogmatic. He has also recorded five albums as a solo artist, debuting with Leading Off in 1994. Chris Thile has collaborated with many artists such as Mike Marshall, Béla Fleck, Glen Phillips, and Edgar Meyer. Thile is a great-great-grandson of Baseball Hall of Famer Sam Thompson.
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Chris Urbanowicz
Christopher Dominic Urbanowicz (born 22 June 1981 in Aslockton, Nottinghamshire) is the lead guitarist and synthesizer player of the British indie rock band Editors. He studied music technology at Staffordshire University for three years with the other members of Editors. He then worked in a shoe shop with Editors drummer Ed Lay in Birmingham for two years before the band signed to Kitchenware Records.
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Christy Brown
Christy Brown (5 June 1932 – 7 September 1981) was an Irish author, painter and poet who had severe cerebral palsy. He is most famous for his autobiography My Left Foot, which was later made into an Academy Award-winning film of the same name.
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Cicely Saunders
Dame Cicely Mary Saunders, OM, DBE (22 June 1918 in Barnet, Hertfordshire, England – 14 July 2005 at St Christopher's Hospice, South London, England) was a prominent Anglican nurse, physician and writer, involved with many international universities. She helped the dying and terminally ill end their lives in the most comfortable ways possible.
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Clinton Portis
Clinton Earl Portis (born September 1, 1981 in Laurel, Mississippi) is an American football running back for the Washington Redskins of the National Football League.
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Code Adam
Code Adam is a "missing child" safety program in the United States and Canada, originally created by Wal-Mart retail stores in 1994. It is named in memory of Adam Walsh, the 6-year-old son of John Walsh (the host of Fox's America's Most Wanted.). Adam was abducted from a Sears department store in Florida in 1981 and was later found murdered. Today, many department stores, retail shops, shopping malls, supermarkets, amusement parks, and museums participate in the Code Adam program. Legislation enacted by Congress in 2003 now mandates that all federal office buildings employ the program.
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Cozy Cole
Cozy Cole (October 17, 1909 – January 31, 1981) was a jazz drummer who scored a #1 Cashbox magazine hit with the record "Topsy Part 2". "Topsy" peaked at number three on Billboard Hot 100, and at number one on the R&B; chart. It sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc. The recording contained a lengthy drum solo, and was one of the few drum solo recordings that ever made the Billboard Hot 100 (1958) chart. The single was issued on the tiny Brooklyn-based Love Records label.
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Cristian Zaccardo
Cristian Zaccardo, Cavaliere Ufficiale OMRI, (born December 21, 1981 in Formigine, Modena) is an Italian World Cup-winning footballer, who plays for Italian Serie A club Parma. He plays primarily as a right full back but is also capable of playing at centre back.
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Daisuke Matsui
(born May 11, 1981 in Yamashina-ku, Kyoto) is a Japanese footballer who plays for Tom Tomsk in the Russian Premier League on loan from Grenoble.
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Damien Delaney
Damien Delaney (born August 20, 1981 in Cork) is an Irish professional footballer, currently playing for Ipswich Town.
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Dan George
Chief Dan George, OC (July 24, 1899–September 23, 1981) was a chief of the Tsleil-Waututh Nation, a Coast Salish band located on Burrard Inlet in North Vancouver, British Columbia. He was also an author, poet and an Academy Award-nominated actor.
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Daniel K. Ludwig
Daniel Keith Ludwig (June 24, 1897, South Haven, Michigan - August 27, 1992) was a US shipping magnate and billionaire. Even though he was one of the wealthiest men of his day, his name was little known. Throughout his business life, he maintained a low profile and ceased speaking to the press in the 1950s.
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Danielle Fishel
Danielle Christine Fishel (born May 5, 1981) is an American actress best known for her role as Topanga Lawrence on the 1990s TV sitcom Boy Meets World. Currently, she is the host of The Dish. She also appeared in ''National Lampoon's Dorm Daze'' and its sequel and was a spokesperson for NutriSystem.
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Dany Heatley
Daniel James Heatley (born January 21, 1981) is a German Canadian professional ice hockey winger currently playing for the San Jose Sharks of the National Hockey League (NHL). Originally drafted by the Atlanta Thrashers second overall in the 2000 NHL Entry Draft, he won the Calder Memorial Trophy as the top NHL rookie in 2002. However, after being involved in a car accident in September 2003 that killed teammate and close friend Dan Snyder, he requested a trade and was subsequently dealt to the Ottawa Senators.
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David Anders
David Anders (born David Anders Holt on March 11, 1981) is an American television and stage actor. He is best known for his roles as Julian Sark on Alias, and as Adam Monroe on Heroes. Although Anders is American, both of these noted roles required him to use a British accent.
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David Garnett
David Garnett (9 March 1892 – 17 February 1981) was a British writer and publisher. As a child, he had a cloak made of rabbit skin and thus received the nickname "Bunny", by which he was known to friends and intimates all his life.
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David H. Hubel
David Hunter Hubel (born February 27, 1926) is the John Franklin Enders Professor of Neurobiology, Emeritus, at Harvard Medical School. He was co-recipient with Torsten Wiesel of the 1981 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system; the prize was shared with Roger W. Sperry for his independent research on the cerebral hemispheres. In 1978,
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David Villa
David Villa Sánchez (; born 3 December 1981), nicknamed El Guaje (The Kid in Asturian), is a World Cup-winning Spanish footballer who currently plays as a striker for FC Barcelona and the Spanish national football team.
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Dayang Nurfaizah
Dayang Nurfaizah binti Awang Dowty (born July 20, 1981 in Kuching, Sarawak) is a Malaysian singer. Her debut self-titled album was released in May 1999 and it was recorded in the pop and R&B; genres. The album's lead single, Hakikat Cinta introduced her to the local music industry.
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Deadmau5
Joel Thomas Zimmerman (born January 5, 1981), better known by his stage name Deadmau5 (stylized as deadmau5; pronounced "dead mouse"), is a Canadian progressive house and electro house producer based in Toronto, Ontario. His extensive discography includes tracks such as "Arguru" and "Not Exactly", which have been included in compilation albums such as , MixMag's Tech-Trance-Electro-Madness (mixed by deadmau5 himself), and on Armin van Buuren's A State of Trance radio show. His debut album, Get Scraped, was released in 2006, followed by others in the next few years. On October 28, 2009, DJ Magazine announced the results of their annual Top 100 DJ Poll, placing Ultra Records artist deadmau5 at number six, a jump from number eleven the previous year.
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Delfo Cabrera
Delfo Cabrera Gómez (April 2, 1919 – August 2, 1981) was an Argentine athlete, winner of the marathon race at the 1948 Summer Olympics in one of the most dramatic finishes in athletics history.
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DeWitt Wallace
DeWitt Wallace (November 12, 1889 – March 30, 1981), also known as William Roy (full name: William Roy DeWitt Wallace) was a United States magazine publisher. He co-founded ''Reader's Digest'' with his wife Lila Wallace and published the first issue in 1922.
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Dia Mirza
Dia Mirza Handrich () nicknamed Dee and more popularly known as Dia Mirza, (born on December 9, 1981) is a Indian model and actress who appears in Bollywood films. She was second runner up at Femina Miss India, 2000 and was subsequently sent to Miss Asia Pacific, 2000, where she won. She completed the hat-trick of India winning international pageants in the year 2000 (Lara Dutta won the Miss Universe title and Priyanka Chopra won the Miss World title in the same year) when she won the Miss Asia Pacific title on 3 December 2000 in Manila, Philippines, also making her the first Indian contestant to win this title in 29 years.
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Didz Hammond
David Jonathan Hammond (born on 19 July 1981), better known as Didz Hammond, is an English bassist. He was the bassist and backing vocalist in The Cooper Temple Clause (while also occasionally playing other instruments), and in Carl Barât's Dirty Pretty Things. He is also the bass player in Brett Anderson's live electric band. The band's second album, Romance At Short Notice saw Hammond taking on more vocal duties within the band, for example contributing all the vocals on the ballad "The North".
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Dima Bilan
(, ; born , , 24 December 1981 in Ust-Dzheguta, Karachay-Cherkessia) is a Russian pop artist. Bilan represented Russia at the Eurovision Song Contest 2006 with "Never Let You Go", finishing second, and he won the contest in 2008, with the song "Believe". He has had several Russian no. 1 hits.
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Dimitar Berbatov
Dimitar Ivanov Berbatov (Bulgarian: Димитър Иванов Бербатов, ; born 30 January 1981) is a Bulgarian footballer who plays as a striker for Manchester United of England and is the all-time leading goalscorer for the Bulgarian national team. He has won the Bulgarian Footballer of the Year award six times, surpassing the number of wins by Hristo Stoichkov. He is distinctive for his skillful, seemingly effortless style of play, which has earned him praise but also a perception as being "lazy".
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Djibril Cissé
Djibril Cissé (; born 12 August 1981 in Arles) is a French professional association football player who plays as a striker for Panathinaikos. He is noted particularly for his speed and acceleration. Since 2005, he has held the title of Lord of the Manor of Frodsham.
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Dominique Moceanu
Dominique "Domi" Helena Moceanu (born September 30, 1981 in Hollywood, California) is an American gymnast of Romanian descent who was a member of the Olympic Gold medal winning 1996 U.S. Women's Gymnastics team in Atlanta (the "Magnificent Seven").
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Don Ashby
Donald Allan Ashby (March 8, 1955 – May 30, 1981) was a Canadian professional ice hockey centre who played six seasons in the National Hockey League from 1975–76 until 1980–81.
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Donal Coonan
Donal Coonan is an actor, writer and presenter, who is most notable for presenting Channel 4's web show thisisaknife.
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Donna Payant
Donna Payant née Collins (Mar 22, 1950-May 15, 1981) was a New York state corrections officer who was murdered while on duty at Green Haven Correctional Facility.
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Dwayne Cameron
Dwayne Cameron (born 28 October 1981) is a New Zealand film actor. He is perhaps best known for his role of Bray on the teen drama series The Tribe and Tyzonn in Power Rangers Operation Overdrive, although he has also had recurring roles in Street Legal and Mercy Peak and a guest role in Shortland Street.
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Dylan Klebold
http://wn.com/Dylan_Klebold -
Eden Riegel
Eden Sonja Jane Riegel (born January 1, 1981) is an American actress. Nominated previously on multiple occasions, she received a Daytime Emmy Award in 2005 for her portrayal of Bianca Montgomery on the daytime drama All My Children. In addition to her work on All My Children, Riegel has guest starred in several prime time shows, as well as film, and stars as character "Eden" in the web series Imaginary Bitches. She assumed the role of Heather Stevens on The Young and the Restless in April of 2010.
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Edith Head
Edith Head (October 28, 1897 – October 24, 1981) was an American costume designer who had a long career in Hollywood that garnered eight Academy Awards—more than any other woman in history.
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Edward the Martyr
Edward the Martyr (Old English: Eadweard) (c. 962 – 18 March 978) was king of the English from 975 until he was murdered in 978. Edward was the eldest son of King Edgar, but not his father's acknowledged heir. On Edgar's death, the leadership of England was contested, with some supporting Edward's claim to be king and other supporting his much younger half-brother Æthelred the Unready. Edward was chosen as king and was crowned by his main clerical supporters, Archbishops Dunstan and Oswald of Worcester.
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Elias Canetti
Elias Canetti (; 25 July 1905–14 August 1994) was a Bulgarian-born modernist novelist, playwright, memoirist, and non-fiction writer. He wrote in German. He won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1981, "for writings marked by a broad outlook, a wealth of ideas and artistic power".
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Elizabeth II
Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary, born 21 April 1926) is the reigning queen and head of state of 16 independent sovereign states known as the Commonwealth realms: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Jamaica, Barbados, the Bahamas, Grenada, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Belize, Antigua and Barbuda, and Saint Kitts and Nevis. In addition, as Head of the Commonwealth, she is the figurehead of the 54-member Commonwealth of Nations and, as the British monarch, she is the Supreme Governor of the Church of England.
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Ella Chen
Chen Chia-Hwa (陳嘉樺), more commonly credited as Ella, is the oldest member of the Taiwanese girl group S.H.E. Her name 'Ella', which means courage, was given after the personality test given by HIM Management Co.
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Ellen Muth
Ellen Anna Muth (pronounced "Mewth"; born March 6, 1981) is an American actress, known for her role as George Lass in Showtime's series Dead Like Me.
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Emilie de Ravin
Emilie de Ravin (; born 27 December 1981) is an Australian actress. She is commonly associated with her roles as Tess Harding on Roswell and Claire Littleton on the ABC drama Lost.
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Emily Rose (actress)
Emily Rose (born February 2, 1981, in Renton, Washington) is an American actress.
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Enid Lyons
Dame Enid Muriel Lyons, AD, GBE (9 July 1897 - 2 September 1981) was an Australian politician and the first woman to be elected to the Australian House of Representatives as well as the first woman appointed to the federal Cabinet. Prior to these achievements, she was best known as the wife of the Premier of Tasmania and later Prime Minister of Australia, Joseph Lyons.
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Enid Markey
Enid Markey (born February 22, 1894, Dillon, Colorado - died November 15, 1981, Bay Shore, New York) was an American actress of stage, film and television. She originated the role of Jane in films, playing the character twice - in 1918 (Tarzan of The Apes; The Romance of Tarzan).
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Enrico Fabris
Enrico Fabris (born October 5, 1981, Asiago, province of Vicenza) is an Italian long track speed skater who has won three World Cup races and became the first European Allround Champion from Italy when he won the 2006 European Championships one month before the Winter Olympics in Turin. In 2007 he won also the silver medal an in 2008 the bronze medal. Fabris is also a six-time Italian Allround Champion.
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Eric Lively
Eric Lawrence Lively (born July 31, 1981) is an American actor.
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Erin Torpey
Erin Catherine Torpey (born February 14, 1981) is an American actress and singer. She best known for her portrayal of Jessica Buchanan on One Life to Live.
http://wn.com/Erin_Torpey -
Ernst Pepping
Ernst Pepping (born 12 September 1901 in Duisburg, died 1 February 1981 in Spandau) was a German composer of classical music.
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Eugenio Montale
Eugenio Montale (October 12, 1896 — September 12, 1981) was an Italian poet, prose writer, editor and translator, winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1975.
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Euzebiusz Smolarek
Euzebiusz "Ebi" Smolarek (; born 9 January 1981 in Łódź) is a Polish footballer who is currently playing for Polonia Warsaw. He has played forty-six times for the Polish national football team. Smolarek plays primarily as a striker or winger.
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Fabian Cancellara
Fabian Cancellara (born 18 March 1981) is a Swiss professional road bicycle racer for UCI ProTour . A time trial specialist, he is a four-time World Time Trial Champion and is the current Olympic gold medalist. He is also a winner of Tour of Flanders, Paris–Roubaix (twice), Milan – San Remo, Tirreno–Adriatico, Tour de Suisse, Monte Paschi Eroica, and four prologues of the Tour de France.
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Fan Bingbing
Fan Bingbing (born 16 September 1981) is a Chinese actress and Mandopop singer.
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Farrah Franklin
Farrah Destiny Franklin (born May 3, 1981) is an American singer, actress, and model, formerly a member of Destiny's Child.
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Ferdinand Marcos
Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos (September 11, 1917 – September 28, 1989) was 10th President of the Philippines from 1965 to 1986. He was a lawyer, member of the Philippine House of Representatives (1949–1959) and a member of the Philippine Senate (1959–1965). He was Senate President in 1963. He claimed to have led a guerrilla force called Ang Maharlika in northern Luzon during the Second World War, something much doubted however to be true. As Philippine president and strongman, his greatest achievement was in the fields of infrastructure development and international diplomacy. However, his administration was marred by massive authoritarian corruption, despotism, nepotism, political repression, and human rights violations. He benefited from a large personality cult in the Philippines during his regime. In 1983, his government was implicated in the assassination of his primary political opponent, Benigno Aquino, Jr.. The implication caused a chain of events, including a tainted presidential election that served as the catalyst for the People Power Revolution in February 1986 that led to his removal from power and eventual exile in Hawaii. It was later alleged that he and his wife Imelda Marcos had moved billions of dollars of embezzled public funds to the United States, Switzerland, and other countries, as well as into alleged corporations during his 20 years in power.
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Fernando Alonso
Fernando Alonso Díaz (born 29 July 1981) is a Spanish Formula One racing driver and a two-time World Champion, who is currently racing for Ferrari alongside Felipe Massa.
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Fran Kranz
Francis "Fran" Kranz (born July 13, 1983) is an American actor. He is best-known for his role as Topher Brink in Joss Whedon's sci-fi drama Dollhouse. He previously starred in the television comedy, Welcome to the Captain.
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Frank Iero
Frank Anthony Iero, Jr. (born October 31, 1981) is the rhythm guitarist and backup vocalist of the alternative rock band My Chemical Romance as well as the vocalist of the hardcore punk band Leathermouth. He was born in Belleville, New Jersey and attended Queen of Peace High School in North Arlington. He went to Rutgers University on a scholarship, but dropped out.
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Frank McHugh
Francis Curray "Frank" McHugh (May 23, 1898 – September 11, 1981) was an American film and television actor.
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François Mitterrand
François Maurice Adrien Marie Mitterrand (, 26 October 1916 8 January 1996) was the 21st President of the French Republic, serving from 1981 until 1995, and the candidate of the left in each presidential election of the Fifth Republic from 1965 to 1988, except 1969.
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Frédérick Bousquet
Swimmer|
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Gareth David-Lloyd
Gareth David-Lloyd (born 28 March 1981) is a Welsh actor best known for his role as Ianto Jones in the British science fiction television programme Torchwood.
http://wn.com/Gareth_David-Lloyd -
Gary Lucy
Gary Edward Lucy (born 27 November 1981 in Chigwell, Essex), is an English television actor and model, best known for his roles as TDC Will Fletcher on ITV police drama The Bill, Kyle Pascoe on ''Footballers' Wives and on Channel Four teen soap Hollyoaks'', as Luke Morgan.
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Geirr Tveitt
Geirr Tveitt, born Nils Tveit (October 19, 1908 – February 1, 1981) was a Norwegian composer and pianist. Tveitt was a central figure of the national movement in Norwegian cultural life during the 1930s.
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Genevieve Cortese
Genevieve Nicole Cortese (born January 8, 1981) is an American actress known for her breakout role on the television series Wildfire as Kris Furillo. She also known for her recurring role in Supernatural as Ruby. She married Supernatural star Jared Padalecki in 2010.
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George McCartney
George McCartney (born April 29, 1981 in Belfast, Northern Ireland) is an international footballer for Northern Ireland. He currently plays for Leeds United on loan from Sunderland where he is an attacking left full back. He began his youth career at Sunderland, and then went to West Ham, and then made a return to Sunderland at the start of Roy Keane's time at charge. He then fell out of favour in the first team under Steve Bruce, when he suffered an knee injury, and Kieran Richardson took his place.
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George Pilkington
George Pilkington (born 7 November 1981 in Rugeley, Staffordshire) is an English professional footballer who captains Conference National club Luton Town, playing as a defender.
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George Walsh
George Walsh (16 March 1889 – 13 June 1981) was an American actor of the silent era. He appeared in 81 films between 1914 and 1936.
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Georges Brassens
Georges Brassens () (22 October 1921 - 29 October 1981) was a French singer-songwriter.
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Georges St-Pierre
Georges St-Pierre (; born May 19, 1981), often referred to as GSP, is a Canadian mixed martial artist and the current Welterweight Champion of the UFC. St-Pierre is ranked as the number #1 Welterweight in the world according to Sherdog. He is also ranked as the #1 "pound for pound" fighter by Yahoo! Sports and the #2 "pound for pound" fighter by Sherdog.
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Gerard McCarthy
Gerard McCarthy (born 31 March 1981) is an actor born in Northern Ireland, best recognised for his award winning performance as Kris Fisher in the British soap opera Hollyoaks from 2006 to 2010.
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Gian Magdangal
Giancarlo "Gian" Alzate Magdangal (born November 18, 1981 in Manila, Philippines), is a Filipino singer, performer, and theater actor currently signed to GMA Network. A former boy band member, he rose to prominence as one of the runners-up of Philippine Idol in 2006. Magdangal was dubbed during the competition as the "Livewire Idol".
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Gianne Albertoni
Gianne Albertoni (5 July 1981 in São Paulo, Brazil) is a Brazilian model. She was discovered when she was 13 by the photographer, Sérgio Valle Duarte. Four months later in Milan, she walked the runway for designers like Versace, Armani, Prada, Fiorucci.
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Gillian Chung
Gillian Chung Yan-tung (born 21 January 1981) is a Hong Kong-based actress and singer. She is best known as a member of the Cantopop group Twins, alongside Charlene Choi.
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Gloria Grahame
Gloria Grahame (November 28, 1923 – October 5, 1981) was an American actress.
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Greg Owens
Greg Owens (born 27 January 1981 in Bathurst, New South Wales, Australia) is an Australian football (soccer) player who plays in the position of attacking midfielder. He currently plays for Bankstown City Lions in the NSW Premier League after being released by A-League side Central Coast Mariners.
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Gretchen Bleiler
Gretchen Bleiler (born April 10, 1981 in Toledo, Ohio) is an American professional halfpipe snowboarder. She currently resides in Aspen, Colorado and is married to Chris Hotell.
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Guo Jingjing
Guo Jingjing (; born October 15, 1981 in Baoding, Hebei) is a Chinese female diver from the People's Republic of China. She has won more Olympic medals than any other female diver.
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Guy Sebastian
Guy Theodore Sebastian (born 26 October 1981) is an Australian pop, R&B;, and soul singer-songwriter who was the first winner of Australian Idol in 2003. He is now also a judge on the Australian version of The X-Factor. Sebastian has released five top 10 albums including a No.1 and 2, which have all achieved either platinum or multi platinum accreditation. He has also released six top 10 singles which includes four No. 1's, and three other top 15 singles. He is the only Australian male vocalist in ARIA Chart history to achieve four No. 1 singles. With over 1.6 million CD sales in Australia alone and 21 platinum and 2 gold ARIA accreditations, Sebastian has the highest sales and accreditations of any Australian Idol contestant.
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Haley Paige
Maryam Irene Haley (December 30, 1981 – August 21, 2007), better known by her stage name Haley Paige, was a Mexican-born American pornographic actress.
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Haley Scarnato
Haley Suzanne Scarnato (born June 15, 1982) is an American singer who was the 8th place finalist on the 6th season of American Idol. Scarnato announced in a Interview November 2009, her album "Strongheart" was scrapped after she left her management, but is working on a new album and "Strongheart" was her old management's idea.
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Hanna Pakarinen
Hanna Helena Pakarinen (born April 17, 1981 in Lappeenranta, Finland) is a Finnish pop and pop-rock singer who rose to fame as the winner of the first series of the Finnish singing competition Idols in 2004. Since then she has also participated in the Eurovision Song Contest in 2007, and to date has sold over 90,000 albums in her home country.
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Hannah Spearritt
Hannah Louise Spearritt (born 1 April 1981 Great Yarmouth, Norfolk) is an English actress and singer. She was previously a member of the successful pop group S Club 7.
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Harold Bennett
Harold Bennett (17 September 1899 – 15 September 1981) was an English actor best remembered for playing 'Young Mr. Grace' in the 1970s British sitcom Are You Being Served?.
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Harold C. Urey
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Harry Golden
Harry Lewis Golden (May 6, 1902–October 2, 1981) was an American Jewish writer and newspaper publisher. He was born Herschel Goldhirsch in the shtetl Mikulintsy, Ukraine, then part of Austria-Hungary.
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Harry Warren
Harry Warren (December 24, 1893 – September 22, 1981) was an American composer and lyricist. Warren was the first major American songwriter to write primarily for film. He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Song eleven times and won three Oscars for composing "Lullaby of Broadway", "You'll Never Know" and "On the Atchison, Topeka and the Santa Fe". He wrote the music for the first blockbuster film musical, 42nd Street, directed and choreographed by Busby Berkeley, with whom he would collaborate on many musical films.
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Hayden Christensen
Hayden Christensen (born April 19, 1981) is a Canadian actor. He appeared in Canadian television programs when he was young, then diversified into American television in the late 1990s. He moved on to minor acting roles before being praised for his role of Sam in Life as a House, for which he was nominated for a Golden Globe Award. He gained international fame portraying the young Anakin Skywalker (Darth Vader) in the and films of the Star Wars prequel trilogy.
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Hazel Scott
Hazel Dorothy Scott (June 11, 1920 – October 2, 1981) was a jazz and classical pianist and singer.
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Hideki Yukawa
né , was a Japanese theoretical physicist and the first Japanese Nobel laureate.
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Hilla Limann
Hilla Limann (12 December, 1934 – 23 January, 1998) was the President of Ghana from 24 September, 1979 to 31 December, 1981. Eventually he became a diplomat, and served in Switzerland. Limann, whose original last name was Babini, was born in the northern Ghanaian town of Gwolu in the Sissala West District of the Upper West Region to a poor family. He managed to gain an excellent education, and took up an academic career.
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Hiroshi Aoyama
is a Japanese Grand Prix motorcycle road racer. He is the older brother of former 250cc and World Superbike rider, Shuhei Aoyama.
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Holly Willoughby
Holly Marie Willoughby (born 10 February 1981) is an English television presenter and model, known for her work in presenting children's TV and entertainment shows. In her early career she modelled underwear and went on to present . In 2006, she won a BAFTA and was chosen to present Dancing on Ice, a highly popular UK celebrity talent show, shown on ITV1 which drew in an average of 8.9m million viewers in the 2010 series. In July 2009 she was selected as a replacement for Fern Britton on This Morning. She began presenting on This Morning on 14 September 2009, alongside Phillip Schofield.
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Hosea Chanchez
Hosea Chanchez (pronounced "Ho-ZAY-uh", born September 12, 1981) also credited as Hosea, is an American actor. He is perhaps best known for his role as professional football player Malik Wright on the CW comedy-drama TV series The Game.
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Hosni Mubarak
Muhammad Hosni Sayyid Mubarak ( Muḥammad Ḥusnī Sayyid Mubārak; commonly known as Hosni Mubarak; ; transliterated: Ḥusnī Mubārak); (b. 4 May 1928) is the fourth and current President of the Arab Republic of Egypt. He was appointed Vice President in 1975, and assumed the Presidency on 14 October 1981, following the assassination of President Anwar El-Sadat. He is the longest-serving Egyptian head of state since Muhammad Ali Pasha.
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Howard Hanson
Howard Harold Hanson (October 28, 1896 – February 26, 1981) was an American composer, conductor, educator, music theorist, and champion of American classical music. Director for 40 years of the Eastman School of Music, he built a high quality school and provided opportunities for commissioning and performing American music. He won a Pulitzer Prize for one of his works and received numerous other awards.
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Howie Day
Howard Kern "Howie" Day (born January 15, 1981) is an American singer-songwriter. Beginning his career as a solo artist in the late 1990s, Day became known for his extensive touring and in-concert use of samplers and effects pedals in order to accompany himself. He self-financed and self-released his first album, Australia, in 2000.
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Hugo Friedhofer
Hugo Wilhelm Friedhofer (May 3, 1901 - May 17, 1981) was a German-American film music composer born in San Francisco. Born into a musical family, Friedhofer began playing cello at the age of 13. After taking lessons in harmony and counterpoint at University of California, Berkeley, he was employed as a cellist for the People's Symphony Orchestra.
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Iker Casillas
Iker Casillas Fernández (; born 20 May 1981) is a World Cup-winning Spanish goalkeeper who plays for the Spanish La Liga club Real Madrid and serves as captain for both the Spanish national team and Real Madrid. As captain of the national side, he led a young Spanish team to their first European Championship in 44 years, his first senior international honour. In 2010, he led Spain to their first ever FIFA World Cup and won the Golden Glove for the tournament's best goalkeeper.
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Ireneusz Jeleń
Ireneusz Jeleń (; born 9 April 1981 in Cieszyn) is a Polish footballer who plays as a right-winger or striker for AJ Auxerre and the Polish national football team.
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Irina Denezhkina
Irina Denezhkina (; born October 31, 1981 in Yekaterinburg) is a Russian controversial writer, notable for a vulgar style of her works, which is explained by some as a reflection of the modern reality, as of the Millennial Generation (e.g. her most famous collected stories Give Me [Songs for Lovers], Russian: "Дай мне!" , published by Limbus Press in 2002). In the beginning of 2004 the book was published in the United States. Her first works, signed by a pseudonym Niger's sister (сестра Нигера), appeared in Internet in 2000. In 2008, she was the recipient of Romania's Ovid Festival Prize, awarded to a prominent young talent.
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Isaac Slade
Isaac Edward Slade (born May 26, 1981) is the lead vocalist, main songwriter, pianist and co-founder of Denver-based piano rock band The Fray.
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Ivan Sproule
Ivan Sproule (born 18 February 1981 in Castlederg, County Tyrone) is a Northern Irish professional association football player who plays for Bristol City in the Football League Championship. Sproule, a winger who is known for his explosive pace, only turned professional after he signed for Scottish Premier League side Hibernian in January 2005, just a month before his 24th birthday. His early career had been spent at Omagh Town and Institute, semi-professional clubs in the Irish Football League. He combined playing football with his full time career as an engineer.
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Jack Albertson
Jack Albertson (June 16, 1907 – November 25, 1981) was an American character actor dating to vaudeville. A comedian, dancer, singer, and musician, Albertson is perhaps best known for his roles as Manny Rosen in The Poseidon Adventure (1972) and Grandpa Joe in the 1971 version of Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory and as Ed Brown in the 1974-1978 television sitcom Chico and the Man. For contributions to the television industry, Jack Albertson was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6253 Hollywood Boulevard.
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Jackie Gayda
Jacquelyn Suzanne Gayda-Haas (born November 3, 1981) is an American semi-retired professional wrestler and valet, best known for her work on World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE)'s Raw and SmackDown! brands and in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) as a TNA Knockout. She was awarded a contract with WWE after co-winning the second series of the reality television show Tough Enough.
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Jacob H. Gilbert
Jacob H. Gilbert (June 17, 1920 - February 27, 1981) was a United States Representative from New York between 1960 and 1971.
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Jacques Rudolph
Jacobus Andries Rudolph (born 4 May 1981 in Springs, South Africa), popularly known as Jacques Rudolph, is a former South African Test and ODI cricketer currently playing in England with Yorkshire CCC.
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Jade Goody
Jade Cerisa Lorraine Goody (5 June 1981 – 22 March 2009) was an English celebrity. She came into the public spotlight while appearing on the third series of the Channel 4 reality TV programme Big Brother in 2002, an appearance which led to her own television programmes and the launch of her own products after her eviction.
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Jake Peavy
Jacob Edward Peavy () (born May 31, 1981 in Mobile, Alabama) is a Cy Young Award-winning starting pitcher in Major League Baseball who plays for the Chicago White Sox. He bats and throws right-handed. Peavy stands 6'1" tall (1.85 m) and weighs 182 pounds (83 kg).
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Jamelia
Jamelia Niela Davis (born on 11 January 1981), best known mononymously as Jamelia, is a British singer-songwriter, model, entertainer, television presenter and actress. She is most famous for her use of a cappella and prolific work in the R&B; genre. She has released three studio albums, each of which has reached the Top 40 in her native UK, which collectively have spawned eight UK top ten singles. In addition, Jamelia has won four MOBO Awards, a Q Award and has received nine BRIT Award nominations.
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James Brady
James Scott “Jim” Brady (born August 29, 1940, Centralia, Illinois) is a former Assistant to the President and White House Press Secretary under U.S. President Ronald Reagan. After nearly being killed and becoming permanently disabled as a result of an assassination attempt on Reagan in 1981, Brady became an ardent supporter of gun control.
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James H. Schmitz
James Henry Schmitz (October 15, 1911–April 18, 1981) was an American writer born in Hamburg, Germany of American parents. Aside from two years at business school in Chicago, Schmitz lived in Germany until 1938, leaving before World War II broke out in Europe in 1939.
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James L. Dozier
James Lee Dozier (born April 10, 1931) is a retired US Army general officer. In December 1981, he was kidnapped by the leftist Italian "Red Brigades" terrorist group. He was freed by Italian anti-terrorist forces after 42 days of captivity. General Dozier was the deputy Chief of Staff at NATO's Southern European land forces headquarters at Verona, Italy. At the time, Dozier had been the first American general officer to be abducted by a terrorist group. The Red Brigade, in a statement to the press, stated the reason behind Dozier's kidnapping was that the Italian and US governments had enjoyed excellent diplomatic relations, and the fact he was an American soldier invited to work in Italy made him a fair target for their actions. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/28/newsid_4202000/4202723.stm]
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James Tobin
James Tobin (March 5, 1918 – March 11, 2002) was an American economist who, in his lifetime, served on the Council of Economic Advisors and the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, and taught at Harvard and Yale Universities. He developed the ideas of Keynesian economics, and advocated government intervention to stabilize output and avoid recessions. His academic work included pioneering contributions to the study of investment, monetary and fiscal policy and financial markets. He also proposed an econometric model for censored endogenous variables, the well known "Tobit model". Tobin received the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1981.
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James Yun
James Carson Yun (born May 13, 1981) is an American professional wrestler and actor, best known for his time in World Wrestling Entertainment under the ring name Jimmy Wang Yang.
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Jamie-Lynn Sigler
Jamie-Lynn Sigler (formerly DiScala; born May 15, 1981) is an American actress and singer. She is best known for her role as Meadow Soprano on the HBO television series The Sopranos.
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Jang Nara
http://wn.com/Jang_Nara -
Jani Rita
Jani Rita (born July 25, 1981 in Helsinki, Finland) is a professional ice hockey winger.
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Jason Dunham
Jason Lee Dunham (November 10, 1981 – April 22, 2004) was a Corporal in the United States Marine Corps who served with 4th Platoon, Company K, 3rd Battalion, 7th Marine Regiment (3/7), 1st Marine Division, I Marine Expeditionary Force, during Operation Iraqi Freedom.
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Jason Richardson
Jason Anthoney "J-Rich" Richardson (born January 20, 1981 in Saginaw, Michigan) is an American professional basketball player for the Phoenix Suns of the National Basketball Association.
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Javier Saviola
Football biography 2
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Jean Eustache
:Jean Eustache was also the name of a 17th century French organ maker.
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Jeanette Biedermann
Jeanette Biedermann (born February 22, 1981), professionally known as Jeanette, is a German pop singer-songwriter, actress and television personality.
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Jeff Francis
Jeffrey William Francis (born Jan 08, 1981, in North Delta, British Columbia) is a left-handed Major League Baseball pitcher for the Colorado Rockies. He missed all of the 2009 season after undergoing arthroscopic surgery on his left arm on February 19, 2009. He returned on May 16, 2010, and posted a full seven innings, allowing one run and striking out four.
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Jenna Bush
http://wn.com/Jenna_Bush -
Jenna Morasca
Jenna Morasca is an actress, former swimsuit model and American reality TV contestant who was the million-dollar grand prize winner of and previously worked for Total Nonstop Action Wrestling.
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Jennifer Hudson
Jennifer Kate Hudson (born September 12, 1981) is an American recording artist, actress and spokesperson. She came to prominence in 2004 as one of the finalists on the third season of American Idol coming in seventh place. She made her film debut in the 2006 film Dreamgirls which won her an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress, a Golden Globe Award, a BAFTA Award, an NAACP Image Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award.
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Jenny Maxwell
Jenny Maxwell (September 3, 1941 – June 10, 1981) was an American film and television actress, probably best remembered for her role in the 1961 Elvis Presley film Blue Hawaii.
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Jero
is a Japanese enka singer who is American-born of African-American and Japanese descent. His maternal grandmother was Japanese. He is the first black enka singer in Japanese music history.
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Jerry Rawlings
Jerry John Rawlings (born Jeremiah Rawlings John 22 June 1947 in Accra, Gold Coast) ruled Ghana as a military dictator 1981-1992 and then as the first elected president of the Fourth Republic, 1992-2001. He initially took power in a coup d'état, but in the 1990s began a process of political liberalization. He founded the National Democratic Congress which won the 1992 general election. He took office in 1993, and was re-elected in 1997.
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Jessica Alba
Jessica Marie Alba (born April 28, 1981) is an American television and film actress. She began her television and movie appearances at age 13 in Camp Nowhere and The Secret World of Alex Mack (1994). Alba rose to prominence as the lead actress in the television series Dark Angel (2000–2002). Alba later appeared in various films including Honey (2003), Sin City (2005), Fantastic Four (2005), Into the Blue (2005), and Good Luck Chuck both in 2007.
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Jessie Matthews
Jessie Matthews, OBE (11 March 1907 – 19 August 1981) was an English actress, dancer and singer of the 1930s, whose career continued into the post-war period.
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Jim Davis (actor)
Jim Davis (August 26, 1909 – April 26, 1981) was an American actor, best known for his role as Jock Ewing in the CBS prime-time soap Dallas, a role which he held up until his death in April 1981.
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Jimmy Carter
James Earl "Jimmy" Carter, Jr. (born October 1, 1924) served as the 39th President of the United States from 1977 to 1981 and was the recipient of the 2002 Nobel Peace Prize, the only U.S. President to have received the Prize after leaving office. Before he became President, Carter served two terms as a Georgia State Senator and one as Governor of Georgia, from 1971 to 1975, and was a peanut farmer and naval officer.
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Jiro Wang
Jiro Wang (), nicknamed Da Dong () meaning "Big Dong" (born August 24, 1981) is a Taiwanese actor and singer. He is currently a member of the Taiwanese boy band Fahrenheit, and is widely known as the male lead in the Taiwanese idol drama KO One(in which he plays the character Da Dong, and this is from where he got is nickname as it is quite similar to his real name, Wang Dong Cheng) (終極一班) and its sequel The X-Family, as Ah Jin in It Started With a Kiss and its sequel, Jin Xiu Yi in the live-action Taiwanese drama, Hana-Kimi (花樣少年少女) and the most recent, Shi Lang in Momo Love桃花小妹.
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Joe Louis
Joseph Louis Barrow (May 13, 1914 – April 12, 1981), better known as Joe Louis, was the world heavyweight boxing champion from 1937 to 1949. Nicknamed the Brown Bomber, Louis helped elevate boxing from a nadir in popularity in the post-Jack Dempsey era by establishing a reputation as an honest, hardworking fighter at a time when the sport was dominated by gambling interests. Louis's championship reign lasted 140 consecutive months, during which he participated in 27 championship fights, including 25 successful title defenses – all records for the heavyweight division. In 2005, Louis was named the greatest heavyweight of all time by the International Boxing Research Organization,
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Joe Saunders
Joseph Francis Saunders (born June 16, 1981 in Falls Church, Virginia) is a Major League Baseball left-handed pitcher for the Arizona Diamondbacks. He attended West Springfield High School in Springfield, Virginia
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Johannes Aigner
Hannes Aigner (born March 16, 1981 in Schwaz, Tyrol) is an Austrian footballer who currently plays as a striker for FC Magna Wiener Neustadt.
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John Hinckley, Jr.
John Warnock Hinckley, Jr., (born May 29, 1955) attempted to assassinate U.S. President Ronald Reagan in Washington, D.C., on March 30, 1981, as the culmination of an effort to impress actress Jodie Foster. He was found not guilty by reason of insanity and has remained under institutional psychiatric care since then. Public outcry over the verdict led to the Insanity Defense Reform Act of 1984.
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John Lennon
John Winston Ono Lennon, MBE (9 October 1940 – 8 December 1980) was an English musician and singer-songwriter who rose to worldwide fame as one of the founding members of The Beatles and, with Paul McCartney, formed one of the most successful songwriting partnerships of the 20th century.
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Johnny Pacar
Johnny Pacar (born John Edward Pacuraru on June 6, 1981) is an American film and television actor known for playing Cody Jackson in the television series Flight 29 Down. He is also well known for starring in the Disney Channel Original Movie Now You See It.... He had a main role in the 2004 film Purgatory House, and a recurring role as Jimmy Francis in American Dreams. Pacar now stars as Damon Young, a recurring role on ABC Family's Make It or Break It, a series about teenage gymnasts striving for the 2012 Olympics. Although it is a recurring role, Damon Young is one of the most beloved characters on the show.
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Josh Groban
Joshua Winslow "Josh" Groban (born February 27, 1981) is an American singer-songwriter, pianist, percussionist, actor, comedian, and producer who has sold close to 20 million albums in the United States. He is known for his unique vocal quality and pop style with classical and world music influences. Each of his four solo albums have been certified at least multi-platinum, and, in 2007, was charted as the number one best selling artist in the United States.
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Josh Hamilton
http://wn.com/Josh_Hamilton -
Joshua Dallas
http://wn.com/Joshua_Dallas -
Juan Carlos of Spain
http://wn.com/Juan_Carlos_of_Spain -
Juan Trippe
Juan Terry Trippe (June 27, 1899 – April 3, 1981) was an American airline entrepreneur and pioneer, and the founder of Pan American World Airways, one of the world's most prominent airlines of the mid-twentieth century.
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Julia Stiles
'''Julia O'Hara Stiles''' (born March 28, 1981) is an American stage and film actress.
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Julie Gonzalo
Julie Gonzalo is an Argentine-American actress. She is perhaps best known for her roles as Parker Lee in Veronica Mars, Shelby in A Cinderella Story and Maggie Dekker in Eli Stone. She has been in two movies with Chad Michael Murray: Freaky Friday (2003) and A Cinderella Story (2004). She also starred in two movies with Jamie Lee Curtis: Freaky Friday (2003) and Christmas with the Kranks (2004). She also guest-starred in the pilot episode of Drake and Josh. Gonzalo has been cast in the lead of NBC's upcoming Day One (2009).
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Justin Timberlake
Justin Randall Timberlake (born January 31, 1981) is an American pop musician and actor. He has won six Grammy Awards as well as two Emmy Awards. He achieved early fame when he appeared as a contestant on Star Search, and went on to star in the Disney Channel television series The New Mickey Mouse Club, where he met future bandmate JC Chasez. Timberlake became famous in the late 1990s as the lead singer of the boy band 'N Sync, whose launch was financed by Lou Pearlman.
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Jyothika
http://wn.com/Jyothika -
Jérémie Renier
Jérémie Renier (born 6 January 1981) is a Belgian actor. He lives in Paris, France. He became more well-known with worldwide audiences following his roles in Brotherhood of the Wolf and ''L'Enfant''.
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Józef Pinkowski
http://wn.com/Józef_Pinkowski -
Kai Siegbahn
Kai Manne Börje Siegbahn (20 April 1918 – 20 July 2007) was a Swedish physicist.
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Kaori Iida
is a Japanese pop singer and actress, associated with Hello! Project and best known as a founding member of the girl band Morning Musume. She has also recorded with the Morning Musume side project band Tanpopo and is currently a solo artist. During her time in the group, she was the tallest member (170 cm), earning her the nickname "Kaorin" & "Kao-tan".
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Karl Böhm
Karl August Leopold Böhm (August 28, 1894 August 14, 1981) was an Austrian conductor.
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Karl Struss
Karl Struss, A.S.C. (November 30, 1886 — December 15, 1981) was a photographer and a cinematographer of the 1920s through the 1950s. He was also one of the earliest pioneers of 3D films. While he mostly worked on films, he was also one of the cinematographers for the television series Broken Arrow.
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Kasabian
Kasabian are a British alternative rock band that formed in Countesthorpe, Leicestershire in 1999. Originally comprising vocalist Tom Meighan, guitarist and keyboardist Christopher Karloff, guitarist and backing vocalist Sergio Pizzorno, bassist Chris Edwards, the band have released three studio albums – Kasabian (2004), Empire (2006) and West Ryder Pauper Lunatic Asylum (2009). The band currently features Meighan, Pizzorno, Edwards and drummer Ian Matthews. Pizzorno also took over as Kasabian's lead song-writer after the departure of Christopher Karloff.
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Katarina Srebotnik
Katarina Srebotnik (born March 12, 1981 in Slovenj Gradec) is a Slovenian professional tennis player. Srebotnik is right-handed, 1.80 m, weighs 65 kg and lives in Dubai. She reached a career-high ranking of No. 20 on the Sony Ericsson WTA Tour on August 7, 2006.
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Katharine Alexander
Katharine Alexander (September 22, 1898 – January 10, 1981) was an American actress. She appeared in 44 films between 1930 and 1951.
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Katharine Isabelle
Katherine Isobel Murray (born November 2, 1981), better known by her screen name Katharine Isabelle, is a Canadian actress, best known for her portrayal of Ginger in Ginger Snaps, and as Gibb in Freddy vs. Jason.
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Kathryn Drysdale
Kathryn Drysdale (born 1981, Wigan, Greater Manchester) is an English actress best known for her role as Louise in the BBC comedy series Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps.
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Kele Okereke
Kelechukwu "Kele" Rowland Okereke (pronounced O-kay-ray-kay) (born 13 October 1981) is a British musician, best known as the lead singer and rhythm guitarist of the alternative rock band Bloc Party.
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Kelly Rowland
Kelendria Trene Rowland (born February 11, 1981), known as Kelly Rowland, is an American singer and entertainer. Born in Atlanta, Georgia and raised in Houston, Texas, Rowland rose to fame in the late 1990s as one of the founding members of the girl group Destiny's Child. As a solo artist, Rowland has sold over 4 million albums worldwide.
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Ken Rex McElroy
http://wn.com/Ken_Rex_McElroy -
Kenichi Fukui
Kenichi Fukui (福井 謙一 ''Fukui Ken'ichi'', October 4, 1918 – January 9, 1998) was a Japanese chemist.
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Kenta Kobayashi
, also known by his ring name KENTA, is a Japanese professional wrestler currently signed to Pro Wrestling Noah, where he is a former three-time Global Honored Crown (GHC) Junior Heavyweight Champion.
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Kentaro Sato
For the manga character see Kentaro Osada.
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Khalid Boulahrouz
Khalid Boulahrouz (born 28 December 1981, in Maassluis, Netherlands) is a Dutch footballer of Berber Moroccan Rif descent, who plays for the Netherlands and VfB Stuttgart. His nickname is "Khalid the Cannibal" for his ability to "eat up" his opposition.
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Khawar Rizvi
Khawar Rizvi(June 1, 1938—November 15, 1981) was a prominent poet of Urdu and Persian. He was respected as an enlightened intellectual and scholar as well. Mainly his fame is due to his poetry. His real name was Syed Sibte Hassan Rizvi. He adopted” Khawar” as his pen-name for writing poetry and essays. Khawar means in Persian “The East”. Khawar was a great lover and admirer of East, eastern way of life and eastern values.
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Kimberley Walsh
Kimberley Jane Walsh (born 20 November 1981) is an English pop singer-songwriter, dancer, model, television presenter and actress best known for being a member of the band Girls Aloud. She also fronts the 2009 Autumn/Winter collection for the fashion chain New Look. As of 23 July 2010, Walsh presented the show 'Suck My Pop' on digital channel Viva.
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Kofi Kingston
Kofi Sarkodie-Mensah (born on August 14, 1981), is a Ghanaian American professional wrestler, better known by his ring name, Kofi Kingston, currently signed to World Wrestling Entertainment working on the SmackDown brand. Since competing for WWE, he has won the Intercontinental Championship two times, the United States Championship once, and the World Tag Team Championship once with CM Punk.
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Kolo Touré
Kolo Habib Touré (born 19 March 1981) is an Ivorian professional footballer who currently plays for Premier League club Manchester City and is the current club vice-captain, and also plays internationally for the Ivorian national team. Touré is a central defender. He is the older brother of Manchester City midfielder Yaya Touré and Smouha's Ibrahim Touré.
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Kou Shibasaki
, born Yukie Yamamura, on August 5, 1981 in Toshima, Tokyo, Japan is a Japanese singer and actress.
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Kristen Maloney
Kristin Ann Maloney (born March 10, 1981, Hackettstown, New Jersey), also known as Kristen Maloney, is a retired gymnast from Pen Argyl, Pennsylvania, United States, who was coached by Jack Carter in the 2000 Olympics and won bronze in the Team Event. Maloney was also the U.S. senior all-around National Champion in 1998 and 1999 and the 1998 Goodwill Games gold medalist on the balance beam.
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Kyle Eckel
Kyle Eckel (born December 30, 1981 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) is an American football fullback for the Denver Broncos of the National Football League. He was signed by the New England Patriots as an undrafted free agent in 2005. He played college football at Navy.
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Kyle Korver
Kyle Elliot Korver (born March 17, 1981) is an American basketball player, who currently plays for the Chicago Bulls of the National Basketball Association. He plays shooting guard and was drafted out of Creighton University by the New Jersey Nets in the second round (51st overall) of the 2003 NBA Draft; his draft rights were traded to the Philadelphia 76ers for cash considerations in a draft-night deal.
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Lacey Mosley
Lacey Nicole Mosley Sturm (born September 4, 1981), better known as Lacey Mosley, is an American singer-songwriter from Arlington, Texas. She is co-founder and lead vocalist of the alternative metal band Flyleaf. She has a contralto vocal range.
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Lane Sisters
The Lane Sisters refers to a group of sisters, three of whom achieved success in the 1920s and 1930s as a singing act, with their popularity onstage leading to a series of successful films. A fourth sister was not successful and left this milieu and a fifth avoided show business altogether.
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Lanny Barbie
http://wn.com/Lanny_Barbie -
Lanza del Vasto
Lanza del Vasto, (Giuseppe Giovanni Luigi Enrico Lanza di Trabia), (September 29, 1901 – January 5, 1981) was a philosopher, poet, artist, and nonviolent activist.
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Larisa Oleynik
Larisa Romanovna Oleynik ( born June 7, 1981) is an American actress. She came to fame in the mid-1990s, after starring in the title role of the popular television series, The Secret World of Alex Mack, and has also appeared in theatrical films, including The Baby-Sitters Club and 10 Things I Hate About You. Throughout the 2000s, she has mostly appeared in lower-budget films.
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Laura Bell Bundy
Laura Ashley Bell Bundy (born April 10, 1981) is an American actress and singer who has performed in a number of Broadway roles, both starring and supporting, as well as in television and film. Her best known Broadway roles are the original Amber Von Tussle in Hairspray and the original Elle Woods in the musical version of Legally Blonde. She signed to Mercury Records Nashville and released her first country music single, "Giddy On Up," in early 2010. The album's second single, "Drop on By", was released to country radio on August 9, 2010.
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Lebanese Civil War
The Lebanese Civil War () was a multifaceted civil war in Lebanon. The war lasted from 1975 to 1990 and resulted in an estimated 130,000 to 250,000 civilian fatalities. Another one million people (one fourth of the population) were wounded,and today approximately 350,000 people remain displaced, the majority of them Christian Lebanese who were forced out of the Chouf mountains. There was also a mass exodus of almost one million people from Lebanon, mostly of Christian descent. The Post-war occupation of the country by Syria was particularly politically disadvantageous to the Christian population as most of their leadership was driven into exile, or had been assassinated or jailed (see Baroudi and Tabar 2009).
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Lee Mead
Lee Stephen Mead (born 14 July 1981, Southend-on-Sea) is an English musical theatre actor, best known for winning the title role in the 2007 West End revival of Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat through the BBC reality TV casting show Any Dream Will Do. He recently joined the London cast of Wicked and is also pursuing a music career with his first series of solo concerts in the UK during 2010/11.
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Lemuel Smith
Lemuel Warren Smith (born July 23, 1941), is a convicted serial killer and rapist from Upstate New York who was the first convict ever to kill an on-duty female corrections officer.
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Lil' Flip
Wesley Eric Weston, Jr. (born March 3, 1981), better known by his stage name '''Lil' Flip''', is an American rapper.
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Lila McCann
Lila Elaine McCann (born December 4, 1981 in Steilacoom, Washington) is an American country music singer who made her debut at age sixteen with the single "Down Came a Blackbird." Reaching a peak of #28 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks charts, the song was the first release from her 1997 album Lila, which became the highest-selling album for a debut country music act in all of 1997 and was certified platinum in the United States.
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Lin Jun Jie
http://wn.com/Lin_Jun_Jie -
Lindsay Frimodt
Lindsay Frimodt (born March 28, 1983 in California) is an American model who appeared in the annual Victoria's Secret Fashion Show in 2002 and 2003. Her advertisements include clients like Donna Karan, Michael Kors, Giorgio Armani, Narciso Rodriguez, Zac Posen, and Calvin Klein, and she has appeared in the pages of Elle, Marie Claire, and Vogue.
http://wn.com/Lindsay_Frimodt -
Lindsay Taylor
Lindsay Corine Taylor (born May 20, 1981 in Poway, California) is an American professional basketball player and former college player who has played in the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA), Turkish Women's Basketball League, Ligue Féminine de Basketball (LFB), the WKBL and the Polish Women's League.
http://wn.com/Lindsay_Taylor -
Lleyton Hewitt
Lleyton Glynn Hewitt () (born 24 February 1981) is a professional tennis player, and a former World No. 1 ranked player, from Australia. In 2000, Hewitt had won ATP titles on all three major surfaces (hard, clay and grass) and reached one final on carpet. By 2001, he became the youngest male ever to be ranked number one, at the age of 20. His career achievements include winning the 2000 US Open men's doubles, the 2001 US Open and 2002 Wimbledon men's singles, and back-to-back Tennis Masters Cup titles (2001 and 2002). In 2005, TENNIS Magazine put Hewitt in 34th place on its list of the 40 greatest tennis players since 1965.
http://wn.com/Lleyton_Hewitt -
Lonneke Engel
Lonneke Engel (born June 14, 1981 in Eindhoven, the Netherlands) is a Dutch fashion model.
http://wn.com/Lonneke_Engel -
Lorena Ochoa
Lorena Ochoa (born 15 November 1981) is a Mexican professional golfer. She was an active player on the U.S.-based LPGA Tour from 2003 to 2010, and was the number one ranked female golfer in the world for over three years, from April 2007 to May 2010. As the first Mexican golfer (of either gender) to be ranked number one in the world, she is considered the best Mexican golfer of all time.
http://wn.com/Lorena_Ochoa -
Lotte Lenya
Lotte Lenya (18 October 189827 November 1981) was an Austrian singer and actress. In the German-speaking and classical music world she is best remembered for her performances of the songs of her husband, Kurt Weill. In English-language film she is remembered for her Academy Award-nominated role in The Roman Spring of Mrs. Stone (1961) and as the sadistic Rosa Klebb in the James Bond movie From Russia with Love (1963).
http://wn.com/Lotte_Lenya -
Lotte Reiniger
Charlotte (Lotte) Reiniger (June 2, 1899 – June 19, 1981) was a German (and later a British) silhouette animator and film director.
http://wn.com/Lotte_Reiniger -
Lowell Thomas
Lowell Jackson Thomas (April 6, 1892August 29, 1981) was an American writer, broadcaster, and traveller best known as the man who made Lawrence of Arabia famous. So varied were Thomas's activities that when it came time for the Library of Congress to catalog his memoirs they were forced to put them in "CT" ("biographies of subjects who do not fit into any other category") in their classification.
http://wn.com/Lowell_Thomas -
Lucho Gonzalez
http://wn.com/Lucho_Gonzalez -
M. Shadows
Matthew Charles Sanders (born July 31, 1981), better known by his stage name M. Shadows, is the lead vocalist, songwriter, and founding member for the American heavy metal/hard rock band Avenged Sevenfold. His sister is former Detroit Shock player, Amy Sanders.
http://wn.com/M_Shadows -
Madge Evans
Madge Evans (July 1, 1909 – April 26, 1981) was an American stage and film actress. She began her career as a child performer and model.
http://wn.com/Madge_Evans -
Mahathir bin Mohamad
Tun Dr. Mahathir bin Mohamad (pronounced ; born 10 July 1925) (Jawi:محتير بن محمد) was the fourth Prime Minister of Malaysia. He held the post for 22 years from 1981 to 2003, making him Malaysia's longest-serving Prime Minister, and one of the longest-serving leaders in Asia. Mahathir's political career spanned almost 40 years, from his election as a Malaysian federal Member of Parliament in 1964, until his resignation as Prime Minister in 2003.
http://wn.com/Mahathir_bin_Mohamad -
Majandra Delfino
Majandra Delfino (born Maria Alejandra Delfino on February 20, 1981, in Caracas, Venezuela), is an Alma Award nominated American actress and singer best known for her role as Maria DeLuca on the television series Roswell.
http://wn.com/Majandra_Delfino -
Mao Zedong
Mao Zedong (; December 26, 1893 September 9, 1976) was a Han Chinese revolutionary, political theorist and communist leader. He led the People's Republic of China (PRC) from its establishment in 1949 until his death in 1976. His theoretical contribution to Marxism-Leninism, military strategies, and his brand of Communist policies are now collectively known as Maoism.
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Mara Santangelo
Mara Santangelo (born 28 June 1981 in Latina, Italy) is a professional female tennis player from Italy.
http://wn.com/Mara_Santangelo -
Marco Chiudinelli
Marco Chiudinelli (born September 10, 1981 in Basel, Switzerland) is a tennis player from Switzerland.
http://wn.com/Marco_Chiudinelli -
Marcus Sarjeant
Marcus Simon Serjeant (born 1964) is notable for firing six blank shots at Queen Elizabeth II as she rode down The Mall to the Trooping the Colour ceremony in 1981.
http://wn.com/Marcus_Sarjeant -
Margaret Lindsay
Margaret Lindsay (September 19, 1910 - May 9, 1981) was an American film actress. Her time as a Warner Bros. contract player during the 1930s was particularly productive. She was noted for her supporting work in successful films of the 1930s and 1940s such as Jezebel (1938) and Scarlet Street (1945) and her leading roles in lower-budgeted B movie films such as the Ellery Queen series at Columbia in the early 1940s. Critics regard her portrayal of Nathaniel Hawthorne's Hepzibah Pyncheon in the 1940 film adaptation of The House of the Seven Gables as Lindsay's standout career role.
http://wn.com/Margaret_Lindsay -
Maria Sansone
Maria Grace Sansone (born February 26, 1981 in Erie, Pennsylvania) is a correspondent/co-host of LX New York airing on the NBC flagship station WNBC, New York. Sansone also is a red carpet host for the TV GUIDE NETWORK coverage of award shows. Previously she hosted "Pop Tub Daily" featured on YouTube and The 9, an Internet video show that was part of Yahoo! Entertainment from July 6, 2006, to March 2008.
http://wn.com/Maria_Sansone -
Mark Cardona
Mark "Macmac" Cardona is a Filipino professional basketball player currently playing for the Meralco Bolts in the Philippine Basketball Association. Nicknamed "Captain Hook" because of his patented teardrop shots, otherwise known as the running hook, Cardona owes his moniker to former UAAP commentator Jude Turcuato.
http://wn.com/Mark_Cardona -
Mark David Chapman
Mark David Chapman (born May 10, 1955) is an American prisoner who murdered John Lennon on December 8, 1980. He committed the crime as Lennon and Yoko Ono were outside their apartment in New York City. Chapman shot Lennon four times in the back, outside the Dakota apartment building. He remained at the scene until arrested by police, and pleaded guilty to the crime. He was sentenced to a prison term of twenty years to life and has been imprisoned at the Attica Correctional Facility in Attica, New York since 1981, having been denied parole six times. Each of Chapman's applications for parole has been opposed by Ono.
http://wn.com/Mark_David_Chapman -
Marques Houston
Marques Barrett Houston (born August 4, 1981 in Los Angeles, California) is an American R&B; singer, rapper, and actor. A member of the R&B; singing group Immature/IMx until 2002, he went solo in 2003.
http://wn.com/Marques_Houston -
Mary Coyle Chase
http://wn.com/Mary_Coyle_Chase -
Mary Lou Williams
Mary Lou Williams (May 8, 1910 – May 28, 1981) was an American jazz pianist, composer, and arranger. Williams wrote hundreds of compositions and arrangements, and recorded more than one hundred records (in 78, 45, and LP versions). Williams wrote and arranged for such bandleaders as Duke Ellington and Benny Goodman, and she was friend, mentor, and teacher to Thelonious Monk, Charlie Parker, and Dizzy Gillespie.
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Matchstik
http://wn.com/Matchstik -
Matthieu Delpierre
Matthieu Delpierre (born 26 April 1981 in Nancy, France) is a French footballer. Delpierre plays as a centre back previously for Lille OSC and is currently the captain of VfB Stuttgart. He has represented France at the U-18, U-20 and under-21 levels, making appearances during the 2002 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship.
http://wn.com/Matthieu_Delpierre -
Mauri Rose
Mauri Rose (May 26, 1906 Columbus, Ohio - January 1, 1981 Royal Oak, Michigan) was an American racecar driver.
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Maurice Zbriger
Maurice Zbriger (July 10, 1896, Kamenets-Podolskiy, Ukraine – April 5, 1981, Montreal, Canada) was a Canadian violinist, composer and conductor. He began learning violin as a child, and continued his studies at the conservatory in St. Petersburg, Russia, where he was a classmate of Jascha Heifetz, Nathan Milstein and Mischa Elman.
http://wn.com/Maurice_Zbriger -
Maxi Rodriguez
http://wn.com/Maxi_Rodriguez -
Maya Lin
Maya Ying Lin (; born October 5, 1959) is an American artist and architect who is known for her work in sculpture and landscape art. Her best-known work is the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, D.C.
http://wn.com/Maya_Lin -
Meagan Good
Meagan Monique Good (born August 8, 1981) is an American film and television actress, and occasional film producer. Beginning her career at the age of four, Good has appeared in numerous commercials, television shows, feature films, and music videos.
http://wn.com/Meagan_Good -
Megan Hilty
Megan Hilty (born Megan Kathleen Hilty on March 29, 1981 in Bellevue, Washington, U.S.) is an American stage and television actress.
http://wn.com/Megan_Hilty -
Mehmet Ali Ağca
Mehmet Ali Ağca (; born January 9, 1958) is a Turkish
http://wn.com/Mehmet_Ali_Ağca -
Melissa Gregory
Melissa Gregory (born May 22, 1981) is an American ice dancer. With partner and husband Denis Petukhov, she is the 2004-2007 U.S. silver medalist.
http://wn.com/Melissa_Gregory -
Michael A. Monsoor
Michael Anthony Monsoor (April 5, 1981 – September 29, 2006) was a U.S. Navy SEAL killed during the Iraq War and posthumously received the Medal of Honor. Monsoor enlisted in the United States Navy in 2001 and graduated from Basic Underwater Demolition/SEAL training in 2004. After further training he was assigned to Delta Platoon, SEAL Team Three.
http://wn.com/Michael_A_Monsoor -
Michael Adamthwaite
Michael David Adamthwaite (born September 1, 1981) is a Canadian voice actor. He is credited with providing the voice for many characters in various anime series. He is also known for playing the Jaffa Herak in the science fiction TV-series Stargate SG-1. According to his MySpace page, he is married and has a young daughter.
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Michael Maltese
Michael Maltese (February 6, 1908 — February 22, 1981) was a long-time storyboard artist and screenwriter for classic animated cartoon shorts.
http://wn.com/Michael_Maltese -
Michael Pitt
Michael Carmen Pitt (born April 10, 1981) is an American actor and musician.
http://wn.com/Michael_Pitt -
Mike Adam
Michael B. Adam, ONL (born June 3, 1981) is a Canadian curler. He was born in Labrador City, Newfoundland and Labrador), and currently lives in Labrador City, Newfoundland and Labrador.
http://wn.com/Mike_Adam -
Mike Hoare
Thomas Michael Hoare (born 1920) (Mad Mike) is an Irish-born British mercenary leader known for military battles in Africa and the Indian Ocean.
http://wn.com/Mike_Hoare -
Mike Jones (rapper)
Michael "Mike" Jones (born January 6, 1981) is an American southern rap artist, who initially was affiliated with the record label Swishahouse, then left to be the owner of Ice Age Entertainment.
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Milan Bartovic
http://wn.com/Milan_Bartovic -
Mims (rapper)
Shawn Mims (born March 22, 1981), popularly known as Mims, is an American rapper of Jamaican descent.
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Misti Traya
Misti Traya (born September 23, 1981) is an American actress. She landed her first prime time television series regular role playing 15-year-old Allison Reeves in The WB's comedy Living with Fran.
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Mladen Petrić
Mladen Petrić (; born 1 January 1981) is a Croatian football forward who currently plays for Hamburger SV in the Bundesliga. He is also a member of the Croatian national team.
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Moshe Dayan
Moshe Dayan, (, 20 May 1915 – 16 October 1981) was an Israeli military leader and politician. The fourth Chief of Staff of the Israel Defense Forces (1953–1958), he became a fighting symbol to the world of the new State of Israel. He went on to become Defense Minister and later Foreign Minister of Israel.
http://wn.com/Moshe_Dayan -
Muammar al-Gaddafi
Muammar Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi1 ( '; also known simply as Colonel Gaddafi'''; born 7 June 1942) has been the de facto leader of Libya since a coup in 1969.
http://wn.com/Muammar_al-Gaddafi -
Muhammad Ali
MedalCountry|
http://wn.com/Muhammad_Ali -
Murder of Adam Walsh
Adam John Walsh (November 14, 1974 – c. July 27, 1981) was an American boy who was abducted from a Sears department store at the Hollywood Mall in Hollywood, Florida, on July 27, 1981, and later found murdered. Walsh's death earned national publicity. His story was made into a 1983 television movie seen by 38 million people in its original airing. Walsh's father, John Walsh, became an advocate for victims of violent crimes and the host of the television program ''America's Most Wanted''.
http://wn.com/Murder_of_Adam_Walsh -
Nakahara Mai
http://wn.com/Nakahara_Mai -
Natalie Horler
Natalie Christine Horler (born 23 September 1981 in Bonn, West Germany) is an English-German singer and television presenter, known internationally as the lead singer of Eurodance/Eurotrance group Cascada. She is popular in Europe and America, as well as in several Asian countries. Cascada consists of Horler and DJs DJ Manian and DJ Yanou.
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Natalie Portman
Natalie Portman (, born Natalie Hershlag; June 9, 1981) is an Israeli-American actress. Her first role was as an orphan taken in by a hitman in the 1994 French action film Léon (known in the United States as The Professional). During the 1990s, Portman had major roles in films like Beautiful Girls and Anywhere but Here, before being cast for the role as Padmé Amidala in the Star Wars prequel trilogy. In 1999, she enrolled at Harvard University to study psychology while she was working on the Star Wars films. She completed her bachelor's degree in 2003.
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Natalie Wood
Natalie Wood (born Natalia Nikolaevna Zakharenko (); July 20, 1938 – November 29, 1981) was an American actress.
http://wn.com/Natalie_Wood -
Natasha Bedingfield
Natasha Anne Bedingfield (born 26 November 1981) is an English pop singer and songwriter.
http://wn.com/Natasha_Bedingfield -
Natsumi Abe
, born August 10, 1981 in Muroran, Hokkaidō, Japan, is a Japanese singer and actress, and a former member of Morning Musume.
http://wn.com/Natsumi_Abe -
Nemanja Vidić
Nemanja Vidić (Serbian Cyrillic: Немања Видић, ; born 21 October 1981 in Titovo Užice, SR Serbia, SFR Yugoslavia) is a Serbian footballer who currently plays for and act as team captain the English Premier League club Manchester United and for the Serbian national team.
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Nicolaas Bloembergen
Nicolaas Bloembergen (born Dordrecht, March 11, 1920) is a Dutch-American physicist and Nobel laureate.
http://wn.com/Nicolaas_Bloembergen -
Nicolas de Gunzburg
Baron Nicolas Louis Alexandre de Gunzburg (12 December 1904 – 20 February 1981) was an editor in chief of Town & Country and an influential fashion editor at Vogue and ''Harper's Bazaar''.
http://wn.com/Nicolas_de_Gunzburg -
Nicole Richie
Nicole Camille Richie (born Nicole Camille Escovedo; September 21, 1981) is an American socialite, fashion designer and television personality. Richie is the adopted daughter of soul singer Lionel Richie and his then-wife Brenda Harvey. Richie is perhaps best known for her role in the Fox reality television series The Simple Life, alongside fellow socialite and childhood best friend Paris Hilton. Richie is of Creole, African and Mexican-American descent.
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Nigel Patrick
Nigel Patrick (born Nigel Dennis Wemyss; 2 May 1913 - 21 September 1981) was an English actor and stage director born into a theatrical family.
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Nikki Osborne
Nikki Osborne (born 19 July 1981 in Redcliffe, Queensland, Australia) is an Australian actress, former model and television presenter. Osborne is best known as a former host of the now-defunct late night interactive quiz series, Quizmania ( Nine Network, 2006-2007). Osborne has also featured in feature film productions such as the American mini-series, The Mystery of Natalie Wood (2003) and Ned (2004).
http://wn.com/Nikki_Osborne -
Nils Asther
Nils Anton Alfhild Asther (17 January 1897 – 19 October 1981) was a Danish-born Swedish actor active in Hollywood from 1926 to the mid 1950s, known for his beautiful face and often called "the male Greta Garbo". Between 1916 and 1963 he appeared in over 70 feature films, whereof 16 done in the silent era.
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Nnamdi Asomugha
Nnamdi Asomugha (; born July 6, 1981, in ) is a Nigerian-American (ethnically Igbo) cornerback for the National Football League's Oakland Raiders professional football team. He was drafted in the first round of the 2003 NFL Draft (31st overall) by the Raiders and played college football for the Golden Bears at the University of California, Berkeley. He is currently one of the best cornerbacks in the NFL.
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Nora Zehetner
Nora Angela Zehetner (born February 5, 1981) is an American film and television actress.
http://wn.com/Nora_Zehetner -
Odd Hassel
Odd Hassel (17 May 1897 — 11 May 1981) was a Norwegian physical chemist and Nobel Laureate.
http://wn.com/Odd_Hassel -
Olivier Occean
Olivier Occean (born October 23, 1981 in Brossard, Quebec, Canada) is a Canadian soccer player, who currently plays for Kickers Offenbach of the German 3. Fußball-Bundesliga.
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Owen Hargreaves
Owen Lee Hargreaves (born 20 January 1981) is a footballer who plays as a midfielder for Manchester United and the England national team.
http://wn.com/Owen_Hargreaves -
Paddy Chayefsky
Sidney Aaron "Paddy" Chayefsky (January 29, 1923August 1, 1981), was an American playwright, screenwriter, and novelist. He is the only person to have won three solo Academy Awards for Best Screenplay.
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Paleo
Paleo is the band name taken by songwriter David Strackany for his wiry, folk tangents. Strackany is credited with having written and recorded a song every day for 365 days, while touring the US from April 16, 2006 (Easter Day) to April 15, 2007. The project, "The Song Diary", similar to a feat achieved by playwright Suzan-Lori Parks in 2003, was covered by USA Today, Entertainment Weekly, Magnet Magazine, Paste Magazine, the Chicago Sun Times, the New York Post, NPR Morning Edition, the Washington Post, the Boston Globe, and a number of regional U.S. papers.
http://wn.com/Paleo -
Paris Hilton
Paris Whitney Hilton (born February 17, 1981) is an American socialite, heiress, media personality, model, singer, author, fashion designer and actress . She is a great-granddaughter of Conrad Hilton (founder of Hilton Hotels). Hilton is known for her controversial appearance in a sex tape in 2003, and appearance on the television series The Simple Life alongside fellow socialite and childhood best friend Nicole Richie. She is also known for her 2004 tongue-in-cheek autobiography, several minor film roles (most notably her role in the horror film House of Wax in 2005), her 2006 music album Paris, and her work in modeling. As a result of several legal incidents, Hilton also served a widely publicized sentence in a Los Angeles County jail in 2007. She is an example of the modern phenomenon of the 'celebutante', the celebrity who rises to fame not because of their talent or work but because of their wealth and controversial lifestyle.
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Patrice Evra
Patrice Latyr Evra (; born 15 May 1981) is a Senegalese-born French footballer, who plays for English Premier League side Manchester United, and is the currently suspended for 5 matches by the French national team. He is a left wingback who can also operate on the left wing.
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Paul Tucker (artist)
Paul Tucker (born November 4, 1981, in St. John's, Newfoundland) is a visual artist and illustrator of graphic novels and webcomics.
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Peter Sutcliffe
Peter William Sutcliffe (born 2 June 1946) is an English serial killer who was dubbed The Yorkshire Ripper. In 1981 Sutcliffe was convicted of murdering 13 women and attacking several others. He is currently serving life imprisonment in Broadmoor Hospital. After conviction, Sutcliffe began using his mother's maiden surname and became known as Peter William Coonan.
http://wn.com/Peter_Sutcliffe -
Pol Pot
Saloth Sar (May 19, 1928 – April 15, 1998), better known as Pol Pot, (), was the leader of the Cambodian communist movement known as the Khmer Rouge and was Prime Minister of Democratic Kampuchea from 1976–1979. His time as the leader of Cambodia, in which he attempted to "cleanse" the country, resulted in the deaths of an estimated 1.7 to 2.5 million people.
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Pope John Paul II
The Venerable Pope John Paul II (18 May 1920 – 2 April 2005, born Karol Józef Wojtyła) reigned as Supreme Pontiff of the Roman Catholic Church and Sovereign of Vatican City from 16 October 1978 until his death on 2 April 2005. His was the second-longest documented pontificate; only Pope Pius IX served longer (St. Peter the Apostle is reputed to have served for more than thirty years as the first pontiff, but documentation is too sparse to definitively support this). He has been the only Slavic and Polish Pope to date, and was the first non-Italian Pope since Dutch Pope Adrian VI in 1522.
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Quentin Griffin
Quentin LaVell Griffin (born January 12, 1981 in Houston, Texas) is an American football running back.
http://wn.com/Quentin_Griffin -
Rachel Scott
Rachel Joy Scott (August 5, 1981 – April 20, 1999) was the first victim of the Columbine High School massacre, which claimed the lives of 12 students and one teacher, along with the two perpetrators, in one of the deadliest school shootings in United States history.
http://wn.com/Rachel_Scott -
Rafael Méndez
Rafael Méndez (March 26, 1906 - September 15, 1981) was a popular Mexican virtuoso solo trumpeter.
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Raffi Torres
Raphael Torres (born October 8, 1981) is a Canadian professional ice hockey forward who currently plays for the Vancouver Canucks of the National Hockey League (NHL). He was drafted by the New York Islanders fifth overall in the 2000 NHL Entry Draft. He has additionally played in the NHL for the Edmonton Oilers, Columbus Blue Jackets, and the Buffalo Sabres. Torres is known as a physical, forechecking forward with offensive capabilities.
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Ralf Little
Ralf Alistair J.B. Little (born 8 February 1980) is an English actor, writer and semi-professional footballer, working mainly on television. He is perhaps best known for playing Antony Royle, the son in the series The Royle Family, Jonny Keogh in the first six series of sitcom Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps and Danny in Massive.
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Ravi Shankar
Ravi Shankar (; born 7 April 1920), often referred to by the title Pandit, is an Indian musician and composer who plays the plucked string instrument sitar. He has been described as the best known contemporary Indian musician by Hans Neuhoff in Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart.
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Ray J
William Raymond Norwood Jr. (born January 17, 1981), better known by his stage name Ray J, is an American singer, record producer and actor.
http://wn.com/Ray_J -
Rebecka Liljeberg
Rebecka Månstråle Liljeberg (born May 13, 1981) is a Swedish actress.
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Reg Butler
Reginald Cotterell Butler (28 April 1913 – 23 October 1981) was an English sculptor. He studied and lectured at the Architectural Association School of Architecture in London from 1937 to 1939. He was a conscientious objector during the Second World War, being exempted from military service conditional upon setting up a small blacksmith business repairing farm implements. After winning the 'Unknown Political Prisoner' competition in 1953 he became one of the best known sculptors during the 1950's and 1960's, and taught at the Slade School of Art.
http://wn.com/Reg_Butler -
René Clair
René Clair (11 November 1898 – 15 March 1981) born René-Lucien Chomette, was a French filmmaker.
http://wn.com/René_Clair -
Ric Flair
Richard Morgan Fliehr (born February 25, 1949) is an American professional wrestler, better known by his ring name Ric Flair. Also known as "The Nature Boy", Flair is one of the most well known professional wrestlers in the world.
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Richard Boone
Richard Allen Boone (June 18, 1917 – January 10, 1981) was an American actor who starred in over 50 films and was notable for his roles in Westerns and for starring in the TV series Have Gun – Will Travel.
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Rino Gaetano
Salvatore Antonio "Rino" Gaetano (Crotone-October 29, 1950 - Roma-June 2, 1981), was an Italian singer-songwriter.
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Roald Hoffmann
Roald Hoffmann (born July 18, 1937) is an American theoretical chemist who won the 1981 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. He currently teaches at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York.
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Robert Askin
Sir Robert William Askin, GCMG (4 April 19079 September 1981) was the 32nd Premier of New South Wales, from 1965 to 1975, and the first representing the Liberal Party of Australia. He was born Robin William Askin, but he always disliked his first name and he changed it by deed poll in 1971. Before being knighted in 1972, however, he was generally known as "Bob Askin".
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Robert Crippen
Robert Laurel Crippen (born September 11, 1937 in Beaumont, Texas) is an engineer, retired United States Navy Captain and a former NASA astronaut. He flew on four Space Shuttle missions, including three as commander. Crippen is a recipient of the Congressional Space Medal of Honor.
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Robert Doornbos
Robert Michael Doornbos () (born September 23, 1981 in Rotterdam, Netherlands) is a Dutch racing driver. He has been test and third driver for the Jordan and Red Bull Racing Formula One teams, as well as driving for Minardi and Red Bull Racing in 2005 and 2006. Doornbos then drove for Minardi Team USA in the 2007 and final season of the Champ Car World Series. He competed in the Superleague Formula racing series in 2008, and drove for the Netherlands team in A1 Grand Prix's 2008-2009 season. In 2009, Doornbos competed in the IndyCar Series. He began the season with Newman/Haas/Lanigan Racing, but switched to HVM Racing after the race in Kentucky Speedway.
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Robert Earnshaw
Robert Earnshaw (born on 6 April 1981) is a Wales international football player. He is a striker presently playing for Nottingham Forest. He is the only player to score a hat-trick in the English Premier League, Championship, League One, League Two (or the divisions under their previous names), the League Cup, the FA Cup and for his country at International level.
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Robert Kellard
Robert Kellard (April 23, 1915–January 13, 1981) was an American actor who appeared in over 60 films between 1937 and 1951.
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Robert Moses
Robert Moses (December 18, 1888 – July 29, 1981) was the "master builder" of mid-20th century New York City, Long Island, Rockland County, and Westchester County, New York. As the shaper of a modern city, he is sometimes compared to Baron Haussmann of Second Empire Paris, and is one of the most polarizing figures in the history of urban planning in the United States. He changed shorelines, built bridges, tunnels and roadways, and transformed neighborhoods forever. His decisions favoring highways over public transit helped create the modern suburbs of Long Island and influenced a generation of engineers, architects, and urban planners who spread his philosophies across the nation.
http://wn.com/Robert_Moses -
Rocco Baldelli
Rocco Daniel Baldelli (; born September 25, 1981 in Woonsocket, Rhode Island) is a Major League Baseball outfielder and designated hitter for the Tampa Bay Rays.
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Roger Federer
MedalCountry|
http://wn.com/Roger_Federer -
Roger Tonge
Roger Tonge (30 January 1946 - 26 February 1981) was a British actor.
http://wn.com/Roger_Tonge -
Roger Wolcott Sperry
Roger Wolcott Sperry (August 20, 1913 – April 17, 1994) was a neuropsychologist, neurobiologist and Nobel laureate who, together with David Hunter Hubel and Torsten Nils Wiesel, won the 1981 Nobel Prize in Medicine for his work with split-brain research.
http://wn.com/Roger_Wolcott_Sperry -
Roman Pavlyuchenko
Roman Anatolevich Pavlyuchenko (; born 15 December 1981 in Mostovskoy) is a Russian footballer who currently plays as a centre forward for English Premier League club Tottenham Hotspur and for the Russian national team.
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Ronald Reagan
Ronald Wilson Reagan (February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004) was the 40th President of the United States (1981–1989) and the 33rd Governor of California (1967–1975).
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Rosa Ponselle
Rosa Ponselle (January 22, 1897 – May 25, 1981), was an American operatic soprano with a large, opulent voice. She sang mainly at the New York Metropolitan Opera and is generally considered by music critics to have been one of the greatest sopranos of the past 100 years.
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Ross Martin
Ross Martin (March 22, 1920 – July 3, 1981) was an American Emmy-nominated actor known for playing Artemus Gordon in the western TV series The Wild Wild West, starring Robert Conrad, and Andamo on Mr. Lucky, starring John Vivyan.
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Ross Phillips
Ross Phillips (born 11 November 1981 in Heatherwood Hospital, Ascot, England) is an English musician. He is best known as the guitarist of indie rock band Hard-Fi. Phillips also provides backing vocals for frontman Richard Archer. He previously worked in a local hi-fi shop in his home town of Staines. It was here that Archer, who used to listen to his demos under the pretence of checking out equipment, came to play his demos on the latest systems. After Phillips told Archer that his music was rubbish, he was recruited to play lead guitar for the group.
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Ross Thomas (actor)
Ross Schuler Thomas (born August 21, 1981) is an American film and television actor who currently has the regular role of Bailey Reese on the teen drama television series Beyond the Break.
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Russell Tovey
Russell George Tovey (born 14 November 1981 in Essex) is an English actor with numerous television, film and stage credits. Tovey is arguably best known for playing the role of werewolf George Sands in the BBC's supernatural drama Being Human starting in 2008.
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Ryan Ashford
Ryan Ashford (born 13 October 1981) is an English former professional footballer. He was born in Honiton, Devon.
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Ryan Hansen
Ryan Hansen (born July 5, 1981) is an American actor, most well known for having portrayed Dick Casablancas on Veronica Mars and Nolan in Friday the 13th. He also played Kyle on the Starz show Party Down.
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Ryoichi Maeda
is a Japanese football player who currently plays for Jubilo Iwata of the J-League.
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Rómulo Betancourt
Rómulo Ernesto Betancourt Bello (22 February 1908 – 28 September 1981), known as "The Father of Venezuelan Democracy", was President of Venezuela from 1945 to 1948 and again from 1959 to 1964, as well as leader of Accion Democratica, Venezuela's dominant political party in the 20th century. He survived an assassination attempt ordered by Rafael Trujillo, dictator of the Dominican Republic. Betancourt, one of Venezuela's most important political figures, led a tumultuous and highly controversial career in Latin American politics. Periods of exile brought Betancourt in contact with various Latin American countries as well as the United States, securing his legacy as one of the few real international leaders to emerge from twentieth-century Latin America. Scholars credit Betancourt as the Founding Father of modern democratic Venezuela.
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Salvadoran Civil War
El Salvador´s Civil War (1979–1992) was a conflict in El Salvador between the military-led government of El Salvador and the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN), a coalition or umbrella organization of five left-wing militias. Significant tensions and violence had already existed, before the civil war's full outbreak, over the course of the 1970s. El Salvador´s Civil War was the second longest civil war in Latin America after the Guatemalan Civil War.
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Samuel Barber
Samuel Osborne Barber II (March 9, 1910 – January 23, 1981) was an American composer of orchestral, opera, choral, and piano music. His Adagio for Strings is his most popular composition and widely considered a masterpiece of modern classical music. He was twice awarded the Pulitzer Prize for music, for his opera Vanessa and his Concerto for Piano and Orchestra. His , a work for soprano and orchestra, was an acclaimed setting of prose by James Agee.
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Samuel Eto'o
football biography 2
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Sandi Thom
Sandi Thom (born Alexandria Thom, 11 August 1981, Macduff, Aberdeenshire) is a Scottish singer-songwriter and multi-instrumentalist. She became widely known in 2006 after a series of webcasts secured her a record deal with RCA and the success of the single "I Wish I Was a Punk Rocker (With Flowers in My Hair)".
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Sandra Day O'Connor
'''Sandra Day O'Connor''' (born March 26, 1930) is an American jurist who was the first female member of the Supreme Court of the United States. She served as an Associate Justice from 1981 until her retirement from the Court in 2006. O'Connor was appointed by President Ronald Reagan in 1981. During her tenure, she was regarded as the Court's leading centrist, and was the swing vote in many cases; this made her the most powerful justice for many years.
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Sandy Mölling
Sandy Mölling (born April 27, 1981), known professionally as Sandy, is a German singer-songwriter, dancer, television presenter and occasional actress, who rose to fame as one of the founding members of the successful all-female pop band No Angels, the "biggest-selling German girlband to date," according to the German media.
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Sara Watkins
Sara Ullrika Watkins (born June 8, 1981) is an American singer-songwriter and fiddler. Watkins debuted in 1999 as the fiddler of the progressive bluegrass group Nickel Creek, which consisted of herself, her elder brother Sean, and mandolinist Chris Thile. As a band, they are notable for three wide-released albums: Nickel Creek, This Side, and Why Should the Fire Die?. Aside from singing and fiddling, she can play the ukulele and the guitar.
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Sarah Harding
Sarah Nicole Harding (born Sarah Nicole Hardman, 17 November 1981) is an English pop singer-songwriter, actress and model best known for being a member of the pop group Girls Aloud.
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Scott Mechlowicz
Scott David Mechlowicz (born January 17, 1981) is an American actor. He began his acting career at age 22, and is best known for his lead roles in the films EuroTrip, Mean Creek, Peaceful Warrior, and Gone.
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Sean Conlon
Sean Kieran Conlon (born 20 May 1981 in Leeds, West Yorkshire, England) is an English singer best known as a former member of boy band Five.
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Selina Ren
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Seth Wulsin
Seth Wulsin (born in Spring Valley, NY) is an artist working primarily with space and light through large-scale, site-specific, ephemeral sculpture and drawing.
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Seweryn Gancarczyk
Seweryn Daniel Gancarczyk (born November 22, 1981 in Dębica) is a professional Polish football player for Lech Poznań who plays as a left sided defender.
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Shaun Sipos
Shaun Sipos (born October 30, 1981) is a Canadian actor. Sipos performs the character David Breck on The CW series Melrose Place.
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Sheridan Smith
Sheridan Smith (born 25 June 1981) is an English actress, best-known for playing Janet Keogh (née Smith) in the BBC sitcom Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps, in which Janet is Jonny Keogh's girlfriend.
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Sherman Edwards
Sherman Edwards (April 4, 1919 – March 30, 1981) was an American songwriter.
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Shiva Keshavan
Shiva Keshavan (full name Shiva Keshavan K P; born August 25, 1981) is the first Indian representative to compete in luge at the Winter Olympic Games.
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Sichuan
(zh|c=; Sichuanese Pinyin: Si4cuan1; ; Postal map spelling: Szechwan or Szechuan) is a province in Southwestern China with its capital in Chengdu. The current name of the province, 四川 (Sìchuān), is an abbreviation of 四川路 (Sì Chuānlù), or "Four circuits of rivers", which is itself abbreviated from 川峡四路 (Chuānxiá Sìlù), or "Four circuits of rivers and gorges", named after the division of the existing circuit into four during the Northern Song Dynasty.
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Sienna Miller
Sienna Rose Miller (born 28 December 1981) is an English actress, model, and fashion designer, best known for her roles in Layer Cake, Alfie, Factory Girl, The Edge of Love and .
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Silvy De Bie
Silvy De Bie (born on 4 January 1981 in Heist-op-den-Berg) is a dance vocalist for the dance band Sylver.
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Simon & Garfunkel
Simon & Garfunkel are an American singer-songwriter duo consisting of Paul Simon and Art Garfunkel. They formed the group Tom & Jerry in 1957, and had their first taste of success with the minor hit "Hey, Schoolgirl". As Simon & Garfunkel, the duo rose to fame in 1965, backed by the hit single "The Sounds of Silence". Their music was featured in the landmark film The Graduate, propelling them further into the public consciousness.
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Simon Ammann
Simon Ammann (born 25 June 1981) is a Swiss ski jumper, and double Olympic Champion at both 2002 and 2010 Winter Olympics.
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Sir Richard O'Connor
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Song Ji-hyo
Song Ji-hyo (born Cheon Seong-im, August 15, 1981) is a South Korean TV and film actress. She is most famous for her portrayal of ballerina Min Hyo Rin in Princess Hours and Lady Yesoya in Jumong (MBC, 2006). Becomes a full-time member of the show Running Man (TV series) after appearing in the 2nd episode.
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Stefan Nystrand
Stefan Nystrand (born 20 October 1981 in Haninge) is a freestyle swimmer from Sweden. His father Sture Nystrand is a Swede and his mother Smiljana Kokeza is Croatian from Split. Nystrand, a short course (25 m) specialist, has won five individual medals in the FINA Short Course World Championships, and captured his first medal (silver) in long course (50 m) in the 100 m freestyle at the 2006 European Aquatics Championships in Budapest, behind Filippo Magnini of Italy. The following year he won a bronze medal at the 2007 World Aquatics Championships in Melbourne at the 50 m freestyle, with a new national record of 21.97.
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Stefan Schumacher
Stefan Schumacher (born July 21, 1981 in Ostfildern-Ruit, District of Esslingen) is a German professional road racing cyclist.
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Steve Jocz
Stephen Martin "Steve" Jocz (nicknamed Stevo32 or Stevo) (was born on July 23, 1981), and is best known as the drummer for Canadian punk band Sum 41.
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Steve Talley
Steve Talley (born August 12, 1981) is an American actor who rose to prominence playing Dwight Stifler in the American Pie film series.
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Summer Glau
Summer Lyn Glau (; born July 24, 1981) is an American actress and dancer, known for playing River Tam in the science fiction series Firefly and follow-up movie Serenity, and for playing Cameron in the series .
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Sunny Leone
Sunny Leone (born Karen Malhotra on May 13, 1981) is an Indo-Canadian pornographic actress, businesswoman and model. She was 2003 Penthouse Pet of the Year and has played roles in independent mainstream films and television shows.
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Suzann Pettersen
Suzann "Tutta" Pettersen (born 7 April 1981) is a Norwegian professional golfer who plays mainly on the U.S.-based LPGA Tour and is also a member of the Ladies European Tour. Her career best world ranking is second.
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Suzanne Shaw
Suzanne Shaw (born Suzanne Crowshaw on 29 September 1981 in Bury, Greater Manchester) is an English actress, singer and television personality. Originally famous for winning the talent contest Popstars and subsequently being a member of the band Hear'Say, she is now an established musical theatre and West End performer, actress, model and television presenter in her own right. She is also the winner of series 3 of the popular ITV1 program Dancing on Ice. She is married to Sony Award winning DJ and Rose D'Or winning presenter Jason King of duo JK and Joel. From April 2010, Suzanne has been starring in the soap opera Emmerdale, playing Eve Jenson, the granddaughter of established character Edna Birch.
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Synyster Gates
Brian Elwin Haner, Jr. (July 7, 1981), better known by his stage name Synyster Gates or simply Syn, is an American musician, best known for being the lead guitarist of the heavy metal band Avenged Sevenfold.
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Tatiana Totmianina
Tatiana Ivanovna Totmianina () (born November 2, 1981 in Perm, Russia) is a retired pair skater. With partner Maxim Marinin, she is the 2006 Olympic Champion, two-time World Champion, and five-time European Champion.
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Taufik Hidayat
MedalCountry|
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Taylor Kitsch
Taylor Kitsch (born April 8, 1981) is a Canadian actor and model.
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Taylor Rain
Taylor Rain (born August 16, 1981 in Long Beach, California) is an American pornographic actress.
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Teresa Cormack
Teresa Maida Cormack (18 June 1981 – 19 June 1987) was a six-year-old murder victim from Napier, New Zealand.
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Terry Fox
Terrance Stanley "Terry" Fox , (July 28, 1958 – June 28, 1981) was a Canadian humanitarian, athlete, and cancer research activist. In 1980, with one leg having been amputated, he embarked on a cross-Canada run to raise money and awareness for cancer research. Although the spread of his
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Terry McFlynn
Terence Martin "Terry" McFlynn (born 27 March 1981) is a football (soccer) player from Swatragh, Northern Ireland. He currently plays as a central midfielder for the Australian A-League team Sydney FC. He is the current captain.
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The Rev
James Owen Sullivan (February 9, 1981 – December 28, 2009), or The Reverend Tholomew Plague, often shortened to The Rev, was an American musician, best known as the drummer for the American metal band Avenged Sevenfold. He was also the lead vocalist in Pinkly Smooth, a side project where he was known by the name Rat Head, with fellow Avenged Sevenfold member, guitarist Synyster Gates. Sullivan grew up and lived in Huntington Beach, California. The Rev was found dead on December 28, 2009, at the age of 28.
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Thomas Herrion
Thomas Herrion (December 15, 1981 – August 20, 2005) was an American football player for the San Francisco 49ers. Born in Fort Worth, Texas, Herrion, a 6-foot-3 (190 cm), 310-pound (140 kg) guard, played college football first at Kilgore College at the junior college level before transferring to the University of Utah where he blocked for current San Francisco 49ers quarterback and number one draft pick Alex Smith. He was signed to a reserve/futures contract with the 49ers on January 5, 2005 and spent one season playing in NFL Europe with the Hamburg Sea Devils.
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Tiffany Dupont
Tiffany Dupont (born March 22, 1981) is an American actress, known for playing the lead character, Hadassah, a Jewish girl, who will become the Biblical Esther, Queen of Persia, in the Hollywood film One Night with the King. From 2007-2009, Dupont co-starred on the ABC Family series Greek where she played Frannie, who was head of the Iota Kappa Iota house which she founded on campus to rival ZBZ.
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Tila Tequila
Tila Nguyễn (born October 24, 1981), better known by her stage names Tila Tequila and Miss Tila, is a Singaporean-born American model, singer, rapper, and television personality. She is known for her appearances in the men's magazines Stuff, Maxim, Penthouse, her role as host of the Fuse TV show featuring performance striptease, Pants-Off Dance-Off and her position as the most popular artist on MySpace (according to page views) circa April 2006. She was raised in Houston, Texas, and now lives in Los Angeles, California. Her MTV reality show A Shot at Love with Tila Tequila aired for two seasons.
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Tom Hurndall
Thomas "Tom" Hurndall (27 November 1981 – 13 January 2004) was a British photography student, a volunteer for the International Solidarity Movement (ISM), and an activist against the Israeli occupation of the Palestinian territories. On 11 April 2003, he was shot in the head in the Gaza Strip by a bedouin IDF Israel Defense Forces (IDF) sniper, Taysir Hayb. Hurndall was left in a coma and died nine months later.
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Tom Meighan
Thomas Peter Meighan (born 11 January 1981 in Leicester) is an English musician, best known as the lead vocalist for Indie Rock band Kasabian.
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Tony Blanco
Tony Hemiphere Blanco (born November 10, 1980 in San Juan de la Maguana, Dominican Republic) is a professional baseball player (mainly playing as first baseman, third baseman and outfielder), He last played in Major League Baseball for the Washington Nationals. During , his rookie season, he hit .177 with one home run and seven RBI.
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Torsten Wiesel
Torsten Nils Wiesel (born June 3, 1924) was a Swedish co-recipient with David H. Hubel of the 1981 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system; the prize was shared with Roger W. Sperry for his independent research on the cerebral hemispheres.
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Tose Proeski
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Trevor Berbick
Trevor Berbick (August 1, 1954 – October 28, 2006) was a Jamaican - Canadian heavyweight boxer and champion who fought as a professional from 1976 until 2000. He was the victim of a homicide near his hometown of Norwich, Jamaica. Berbick briefly held the WBC heavyweight title in 1986, before losing it to Mike Tyson on November 22, 1986, by a TKO in the second round. He was the last man to fight Muhammad Ali, winning a 10-round unanimous decision in Nassau, Bahamas on December 11, 1981.
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Troy Polamalu
Troy Aumua Polamalu () (born Troy Aumua on April 19, 1981 in Garden Grove, California) is a U.S. professional American football strong safety for the Pittsburgh Steelers of the National Football League. He was drafted in the first round (sixteenth overall) of the 2003 NFL Draft by the Steelers. He played college football at the University of Southern California.
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U;Nee
Heo Yoon (May 3, 1981 – January 21, 2007), better known by her stage name U;Nee, was a South Korean singer and actress. Before dedicating her career to music, she used the stage name Lee Hye-Ryeon. After debut as a singer, she used the second stage name U;Nee professionally until her death.
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Uri Zvi Grinberg
Uri Zvi Grinberg (also Uri Zvi Greenberg) (, 22 September 1896 – 8 May 1981) was an acclaimed Israeli poet and journalist who wrote in Yiddish and Hebrew.
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Valeri Kharlamov
Valeri Borisovich Kharlamov (, ; born January 14, 1948 in Moscow, Soviet Union - August 27, 1981) was a star ice hockey player from the Soviet Union and is considered one of the greatest players in the world. He was voted one of six players to the International Ice Hockey Federation's (IIHF) Centennial All-Star Team in a poll conducted by a group of 56 experts from 16 countries. His only son Alexander is also a former hockey player. Valeri died in a car accident at the age of 33.
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Van Hansis
Van Hansis (born Evan Vanfossen Hansis on September 25, 1981 in North Adams, Massachusetts) is an American actor. Hansis, who uses the name Van professionally, starred on the long-running CBS soap opera As the World Turns as Luke Snyder, the son of one of the show's signature supercouples, Holden and Lily Snyder (played by Jon Hensley and Noelle Beck), although the character's biological father is Damian Grimaldi. Hansis made his first appearance on December 14, 2005, taking over the role from Jake Weary, and played the character until the end of the show's run, appearing in its final episode, which aired on September 17th, 2010.
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Vera-Ellen
Vera-Ellen (February 16, 1921 – August 30, 1981) was an American actress and dancer, principally celebrated for her filmed dance partnerships with Fred Astaire, Gene Kelly, and Donald O'Connor.
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Vernon Carey
Vernon A. Carey (born July 31, 1981 in ) is an American football offensive tackle for the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League. He was drafted by the Dolphins 19th overall in the 2004 NFL Draft. He played college football at the University of Miami.
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Vic Zhou
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Vitantonio Liuzzi
Vitantonio "Tonio" Liuzzi (born 6 August 1981) is an Italian race driver who currently drives for the Force India Formula One team. He has homes in Lugano, Switzerland and Pescara, Italy.
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Vitas
Vitaliy "Vitalik" Vladasovich Grachyov (, Vitalij Vladasovič Gračëv), better known by his stage name Vitas (; ), is a Russian pop singer, composer, actor, and fashion designer who was born 19 February 1979 in Daugavpils, Latvian SSR.
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Wanda Hendrix
Wanda Hendrix (November 3, 1928 – February 1, 1981) was an American film and television actress.
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Will Durant
William James Durant (November 5, 1885 – November 7, 1981) was a prolific American writer, historian, and philosopher. He is best known for The Story of Civilization, 11 volumes written in collaboration with his wife Ariel and published between 1935 and 1975. He was earlier noted for The Story of Philosophy, written in 1926, which one observer described as "a groundbreaking work that helped to popularize philosophy."
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Willa Ford
Amanda Lee Modano (née Williford; born January 22, 1981), known professionally as Willa Ford and often as Mandy Modano, is an American singer, songwriter, dancer, model, television personality and film actress. She released her debut album, Willa Was Here, in 2001. Ford also has acted in movies such as Friday the 13th, hosted several reality television shows, posed for Playboy and competed on ABC's Dancing with the Stars.
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William Saroyan
William Saroyan (; ; 31 August 1908 - 18 May 1981) was an Armenian-American dramatist and author. The setting of many of his stories and plays is the center of Armenian-American life in California in his native Fresno.
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William Wyler
William Wyler (July 1, 1902 – July 27, 1981) was a leading American motion picture director, producer, and screenwriter. He was regarded as second only to John Ford as a "master craftsman of cinema."
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Willis McGahee
Willis Andrew McGahee III (born October 20, 1981 in Miami, Florida) is an American football player who plays running back for the Baltimore Ravens in the National Football League. He attended the University of Miami after a high school career split between Miami Springs High School and Central High School in Miami, Florida.
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Wojciech Jaruzelski
Wojciech Witold Jaruzelski (pronounced ; born 6 July 1923) was the last commander-in-chief of the communist Polish People's Army (LWP) and the chairman of the Polish United Workers Party from 1981 to 1989, Prime Minister from 1981 to 1985 and the country's head of state from 1985 to 1990. He was the country's last communist leader and dictator and resigned from power after the Polish Round Table Agreement in 1989 led to democratic elections in Poland.
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Xabi Alonso
Xabier "Xabi" Alonso Olano (; born 25 November 1981 in Tolosa, Basque Country) is a Spanish World Cup-winning footballer who currently plays for La Liga club Real Madrid and the Spanish national team. He plays as a midfielder.
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Xie Xingfang
MedalCountry|
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Yip Harburg
Edgar Yipsel Harburg (April 8, 1896 – March 4, 1981), known as E.Y. Harburg or Yip Harburg, was an American popular song lyricist who worked with many well-known composers. He wrote the lyrics to the standards, "Brother, Can You Spare a Dime?", "April in Paris", and "It's Only a Paper Moon", as well as all of the songs in The Wizard of Oz, including "Over the Rainbow".
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Yorkshire Ripper
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Young Buck
David Darnell Brown(born March 15, 1981), better known by his stage name Young Buck, is an American rapper who is not signed to G-Unit Records and Cashville Records. Buck is a former member of the New York City-based hip hop group G-Unit.
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Yumiko Cheng
Yumiko Cheng (born Zheng Lie Qiong 鄭烈瓊 in Shanghai, China) is a Hong Kong-based Cantopop singer. Cheng was given the Japanese nickname "Yumiko" by her friends in secondary school, and upon signing with EEG, adopted it as her official stagename.
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Yuvraj Singh
Yuvraj Singh (, born 12 December 1981 in a Punjabi Jat family from Chandigarh, India) is a cricketer from India, and the son of former Indian fast bowler and Punjabi movie star Yograj Singh. He has been a member of the Indian cricket team since 2000 (ODIs) and played his first Test match in 2003. He was the vice captain of the ODI team from late-2007 to late-2008. At the 2007 World Twenty20 he hit six sixes in an over against England's Stuart Broad—a feat only performed three times previously in any form of senior cricket, and never previously in an international match between two Test cricket nations.
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Yūichi Komano
is a Japanese football player. He plays for J. League division 1 side Júbilo Iwata. He is right-footed and mainly plays right full back for the club but he is often employed in the left for Japan national football team.
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Zachery Ty Bryan
Zachery Tyler Bryan (born October 9, 1981) is an American actor best known for his role as Brad Taylor on the American sitcom Home Improvement.
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Zacky Vengeance
Zachary James Baker, (born December 11, 1981) better known by his stage name Zacky Vengeance, is the rhythm guitarist and backing vocalist for the American metal/rock band Avenged Sevenfold.
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Zara Phillips
Zara Anne Elizabeth Phillips, MBE (born 15 May 1981) is the second child and only daughter of Princess Anne, Princess Royal and her first husband, Captain Mark Phillips. She is the eldest granddaughter of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, and is twelfth in the line of succession to the British throne.
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Zarah Leander
Zarah Leander (March 15, 1907 – June 23, 1981) was a Swedish actress and singer.
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Zerna Sharp
Zerna Addis Sharp (August 12, 1889 - June 17, 1981) was an U.S. author, writer and teacher. She became known for creating the Dick and Jane beginning readers, as well as many other readers for children. Sharp noted the reduced reading ability of children during her travels and urged a new reading format for primers. She suggested that primers introduce a word at a time to new readers and the Dick and Jane primers adhered to this format. The names Dick and Jane were chosen because they were easy to sound. The primers were sold from 1927 to 1973.
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Ziaur Rahman
Lieutenant General Ziaur Rahman, Bir Uttam, Hilal-i-Jurat ( Ziaur Rôhman) (January 19, 1936 – May 30, 1981) was a hero of the Bangladesh Liberation War, a retired three star Lieutenant General of the Bangladesh Army and a statesman. He was the 7th President of Bangladesh from 1977 until 1981. He founded the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP), one of the two largest political parties in the country. He is popularly known as Shaheed President Zia, meaning martyred Zia, in reference to his assassination in 1981.
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Zlatan Ibrahimović
Zlatan Ibrahimović (born 3 October 1981) is a Swedish footballer of Bosnian and Croatian heritage, who currently plays as a striker for A.C. Milan and the Swedish national team.
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Ágnes Kovács
Ágnes Kovács (born 13 July 1981) is a former Hungarian swimmer.
http://wn.com/Ágnes_Kovács
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1981 Brixton riot
This Brixton riot took place in Lambeth, South London, England, on 11 April 1981. The riot resulted in almost 279 injuries to police and 45 injuries to members of the public; over a hundred vehicles were burned, including 56 police vehicles; and almost 150 buildings were damaged, with thirty burned. There were 82 arrests. Reports suggested that up to 5,000 people were involved in the riot. It was called "Bloody Saturday" by TIME magazine.
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Angola
Angola, officially the Republic of Angola (, ; ), is a country in south-central Africa bordered by Namibia on the south, Democratic Republic of the Congo on the north, and Zambia on the east; its west coast is on the Atlantic Ocean with Luanda as its capital city. The exclave province of Cabinda has a border with the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
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Antigua and Barbuda
Antigua and Barbuda (; Spanish for "ancient" and "bearded") is a twin-island nation lying between the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. It consists of two major inhabited islands, Antigua and Barbuda, and a number of smaller islands (including Great Bird, Green, Guinea, Long, Maiden and York Islands). Separated by a few sea miles, the group is in the middle of the Leeward Islands part of the Lesser Antilles, roughly at 17 degrees north of the Equator. Being a former part of the British Empire has strongly influenced the country's governance, language, and culture.
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Artane, Dublin
Artane, sometimes spelled Artaine (), historically Tartaine is a Northside suburb of Dublin, Ireland. Neighbouring districts include Coolock, Beaumont, Killester, Raheny and Clontarf; to the south is a small locality, Harmonstown, straddling the Raheny-Artane border.
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Australia
{{Infobox country
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Bahrain
Bahrain, officially Kingdom of Bahrain (, , literally: "Kingdom of the Two Seas"), is a small island country in the Persian Gulf ruled by the Al Khalifa royal family. While Bahrain is an archipelago of thirty-three islands, the largest (Bahrain Island) is long by wide. Saudi Arabia lies to the west and is connected to Bahrain via the King Fahd Causeway, which was officially opened on 25 November 1986. Qatar is to the southeast across the Gulf of Bahrain.
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Bangladesh
Bangladesh (; , '), officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh (Bengali: গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ ') is a country in South Asia. It is bordered by India on all sides except for a small border with Burma (Myanmar) to the far southeast and by the Bay of Bengal to the south. Together with the Indian state of West Bengal, it makes up the ethno-linguistic region of Bengal. The name Bangladesh means "Country of Bengal" in the official Bengali language.
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Beijing
{| style="float:right;"
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Beirut
Beirut (, Bayrūt) is the capital and largest city of Lebanon with a population ranging from some 1 million to over 2 million as of 2007. Located on a peninsula at the midpoint of Lebanon's coastline with the Mediterranean sea, it serves as the country's largest and main seaport, and also forms the Beirut Metropolitan Area, which consists of the city and its suburbs. The first mention of this metropolis is found in the ancient Egyptian Tell el Amarna letters, dating to the 15th century BC, and the city has been continuously inhabited since.
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Belize
Belize () (formerly British Honduras), is a democratic constitutional monarchy, and the northernmost Central American nation. Belize has a diverse society, comprising many cultures and languages. Although Kriol and Spanish are spoken among the population, Belize is the only country in Central America where English is the official language. Belize is bordered by Mexico to its north, by Guatemala to its south and west, and by the Caribbean Sea to the east.
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Bihar
{{Infobox Indian Jurisdiction
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Bolivia
Bolivia (), officially known as the Plurinational State of Bolivia, (, ) is a landlocked country in central South America. It is bordered by Brazil to the north and east, Paraguay and Argentina to the south, and Chile and Peru to the west.
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Brazil
Brazil (; , ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (, ), is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population. It is the only Portuguese-speaking country in the Americas and the largest lusophone country in the world.
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Brussels
Brussels (, pronounced ; , pronounced ), officially the Brussels Region or Brussels-Capital Region (, Dutch: ), is the de facto capital city of the European Union (EU) and the largest urban area in Belgium. It comprises 19 municipalities, including the City of Brussels proper, which is the constitutional capital of Belgium, the seat of the French Community of Belgium and of the Flemish Community.
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California
California (pronounced ) is the most populous state in the United States and the third-largest by land area, after Alaska and Texas. California is also the most populous sub-national entity in North America. It's on the U.S. West Coast, bordered by the Pacific Ocean to the west and by the states of Oregon to the north, Nevada to the east, Arizona to the southeast, Baja California, Mexico, to the south. Its 5 largest cities are Los Angeles, San Diego, San Jose, San Francisco, and Long Beach, with Los Angeles, San Diego, and San Jose each having at least 1 million residents. Like many populous states, California's capital, Sacramento is smaller than the state's largest city, Los Angeles. The state is home to the nation's 2nd- and 6th-largest census statistical areas and 8 of the nation's 50 most populous cities. California has a varied climate and geography and a multi-cultural population.
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Cambodia
The "Kingdom of Cambodia" "Royaume du Cambodge" (official name), also known as Cambodia, derived from Sanskrit Kambujadesa ()), is a country in Southeast Asia that borders Thailand to the west and northwest, Laos to the northeast, Vietnam to the east, and the Gulf of Thailand to the southwest. The geography of Cambodia is dominated by rivers and a lake namely: The Mekong River (Upper and Lower) (Khmer: ទន្លេមេគង្គ Tonlé Mékong Pronounced: Tonlé Mékung = Mother Water River), Sab River Tonlé Sap (Khmer: ទន្លេសាប Pronounced: Tonlé Sab = Fresh Water River), Bassac River Tonlé Bassac (Khmer: ទន្លេបាសាក់ Pronounced: Tonlé Bassuck = ?)
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Chile
Chile (, in English often pronounced //,), officially the Republic of Chile ( ), is a country in South America occupying a long, narrow coastal strip between the Andes mountains to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage in the far south. With Ecuador, it is one of two countries in South America which do not border Brazil. The Pacific coastline of Chile is 6,435 kilometres (4000 mi). Chilean territory includes the Pacific islands of Juan Fernández, Salas y Gómez, Desventuradas and Easter Island. Chile also claims about of Antarctica, although all claims are suspended under the Antarctic Treaty.
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China
China is seen variously as an ancient civilization extending over a large area in East Asia, a nation and/or a multinational entity.
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Chittagong
Chittagong (Bengali: চট্টগ্রাম, Chôţţogram) (formerly Port Grande and Islamabad) is a city in southeastern Bangladesh and the capital of an eponymous district and division. Built on banks of the Karnaphuli River, the city is home to Bangladesh's busiest seaport and has a population of over 2.5 million, making it the second largest city in the country.
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Cleveland, Ohio
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Cornwall
Cornwall (; ) is a ceremonial county and unitary authority of England, United Kingdom, forming the tip of the south-western peninsula of Great Britain. It is bordered to the north and west by the Atlantic Ocean, to the south by the English Channel, and to the east by the county of Devon, over the River Tamar. Taken with the Isles of Scilly, Cornwall has a population of , and covers an area of . The administrative centre and only city is Truro.
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Corsica
Corsica (, ; ; ) is an island in the Mediterranean Sea. It is located west of Italy, southeast of the French mainland, and north of the island of Sardinia.
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Cuba
The Republic of Cuba (; , ) is an island country in the Caribbean. The nation of Cuba consists of the main island of Cuba, the Isla de la Juventud, and several archipelagos.
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Czechoslovakia
Czechoslovakia or Czecho-Slovakia (Czech and Slovak: Československo, Česko-Slovensko) was a sovereign state in Central Europe which existed from October 1918, when it declared its independence from the Austro-Hungarian Empire, until 1992. From 1939 to 1945 the state did not have de facto existence, due to its forced division and partial incorporation into Nazi Germany, but the Czechoslovak government-in-exile nevertheless continued to exist during this period. In 1945 the eastern part of Carpathian Ruthenia was taken over by the Soviet Union. On 1 January 1993, Czechoslovakia peacefully split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia.
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Dunmurry
Dunmurry () is an urban townland in County Antrim, Northern Ireland. Located between Belfast and Lisburn, it was once a rural village, but is now within the Greater Belfast conurbation. Dunmurry is also an electoral ward of Lisburn Council.
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Egypt
Egypt (; , Miṣr, ; Egyptian Arabic: مصر, Maṣr, ; Coptic: , ; Greek: Αίγυπτος, Aiguptos; Egyptian:
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El Mozote massacre
The El Mozote Massacre took place in the village of El Mozote, in Morazán department, El Salvador, on December 11, 1981, when Salvadoran armed forces trained by the United States military killed at least 200 and up to 1000 civilians in an anti-guerrilla campaign during the Salvadoran Civil War.
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El Salvador
El Salvador (; , literally meaning "Republic of The Savior") is the smallest and also the most densely populated country in Central America. It borders the Pacific Ocean between Guatemala and Honduras. It lies on the Gulf of Fonseca, as do Honduras and Nicaragua further south.
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France
{{Infobox Country
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Ghana
The Republic of Ghana is a country located in West Africa. It is bordered by Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) to the west, Burkina Faso to the north, Togo to the east, and the Gulf of Guinea to the south. The word Ghana means "Warrior King" and is derived from the ancient
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Greece
Greece (; , Elláda, ; , Hellás, ), also known as Hellas and officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία, Ellīnikī́ Dīmokratía, ), is a country in southeastern Europe. Situated on the southern end of the Balkan Peninsula, Greece has land borders with Albania, the Republic of Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north, and Turkey to the east. The Aegean Sea lies to the east of mainland Greece, the Ionian Sea to the west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Greece has the tenth longest coastline in the world at in length, featuring a vast number of islands (approximately 1400, of which 227 are inhabited), including Crete, the Dodecanese, the Cyclades, and the Ionian Islands among others. Eighty percent of Greece consists of mountains, of which Mount Olympus is the highest at .
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Guilin
Guilin (; Zhuang: Gveilinz) is a prefecture-level city in China, situated in the northeast of the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region on the west bank of the Li River. Its name means "forest of Sweet Osmanthus", owing to the large number of fragrant Sweet Osmanthus trees located in the city. The city has long been renowned for its unique scenery.
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Gulf of Sidra
Gulf of Sidra is a body of water in the Mediterranean Sea on the northern coast of Libya; it is also known as Gulf of Sirte. It is located by the city of Sirte. In Ancient Rome it was known as Syrtis Maior (compare: Syrtis Minor).
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HM Prison Maze
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India
India (), officially the Republic of India ( ; see also official names of India), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.18 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Mainland India is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal on the east; and it is bordered by Pakistan to the west; Bhutan, the People's Republic of China and Nepal to the north; and Bangladesh and Burma to the east. In the Indian Ocean, mainland India and the Lakshadweep Islands are in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives, while India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share maritime border with Thailand and the Indonesian island of Sumatra in the Andaman Sea. India has a coastline of .
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Indonesia
Indonesia ( or ), officially the Republic of Indonesia (), is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Indonesia comprises 17,508 islands. With a population of around 238 million people, it is the world's fourth most populous country, and has the world's largest population of Muslims. Indonesia is a republic, with an elected legislature and president. The nation's capital city is Jakarta. The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, and Malaysia. Other neighboring countries include Singapore, Philippines, Australia, and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Indonesia is a founding member of ASEAN and a member of the G-20 major economies.
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Iran
Iran ( ), officially the Islamic Republic of Iran is a country in Central Eurasia and Western Asia. The name Iran has been in use natively since the Sassanian era and came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was also known to the western world as Persia. Both Persia and Iran are used interchangeably in cultural contexts; however, Iran is the name used officially in political contexts.
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Iraq
Iraq ( or , Arabic: ), officially the Republic of Iraq (Arabic:
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Israel
Israel (, ''Yisrā'el; , Isrā'īl), officially the State of Israel (Hebrew: , Medīnat Yisrā'el; , Dawlat Isrā'īl''), is a parliamentary republic in the Middle East located on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It borders Lebanon in the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan and the West Bank in the east, Egypt and Gaza on the southwest, and contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel is the world's only predominantly Jewish state, and is defined as A Jewish and Democratic State by the Israeli government.
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Japan
Japan (日本 Nihon or Nippon), officially the State of Japan ( or Nihon-koku), is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south. The characters that make up Japan's name mean "sun-origin" (because it lies to the east of nearby countries), which is why Japan is sometimes referred to as the "Land of the Rising Sun".
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Java Sea
The Java Sea () is a large (320,000 km²) shallow sea on the Sunda Shelf. It was formed as sea levels rose at the end of the last ice age. The Java Sea lies between the Indonesian islands of Borneo to the north, Java to the south; Sumatra to the west, and Sulawesi to the east. Karimata Strait to its northwest, links it to the South China Sea.
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Karaiskakis Stadium
The Karaiskakis Stadium (, is in the Neo Faliro area of Piraeus, Greece. It is the home ground of Olympiacos F.C. and is named after Georgios Karaiskakis, hero of the Greek War of Independence, who was mortally wounded in this area.
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Karlskrona
Karlskrona is a locality and the seat of Karlskrona Municipality, Blekinge County, Sweden with 32,606 inhabitants in 2005. It is also the capital of Blekinge County. Karlskrona is known as Sweden's only baroque city and is host to Sweden's only remaining naval base and the headquarters of the Swedish Coast Guard.
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Kiato
Kiato (Greek, Modern: Κιάτο, Ancient/Katharevousa: Κιάτον) is a coastal town in Greece that is agricultural-based. The town is located in the northern part of the prefecture of Corinthia in the Peloponnese, Greece. Kiato is located in a sandy area which features lemon trees, orange trees, and other fruit-bearing trees. It has a lot of touristic activity mainly in the summer. The ancient name of Kiato was Sikyon and the municipality of Sikyona is named after this place. In the antiquity it had a great prosperity, especially from the middle of the 2nd century BC. Kiato is linked with GR-8 and the Elissos river flows near the centre of Kiato. It also serves a junction on a road linking to Stymfalia and Levidi to the southwest. On the same road 2 km south is GR-8A/E55 (Athens - Patras), E94 eastbound with its exit at the 109th km. Kiato is located almost halfway between Patras and Athens. It is located approximately 30 km (old distance, 25 km) NW of Corinth, about 111 km W of Athens, about 110 km E of Patras, 98 km E of the Rio-Antirio bridge and about 40 km NE of Stymfalia. Groves surround Kiato while fruit and vegetable farming areas lie to the southeast and parts near Kiato. Forests lie within the shorelines to the east and west and some to the south and along the hills. The hills lie to the south.
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Kiribati
Kiribati ( ; ), officially the Republic of Kiribati, is an island nation located in the central tropical Pacific Ocean. It is composed of 32 atolls and one raised coral island, dispersed over 3.5 million square kilometres, (1,351,000 square miles) straddling the equator, and bordering the International Date Line at its easternmost point.
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Kuwait
The State of Kuwait (, Dawlat al-Kuwayt) is a sovereign Arab nation situated in the northeast of the Arabian Peninsula in Western Asia. It is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the south, and Iraq to the north. It lies on the northwestern shore of the Persian Gulf. The name Kuwait is derived from the Arabic "akwat", the plural of "kout", meaning fortress built near water. The emirate covers an area of 17,820 square kilometres (6,880 sq mi) and has a population of about 2.7 million.
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Lebanon
Lebanon ( or ; ; ), officially the Republic of Lebanon (Arabic: ; French: ), is a country on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It is bordered by Syria to the north and east, and Israel to the south. Lebanon's location at the crossroads of the Mediterranean Basin and the Arabian hinterland has dictated its rich history, and shaped a cultural identity of religious and ethnic diversity.
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Leeds
Leeds () is a city and metropolitan borough in West Yorkshire, England. In 2001 Leeds' main urban subdivision had a population of 443,247, while the entire city had a population of (). Leeds is the cultural, financial and commercial heart of the West Yorkshire Urban Area, which at the 2001 census had a population of 1.5 million, and the Leeds city region, an economic area with Leeds at its core, had a population of 2.9 million. Leeds is the UK's largest centre for business, legal, and financial services outside London, and according to the most recent Office for National Statistics estimates, Leeds is the fastest growing city in the UK.
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Libya
Libya ( ; Libyan vernacular: Lībya ; Amazigh: ), officially the '''Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya ( , also translated as Socialist People's Libyan Arab Great Jamahiriya'''), is a country located in North Africa. Bordering the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Libya lies between Egypt to the east, Sudan to the southeast, Chad and Niger to the south, and Algeria and Tunisia to the west.
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Liverpool
Liverpool () is a city and metropolitan borough of Merseyside, England, along the eastern side of the Mersey Estuary. It was founded as a borough in 1207 and was granted city status in 1880. Liverpool is the fourth largest city in the United Kingdom (third largest in England) and has a population of 435,500, and lies at the centre of the wider Liverpool Urban Area, which has a population of 816,216.
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London
London () is the capital of England and the United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its founding by the Romans, who called it Londinium. London's core, the ancient City of London, largely retains its square-mile mediaeval boundaries. Since at least the 19th century, the name London has also referred to the metropolis developed around this core. The bulk of this conurbation forms the London region and the Greater London administrative area, governed by the elected Mayor of London and the London Assembly.
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Los Angeles
Los Angeles ( ; , Spanish for "The Angels") is the second most populous city in the United States, the most populous city in the state of California and the western United States, with a population of 3.83 million within its administrative limits on a land area of . The urban area of Los Angeles extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of over 14.8 million and it is the 14th largest urban area in the world, affording it megacity status. The metropolitan statistical area (MSA) is home to nearly 12.9 million residents while the broader Los Angeles-Long Beach-Riverside combined statistical area (CSA) contains nearly 17.8 million people. Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated and one of the most multicultural counties in the United States. The city's inhabitants are referred to as "Angelenos" ().
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Louisiana
Louisiana ( or ; , ; Louisiana Creole: Léta de la Lwizyàn) is a state located in the southern region of the United States of America. Its capital is Baton Rouge and largest city is New Orleans. Louisiana is the only state in the U.S. with political subdivisions termed parishes, which are local governments equivalent to counties. The largest parish by population is Jefferson Parish, and the largest by land area is Cameron Parish.
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Loutraki
Loutraki (Greek, Modern: Λουτράκι, Ancient/Katharevousa: Λουτράκιον) is a seaside town located 4 km NE of Corinth in the Prefecture of Corinthia, Greece. Loutraki is the seat of the municipality Loutraki-Perachora. It is largely a tourist town, and is well-known in Greece for its vast natural springs. The name itself, Loutraki, derives from the Greek word for Spring. Within Greece, Loutraki is also famous for its spring water, which is bottled and sold widely.
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Madrid
Madrid (Spanish , English ) is the capital and largest city of Spain. The population of the city is roughly 3.3 million (as of December 2009); the entire population of the metropolitan area (urban area and suburbs) is calculated to be nearly 6 million. It is the third-most populous municipality in the European Union after London and Berlin, and its metropolitan area is the third-most populous in the European Union after Paris and London. The city spans a total of 698 km² (234 sq mi).
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Manhattan
Manhattan is one of the five boroughs of New York City. Located primarily on Manhattan Island at the mouth of the Hudson River, the boundaries of the borough are identical to those of New York County, an original county of the state of New York. It consists of Manhattan Island and several small adjacent islands: Roosevelt Island, Randall's Island, Wards Island, Governors Island, Liberty Island, part of Ellis Island, and U Thant Island; as well as Marble Hill, a small section on the mainland adjacent to the Bronx. The original city of New York began at the southern end of Manhattan, and expanded in 1898 to include surrounding counties. It is the smallest, yet most urbanized of the five boroughs.
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Mauritania
Mauritania ( Mūrītāniyā; ; Soninke: Murutaane; Pulaar: Moritani; ), officially the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, is a country in North Africa. It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean in the west, by Western Sahara in the north, by Algeria in the northeast, by Mali in the east and southeast, and by Senegal in the southwest. It is named after the Roman province of Mauretania, even though the modern state covers a territory far to the southwest of the old province. The capital and largest city is Nouakchott, located on the Atlantic coast.
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Maze (HM Prison)
'''Her Majesty's Prison Maze (known colloquially as Maze Prison, The Maze, The H Blocks or Long Kesh''') was a prison in Northern Ireland that was used to house paramilitary prisoners during the Troubles from mid-1971 to mid-2000.
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McCoy Stadium
McCoy Stadium is a Minor League baseball stadium in Pawtucket, Rhode Island. It is currently home to the Pawtucket Red Sox of the International League.
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Medjugorje
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Mexico City
Mexico City (Spanish: Ciudad de México) is the capital and largest city in Mexico as well as the largest city in the Americas and the world's third largest metropolitan area by population, after Seoul and Tokyo. Mexico City is also the Federal District (Distrito Federal), the seat of the federal government. It is a federal entity within Mexico which is not part of any one of the 31 Mexican states but belongs to the federation as a whole. Mexico City is the most important political, cultural, and financial center in the country.
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NATO
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization or NATO ( ; ), also called the "(North) Atlantic Alliance", is an intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed on 4 April 1949. The NATO headquarters are in Brussels, Belgium, and the organization constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its member states agree to mutual defence in response to an attack by any external party.
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Nauru
Nauru ( ), officially the Republic of Nauru and formerly known as Pleasant Island, is an island nation in Micronesia in the South Pacific. Its nearest neighbour is Banaba Island in Kiribati, 300 km to the east. Nauru is the world's smallest island nation, covering just .
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New Orleans
New Orleans ( or , locally or ; ) is a major United States port and the largest city and metropolitan area in the state of Louisiana. The New Orleans metropolitan area, (New Orleans–Metairie–Kenner) has a population of 1,235,650 as of 2009, the 46th largest in the USA. The New Orleans – Metairie – Bogalusa combined statistical area has a population of 1,360,436 as of 2000.
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New York
New York (; locally or ) is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. It is the nation's third most populous state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east. The state has a maritime border with Rhode Island east of Long Island, as well as an international border with the Canadian provinces of Ontario to the north and west, and Quebec to the north. New York is often referred to as New York State to distinguish it from New York City.
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New Zealand
{{Infobox Country
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Nicaragua
Nicaragua ( ) officially the Republic of Nicaragua (, ), is a representative democratic republic. It is the largest country in Central America with an area of 130,373 km2. The country is bordered by Honduras to the north and Costa Rica to the south. The Pacific Ocean lies to the west of the country, the Caribbean Sea to the east. The country's Caribbean coast is part of the Western Caribbean Zone. Falling within the tropics, Nicaragua sits between 11 degrees and 14 degrees north of the Equator in the Northern Hemisphere. Nicaragua's abundance of biologically significant and unique ecosystems contribute to Mesoamerica's designation as a biodiversity hotspot. The capital city of Nicaragua is Managua. Roughly one quarter of the nation's population lives in the Nicaraguan capital, making it the second largest city and metropolitan area in Central America (following Guatemala City).
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Nobel Peace Prize
The Nobel Peace Prize (Swedish and Norwegian: Nobels fredspris) is one of the five Nobel Prizes bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor Alfred Nobel.
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Norfolk, Virginia
Norfolk ( or ) is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States. With a population of 237,764 as of the 2000 census, it is Virginia's second-largest city behind neighboring Virginia Beach.
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Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland (, Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is one of the four countries of the United Kingdom. Situated in the north-east of the island of Ireland, it shares a border with the Republic of Ireland to the south and west. At the time of the 2001 UK Census, its population was 1,685,000, constituting about 30% of the island's total population and about 3% of the population of the United Kingdom.
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Oman
Oman (pronounced ; '), officially the Sultanate of Oman''' ( ), is an Arab country in southwest Asia on the southeast coast of the Arabian Peninsula. It borders the United Arab Emirates on the northwest, Saudi Arabia on the west and Yemen on the southwest. The coast is formed by the Arabian Sea on the southeast and the Gulf of Oman on the northeast. The country also contains Madha and Musandam, two exclaves on the Gulf of Oman, south of the Strait of Hormuz and surrounded by the United Arab Emirates on the land side.
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Osirak
Osirak, also spelled Osiraq, (French: Osirak; Iraqi: Tammuz 1, اوسيراك), was a French-supplied 40 MW light-water nuclear materials testing reactor (MTR) in Iraq. It was constructed by the Iraqi government at the Al Tuwaitha Nuclear Research Center, 18 km (11 miles) south-east of Baghdad in 1977. It was damaged by an Iranian air strike in 1980 during the Iran–Iraq War, then crippled by Israeli aircraft in 1981 in a surprise attack code-named Operation Opera, which was intended to prevent the regime of Saddam Hussein from using the reactor for the creation of nuclear weapons. In September 1975, then-Vice President Hussein had declared publicly that the acquisition of the French reactor was the first step in the production of an Arab atomic weapon. The facility was completely destroyed by American aircraft during the 1991 Gulf War, during the "Package Q" Airstrike.
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Palau
Palau , officially the Republic of Palau (), is an island nation in the Pacific Ocean, some 500 miles (800 km) east of the Philippines and 2,000 miles (3,200 km) south of Tokyo. Having emerged from United Nations trusteeship (administered by the United States) in 1994, it is one of the world's youngest and smallest sovereign states. In English, the name is sometimes spelled Belau in accordance with the native pronunciation. It was formerly also spelled Pelew.
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Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea ( , also or ; Tok Pisin: Papua Niugini) (PNG), officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea, is a country in Oceania, occupying the eastern half of the island of New Guinea and numerous offshore islands (the western portion of the island is a part of the Indonesian provinces of Papua and West Papua). It is located in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, in a region defined since the early 19th century as Melanesia. The capital is Port Moresby.
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Philadelphia
Philadelphia () is the largest city in Pennsylvania, sixth-most-populous city in the United States and the fifty-first most populous city in the world.
http://wn.com/Philadelphia -
Philippines
The Philippines ( ), officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (), is a country in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. To its north across the Luzon Strait lies Taiwan. West across the South China Sea sits Vietnam. The Sulu Sea to the southwest lies between the country and the island of Borneo, and to the south the Celebes Sea separates it from other islands of Indonesia. It is bounded on the east by the Philippine Sea. Its location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and its tropical climate make the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons but have also endowed the country with natural resources and made it one of the richest areas of biodiversity in the world. An archipelago comprising 7,107 islands, the Philippines is categorized broadly into three main geographical divisions: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. Its capital city is Manila.
http://wn.com/Philippines -
Qatar
Qatar ( ; ; local pronunciation: ), also known as the State of Qatar or locally , is an Arab country, known officially as an emirate, in the Middle East, occupying the small Qatar Peninsula on the northeasterly coast of the much larger Arabian Peninsula. It is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the south; otherwise, the Persian Gulf surrounds the state. A strait of the Persian Gulf separates Qatar from the nearby island nation of Bahrain.
http://wn.com/Qatar -
Republic of Ireland
Ireland (, , , ), described as the Republic of Ireland (), is a state in northwest Europe with a population of almost 4.5 million people. It is a parliamentary democratic constitutional republic occupying approximately five-sixths of the island of Ireland, which was partitioned into two jurisdictions in 1921. It is bordered to the northeast by Northern Ireland, which is a part of the United Kingdom, and is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the Irish Sea to the east, St George's Channel to the southeast, and the Celtic Sea to the south.
http://wn.com/Republic_of_Ireland -
Riyadh
Riyadh ( ar-Riyāḍ, lit: The Gardens) is the capital and largest city of Saudi Arabia. It is also the capital of Riyadh Province, and belongs to the historical regions of Nejd and Al-Yamama. It is situated in the center of the Arabian Peninsula on a large plateau, and is home to 4,854,000 people, and the urban center of a region with a population of close to 7 million people. The city is divided into 15 municipal districts, managed by Riyadh Municipality headed by the mayor of Riyadh, and the Riyadh Development Authority, chaired by the Governor of Riyadh Province, Prince Salman bin Abdulaziz. The current mayor of Riyadh is Abdul Aziz ibn Ayyaf Al Migrin, appointed in 1998.
http://wn.com/Riyadh -
Salomon Islands
The Salomon Islands is a small atoll of the British Indian Ocean Territory.
http://wn.com/Salomon_Islands -
Sarawak Chamber
The Sarawak Chamber is a huge chamber in Gua Nasib Bagus (Good Luck Cave), which is located in Gunung Mulu National Park, in the Malaysian state of Sarawak on the island of Borneo. It is considered to be the largest known underground chamber in the world.
http://wn.com/Sarawak_Chamber -
Saudi Arabia
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (), commonly known as Saudi Arabia, occasionally spelled '''Sa'udi Arabia''', is the largest Arab country of the Middle East. It is bordered by Jordan and Iraq on the north and northeast, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates on the east, Oman on the southeast, and Yemen on the south. The Persian Gulf lies to the northeast and the Red Sea to its west. It has an estimated population of 28 million, and its size is approximately . The kingdom is sometimes called "The Land of the Two Holy Mosques" in reference to Mecca and Medina, the two holiest places in Islam. The two mosques are Masjid al-Haram (in Mecca) and Masjid Al-Nabawi (in Medina). The current kingdom was founded by Abdul-Aziz bin Saud, whose efforts began in 1902 when he captured the Al-Saud’s ancestral home of Riyadh, and culminated in 1932 with the proclamation and recognition of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, though its national origins go back as far as 1744 with the establishment of the First Saudi State. Saudi Arabia's government takes the form of an Islamic absolute monarchy. Human rights groups such as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch have repeatedly expressed concern about the state of human rights in Saudi Arabia.
http://wn.com/Saudi_Arabia -
Seychelles
Seychelles ( ; French: ), officially the Republic of Seychelles (; Creole: Repiblik Sesel), is an island country spanning an archipelago of 115 islands in the Indian Ocean, some east of mainland Africa, northeast of the island of Madagascar.
http://wn.com/Seychelles -
Shaftesbury
Shaftesbury is a town in Dorset, England, situated on the A30 road near the Wiltshire border 20 miles west of Salisbury. The town is built 718 feet (219 metres) above sea level on the side of a chalk and greensand hill, which is part of Cranborne Chase, the only significant hilltop settlement in Dorset. It is one of the oldest and highest towns in Britain.
http://wn.com/Shaftesbury -
Sichuan
({{zh|c=; Sichuanese Pinyin: Si4cuan1; ; Postal map spelling: Szechwan or Szechuan) is a province in Southwestern China with its capital in Chengdu. The current name of the province, 四川 (Sìchuān), is an abbreviation of 四川路 (Sì Chuānlù), or "Four circuits of rivers", which is itself abbreviated from 川峡四路 (Chuānxiá Sìlù), or "Four circuits of rivers and gorges", named after the division of the existing circuit into four during the Northern Song Dynasty.
http://wn.com/Sichuan -
South Africa
The Republic of South Africa is a country located at the southern tip of Africa, with a coastline on the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. To the north lie Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe; to the east are Mozambique and Swaziland; while Lesotho is an independent country wholly surrounded by South African territory.
http://wn.com/South_Africa -
South London
South London is the southern part of London, England. It is an imprecise description and the area it covers is defined differently for a range of purposes. Common to these definitions is that it includes all districts located south of the River Thames and is used in comparison with North London.
http://wn.com/South_London -
Soviet Union
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR, , abbreviated СССР, SSSR), informally known as the Soviet Union () or Soviet Russia, was a constitutionally socialist state that existed on the territory of most of the former Russian Empire in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991.
http://wn.com/Soviet_Union -
Spain
Spain ( ; , ), officially the Kingdom of Spain (), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar; to the north by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the northwest and west by the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal.
http://wn.com/Spain -
Suzhou
Suzhou (; Suzhou dialect: ; ancient name: ) is a prefecture-level city on the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and on the shores of Taihu Lake in the province of Jiangsu, China. The city is renowned for its stone bridges, pagodas, and meticulously designed gardens which have contributed to its status as a great tourist attraction. Since the Song Dynasty (960-1279), Suzhou has also been an important centre for China's silk industry and continues to hold that prominent position today. The city is part of the Yangtze River Delta region.
http://wn.com/Suzhou -
Sweden
Sweden (pronounced , ), officially the Kingdom of Sweden (Swedish: ), is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden has land borders with Norway to the west and Finland to the northeast, and water borders with Denmark, Germany, and Poland to the south, and Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Russia to the east. Sweden is also connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund.
http://wn.com/Sweden -
Sydney Tower
Sydney Tower (also known as the AMP Tower, AMP Centrepoint Tower, Centrepoint Tower or just Centrepoint) is Sydney's tallest free-standing structure, and the second tallest in Australia (with the Q1 building on the Gold Coast being the tallest). It is also the second tallest observation tower in the Southern Hemisphere (after Auckland's Sky Tower, though Sydney Tower's main observation deck is almost higher than that of Auckland's Sky Tower). The Sydney Tower is a member of the World Federation of Great Towers.
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Syria
Syria ( ; ' or '), officially the Syrian Arab Republic (), is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the West, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest.
http://wn.com/Syria -
Turkey
Turkey (), known officially as the Republic of Turkey (), is a Eurasian country that stretches across the Anatolian peninsula in western Asia and Thrace in the Balkan region of southeastern Europe. Turkey is one of the six independent Turkic states. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece to the west; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan (the exclave of Nakhchivan) and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea and Cyprus are to the south; the Aegean Sea to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north. The Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish Straits) demarcate the boundary between Eastern Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia.
http://wn.com/Turkey -
Tuvalu
Tuvalu ( or ), formerly known as the Ellice Islands, is a Polynesian island nation located in the Pacific Ocean, midway between Hawaii and Australia. Its nearest neighbours are Kiribati, Nauru, Samoa and Fiji. It comprises four reef islands and five true atolls. Its population of 12,373 makes it the second-least populous sovereign state in the world, with only Vatican City having fewer inhabitants. In terms of physical land size, at just Tuvalu is the fourth smallest country in the world, larger only than the Vatican City at , Monaco at and Nauru at .
http://wn.com/Tuvalu -
UK
http://wn.com/UK -
United Arab Emirates
The United Arab Emirates (UAE) (, , short name: The Emirates, local short name: Al Emarat الامارات) is a federation situated in the southeast of the Arabian Peninsula in Southwest Asia on the Persian Gulf, bordering Oman and Saudi Arabia and sharing sea borders with Iraq, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar and Iran. The UAE consists of seven states, termed emirates, (because they are ruled by Emirs) which are Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman, Umm al-Quwain, Ras al-Khaimah and Fujairah. The capital and second largest city of the United Arab Emirates is Abu Dhabi. It is also the country's center of political, industrial, and cultural activities.
http://wn.com/United_Arab_Emirates -
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a country and sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island nation, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land border with another sovereign state, sharing it with the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea. Great Britain is linked to continental Europe by the Channel Tunnel.
http://wn.com/United_Kingdom -
United States
The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
http://wn.com/United_States -
Vatican City
Vatican City or Vatican City State, officially Stato della Città del Vaticano (), which translates literally as "State of the City of the Vatican", is a landlocked sovereign city-state whose territory consists of a walled enclave within the city of Rome, the capital city of Italy. It has an area of approximately , and a population of just over 800.
http://wn.com/Vatican_City -
Verona
Verona () is a city in Veneto, northern Italy, home to approx. 265,000 inhabitants and one of the seven provincial capitals of the region. It is the second most populated municipality of the region and the third of North-East Italy. The metro area of Verona has an area of and has a population of 714.274 inhabitants. It is one of the main tourist destinations in northern Italy, thanks to its artistic heritage, several annual fairs, shows, and operas, such as the lyrical season in the Arena, the ancient amphitheatre built by the Romans.
http://wn.com/Verona -
Wareham, Dorset
Wareham is a historic market town and, under the name Wareham Town, a civil parish, in the English county of Dorset. The town is situated on the River Frome eight miles (13 km) southwest of Poole.
http://wn.com/Wareham_Dorset -
Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C. (), formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D.C., is the capital of the United States, founded on July 16, 1790. Article One of the United States Constitution provides for a federal district, distinct from the states, to serve as the permanent national capital. The City of Washington was originally a separate municipality within the federal territory until an act of Congress in 1871 established a single, unified municipal government for the whole District. It is for this reason that the city, while legally named the District of Columbia, is known as Washington, D.C. The city shares its name with the U.S. state of Washington, which is located on the country's Pacific coast.
http://wn.com/Washington_DC -
Washington, DC
http://wn.com/Washington_DC -
West Germany
West Germany () is the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany or FRG () in the period between its creation in May 1949 to German reunification on 3 October 1990. This period, during which Germany and Berlin were divided, ended when communist East Germany was dissolved and its five states joined the eleven states of the Federal Republic of Germany. The enlarged Federal Republic of Germany with sixteen states (known simply as "Germany") is thus the continuation of the pre-1990 Federal Republic of Germany, and not its successor.
http://wn.com/West_Germany -
Whitwell, Tennessee
Whitwell is a city in Marion County, Tennessee, United States. The population was 1,660 at the 2000 census. It is part of the Chattanooga, TN–GA Metropolitan Statistical Area.
http://wn.com/Whitwell_Tennessee -
Yugoslavia
Yugoslavia (Croatian, Serbian, Slovene: Jugoslavija; Macedonian, Serbian Cyrillic: Југославија) is a term that describes three political entities that existed successively on the western part of Balkan Peninsula in Europe, during most of the 20th century.
http://wn.com/Yugoslavia -
Óbidos, Brazil
:There is also a town named Óbidos in Portugal. See Óbidos, Portugal.
http://wn.com/Óbidos_Brazil
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Muhammad Ali 1981 Funniest Ali Video Ever Must Watch
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:25
- Published: 24 Apr 2009
- Uploaded: 26 Jan 2012
- Author: boxingheaven
Muhammad Ali In 1981 Completely Captivated And Taken In By Freddie Starr
http://wn.com/Muhammad_Ali_1981_Funniest_Ali_Video_Ever_Must_Watch
UB40 One In Ten 1981
Ali Campbell 'Out From Under' music video www.youtube.com A fly on the wall look, at Ali and some of the guest artists, recording in the studio ,who appear on Alis forthcoming album Flying High release date June 29th www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/UB40_One_In_Ten_1981
MTV LAUNCH FIRST DAY SATURDAY 12:01 am AUGUST 1st , 1981 1st hour Part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:00
- Published: 29 Sep 2009
- Uploaded: 26 Jan 2012
- Author: dalekenbuck
Ladies and Gentlemen .....Rock and Roll.... On August 1, 1981, at 12:01 am, MTV: Music Television launched with the words "Ladies and gentlemen, rock and roll," spoken by John Lack. Those words were immediately followed by the original MTV theme song, a crunching guitar riff written by Jonathan Elias and John Petersen, playing over a montage of the Apollo 11 moon landing. With the flag having a picture of MTVs logo on it. MTV producers Alan Goodman and Fred Seibert used this public domain footage as a conceit, associating MTV with the most famous moment in world television history.[5] Seibert said they had originally planned to use Neil Armstrong's "One small step" quote, but lawyers said Armstrong owns his name and likeness, and Armstrong had refused, so the quote was replaced with a beeping sound. At the moment of its launch, only a few thousand people on a single cable system in northern New Jersey could see it.
http://wn.com/MTV_LAUNCH_FIRST_DAY_SATURDAY_1201_am_AUGUST_1st_,_1981_1st_hour_Part_1
Aneka - Japanese boy 1981
Aneka - Japanese boy 1981 He said that he loved me never would go, oh oh, oh oh. Now I find I'm sitting here on my own, oh oh, oh oh. Was it something I've said or done That made him pack his bags up and r'un? Could it be another he's found? - It's breaking up the happy home....
http://wn.com/Aneka__Japanese_boy_1981
C-SPAN: President Reagan 1981 Inaugural Address
www.c-spanarchives.org President Reagan delivered his first inaugural address on January 20, 1981.
http://wn.com/C-SPAN_President_Reagan_1981_Inaugural_Address
Altered Images - Happy Birthday (1981)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:56
- Published: 24 Jul 2007
- Uploaded: 26 Jan 2012
- Author: slowtofade
1981 NME - Best New Group /Most Promising New Group
http://wn.com/Altered_Images__Happy_Birthday_1981
Human League - Don't You Want Me (1981)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:24
- Published: 11 Jan 2009
- Uploaded: 26 Jan 2012
- Author: Ichnos71live
Human League began in the late 1970s as the brainchild of two computer operators, Ian Craig Marsh and Martyn Ware, from Sheffield, England. They tried a number of names including the Dead Daughters and the Future until settling upon the Human League after former hospital porter, Philip Oakey, joined the group. Adrian Wright joined shortly thereafter to prepare slide shows for projection during the group's live performances. The first single, Being Boiled, was released in 1978, but the group did not make the charts in the UK until the release of Holiday 80 in the spring of 1980. As a result the Human League's second album Travelogue made the UK Top 20. By 1980 the Human League began to feel strain between the pop music favored by Philip Oakey and Adrian Wright and the more austere electronic sounds favored by Ian Craig Marsh and Martyn Ware. In October 1980 the group split in half. Ware and Marsh left to begin a project called the British Electric Foundation whose first spinoff was the group Heaven 17 and their hit (We Don't Need This) Fascist Groove Thang. Of the remaining Human League pair, only Philip Oakey was a performer. With determination to complete a European tour, Adrian Wright began learning to play synthesizer and two female singers, Susan Ann Sulley and Joanne Catherall, were recruited from among the dancers at Sheffield's Crazy Daisy disco. Bassist Ian Burden was also added as a temporary group member. Early in 1981 the new Human League hooked up with <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Human_League__Don't_You_Want_Me_1981
1981 primitive Internet report on KRON
Long before anyone had heard of the Internet, early home computer users could read their morning newspapers online ... sort of. Steve Newman's 1981 story was broadcast on KRON San Francisco.
http://wn.com/1981_primitive_Internet_report_on_KRON
Kraftwerk - Pocket Calculator Live 1981
Kraftwerk - Pocket Calculator Live Utrecht 1981
http://wn.com/Kraftwerk__Pocket_Calculator_Live_1981
The Fall Guy intro (1981)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:47
- Published: 16 Sep 2009
- Uploaded: 27 Jan 2012
- Author: jinglescollection
From "Colt's Angels" (1981)
http://wn.com/The_Fall_Guy_intro_1981
ARTHUR (1981): Best That You Can Do *Arthur's Theme*
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:54
- Published: 23 Feb 2010
- Uploaded: 26 Jan 2012
- Author: bloodybones345
A video tribute I made to a great movie "Arthur". It stars Dudley Moore as the drunken millionaire who is being forced to marry a woman he dispises. He decides to fight for his right to make his own decisions when he meets Linda (played by Liza Minnelli), a wannabe actress who works at a diner. Also stars the great Sir John Geilgud as Hobson, Arthur's protective butler. *Note: I had some volume troubles when making this, because of which I could not do what I wanted during the sax solo. I had a Dudley Moore laugh montage that was really good, but you couldn't hear it next to the music...even when I had the clip volume on the highest setting. What you see in the video only took me a few minutes, and it is still pretty good. It gives Liza more screen time...still, i just wish I could've done what I had initially planned on doing** Song: Best That You Can Do Artist: Christopher Cross
http://wn.com/ARTHUR_1981_Best_That_You_Can_Do_*Arthur's_Theme*
Little River Band - The Night Owl (1981)
Music from Australia and New Zealand in the year 1981: Little River Band's promo-video for the hit single 'The Night Owl' (September, 1981), taken from the 1981 album 'Time Exposure'. Note: This was to be the last album Glenn Shorrock would record with LRB - American newcommer Wayne Nelso takes vocals on this track, indicating the future direction of the band without Shorrock. Band Location: Melbourne, VIC, Australia Track: The Night Owl Album: Time Exposure Composed By: Produced By: Label: EMI - Harvest Chat Position: # 18 (Australia) - # 6 (United States) Release Date: September, 1981 Footage Information: Links: - en.wikipedia.org - www.littleriverband.com - www.myspace.com - www.lrb.net - www.howlspace.com.au Line-up: Glenn Shorrock -- Vocals [ The Twilights (1964-1969) -- Axiom (1969-1971) -- Little River Band (1975-1981) -- solo artist (1981-1986) -- Little River Band re-joined (1988-1991) ] Beeb Birtles -- Vocals, Guitar [ The Zoot (1967-1971) -- Frieze (1971) -- Mississippi (1972-1974) -- Little River Band (1975-1991) -- Birtles Shorrock Goble] www.birtles.com Derek Pellicci - Drums [ The Ash (1971) -- Mississippi (1972-1974) -- Little River Band (1975-1991) ] Graeham Goble -- Vocals, Guitar [ Allison Gros (1970-1973) -- Drummond (1971-1972) -- Mississippi (1972-1973) -- Little River Band (1975-1991) ] Wayne Nelson - Bass, Vocals Stephen Housden - Guitar -------------------------------------- NZOZ NZOZ1981 1981 Australia Early Eighties 1980's 1980s 80's 80s <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Little_River_Band__The_Night_Owl_1981
U2 - Gloria (1981)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:44
- Published: 18 Apr 2010
- Uploaded: 26 Jan 2012
- Author: Devoronian
Gloria Promotional Music Video
http://wn.com/U2__Gloria_1981
Lindsey Buckingham - Trouble (1981)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:57
- Published: 26 Nov 2009
- Uploaded: 26 Jan 2012
- Author: ElektraMSK
Lindsey Buckingham en solitario, componente de Fleetwood Mac Album: Trouble (1981) Genre: Rock Style: Pop Rock
http://wn.com/Lindsey_Buckingham__Trouble_1981
Mike Oldfield - Montreux 1981 - Tubular Bells part 1a
Mike Oldfield's performance at Montreux 1981
http://wn.com/Mike_Oldfield__Montreux_1981__Tubular_Bells_part_1a
Julio Iglesias "Guantanamera" (1981)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:43
- Published: 17 Dec 2008
- Uploaded: 26 Jan 2012
- Author: rovingeye2
Julio Iglesias De la Cueva (born September 23, 1943 in Madrid) is a Spanish singer who has sold over 250 million albums in 14 languages and released 77 albums and according to Sony Music he is one of the top 10 best selling music artist ever. While Iglesias rose to international prominence in the 1970s and 1980s as a performer of romantic ballads and as an iconically suave Spaniard gentleman, his success has continued as he entered new musical endeavors. Thus far, he has performed approximately 5000 concerts. "Guantanamera" ("girl from Guantánamo") is perhaps the best known Cuban song and that country's most noted patriotic song. The music for the song is regularly attributed to José Fernández Diaz, known as Joseíto Fernández, who claimed to have written it at various dates (consensus puts 1929 as its year of origin), and who used it regularly in one of his radio programs. Some researchers claim that the song's structure actually came from Herminio "El Diablo" García Wilson, who should be credited as a co-composer. García's heirs took the matter to court decades later but lost the case: the Supreme Court of Cuba credited Fernández as the sole composer of the music in 1993. Regardless of either claim, Fernández can safely be claimed as being the first public promoter of the song, through his radio programs. Guajira (Cuban slang) for a female from the countryside (male: guajiro) I am a sincere man From where the palm tree grows And before dying I want To share the verses of <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Julio_Iglesias_Guantanamera_1981
The Clash - Magnificent Seven - Tom Synder Show 1981
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:00
- Published: 14 Jun 2006
- Uploaded: 26 Jan 2012
- Author: clashman14
The Clash playing Magnificent Seven on the Tomorrow Show with Tom Snyder. June 1981.
http://wn.com/The_Clash__Magnificent_Seven__Tom_Synder_Show_1981
1981 News report about Bohemian grove
The Bohemian grove is where elites like Bush and his fater go to engage in Homosecual activity and pagan rights, and discuss one worl government. Link to Nixon comment on the grove www.prisonplanet.com The Bohemian Grove, which I attend from time to time . . . It is the most faggy goddamned thing you could ever imagine with that San Francisco crowd. Hidden video of actual Grove pagan ritual youtube.com more on grove here. en.wikipedia.org
http://wn.com/1981_News_report_about_Bohemian_grove
SAGA 1981 "Don't be Late" (2) www.sagaplanet.de
more Information about SAGA can you find here: www.sagaplanet.de Rock Pop in Concert 03.03.1981 Dortmund Germany German TV Broadcasting see Sagas break-through in Germany all Songs now available Have Fun ! www.sagaplanet.de
http://wn.com/SAGA_1981_Don't_be_Late_2_wwwsagaplanetde
Stevie Nicks - Rhiannon 1981 Live
Credit to - CBS FOX 713650 (1983) for releasing this :)
http://wn.com/Stevie_Nicks__Rhiannon_1981_Live
Siouxsie and the Banshees - Spellbound - Live 1981
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:19
- Published: 07 Oct 2006
- Uploaded: 25 Jan 2012
- Author: skywalker74
Siouxsie and the Banshees live performance of "Spellbound", Cologne 1981. Featuring the late John McGeoch on guitar.
http://wn.com/Siouxsie_and_the_Banshees__Spellbound__Live_1981
Depeche mode photographic 1981
Depeche Mode performing photographic on BBC TV in the uk, In my opinion the best live performance and version of this song. Enjoy!!!
http://wn.com/Depeche_mode_photographic_1981
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The Examiner
The Rolling Stones have officially released "Hampton Coliseum (Live 1981)," the second album in the band's "bootleg series" of concert recordings that were previously available as bootlegs. As previously reported, the "bootleg series" lauched in November 2011, with the release of the album "The...
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size: 6.3Kb
Civil liability found in 1981 shooting death
01 Feb 2012
Star Tribune
A Ramsey County District Court judge ruled Wednesday that Aaron Foster is civilly liable in the 1981 fatal shooting of Barbara Winn. Winn's children said their long road to justice in her death is finally over because of Judge Dale Lindman's decision. Winn's family filed a...
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size: 1.8Kb
The Examiner
As we continue looking at seven classic Meryl Streep performances, the quality of her work remains enormously high. This next film is a love story with a twist as Streep keeps us spellbound in the title role of “The French Lieutenant’s Woman” (1981). (To...
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size: 8.2Kb
It's 1981 all over again
27 Jan 2012
The Guardian
We've a Tory PM whose policies are causing irreparable harm and an opposition leader who nobody believes will become PM David Cameron with Labour leader Ed Miliband. Photograph: Wpa Pool/Getty Images...
size: 6.6Kb
size: 6.6Kb
Chicago Tribune
Dear Tom, I worked at O'Hare International Airport from 1981-1995 and remember bouts of extremely cold weather two weekends in a row in the early 1980s. Can you help me out?...
size: 1.1Kb
size: 1.1Kb
The Washington Post
WASHINGTON — Artwork stolen from a French museum in 1981 and sold in Texas has been returned to France. A ceremony was held Wednesday in Washington to return a monotype by impressionist Camille...
size: 1.3Kb
size: 1.3Kb
New York Daily News
A QUEENS JUDGE has rebuffed a cop-killer’s attempt to appeal his life sentence by citing the “magic bullet” explanation of John F. Kennedy’s assassination. Abdul Majid, 62,...
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size: 1.1Kb
Happy Birthday To Me (1981) Review
26 Jan 2012
IMDb
by Jesse Miller, MoreHorror.com The film centres on Virginia (Melissa Sue Anderson) who is struggling with stress following the recent death of...
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size: 1.0Kb
__NOTOC__
1981 (MCMLXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 Gregorian calendar).
January – The subterranean Sarawak Chamber is discovered in Borneo.
January 1
* Greece enters the ''European Community'', which later becomes the European Union.
* Palau becomes a self-governing territory.
January 6 – The Brazilian double decker boat ''Novo Amapo'' capsizes in the Amazon River, Belem de Cajari, Macapa, Brazil; 230 are killed.
January 10 – Salvadoran Civil War: The FMLN launches its first major offensive, gaining control of most of Morazán and Chalatenango departments.
January 16 – Protestant gunmen shoot and wound Bernadette Devlin McAliskey and her husband.
January 17 – Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos lifts martial law.
January 19 – United States and Iranian officials sign an agreement to release 52 American hostages after 14 months of captivity.
January 20 – Iran releases the 52 Americans held for 444 days within minutes of Ronald Reagan succeeding Jimmy Carter as the President of the United States, ending the Iran hostage crisis.
January 21 – The first DeLorean DMC-12 automobile, a stainless steel sports car with gull-wing doors, rolls off the production line in Dunmurry, Northern Ireland.
January 23 – An earthquake of 6.8 magnitude in Sichuan, China kills 150.
January 25
* Chiang Ching ("Madame Mao") is sentenced to death in the People's Republic of China.
* Super Bowl XV: The Oakland Raiders defeat the Philadelphia Eagles 27–10 at the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana.
January 27 – The Indonesian passenger ship ''Tamponas 2'' catches fire and capsizes in the Java Sea, killing 580.
February 4 – Gro Harlem Brundtland becomes Prime Minister of Norway.
February 8 – 20 fans of Olympiacos and 1 fan of AEK Athens die, while 54 are injured, after a stampede at the Karaiskakis Stadium in Piraeus, possibly because gate 7 does not open immediately after the end of the game.
February 9 – Polish Prime Minister Józef Pinkowski resigns and is replaced by General Wojciech Jaruzelski.
February 14
* Stardust fire: A fire at the Stardust nightclub in Artane, Dublin, Ireland in the early hours kills 48 and injures 214.
* Australia withdraws recognition of the Pol Pot regime in Cambodia.
February 23 – Antonio Tejero, with members of the Guardia Civil, enters the Spanish Congress of Deputies and stops the session where Leopoldo Calvo Sotelo is about to be named president of the government. The coup d'état fails thanks to King Juan Carlos.
February 24 – A powerful, magnitude 6.7 earthquake hits Athens, killing 16 people, injuring thousands and destroying several buildings, mostly in Corinth and the nearby towns of Loutraki, Kiato and Xylokastro.
March 1 – Bobby Sands, a Provisional Irish Republican Army member, begins a hunger strike for political status in Long Kesh prison (he dies May 5, the first of 10 men).
March 11 – Chilean military dictator Augusto Pinochet is sworn in as President of Chile for another 8-year term.
March 17 – In Italy the Propaganda Due Masonic Lodge is discovered.
March 19 – Three workers are killed and 5 injured during a test of the Space Shuttle ''Columbia''.
March 29 – The first London Marathon starts with 7,500 runners.
March 30 – U.S. President Ronald Reagan is shot in the chest outside a Washington, D.C. hotel by John Hinckley, Jr. Two police officers and Press Secretary James Brady are also wounded.
April 1 – Daylight saving time is introduced in the Soviet Union.
April 4 – The UK pop group Bucks Fizz wins the ''Eurovision Song Contest 1981'' with the song, "Making Your Mind Up".
April 11 – 1981 Brixton riot: Rioters in South London throw petrol bombs, attack police and loot shops.
April 12 – The Space Shuttle program: ''Space Shuttle Columbia'' (John Young, Robert Crippen) launches on the ''STS-1'' mission, returning to Earth on April 14. It is the first time a manned reusable spacecraft has returned from orbit.
April 18
* A Minor League Baseball game between the Rochester Red Wings and the Pawtucket Red Sox at McCoy Stadium in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, becomes the longest professional baseball game in history: 8 hours and 25 minutes/33 innings (the 33rd inning is not played until June 23).
* The rock band ''Yes'' splits up (regrouping in 1983).
April 26 – French presidential election: A first-round runoff results between Valéry Giscard d'Estaing and François Mitterrand.
May – Daniel K. Ludwig abandons the Jari project in the Amazon Basin.
May 1 – The new Chilean pension system, based on private pension funds, begins.
May 5 – Bobby Sands, Provisional Irish Republican Army volunteer and elected member of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, dies aged 27 while on hunger strike in HM Prison Maze.
May 6 – A jury of architects and sculptors unanimously selects Maya Lin's design for the Vietnam Veterans Memorial from 1,421 other entries.
May 13 – Pope John Paul II is shot and nearly killed by Mehmet Ali Ağca, a Turkish gunman, as he enters St. Peter's Square in Vatican City to address a general audience.
May 15 – Donna Payant is murdered by serial killer Lemuel Smith, the first time a female prison officer has been killed on-duty in the United States.
May 21 – In France, Socialist François Mitterrand becomes President.
May 22 – Peter Sutcliffe is found guilty of being the Yorkshire Ripper. He is sentenced to life imprisonment on 13 counts of murder and 7 of attempted murder.
May 25 – In Riyadh, the Gulf Cooperation Council is created between Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates.
May 26 – The Italian government resigns over its links to the fascist Masonic cell Propaganda Due.
May 30 – Bangladesh President Ziaur Rahman is assassinated in Chittagong.
June 5 – The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention report that 5 homosexual men in Los Angeles, California have a rare form of pneumonia seen only in patients with weakened immune systems (the first recognized cases of AIDS).
June 6 – Bihar train disaster: Seven coaches of an overcrowded passenger train fall off the tracks into the River Kosi in Bihar, India; about 800 die.
June 7 – The Israeli Air Force destroys Iraq's Osirak nuclear reactor.
June 13 – At the Trooping the Colour ceremony in London, Marcus Sarjeant fires 6 blank shots at Elizabeth II.
June 18 – The Organization of Eastern Caribbean States is founded.
June 22 – Iranian president Abolhassan Banisadr is deposed.
June 24 – First apparition of the Virgin Mary (Mother of all and Christian hope in the world) to the visionaries of Medjugorje Bosnia and Herzegovina
July 2 – The Wonderland Gang is brutally murdered in a massacre involving Eddie Nash.
July 3 – The Toxteth riots in Liverpool, UK start after a mob saves a youth from being arrested. Shortly afterward, the Chapeltown riots in Leeds start after increased racial tension.
July 7 – President Ronald Reagan nominates the first woman, Sandra Day O'Connor, to the Supreme Court of the United States.
July 8 – Irish Republican Joe McDonnell dies at the Long Kesh Internment Camp after a 61-day hunger strike.
July 10 – Mahathir bin Mohamad becomes the 4th Prime Minister of Malaysia.
July 17
* Hyatt Regency walkway collapse: Two skywalks filled with people at the Hyatt Regency Hotel in Kansas City, Missouri collapse into a crowded atrium lobby, killing 114.
Israeli aircraft bomb Beirut, destroying multi-story apartment blocks containing the offices of PLO associated groups, killing approximately 300 civilians and resulting in worldwide condemnation and a U.S. embargo on the export of aircraft to Israel.
* In Bolivia, General Luis Gracia Meza leads a bloody coup d'état against the elected government of Lidia Gayler.
July 19 – The 1981 Springbok Tour commences in New Zealand, amid controversy over the support of apartheid.
July 21 – Tohui The Panda is born in Chapultepec Zoo in Mexico City, the first panda to ever be born and survive in captivity outside of China.
July 29 – A worldwide television audience of over 700 million people watched the Wedding of Charles, Prince of Wales, and Lady Diana Spencer at St Paul's Cathedral in London.
August 1 – MTV (Music Television) is launched on cable television in the United States.
August 9 – Major League Baseball resumes from the strike with the All-Star Game in Cleveland's Municipal Stadium.
August 12
* The original Model 5150 IBM PC (with a 4.77 MHz Intel 8088 processor) is released in the United States at a base price of $1,565.
* Kiribati, Papua New Guinea, Nauru, Salomon Islands and Tuvalu recognize the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR).
August 19
* Gulf of Sidra incident (1981): Libyan leader Muammar al-Gaddafi sends two Sukhoi Su-22 fighter jets to intercept two U.S. fighters over the Gulf of Sidra. The American jets destroy the Libyan fighters.
August 24 – Mark David Chapman is sentenced to 20 years to life in prison, after being convicted of murdering John Lennon in Manhattan 8 months earlier.
August 28 – South African troops invade Angola.
August 31 – A bomb explodes at the U.S. Air Force base in Ramstein, West Germany, injuring 20 people.
September 4 – An explosion at a mine in Záluží, Czechoslovakia, kills 65 people.
September 10 – Picasso's painting "Guernica" is moved from New York to Madrid.
September 15 – The ''John Bull'' becomes the oldest operable steam locomotive in the world, at 150 years old, when it operates under its own power outside Washington, DC.
September 17 – ''Ric Flair'' defeats Dusty Rhodes to win his first World Heavyweight Wrestling Championship in Kansas City.
September 18 – France abolishes capital punishment.
September 19
* Simon & Garfunkel perform The Concert in Central Park, a free concert in New York in front of approximately half a million people.
September 20 – The Brazilian river boat ''Sobral Santos'' capsizes in the Amazon River, Óbidos, Brazil, killing at least 300.
September 21 – Belize becomes independent.
September 25
* Sandra Day O'Connor takes her seat as the first female justice of the U.S. Supreme Court.
* The Rolling Stones begin their Tattoo You tour at JFK Stadium in Philadelphia.
September 26
* The Boeing 767 airliner makes its first flight.
* The Sydney Tower opens to the public.
September 27
* TGV high speed rail service between Paris and Lyon, France begins.
October 5 – Raoul Wallenberg becomes posthumously honorary citizen of the United States
October 6 – Egyptian president Anwar Sadat is assassinated during a parade by army members who belong to the Egyptian Islamic Jihad organization; they opposed his negotiations with Israel.
October 10
* The Ministry for Education of Japan issues the jōyō kanji.
October 14 – Vice President Hosni Mubarak is elected President of Egypt 1 week after Anwar Sadat's assassination.
October 16 – Gas explosions at a coal mine at Hokutan, Yūbari, Hokkaidō, Japan kill 93.
October 21 – Andreas Papandreou becomes Prime Minister of Greece.
October 22
* The founding congress of the Nepal Workers and Peasants Organization faction led by Hareram Sharma and D. P. Singh begins.
October 27 – Soviet submarine S-363 runs aground outside the Karlskrona, Sweden military base.
October 28 – The thrash metal band ''Metallica'' forms in Los Angeles.
November 1 – Antigua and Barbuda gain independence from the United Kingdom.
November 9 – Edict No. 81-234 abolishes slavery in Mauritania.
November 12 – The Church of England General Synod votes to admit women to holy orders.
November 16 – Luke and Laura marry on the U.S. soap opera ''General Hospital''; it is the highest-rated hour in daytime television history.
November 18 – COMDEX Fall, IBM introduces the IBM PC. Scientific Solutions announces the first PC add-in cards.
November 23 – Iran-Contra scandal: U.S. President Ronald Reagan signs the top secret National Security Decision Directive 17 (NSDD-17), authorizing the Central Intelligence Agency to recruit and support Contra rebels in Nicaragua.
November 25–November 26 – A group of mercenaries led by Mike Hoare take over Mahe airport in the Seychelles in a coup attempt. Most of the mercenaries escape by a commandeered Air India passenger jet; 6 are later arrested.
November 30 – Cold War: In Geneva, representatives from the United States and the Soviet Union begin negotiating intermediate-range nuclear weapon reductions in Europe (the meetings end inconclusively on Thursday, December 17).
December 1 – A Yugoslavian McDonnell Douglas DC-9 crashes into a mountain while approaching Ajaccio Airport in Corsica, killing 178.
December 4 – South Africa grants "homeland" Ciskei independence (not recognized outside South Africa).
December 8
* The No. 21 Mine explosion in Whitwell, Tennessee kills 13.
* Arthur Scargill becomes President-elect of the National Union of Mineworkers.
December 10 – During the Ministerial Session of the North Atlantic Council in Brussels, Spain signs the Protocol of Accession to NATO.
December 11
* Boxing: Muhammad Ali loses to Trevor Berbick; this proved to be Ali's last-ever fight.
* El Mozote massacre: In El Salvador, army units kill 900 civilians.
December 13 – Wojciech Jaruzelski declares martial law in Poland, to prevent the dismantling of the communist system by Solidarity.
December 15 – A car bomb destroys the Iraqi Embassy in Beirut, Lebanon, killing 61 people; Syrian intelligence is blamed.
December 17 – American Brigadier General James L. Dozier is kidnapped in Verona by the Italian Red Brigades.
December 20 – The Penlee lifeboat disaster occurs off the coast of South-West Cornwall.
December 21 – Preferential Trade Area for Eastern and Southern Africa (PTA).
December 28 – The first American test-tube baby, Elizabeth Jordan Carr, is born in Norfolk, Virginia.
December 31 – A coup d'état in Ghana removes President Hilla Limann's PNP government and replaces it with the PNDC led by Flight Lieutenant Jerry Rawlings.
Heavy massive snow causes many houses and buildings to collapse in northwestern Japan; 152 are killed (from January to March).
The Millennium translation of Saint Edward the Martyr's relics from Wareham to Shaftesbury is observed in a reenactment.
The State Council of the People's Republic of China lists the 4 cities (Beijing, Hangzhou, Suzhou and Guilin) as those where the protection of historical and cultural heritage, as well as natural scenery, should be treated as a priority project.
Cuba suffers a major outbreak of Dengue fever, with 344,203 cases.
Luxor AB Presents the ABC 800 computer.
January 1
* Zsolt Baumgartner, Hungarian race car driver
* Mladen Petrić, Croatian football player
* Eden Riegel, American actress
January 2 – Maxi Rodriguez, Argentine footballer
January 3 – Eli Manning, American football player
January 4 – Silvy De Bie, Belgian singer
January 5 – Deadmau5 (Joel Zimmerman), Canadian DJ/Producer
January 6
* Mike Jones, American rapper
* Jérémie Renier, Belgian actor
January 7 – Alex Auld, Canadian ice hockey goaltender
January 8
* Xie Xingfang, Chinese badminton player
* Genevieve Cortese, American actress
* Jeff Francis, Canadian pitcher
January 9
* Euzebiusz Smolarek, Polish footballer
* Caroline Lufkin, American singer
January 11
* Jamelia, British singer
* Tom Meighan, British singer and songwriter, lead vocalist for alternative rock band Kasabian
January 12 – Quentin Griffin, American football player
January 15
* El Hadji Diouf, Senegalese footballer
* Howie Day, American singer and songwriter
January 17
* Scott Mechlowicz, American actor
* Ray J, American rapper and singer
January 19 – Lucho Gonzalez, Argentine footballer
January 20
* Jason Richardson, American basketball player
* Owen Hargreaves, Canadian-born English footballer
* Brendan Fevola, Australian rules footballer
January 21
* Dany Heatley, German-born hockey player
* Gillian Chung, Hong Kong singer (Twins)
January 22
* Chantelle Anderson, American basketball player
* Willa Ford, American singer, television hostess, and actress
* Beverley Mitchell, American actress
* Ben Moody, American guitarist (formerly of Evanescence)
January 25
* Alicia Keys, American singer
* Tose Proeski, Macedonian singer (d. 2007)
January 27
* Greg Owens, Australian soccer player
* Alicia Molik, Australian tennis player
January 28 – Elijah Wood, American actor and music producer
January 29 – Jonny Lang, American musician
January 30 – Dimitar Berbatov, Bulgarian footballer
January 31 – Justin Timberlake, American musician
February 2 – Emily Rose, American actress
February 3 – Alisa Reyes, American actress
February 4 – Matchstik, American rapper, singer and song writer
February 5
* Nora Zehetner, American actress
* Lee Eon, South Korean actor and model (d. 2008)
February 8 – Ralf Little, English Actor
February 9 – Jimmy "The Rev" Sullivan, American drummer (Avenged Sevenfold) (d. 2009)
February 10
* Natasha St-Pier, Canadian singer
* Holly Willoughby, British television presenter
February 11
* Kelly Rowland, American singer (Destiny's Child)
* Edoardo Molinari, Italian golfer
February 14 – Erin Torpey, American actress
February 15
* Jenna Morasca, American television personality
* Olivia, American singer
February 17
* Joseph Gordon-Levitt, American actor
* Paris Hilton, American model, heiress, and socialite
February 18
* Andrei Kirilenko, Russian basketball player
* Ivan Sproule, British footballer
February 19 – Vitas, Russian singer
February 20
* Chris Thile, American mandolinist
* Majandra Delfino, American actress
February 22 – Jeanette Biedermann, German singer and actress
February 23
* Paleo, American singer-songwriter
* Nakahara Mai, Japanese voice actress
February 24 – Lleyton Hewitt, Australian tennis player
February 25 – Ji-Sung Park, South Korean footballer
February 26 – Maria Sansone, American journalist and Internet personality
February 27 – Josh Groban, American singer
March 1
* Ana Hickmann, Brazilian model
* Adam LaVorgna, American actor
* Brad Winchester, American ice hockey player
March 2
* Bryce Howard, American actress
* Lance Cade, American professional wrestler (d. 2010)
March 3
* Lil' Flip, American rapper
* Shada Hassoun, Iraqi singer
March 4 – Carol Banawa, Filipina singer
March 6 – Ellen Muth, American actress
March 9 – Antonio Bryant, American football player
March 10
* Kristen Maloney, American gymnast
* Samuel Eto'o, Cameroonian footballer
March 11
* David Anders, American actor
* Lee Evans, American football player
* LeToya Luckett, American singer
March 12
* Katarina Srebotnik, Slovenian tennis player
* Kenta Kobayashi, Japanese professional wrestler
March 15 – Young Buck, American rapper
March 16
* Andrew Bree, Irish swimmer
* Johannes Aigner, Austrian footballer
March 17 – Kyle Korver, American basketball player
March 18 – Fabian Cancellara, Swiss road bicycle racer
March 19 – Kolo Touré, Ivorian football player
March 22
*MIMS, American rapper
*Tiffany Dupont, American actress
March 26 – Jay Sean, British-Indian singer
March 27
* Lin Jun Jie, Chinese Singer
* Terry McFlynn, British footballer
March 28
* Lindsay Frimodt, American model
* Julia Stiles, American actress
* Gareth David-Lloyd, Welsh actor
March 29 – Megan Hilty, American actress, singer, and broadway star
March 31 – Gerard McCarthy, British actor
April 1
* Asli Bayram, Turkish German model and actress
* Hannah Spearritt, British singer and actress
April 2 – Bethany Joy Lenz, American actress and singer
April 3 – Arfius Arf, British artist
April 5 – Michael A. Monsoor, American Medal of Honor recipient (d. 2006)
April 6 – Robert Earnshaw, Welsh footballer
April 7 – Suzann Pettersen, Norwegian golfer
April 8
* Taylor Kitsch, Canadian actor and model
* Frédérick Bousquet, French swimmer
April 9
* Milan Bartovič, Slovak hockey player
* Eric Harris, American murderer (d. 1999)
* Ireneusz Jeleń, Polish footballer
April 10
* Gretchen Bleiler, American snowboarder
* Laura Bell Bundy, American actress, singer, and broadway star.
* Liz McClarnon, British singer
* Michael Pitt, American actor
April 11 – Alessandra Ambrosio, Brazilian model
April 15 – Seth Wulsin, American artist
April 17 – Hanna Pakarinen, Finnish singer
April 18
* Jang Nara, Korean actress and singer
* Audrey Tang, Taiwanese software programmer
April 19
* Hayden Christensen, Canadian actor
* Catalina Sandino Moreno, Colombian actress
* Troy Polamalu, American football player
April 21
* Mike Christie, English musician
* Stephanie Larimore, American model
April 22 – Ken Dorsey, American football player
April 25
* John McFall, British Paralympic sprinter
* Anja Pärson, Swedish alpine skier
* Felipe Massa, Brazilian race car driver
April 26 – Matthieu Delpierre, French football player
April 27 – Sandy Mölling, German pop singer
April 28 – Jessica Alba, American actress
April 29 – George McCartney, British footballer
May 1 – Alexander Hleb, Belarusian football player
May 3
* Farrah Franklin, American singer
* U;Nee, South Korean singer and actress (d. 2007)
May 4 – Jacques Rudolph, South African cricketer
May 5
* Craig David, English singer
* Danielle Fishel, American actress
* Danijel Nikolic, Serbian actor
May 8 – Andrés Romero, Argentine golfer
May 11
* Lauren Jackson, Australian basketball player
* Daisuke Matsui, Japanese football player
May 12 – Kentaro Sato, Japanese composer
May 13
* Rebecka Liljeberg, Swedish actress
* Sunny Leone, Canadian pornstar
* Jimmy Wang Yang, Korean professional wrestler
May 15
* Patrice Evra, Senegalese-born French footballer
* Zara Phillips, British elite equestrienne
* Justin Morneau, Canadian baseball player
* Jamie-Lynn Sigler, American actress
May 18 – Adam Green, American singer-songwriter
May 19
* Bong Tae-gyu, South Korean actor
* Klaas-Erik Zwering, Dutch swimmer
* Georges St-Pierre, Canadian mixed martial arts fighter
May 20
* Sean Conlon, English musician
* Lindsay Taylor, American basketball player
* Iker Casillas, Spanish footballer
May 21
* Josh Hamilton, American baseball player
* Anna Rogowska, Polish pole vaulter
May 22
* Bryan Danielson, American professional wrestler
* Melissa Gregory, American figure skater
May 26 – Isaac Slade, American singer/pianist of The Fray
May 27 – Alina Cojocaru, Romanian ballerina
May 28
* Laura Bailey, American voice actress
* Aaron Schock, American politician
May 29
* Andrei Arshavin, Russian football player
* Brian Simnjanovski, American Football Player
May 30 – Remy Ma, American rapper
May 31 – Jake Peavy, American baseball player
June 1 – Carlos Zambrano, Venezuelan baseball player
June 3 – Mike Adam, Canadian curler
June 5 – Jade Goody, British reality show star (d. 2009)
June 6 – Johnny Pacar, American actor
June 7
* Anna Kournikova, Russian tennis player
* Larisa Oleynik, American actress
June 8
* Alex Band, American musician
* Sara Watkins, American violinist
* Ai Nonaka, Japanese voice actress
June 9
* Celina Jaitley, Indian actress
* Natalie Portman, Israeli-born actress
* Anoushka Shankar, British musician and daughter of Ravi Shankar
* Vic Zhou, Taiwanese actor, singer, and model
June 10
* Hoku Ho, Hawaiian singer and musician
* Burton O'Brien, Scottish footballer
June 12 – Adriana Lima, Brazilian model
June 13 – Chris Evans, American actor
June 14 – Lonneke Engel, Dutch model
June 15 – Haley Scarnato, American singer
June 16
* Ben Kweller, American musician
* Joe Saunders, American baseball player
June 17 – Amrita Rao, Indian actress
June 18
* Teresa Cormack, New Zealand murder victim (d. 1987)
* Ella Chen, Taiwanese singer
June 20 – Alisan Porter, American actress and singer
June 21 – Brandon Flowers, American singer and keyboardist
June 22 – Chris Urbanowicz, British guitarist
June 25
* Simon Ammann, Swiss ski jumper
* Yūichi Komano, Japanese footballer
* Sheridan Smith, English Actress
June 28 – Mara Santangelo, Italian tennis player
June 29 – Joe Johnson, American basketball player
July 1 – Amanda Diva, American actress and rapper
July 2
* Alex Koroknay-Palicz, American activist
* Paul Anthony Finn, Irish singer and songwriter (The Flaws)
July 3 – Brandon Jay McLaren, Canadian actor
July 5
* Gianne Albertoni, Brazilian model
* Ryan Hansen, American actor
July 6 – Nnamdi Asomugha, American football player
July 7 – Synyster Gates, American guitarist (Avenged Sevenfold)
July 8
* Anastasia Myskina, Russian tennis player
* Ashley Blue, American pornographic actress
July 13
*Ágnes Kovács, Hungarian swimmer
*Fran Kranz, American actor
July 14 – Lee Mead, British actor
July 19
* Didz Hammond, bassist/backing vocalist (Dirty Pretty Things and The Cooper Temple Clause)
* Nikki Osborne, Australian actress
July 20
* Damien Delaney, Irish footballer
* Dayang Nurfaizah, Malaysian singer
July 21 – Stefan Schumacher, German cyclist
July 23
* Steve Jocz, Canadian drummer (Sum 41)
* Jarkko Nieminen, Finnish tennis player
July 24 – Summer Glau, American actress (Firefly)
July 25 – Jani Rita, Finnish ice hockey player
July 26 – Maicon Douglas Sisenando, Brazilian footballer
July 27 – Li Xiaopeng, Chinese gymnast
July 29 – Fernando Alonso, Spanish Two Time Formula 1 World Champion
July 31
* M. Shadows, American singer (Avenged Sevenfold)
* Eric Lively, American actor
* Vernon Carey, American football player
August 4 – Marques Houston, American singer and actor
August 5
* Carl Crawford, Major League Baseball outfielder
* Rachel Scott, American murder victim (d. 1999)
* Kō Shibasaki, Japanese singer and actress
* Travie McCoy, American alternative hip-hop artist
August 6 – Vitantonio Liuzzi, Italian race car driver
August 8
* Roger Federer, Swiss tennis player
* Harel Skaat, Israeli singer
* Meagan Good, American actress
* Kaori Iida, Japanese singer and actress
August 9 – Li Jiawei, Singaporean Olympic table tennis player
August 10
* Natsumi Abe, Japanese singer and actress
* Taufik Hidayat, Indonesian badmington player
August 11 – Sandi Thom, Scottish singer & song writer
August 12
* Djibril Cissé, French footballer
* Steve Talley, American actor
August 14 – Kofi Kingston, Ghanaian professional wrestler
August 15 – Song Ji-hyo, South Korean actress
August 16 – Taylor Rain, American actress
August 20 – Benjamin Barnes, English actor (Prince Caspian)
August 21 – Ross Thomas, American actor
August 23 – Carmen Luvana, Puerto Rican adult actress
August 24
* Jiro Wang, Actor and Singer Fahrenheit (Taiwanese band)
* Chad Michael Murray, American actor
August 25
* Rachel Bilson, American actress
* Shiva Keshavan, Indian Luge Pilot
August 28 – Charlie Frye, National Football League quarterback
August 29 – Lanny Barbie, American pornstar
September 1
* Clinton Portis, American football player
* Michael Adamthwaite, Canadian voice actor
September 2 – Bracha van Doesburgh, Dutch actress
September 3 – Fearne Cotton, British television presenter
September 4
* Jero, American-born Japanese enka singer
* Beyoncé Knowles, American actress and R&B; singer (Destiny's Child)
* Lacey Mosley, American lead vocalist (Flyleaf)
September 6 – Yumiko Cheng, Hong Kong singer
September 8 – Jonathan Taylor Thomas, American actor
September 9 – Julie Gonzalo, Argentinian actress
September 10 – Marco Chiudinelli, Swiss tennis player
September 11 – Dylan Klebold, American murderer (d. 1999)
September 12
* Jennifer Hudson, American singer and actress
* Hosea Chanchez, American actor of ''The Game''
September 13
* Angelina Love, Canadian professional Wrestler
September 14
* Ashley Roberts, singer The Pussycat Dolls
* Miyavi, Japanese musician
September 16
* Alexis Bledel, American actress
* Fan Bingbing, Chinese actress
September 21 – Nicole Richie, American actress, singer and socialite
September 22
* Ashley Drane, American actress
* Alexei Ramirez, Cuban baseball player
September 23
* Misti Traya, American actress
* Natalie Horler, German singer Cascada
* Robert Doornbos, Dutch race car driver
September 25
* Rocco Baldelli, American baseball player
* Van Hansis, American actor
September 26
* Christina Milian, American R&B; singer and actress
* Serena Williams, American tennis player
September 29 – Suzanne Shaw, British singer Hear'Say
September 30
* Cecelia Ahern, Irish author and daughter of Bertie Ahern, former Taoiseach
* Dominique Moceanu, American gymnast
October 3
* Zlatan Ibrahimović, Swedish footballer
* Amanda Walsh, Canadian actress
October 5 – Enrico Fabris, Italian speed skater
October 8
* Raffi Torres, Canadian ice hockey player
* Ruby, Egyptian singer
October 9
* Zachery Ty Bryan, American actor
* Ryoichi Maeda, Japanese footballer
October 11 – Beau Brady, Australian actor
October 12 – Brian J. Smith, American actor
October 13
* Ryan Ashford, English footballer
* Kele Okereke, English singer (Bloc Party)
October 15
* Elena Dementieva, Russian tennis player
* Guo Jingjing, Chinese diver
October 20
* Willis McGahee, American football player
* Stefan Nystrand, Swedish swimmer
October 21 – Nemanja Vidić, Serbian fotball player
October 22 – Michael Fishman, American actor
October 23 – Olivier Occean, Canadian footballer
October 24
* Tila Tequila, Vietnamese American model and singer
* Mallika Sherawat, Indian actress
October 25
* Shaun Wright-Phillips, English footballer
* Austin Winkler, American lead vocalist (Hinder)
* Hiroshi Aoyama, Japanese motorcycle road racer
October 26 – Guy Sebastian, original Australian Idol 2003 singer
October 28
* Milan Baroš, Czech footballer
* Dwayne Cameron, New Zealand actor
October 29
* Jonathan Brown, Australian rules footballer
* Amanda Beard, American swimmer
October 30
*Ivanka Trump, American model
*Shaun Sipos, Canadian actor
October 31
* Selina Ren, member of Taiwanese girl-group S.H.E
* Irina Denezhkina, Russian writer
* Frank Iero, American guitarist (My Chemical Romance)
November 1 – LaTavia Roberson, American singer (Destiny's Child)
November 2
* Tatiana Totmianina, Russian figure skater
* Katharine Isabelle, Candanian actress
November 3
* Blair Chenoweth, American beauty queen
* Jackie Gayda, American professional wrestler
November 4
* Vince Wilfork, American football player
* Paul Tucker Canadian comic-book artist
November 6 – Cassie Bernall, American murder victim (d. 1999)
November 7 – George Pilkington, English footballer
November 8
* Joe Cole, English footballer
* Azura Skye, American actress
November 10
* Tony Blanco, Dominican baseball player
* Jason Dunham, American Medal of Honor recipient (d. 2004)
* Alison Waite, American model
November 11
* Natalie Glebova, Canadian beauty queen
* Jyothika, Indian actress
* Guillaume, Hereditary Grand Duke of Luxembourg
* Ross Phillips, British musician (Hard-Fi)
November 13
* Mark Cardona, Filipino basketball player
* Shawn Yue, Hong Kong actor and singer
November 14 – Russell Tovey, British actor
November 15 – Lorena Ochoa, Mexican golfer
November 17
* Sarah Harding, British singer (Girls Aloud)
* Douglas Darien "Doug" Walker, American director, actor and writer (on the Internet)
November 18 – Gian Magdangal, Filipino singer and actor
November 20 – Kimberley Walsh, British singer (Girls Aloud)
November 21
* Bryant McFadden, American football player
* Ainārs Kovals, Latvian javelin thrower
November 22
* Ben Adams, British singer (a1)
* Seweryn Gancarczyk, Polish footballer
November 25
* Xabi Alonso, Spanish footballer
* Barbara Pierce Bush, daughter of U.S. President George W. Bush
* Jenna Bush, daughter of U.S. President George W. Bush
November 26
* Natasha Bedingfield, British singer
* Aurora Snow, American actress
November 27 – Gary Lucy, British actor
November 29 – Tom Hurndall, British photographer (d. 2004)
December 1 – Kathryn Drysdale, English Actress
December 2 – Britney Spears, American singer and entertainer
December 3
* David Villa, Spanish footballer
* Brian Bonsall, American actor
* Tyjuan Hagler, American football player
December 4 – Lila McCann, American singer
December 9 – Dia Mirza, Bollywood actress
December 11
* Zacky Vengeance, American guitarist (Avenged Sevenfold)
* Javier Saviola, Argentine soccer player
December 12 – Spencer Johnson, NFL player
December 13 – Amy Lee, American pianist/singer/songwriter (Evanescence)
December 14 – Amber Chia, Malaysian model and actress
December 15
* Thomas Herrion, American football player (d. 2005)
* Donal Coonan, UK presenter for Channel 4's webshow thisisaknife
* Roman Pavlyuchenko, Russian Soccer player
December 16 – Anna Sedokova, Ukrainian singer
December 18 – Joshua Dallas, American actor
December 21 – Cristian Zaccardo, Italian footballer
December 24 – Dima Bilan, Russian pop-singer
December 27
* Emilie de Ravin, Australian actress
* Yuvraj Singh, Indian cricketer
December 28
* Elizabeth Jordan Carr, first American test-tube baby
* Sienna Miller, American-born actress
* Khalid Boulahrouz, Dutch footballer
December 29
* Shizuka Arakawa, Japanese figure skater
* Angela Via, American singer
December 30
* Kyle Eckel, National Football League player
* Haley Paige, American porn actress (d. 2007)
January 1 – Mauri Rose, American race car champion (b. 1906)
January 5
* Harold C. Urey, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1893)
* Lanza del Vasto, Italian-born philosopher, poet, and activist (b. 1901)
January 6 – A. J. Cronin, Scottish novelist (b. 1896)
January 8 – Matthew Beard, American actor (b. 1925)
January 10
* Katherine Alexander, American actress (b. 1898)
* Richard Boone, American actor (b. 1917)
January 11 – Beulah Bondi, American actress (b. 1888)
January 13 – Robert Kellard, American actor (b. 1915)
January 16 – Bernard Lee, English actor (b. 1908)
January 21 – Allyn Joslyn, American actor (b. 1901)
January 23 – Samuel Barber, American composer (b. 1910)
January 25 – Adele Astaire, American actress (b. 1896)
January 31 – Cozy Cole, American jazz drummer (b. 1909)
February 1
* Wanda Hendrix, American actress (b. 1928)
* Geirr Tveitt, Norwegian composer (b. 1908)
* Ernst Pepping, German composer (b. 1901)
February 9 – Bill Haley, American musician (b. 1925)
February 15 – Karl Richter, German conductor (b. 1926)
February 17 – David Garnett, British writer (b. 1892)
February 18 – John Knudsen Northrop, American airplane manufacturer (b. 1895)
February 20 – Baron Nicolas de Gunzburg, French magazine editor and playboy (b. 1904)
February 22 – Michael Maltese, American screenwriter (b. 1908)
February 26
* Howard Hanson, American composer (b. 1896)
* Roger Tonge, British actor (b. 1946)
February 27 – Jacob H. Gilbert, American politician (b. 1920)
March 4 – Yip Harburg, American lyricist (b. 1896)
March 6 – George Geary, English cricketer (b. 1893)
March 7
* Bosley Crowther, American film critic (b. 1905)
* Kiril Kondrashin, Russian conductor (b. 1914)
* Hilde Krahwinkel Sperling, American tennis champion (b. 1908)
March 8 – Joseph Henry Woodger, British theoretical biologist (b. 1894)
March 9 – Max Delbrück, German biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1906)
March 15 – René Clair, French film director (b. 1898)
March 23 – Beatrice Tinsley, English astronomer (b. 1941)
March 30
* Sherman Edwards, American songwriter (b. 1919)
* DeWitt Wallace, American magazine publisher (b. 1889)
March 31 – Frank Tieri, American gangster (b. 1904)
April 3 – Juan Trippe, Airline entrepreneur (b. 1899)
April 5 – Maurice Zbriger, Canadian violinist, composer and conductor (b. 1896)
April 7 – Norman Taurog, American film director (b. 1899)
April 8 – Omar N. Bradley, 5 Star General US Army (b. 1893)
April 12 – Joe Louis, American boxer (b. 1914)
April 18 – James H. Schmitz, German-born writer (b. 1911)
April 26
* Jim Davis, American actor (b. 1909)
* Madge Evans, American actress (b. 1909)
April 27 – John Aspinwall Roosevelt, American businessman and philanthropist (b. 1916)
May 5 – Bobby Sands, Irish republican (hunger strike) (b. 1954)
May 8 – Uri Zvi Grinberg, Israeli poet and journalist (b. 1896)
May 9
* Nelson Algren, American author (b. 1909)
* Ralph Allen, English footballer (b. 1906)
* Margaret Lindsay, American actress (b. 1910)
May 11
* Odd Hassel, Norwegian chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1897)
* Bob Marley, Jamaican singer and musician (b. 1945)
May 17 – Hugo Friedhofer, German-American film composer (b. 1901)
May 18
* Arthur O'Connell, American actor (b. 1908)
* William Saroyan, American author (b. 1908)
May 23 – George Jessel, American actor (b. 1898)
May 25 – Rosa Ponselle, American soprano (b. 1897)
May 28 – Mary Lou Williams, American jazz pianist (b. 1910)
May 30 – Don Ashby, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1955)
June 1 – Carl Vinson, U.S. Congressman (b. 1883)
June 2 – Rino Gaetano, Italian singer-songwriter (b. 1950)
June 9 – Allen Ludden, American television game show host (b. 1917)
June 10
* Jenny Maxwell, American actress (b. 1941)
* Phelps Phelps, 38th Governor of American Samoa and United States Ambassador to the Dominican Republic (d. 1897)
June 13 – George Walsh, American actor (b. 1889)
June 17
* Sir Richard O'Connor, English general (b. 1889)
* Zerna Sharp, American writer and educator (b. 1889)
June 18 – Pamela Hansford Johnson, English poet, novelist, playwright, literary and social critic (b. 1912)
June 19
* Anya Phillips, American co-founder of New York City's Mudd Club (b. 1955)
* Lotte Reiniger, German-born silhouette animator (b. 1899)
June 22 – Lola Lane, American actress and singer (b. 1906)
June 23 – Zarah Leander, Swedish actress and singer (b. 1907)
June 28 – Terry Fox, Canadian athlete and cancer activist (b. 1958)
July 3 – Ross Martin, American actor (b. 1920)
July 8 – Joe McDonnell, Irish political prisoner (b. 1951)
July 10 – Ken Rex McElroy, American murder victim (b. 1934)
July 16 – Harry Chapin, American singer and songwriter (b. 1942)
July 27
* Adam Walsh, American murder victim, inspired Code Adam (b. 1974)
* William Wyler, American movie director (b. 1902)
July 29 – Robert Moses, American urban planner (b. 1888)
August 1 – Paddy Chayefsky, American screenwriter (b. 1923)
August 2 – Delfo Cabrera, Argentine athlete (b. 1919)
August 4 – Melvyn Douglas, American actor (b. 1901)
August 14 – Karl Böhm, Austrian conductor (b. 1894)
August 15 – Carol Ryrie Brink, American author (b. 1895)
August 18 – Anita Loos, American screenwriter (b. 1888)
August 19 – Jessie Matthews, English actress (b. 1907)
August 27 – Valeri Kharlamov, Soviet ice hockey player (b. 1948)
August 29 – Lowell Thomas, American writer (b. 1892)
August 30 – Vera-Ellen, American actress and dancer (b. 1921)
September 1
* Ann Harding, American actress (b. 1901)
* Albert Speer, German Nazi architect and war minister (b. 1905)
September 2 – Enid Lyons, Australia politician (b. 1897)
September 3 – Alec Waugh, British novelist (b. 1898)
September 6 – Christy Brown, Irish author, poet, and artist (b. 1932)
September 8 – Hideki Yukawa, Japanese physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1907)
September 9 – Sir Robert (Bob) Askin, Premier of New South Wales (b. 1907)
September 11 – Frank McHugh, American actor (b. 1898)
September 12 – Eugenio Montale, Italian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1896)
September 15
* Rafael Méndez, Mexican-born trumpet virtuoso (b. 1906)
* Harold Bennett, British actor (b. 1899)
September 21 – Nigel Patrick, English actor (b. 1913)
September 22 – Harry Warren, American songwriter (b. 1893)
September 23 – Dan George, First Nations actor (b. 1899)
September 24 – Patsy Kelly, American actress (b. 1910)
September 27 – Robert Montgomery, American actor (b. 1904)
September 28
* Sir Edward Boyle, Baron Boyle of Handsworth, British Conservative cabinet minister (b. 1923)
* Rómulo Betancourt, Venezuelan president (b. 1908)
September 29 – Bill Shankly, British football manager (b. 1914)
October 2
* Harry Golden, American journalist (b. 1902)
* Hazel Scott, American jazz singer and pianist (b. 1920)
October 5 – Gloria Grahame, American actress (b. 1923)
October 6 – Anwar Sadat, President of Egypt, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1918)
October 13 – Nils Asther, Danish-born actor (b. 1897)
October 16
* Stanley Clements, American actor (b. 1926)
* Moshe Dayan, Israeli general (b. 1915)
October 20 – Mary Coyle Chase, American playwright (b. 1906)
October 23 – Reg Butler, English sculptor (b. 1913)
October 24 – Edith Head, American costume designer (b. 1897)
October 29 – Georges Brassens, French singer and songwriter (b. 1921)
November 3 – Jean Eustache, French film director (b. 1938)
November 7 – Will Durant, American philosopher and writer (b. 1885)
November 10 – Abel Gance, French film director (b. 1889)
November 14 – Robert Bradford, Northern Irish footballer and politician (b. 1941)
November 15
* Enid Markey, American actress (b. 1894)
* Khawar Rizvi, Pakistani Poet and Scholar(b. 1938)
November 16 – William Holden, American actor (b. 1918)
November 21 – Harry von Zell, American actor (b. 1906)
November 22 – Hans Adolf Krebs, German physician and biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1900)
November 25 – Jack Albertson, American actor (b. 1907)
November 27 – Lotte Lenya, Austrian singer and actress (b. 1898)
November 29 – Natalie Wood, American actress (b. 1938)
December 3 – Walter Knott, American farmer and theme park creator (b. 1889)
December 15
* Catherine T. MacArthur, American philanthropist (b. 1909)
* Karl Struss, American cinematographer (b. 1886)
December 23 – Reginald Miles Ansett, Australian businessman and aviator (b. 1909)
December 27 – Hoagy Carmichael, American jazz composer (b. 1899)
December 28 – Allan Dwan, Canadian-born film director (b. 1885)
December 30 – Alfie Anido, Filipino actor (b. 1959)
Physics – Nicolaas Bloembergen, Arthur Leonard Schawlow, Kai Siegbahn
Chemistry – Kenichi Fukui, Roald Hoffmann
Medicine – Roger Wolcott Sperry, David H. Hubel, Torsten Wiesel
Literature – Elias Canetti
Peace – United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
Economics – James Tobin
Dame Cicely Saunders
Protocol of Accession
af:1981
am:1981 እ.ኤ.አ.
ar:ملحق:1981
an:1981
frp:1981
ast:1981
gn:1981
av:1981
ay:1981
az:1981
bn:১৯৮১
zh-min-nan:1981 nî
map-bms:1981
be:1981
be-x-old:1981
bh:१९८१
bcl:1981
bo:༡༩༨༡
bs:1981
br:1981
bg:1981
ca:1981
cv:1981
cs:1981
cbk-zam:1981
co:1981
cy:1981
da:1981
de:1981
et:1981
el:1981
myv:1981 ие
es:1981
eo:1981
eu:1981
fa:۱۹۸۱ (میلادی)
hif:1981
fo:1981
fr:1981
fy:1981
fur:1981
ga:1981
gv:1981
gd:1981
gl:1981
gan:1981年
xal:1981 җил
ko:1981년
hy:1981
hi:१९८१
hr:1981.
io:1981
ig:1981
ilo:1981
bpy:মারি ১৯৮১
id:1981
ia:1981
os:1981-æм аз
zu:1981
is:1981
it:1981
he:1981
jv:1981
kn:೧೯೮೧
pam:1981
ka:1981
csb:1981
kk:1981
kw:1981
sw:1981
kv:1981 во
ht:1981 (almanak gregoryen)
ku:1981
krc:1981 джыл
la:1981
lv:1981. gads
lb:1981
lt:1981 m.
lij:1981
li:1981
ln:1981
jbo:1981moi
lmo:1981
hu:1981
mk:1981
ml:1981
mi:1981
mr:इ.स. १९८१
arz:1981
ms:1981
nah:1981
nl:1981
ja:1981年
nap:1981
no:1981
nn:1981
nrm:1981
nov:1981
oc:1981
mhr:1981
uz:1981
pa:੧੯੮੧
pi:१९८१
pag:1981
pnb:1981
pap:1981
pms:1981
tpi:1981
nds:1981
pl:1981
pt:1981
ty:1981
ksh:Joohr 1981
ro:1981
qu:1981
rue:1981
ru:1981 год
sah:1981
se:1981
stq:1981
sq:1981
scn:1981
simple:1981
sk:1981
sl:1981
so:1981
ckb:١٩٨١
sr:1981
sh:1981
su:1981
fi:1981
sv:1981
tl:1981
ta:1981
tt:1981 ел
te:1981
tet:1981
th:พ.ศ. 2524
tg:1981
tr:1981
tk:1981
udm:1981 ар
uk:1981
ur:1981ء
vec:1981
vi:1981
vo:1981
fiu-vro:1981
wa:1981
vls:1981
war:1981
yi:1981
yo:1981
zh-yue:1981年
bat-smg:1981
zh:1981年
Events
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Date unknown
Births
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Deaths
January–March
April–June
July–September
October–December
Nobel Prizes
Templeton Prize
References
This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
| name | Muhammad Ali |
|---|---|
| nationality | American |
| nickname | The GreatestThe ChampThe Louisville Lip |
| height | |
| reach | |
| weight | Heavyweight |
| birth date | January 17, 1942 |
| birth place | Louisville, Kentucky, US |
| style | Orthodox |
| total | 61 |
| wins | 56 |
| ko | 37 |
| losses | 5 |
| draws | 0 |
| no contests | 0 |
| Medaltemplates | }} |
Originally known as Cassius Clay, Ali changed his name after joining the Nation of Islam in 1964, subsequently converting to Sunni Islam in 1975, and more recently to Sufism. In 1967, Ali refused to be conscripted into the U.S. military, based on his religious beliefs and opposition to the Vietnam War. He was arrested and found guilty on draft evasion charges, stripped of his boxing title, and his boxing license was suspended. He was not imprisoned, but did not fight again for nearly four years while his appeal worked its way up to the U.S. Supreme Court, where it was successful.
Nicknamed "The Greatest", Ali was involved in several historic boxing matches. Notable among these are three with rival Joe Frazier and one with George Foreman, whom he beat by knockout to win the world heavyweight title for the second time. He suffered only five losses (four decisions and one TKO by retirement from the bout) with no draws in his career, while amassing 56 wins (37 knockouts and 19 decisions). Ali was well known for his unorthodox fighting style, which he described as "float like a butterfly, sting like a bee", and employing techniques such as the rope-a-dope. He was also known for his pre-match hype, where he would "trash talk" opponents on television and in person some time before the match, often with rhymes. These personality quips and idioms, along with an unorthodox fighting technique, made him a cultural icon. In later life, Ali developed Parkinson's syndrome. In 1999, Ali was crowned "Sportsman of the Century" by ''Sports Illustrated'' and "Sports Personality of the Century" by the BBC.
Biography
Amateur career and Olympic gold
Cassius Marcellus Clay, Jr., was born on January 17, 1942, in Louisville, Kentucky. The younger of two boys, he was named after his father, Cassius Marcellus Clay, Sr., who was named for the 19th century abolitionist and politician of the same name. His father painted billboards and signs, and his mother, Odessa Grady Clay, was a household domestic. Although Cassius Sr. was a Methodist, he allowed Odessa to bring up both Cassius and his elder brother Rudolph "Rudy" Clay (later renamed Rahman Ali) as Baptists. He is a descendant of pre-Civil War era American slaves in the American South, and is predominantly of African-American descent, with some Irish and English ancestry.Clay was first directed toward boxing by the white Louisville police officer and boxing coach Joe E. Martin, who encountered the 12-year-old fuming over the theft of his bicycle. However, without Martin's knowledge, Clay began training with Fred Stoner, an African-American trainer working at the local community center. In this way, Clay could make $4 a week on ''Tomorrow's Champions,'' a local, weekly TV show that Martin hosted, while benefiting from the coaching of the more experienced Stoner. For the last four years of Clay's amateur career he was trained by legendary boxing cutman Chuck Bodak.
Clay won six Kentucky Golden Gloves titles, two national Golden Gloves titles, an Amateur Athletic Union National Title, and the Light Heavyweight gold medal in the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome. Clay's amateur record was 100 wins with five losses.
Ali states (in his 1975 autobiography) that he threw his Olympic gold medal into the Ohio River after being refused service at a 'whites-only' restaurant, and fighting with a white gang. Whether this is true is still debated, although he was given a replacement medal at a basketball intermission during the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta, where he lit the torch to start the games.
Early professional career
After his Olympic triumph, Clay returned to Louisville to begin his professional career. There, on October 29, 1960, he won his first professional fight, a six-round decision over Tunney Hunsaker, who was the police chief of Fayetteville, West Virginia.Standing tall, at 6-ft, 3-in (1.91 m), Clay had a highly unorthodox style for a heavyweight boxer. Rather than the normal style of carrying the hands high to defend the face, he instead relied on foot speed and quickness to avoid punches, and carried his hands low.
From 1960 to 1963, the young fighter amassed a record of 19–0, with 15 knockouts. He defeated boxers such as Tony Esperti, Jim Robinson, Donnie Fleeman, Alonzo Johnson, George Logan, Willi Besmanoff, Lamar Clark (who had won his previous 40 bouts by knockout), Doug Jones and Henry Cooper.
Clay built a reputation by correctly predicting the round in which he would "finish" several opponents, and by boasting before his triumphs. Clay admitted he adopted the latter practice from "Gorgeous" George Wagner, a popular professional wrestling champion in the Los Angeles area who drew thousands of fans. Often referred to as "the man you loved to hate," George could incite the crowd with a few heated remarks, and Ali followed suit.
Among Clay's victims were Sonny Banks (who knocked him down during the bout), Alejandro Lavorante, and the aged Archie Moore (a boxing legend who had fought over 200 previous fights, and who had been Clay's trainer prior to Angelo Dundee). Clay had considered continuing using Moore as a trainer following the bout, but Moore had insisted that the cocky "Louisville Lip" perform training camp chores such as sweeping and dishwashing. He considered having his idol, Sugar Ray Robinson, as a manager, but instead hired Dundee.
Clay first met Dundee when the latter was in Louisville with light heavyweight champ Willie Pastrano. The teenaged Golden Gloves winner traveled downtown to the fighter's hotel, called Dundee from the house phone, and was asked up to their room. He took advantage of the opportunity to query Dundee (who had worked with champions Sugar Ramos and Carmen Basilio) about what his fighters ate, how long they slept, how much roadwork (jogging) they did, and how long they sparred.
Following his bout with Moore, Clay won a disputed 10-round decision over Doug Jones in a matchup that was named "Fight of the Year" for 1963. Clay's next fight was against Henry Cooper, who knocked Clay down with a left hook near the end of the fourth round. The fight was stopped in the fifth due to deep cuts over Cooper's eyes.
Despite these close calls, Clay became the top contender for Sonny Liston's title. However, although he had an impressive record, he was not widely expected to defeat the champ. The fight was scheduled for February 25, 1964 in Miami, Florida, but was nearly canceled when the promoter, Bill Faversham, heard that Clay had been seen around Miami and in other cities with the controversial Malcolm X, a member of The Nation of Islam. Because of this, news of this association was perceived as a potential gate-killer to a bout which, given Liston's overwhelming status as the favorite to win (7–1 odds), had Clay's colorful persona and nonstop braggadocio as its sole appeal.
Faversham confronted Clay about his association with Malcolm X (who, at the time, was actually under suspension by the Nation as a result of controversial comments made in the wake of President Kennedy's assassination). While stopping short of admitting he was a member of the Nation, Clay protested the suggested cancellation of the fight. As a compromise, Faversham asked the fighter to delay his announcement about his conversion to Islam until after the fight. The incident is described in the 1975 book ''The Greatest: My Own Story'' by Ali (with Richard Durham).
During the weigh-in on the day before the bout, the ever-boastful Clay, who frequently taunted Liston during the buildup by dubbing him "the big ugly bear" (among other things), declared that he would "float like a butterfly and sting like a bee," and, summarizing his strategy for avoiding Liston's assaults, said, "Your hands can't hit what your eyes can't see."
First title fight and aftermath
At the pre-fight weigh-in, Clay's pulse rate was around 120, more than double his norm of 54. Liston, among others, misread this as nervousness. In the opening rounds, Clay's speed kept him away from Liston's powerful head and body shots, as he used his height advantage to beat Liston to the punch with his own lightning-quick jab.
By the third round, Clay was ahead on points and had opened a cut under Liston's eye. Liston regained some ground in the fourth, as Clay was blinded by a substance in his eyes. It is unconfirmed whether this was something used to close Liston's cuts, or deliberately applied to Liston's gloves; however, Bert Sugar has claimed that "in two of his previous fights, Liston's opponents had complained about their eyes 'burning'", suggesting the possibility that the Liston corner deliberately attempted to cheat.
Liston began the fourth round looking to put away the challenger. As Clay struggled to recover his vision, he sought to escape Liston's offensive. He was able to keep out of range until his sweat and tears rinsed the substance from his eyes, responding with a flurry of combinations near the end of the fifth round. By the sixth, he was looking for a finish and dominated Liston. Then, Liston shocked the boxing world when he failed to answer the bell for the seventh round, stating he had a shoulder injury. At the end of the fight, Clay boasted to the press that doubted him before the match, proclaiming, "I shook up the world!"
When Clay beat Liston, he was the youngest boxer (age 22) ever to take the title from a reigning heavyweight champion, a mark that stood until Mike Tyson won the title from Trevor Berbick on 22 November 1986. At the time, Floyd Patterson (dethroned by Liston) had been the youngest heavyweight champ ever (age 21), but he won the title during an elimination tournament following Rocky Marciano's retirement by defeating Archie Moore, the light-heavyweight champion at the time.
In the rematch with Liston, which was held in May 1965 in Lewiston, Maine, Ali (who had by then publicly converted to Islam and changed his name) won by knockout in the first round as a result of what came to be called the "phantom punch." Many believe that Liston, possibly as a result of threats from Nation of Islam extremists, or in an attempt to "throw" the fight to pay off debts, waited to be counted out (see Muhammad Ali versus Sonny Liston). Others, however, discount both scenarios and insist that it was a quick, chopping Ali punch to the side of the head that legitimately felled Liston.
Early title defenses
On November 22, 1965, Ali fought Floyd Patterson in his second title defense. Patterson lost by technical knockout at the end of the 12th round. As would later occur with Ernie Terrell, many sportswriters accused Ali of "carrying" Patterson so that he could physically punish him without knocking him out. Ali countered that Patterson, who said his punching prowess was limited when he strained his sacroiliac, was not as easy to down as may have appeared.Ali was scheduled to fight WBA champion Ernie Terrell (the WBA stripped Ali of his title after his agreement to fight a rematch with Liston) on March 29, 1966, but Terrell backed out. Ali won a 15-round decision against substitute opponent George Chuvalo. He then went to England and defeated Henry Cooper by stoppage on cuts May 21, and knocked out Brian London in the third round in August. Ali's next defense was against German southpaw Karl Mildenberger, the first German to fight for the title since Max Schmeling. In one of the tougher fights of his life, Ali stopped his opponent in round 12.
Ali returned to the United States in November 1966 to fight Cleveland "Big Cat" Williams in the Houston Astrodome. According to the Sports Illustrated account, the bout drew an indoor world record 35,460 fight fans. A year and a half before the fight, Williams had been shot in the stomach at point-blank range by a Texas policeman. As a result, Williams went into the fight missing one kidney and of his small intestine, and with a shriveled left leg from nerve damage from the bullet. Ali beat Williams in three rounds.
On February 6, 1967, Ali returned to a Houston boxing ring to fight Terrell in what is regarded as one of the uglier fights in boxing. Terrell had angered Ali by calling him Clay, and the champion vowed to punish him for this insult. During the fight, Ali kept shouting at his opponent, "What's my name, Uncle Tom ... What's my name?" Terrell suffered 15 rounds of brutal punishment, losing 13 rounds on two judges' scorecards, but Ali did not knock him out. Analysts, including several who spoke to ESPN on the sports channel's "Ali Rap" special, speculated that the fight continued only because Ali wanted to thoroughly punish and humiliate Terrell. After the fight, Tex Maule wrote, "It was a wonderful demonstration of boxing skill and a barbarous display of cruelty." When asked about this during a replay of the fight on ABC's popular "Wide World of Sports" by host Howard Cosell, Ali said he was not unduly cruel to Terrell- that boxers are paid to punch all their opponents into submission or defeat. He pointed out that if he had not hit and hurt Terrell, Terrell would have hit and hurt him, which is standard practice. Cosell's repeated reference to the topic surprised Ali. Following his final defense against Zora Folley in March 1967 Ali would be stripped of his title the following month for refusing to be drafted into the Army and had his professional boxing license suspended.
Conversion to the Nation of Islam
After winning the championship from Liston in 1964, Clay revealed that he was a member of the Nation of Islam (often called the Black Muslims at the time) and the Nation gave Clay the name Cassius X, discarding his surname as a symbol of his ancestors' enslavement, as had been done by other Nation members. On Friday, March 6, 1964, Malcolm X took Clay on a guided tour of the UN building (for a second time). Malcolm X announced that Clay would be granted his "X." That same night, Elijah Muhammad recorded a statement over the phone to be played over the radio that Clay would be renamed Muhammad (one who is worthy of praise) Ali (fourth rightly guided caliph). Only a few journalists (most notably Howard Cosell) accepted it at that time. Venerable boxing announcer Don Dunphy addressed the champion by his adopted name, as did British reporters. The adoption of this name symbolized his new identity as a member of the Nation of Islam.Many sportswriters of the early 1960s reported that it was Ali's brother, Rudy Clay, who converted to Islam first (estimating the date as 1961). Others wrote that Clay had been seen at Muslim rallies a few years before he fought Liston. Ali's own version is that he would sneak into Nation of Islam meetings through the back door roughly three years before he fought Sonny Liston.
Aligning himself with the Nation of Islam made him a lightning rod for controversy, turning the outspoken but popular champion into one of that era's most recognizable and controversial figures. Appearing at rallies with Nation of Islam leader Elijah Muhammad and declaring his allegiance to him at a time when mainstream America viewed them with suspicion—if not outright hostility—made Ali a target of outrage, as well as suspicion. Ali seemed at times to provoke such reactions, with viewpoints that wavered from support for civil rights to outright support of separatism. For example, Ali once stated, in relation to integration: "We who follow the teachings of Elijah Muhammad don't want to be forced to integrate. Integration is wrong. We don't want to live with the white man; that's all." And in relation to inter-racial marriage: "No intelligent black man or black woman in his or her right black mind wants white boys and white girls coming to their homes to marry their black sons and daughters." Indeed, Ali's religious beliefs at the time included the notion that the white man was "the devil" and that white people were not "righteous." Ali claimed that white people hated black people.
Ali converted from the Nation of Islam sect to mainstream Sunni Islam in 1975. In a 2004 autobiography, written with daughter Hana Yasmeen Ali, Muhammad Ali attributes his conversion to the shift toward Sunni Islam made by Warith Deen Muhammad after he gained control of the Nation of Islam upon the death of Elijah Muhammad in 1975. Later in 2005 he embraced spiritual practices of Sufism.
Vietnam War
In 1964, Ali failed the U.S. Armed Forces qualifying test because his writing and spelling skills were sub-par. However, in early 1966, the tests were revised and Ali was reclassified as 1A. This classification meant he was now eligible for the draft and induction into the U.S. Army during a time when the United States was involved in the Vietnam War. When notified of this status, he declared that he would refuse to serve in the United States Army and publicly considered himself a conscientious objector. Ali stated that "War is against the teachings of the Holy Qur'an. I'm not trying to dodge the draft. We are not supposed to take part in no wars unless declared by Allah or The Messenger. We don't take part in Christian wars or wars of any unbelievers." Ali famously said in 1966: "I ain't got no quarrel with them Viet Cong ... They never called me nigger." Rare for a heavyweight boxing champion in those days, Ali spoke at Howard University, where he gave his popular "Black Is Best" speech to 4,000 cheering students and community intellectuals after he was invited to speak at Howard by a Howard sociology professor, Nathan Hare, on behalf of the Black Power Committee, a student protest group.Appearing shortly thereafter for his scheduled induction into the U.S. Armed Forces on April 28, 1967 in Houston, he refused three times to step forward at the call of his name. An officer warned him he was committing a felony punishable by five years in prison and a fine of $10,000. Once more, Ali refused to budge when his name was called. As a result, he was arrested and on the same day the New York State Athletic Commission suspended his boxing license and stripped him of his title. Other boxing commissions followed suit.
At the trial on June 20, 1967, after only 21 minutes of deliberation, the jury found Ali guilty. After a Court of Appeals upheld the conviction, the case went to the U.S. Supreme Court. During this time, the public began turning against the war and support for Ali began to grow. Ali supported himself by speaking at colleges and universities across the country, where opposition to the war was especially strong. On June 28, 1971, the Supreme Court reversed his conviction for refusing induction by unanimous decision in ''Clay v. United States''. The decision was not based on, nor did it address, the merits of Clay's/Ali's claims ''per se''; rather, the Government's failure to specify ''which'' claims were rejected and which were sustained, constituted the grounds upon which the Court reversed the conviction.
Quotes about Vietnam war
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The Fight of the Century
In 1970, while his case was still on appeal, Ali was allowed to fight again. On August 12, 1970, with the help of Leroy R. Johnson, a Georgia State Senator, he was granted a license to box by the City of Atlanta Athletic Commission. In Atlanta on October 26, 1970, he stopped Jerry Quarry on a cut after three rounds. Shortly after the Quarry fight, the New York State Supreme Court ruled that Ali had been unjustly denied a boxing license. Once again able to fight in New York, he fought Oscar Bonavena at Madison Square Garden in December 1970. After a tough 14 rounds, Ali stopped Bonavena in the 15th, paving the way for a title fight against Joe Frazier, who was himself undefeated.Ali and Frazier met in the ring on March 8, 1971, at Madison Square Garden. The fight, known as "The Fight of the Century," was one of the most eagerly anticipated bouts of all time and remains one of the most famous. It featured two skilled, undefeated fighters, both of whom had legitimate claims to the heavyweight crown. Frank Sinatra—unable to acquire a ringside seat—took photos of the match for ''Life'' magazine. Legendary boxing announcer Don Dunphy and actor and boxing aficionado Burt Lancaster called the action for the broadcast, which reached millions of people. The fight lived up to the hype, and Frazier punctuated his victory by flooring Ali with a hard, leaping left hook in the 15th and final round. Frazier retained the title on a unanimous decision, dealing Ali his first professional loss.
In 1972 Muhammad Ali held the "Muhammad Ali Boxing Show," a series of exhibition matches between himself and other wrestlers. In San Antonio, Texas, during the exhibition series, on October 24, 1972, Ali lost against boxer Elmo Henderson.
In 1973, Ali fought Ken Norton, who had broken Ali's jaw and won by split decision over 12 rounds in their first bout in 1972. Ali won the rematch, by split decision, on September 10, 1973, which set up Ali-Frazier II, a nontitle rematch with Joe Frazier, who had already lost his title to George Foreman. The bout was held on January 28, 1974, with Ali winning a unanimous 12-round decision.
The Rumble in the Jungle
In one of the biggest upsets in boxing history, Ali regained his title on October 30, 1974 by defeating champion George Foreman in their bout in Kinshasa, Zaire. Hyped as "The Rumble in the Jungle", the fight was promoted by Don King.Almost no one, not even Ali's long-time supporter Howard Cosell, gave the former champion a chance of winning. Analysts pointed out that Joe Frazier and Ken Norton had given Ali four tough battles in the ring and won two of them, while Foreman had knocked out both of them in the second round. As a matter of fact, so total was the domination that, in their bout, Foreman had knocked down Frazier an incredible six times in only four minutes and 25 seconds.
During the bout, Ali employed an unexpected strategy. Leading up to the fight, he had declared he was going to "dance" and use his speed to keep away from Foreman and outbox him. However, in the first round, Ali headed straight for the champion and began scoring with a right hand lead, clearly surprising Foreman. Ali caught Foreman nine times in the first round with this technique but failed to knock him out. He then decided to take advantage of the young champion's weakness: staying power. Foreman had won 37 of his 40 bouts by knockout, mostly within three rounds. Eight of his previous bouts did not go past the second round. Ali saw an opportunity to outlast Foreman, and capitalized on it.
In the second round, the challenger retreated to the ropes—inviting Foreman to hit him, while counterpunching and verbally taunting the younger man. Ali's plan was to enrage Foreman and absorb his best blows to exhaust him mentally and physically. While Foreman threw wide shots to Ali's body, Ali countered with stinging straight punches to Foreman's head. Foreman threw hundreds of punches in seven rounds, but with decreasing technique and potency. Ali's tactic of leaning on the ropes, covering up, and absorbing ineffective body shots was later termed "The Rope-A-Dope".
By the end of the seventh round, Foreman was exhausted. In the eighth round, Ali dropped Foreman with a combination at center ring and Foreman failed to make the count. Against the odds, Ali had regained the title.
The "Rumble in the Jungle" was the subject of a 1996 Academy Award winning documentary film, ''When We Were Kings''. The fight and the events leading up to it are extensively depicted in both John Herzfeld's 1997 docudrama ''Don King: Only in America'' and Michael Mann's 2001 docudrama, ''Ali''.
The Thrilla in Manila
In March 1975, Ali faced Chuck Wepner in a bout that inspired the original ''Rocky''. While it was largely thought that Ali would dominate, Wepner surprised everyone by not only knocking Ali down in the ninth round, but nearly going the distance. Ali eventually stopped Wepner in the fading minutes of the 15th round. Following a title defense with Ron Lyle, in July Ali faced Joe Bugner, winning a 15 round decision.On October 1, 1975, Ali fought Joe Frazier for the third time. Taking place in the Philippines, the bout was promoted as the Thrilla in Manila by Don King, who had ascended to prominence following the Ali-Foreman fight. The anticipation was enormous for this final clash between two great heavyweights. Ali believed Frazier was "over the hill" by that point. Ali's frequent insults, slurs and demeaning poems increased the anticipation and excitement for the fight, but enraged a determined Frazier. Regarding the fight, Ali famously remarked, "It will be a killa... and a chilla... and a thrilla... when I get the gorilla in Manila."
The fight lasted 14 grueling rounds in temperatures approaching . Ali won many of the early rounds, but Frazier staged a comeback in the middle rounds, while Ali lay on the ropes. By the late rounds, however, Ali had reasserted control and the fight was stopped when Frazier was unable to answer the bell for the 15th and final round (his eyes were swollen closed). Frazier's trainer, Eddie Futch, refused to allow Frazier to continue.
Subsequent bouts and retirement
In February 1976, Ali easily beat Jean-Pierre Coopman. In April 1976 he defeated Jimmy Young and then Richard Dunn the following month, which would turn out to be Ali's last knockout victory. Following that fight, he staged an exhibition match with professional wrestler and martial artist Antonio Inoki. Although widely perceived as a publicity stunt, the match against Inoki would have a long-term detrimental affect on Ali's mobility. Inoki spent much of the fight on the ground trying to damage Ali’s legs, while Ali spent most of the fight dodging the kicks or staying on the ropes. At the end of 15 rounds, the bout was called a draw. Ali's legs, however, were bleeding, leading to an infection. He suffered two blood clots in his legs as well.In September 1976, at Yankee Stadium, Ali faced Ken Norton in their third fight, with Ali winning a close but unanimous 15-round decision. 1977 saw Ali defend his title against Alfredo Evangelista and Earnie Shavers. Fight doctor Ferdie Pacheco left Ali's camp following the Shavers fight after being rebuffed for advising Ali to retire.
In February 1978, Ali lost the heavweight title to 1976 Olympics Champion Leon Spinks. On September 15, 1978, Ali fought a rematch in the New Orleans Louisiana Superdome against Spinks for the WBA version of the Heavyweight title, winning it for a record third time. Ali retired following this victory on June 27, 1979, but returned in 1980 to face current champion Larry Holmes in an attempt to win a heavyweight title an unprecedented four times. Angelo Dundee refused to let his man come out for the 11th round, in what became Ali's only loss by anything other than a decision. Ali's final fight, a loss by unanimous decision after 10 rounds, was to up-and-coming challenger Trevor Berbick in 1981.
Ali's legacy
Muhammad Ali defeated every top heavyweight in his era, which has been called the golden age of heavyweight boxing. Ali was named "Fighter of the Year" by ''Ring Magazine'' more times than any other fighter, and was involved in more ''Ring Magazine'' "Fight of the Year" bouts than any other fighter. He is an inductee into the International Boxing Hall of Fame and holds wins over seven other Hall of Fame inductees. He is one of only three boxers to be named "Sportsman of the Year" by ''Sports Illustrated''.In 1978, three years before Ali's permanent retirement, the Board of Aldermen in his hometown of Louisville, Kentucky voted 6–5 to rename Walnut Street to Muhammad Ali Boulevard. This was controversial at the time, as within a week 12 of the 70 street signs were stolen. Earlier that year, a committee of the Jefferson County Public Schools considered renaming Central High School in his honor, but the motion failed to pass. At any rate, in time, Muhammad Ali Boulevard—and Ali himself—came to be well accepted in his hometown.
In 1993, the Associated Press reported that Ali was tied with Babe Ruth as the most recognized athlete, out of over 800 dead or alive athletes, in America. The study found that over 97% of Americans, over 12-years of age, identified both Ali and Ruth.
He was the recipient of the 1997 Arthur Ashe Courage Award.
In retirement
Ali was diagnosed with Parkinson's syndrome in 1984, a disease to which those subject to severe head trauma, such as boxers, are many times more susceptible than average. Despite the disability, he remains a beloved and active public figure. In 1985, he served as a guest referee at the inaugural WrestleMania event. In 1987 he was selected by the California Bicentennial Foundation for the U.S. Constitution to personify the vitality of the U.S. Constitution and Bill of Rights in various high profile activities. Ali rode on a float at the 1988 Tournament of Roses Parade, launching the U.S. Constitution's 200th birthday commemoration. He published an oral history, ''Muhammad Ali: His Life and Times'' by Thomas Hauser, in 1991. That same year Ali traveled to Iraq during the Gulf War and met with Saddam Hussein in an attempt to negotiate the release of American hostages. Ali received a Spirit of America Award calling him the most recognized American in the world. In 1996, he had the honor of lighting the flame at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia.
He appeared at the 1998 AFL (Australian Football League) Grand Final, where Anthony Pratt invited him to watch the game. He greets runners at the start line of the Los Angeles Marathon every year.
In 1999, the ''BBC'' produced a special version of its annual BBC Sports Personality of the Year Award ceremony, and Ali was voted their Sports Personality of the Century, receiving more votes than the other four contenders combined. His daughter Laila Ali became a boxer in 1999, despite her father's earlier comments against female boxing in 1978: "Women are not made to be hit in the breast, and face like that... the body's not made to be punched right here [patting his chest]. Get ''hit'' in the breast... ''hard''... and all that."
On September 13, 1999, Ali was named "Kentucky Athlete of the Century" by the Kentucky Athletic Hall of Fame in ceremonies at the Galt House East.
In 2001, a biographical film, entitled ''Ali'', was made, directed by Michael Mann, with Will Smith starring as Ali. The film received mixed reviews, with the positives generally attributed to the acting, as Smith and supporting actor Jon Voight earned Academy Award nominations. Prior to making the Ali movie, Will Smith had continually rejected the role of Ali until Muhammad Ali personally requested that he accept the role. According to Smith, the first thing Ali said about the subject to him was: "Man, you're almost pretty enough to play me."
On November 17, 2002, Muhammad Ali went to Afghanistan as "U.N. Messenger of Peace". He was in Kabul for a three-day goodwill mission as a special guest of the UN.
On January 8, 2005, Muhammad Ali was presented with the Presidential Citizens Medal by President George W. Bush.
He received the Presidential Medal of Freedom at a White House ceremony on November 9, 2005, and the "Otto Hahn Peace Medal in Gold" of the UN Association of Germany (DGVN) in Berlin for his work with the US civil rights movement and the United Nations (December 17, 2005).
On November 19, 2005 (Ali's 19th wedding anniversary), the $60 million non-profit Muhammad Ali Center opened in downtown Louisville. In addition to displaying his boxing memorabilia, the center focuses on core themes of peace, social responsibility, respect, and personal growth.
According to the Ali Center website, "Since he retired from boxing, Ali has devoted himself to humanitarian endeavors around the globe. He is a devout Muslim, and travels the world over, lending his name and presence to hunger and poverty relief, supporting education efforts of all kinds, promoting adoption and encouraging people to respect and better understand one another. It is estimated that he has helped to provide more than 22 million meals to feed the hungry. Ali travels, on average, more than 200 days per year."
At the FedEx Orange Bowl on January 2, 2007, Ali was an honorary captain for the Louisville Cardinals wearing their white jersey, number 19. Ali was accompanied by golf legend Arnold Palmer, who was the honorary captain for the Wake Forest Demon Deacons, and Miami Heat star Dwyane Wade.
A youth club in Ali's hometown and a species of rose (''Rosa ali'') have been named after him. On June 5, 2007, he received an honorary doctorate of humanities at Princeton University's 260th graduation ceremony.
Ali lives in Scottsdale, Arizona with his fourth wife, Yolanda "Lonnie" Ali. They own a house in Berrien Springs, Michigan, which is for sale. On January 9, 2007, they purchased a house in eastern Jefferson County, Kentucky for $1,875,000. Lonnie converted to Islam from Catholicism in her late 20s.
On the August 17, 2009, it was voted unanimously by the town council of Ennis, Co Clare, Ireland to make Ali the first Freeman of Ennis. Ennis was the birthplace of Ali's great grandfather before he emigrated to the U.S. in the 1860s, before eventually settling in Kentucky. On September 1, 2009, Ali visited the town of Ennis and at a civic reception he received the honour of the freedom of the town.
Ranking in heavyweight history
Ali is generally considered to be one of the greatest heavyweights of all time by boxing commentators and historians. ''Ring Magazine'', a prominent boxing magazine, named him number 1 in a 1998 ranking of greatest heavyweights from all eras.
Ali was named the second greatest fighter in boxing history by ''ESPN.com'' behind only welterweight and middleweight great Sugar Ray Robinson. In December 2007, ''ESPN'' listed Ali second in its choice of the greatest heavyweights of all time, behind Joe Louis.
Personal life
Muhammad Ali has been married four times and has seven daughters and two sons. Ali met his first wife, cocktail waitress Sonji Roi, approximately one month before they married on August 14, 1964. Roi's objections to certain Muslim customs in regard to dress for women contributed to the breakup of their marriage. They divorced on January 10, 1966.On August 17, 1967, Ali (aged 25) married 17-year old Belinda Boyd. After the wedding, she converted to Islam and changed her name to Khalilah Ali, though she was still called Belinda by old friends and family. They had four children: Maryum (b. 1968), Jamillah and Rasheda (b. 1970), and Muhammad Ali Jr. (b. 1972).
In 1975, Ali began an affair with Veronica Porsche, an actress and model. By the summer of 1977, Ali's second marriage was over and he had married Veronica. At the time of their marriage, they had a baby girl, Hana, and Veronica was pregnant with their second child. Their second daughter, Laila, was born in December 1977. By 1986, Ali and Veronica were divorced.
On November 19, 1986, Ali married Yolanda Ali. They had been friends since 1964 in Louisville. Asaad Amin, who they adopted when Amin was five.
Ali has two other daughters, Miya and Khaliah, from extramarital relationships.
Ali in the media and popular culture
As a world champion boxer and social activist, Ali has been the subject of numerous books, films and other creative works. In 1963, he released an album of spoken word on Columbia Records titled ''I am the Greatest!'' He has appeared on the cover of ''Sports Illustrated'' on 37 different occasions, second only to Michael Jordan. He appeared in the documentary film ''Black Rodeo'' (1972) riding both a horse and a bull. His autobiography ''The Greatest: My Own Story'', written with Richard Durham, was published in 1975. In 1977 the book was adapted into a film called ''The Greatest'', in which Ali played himself and Ernest Borgnine played Angelo Dundee. ''When We Were Kings'', a 1996 documentary about the Rumble in the Jungle, won an Academy Award, and the 2001 biopic ''Ali'' garnered an Oscar nomination for Will Smith's portrayal of the lead role.
For contributions to the entertainment industry, Muhammed Ali was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6801 Hollywood Boulevard.
Professional boxing record
|- | style="text-align:center;" colspan="8"|56 Wins (37 knockouts, 19 decisions), 5 Losses (4 decisions, 1 TKO), 0 Draws |- style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3e3; background:#e3e3e3;" | style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Res. | style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Opponent | style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Type | style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Round, Time | style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Date | style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Age | style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Location | style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Notes |- style="text-align:center;" | Loss | Trevor Berbick | Decision | 10 | | | Align=left| Nassau, Bahamas | |- style="text-align:center;" | Loss | Larry Holmes | TKO | 10 | | | Align=left| Las Vegas, NV | Align=left| |- style="text-align:center;" | Win | Leon Spinks | Decision | 15 | | | Align=left| New Orleans, LA | Align=left| |- style="text-align:center;" | Loss | Leon Spinks | Decision | 15 | | | Align=left| Las Vegas, NV | Align=left| |- style="text-align:center;" | Win | Earnie Shavers | Decision | 15 | | | Align=left| New York City, NY | Align=left| |- style="text-align:center;" | Win | Alfredo Evangelista | Decision | 15 | | | Align=left| Landover, MD | Align=left| |- style="text-align:center;" | Win | Ken Norton | Decision | 15 | | | Align=left| The Bronx, New York | Align=left| |- style="text-align:center;" | Win | Richard Dunn | TKO | 5 | | | Align=left| Munich, West Germany | Align=left| |- style="text-align:center;" | Win | Jimmy Young | Decision | 15 | | | Align=left| Landover, MD | Align=left| |- style="text-align:center;" | Win | Jean-Pierre Coopman | KO | 5 | | | Align=left| San Juan, Puerto Rico | Align=left| |- style="text-align:center;" | Win | Joe Frazier | TKO | 14 , 0:59 | | | Align=left| Quezon City, Philippines | Align=left| |- style="text-align:center;" | Win | Joe Bugner | Decision | 15 | | | Align=left| Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia | Align=left| |- style="text-align:center;" | Win | Ron Lyle | TKO | 11 | | | Align=left| Las Vegas, NV | Align=left| |- style="text-align:center;" | Win | Chuck Wepner | TKO | 15 , 2:41 | | | Align=left| Richfield, OH | Align=left| |- style="text-align:center;" | Win | George Foreman | KO | 8 , 2:58 | | | Align=left| Kinshasa, Zaire | Align=left| |- style="text-align:center;" | Win | Joe Frazier | Decision | 12 | | | Align=left| New York City, NY | Align=left| |- style="text-align:center;" | Win | Rudi Lubbers | Decision | 12 | | | Align=left| Jakarta, Indonesia | |- style="text-align:center;" | Win | Ken Norton | Decision | 12 | | | Align=left| Inglewood, CA | Align=left| |- style="text-align:center;" | Loss | Ken Norton | Decision | 12 | | | Align=left| San Diego, CA | Align=left| |- style="text-align:center;" | Win | Joe Bugner | Decision | 12 | | | Align=left| Las Vegas, NV | |- style="text-align:center;" | Win | Bob Foster | KO | 7 | | | Align=left| Stateline, NV | Align=left| |- style="text-align:center;" | Win | Floyd Patterson | TKO | 7 | | | Align=left| New York City, NY | Align=left| |- style="text-align:center;" | Win | Alvin Lewis | TKO | 11 , 1:15 | | | Align=left| Dublin, Ireland | |- style="text-align:center;" | Win | Jerry Quarry | TKO | 7 , 0:19 | | | Align=left| Las Vegas, NV | Align=left| |- style="text-align:center;" | Win | George Chuvalo | Decision | 12 | | | Align=left| Vancouver, Canada | Align=left| |- style="text-align:center;" | Win | Mac Foster | Decision | 15 | | | Align=left| Tokyo, Japan | |- style="text-align:center;" | Win | Jürgen Blin | KO | 7 , 2:12 | | | Align=left| | |- style="text-align:center;" | Win | Buster Mathis | Decision | 12 | | | Align=left| Houston, TX | Align=left| |- style="text-align:center;" | Win | Jimmy Ellis | TKO | 12 , 2:10 | | | Align=left| Houston, TX | Align=left| |- style="text-align:center;" | Loss | Joe Frazier | Decision | 15 | | | Align=left| New York City, NY | Align=left| |- style="text-align:center;" | Win | Oscar Bonavena | TKO | 15 , 2:03 | | | Align=left| New York City, NY | Align=left| |- style="text-align:center;" | Win | Jerry Quarry | TKO | 3 | | | Align=left| Atlanta, GA | |- style="text-align:center;" | Win | Zora Folley | KO | 7 , 1:48 | | | Align=left| New York City, NY | Align=left| |- style="text-align:center;" | Win | Ernie Terrell | Decision | 15 | | | Align=left| Houston, TX | Align=left| |- style="text-align:center;" | Win | Cleveland Williams | TKO | 3 | | | Align=left| Houston, TX | Align=left| |- style="text-align:center;" | Win | Karl Mildenberger | TKO | 12 | | | Align=left| Frankfurt, West Germany | Align=left| |- style="text-align:center;" | Win | Brian London | KO | 3 | | | Align=left| London, England | Align=left| |- style="text-align:center;" | Win | Henry Cooper | TKO | 6 , 1:38 | | | Align=left| London, England | Align=left| |- style="text-align:center;" | Win | George Chuvalo | Decision | 15 | | | Align=left| Toronto, Canada | Align=left| |- style="text-align:center;" | Win | Floyd Patterson | TKO | 12 , 2:18 | | | Align=left| Las Vegas, NV | Align=left| |- style="text-align:center;" | Win | Sonny Liston | KO | 1 , 2:12 | | | Align=left| Lewiston, ME | Align=left| |- style="text-align:center;" | Win | Sonny Liston | TKO | 7 | | | Align=left| Miami Beach, FL | Align=left| |- style="text-align:center;" | Win | Henry Cooper | TKO | 5 , 2:15 | | | Align=left| London, England | |- style="text-align:center;" | Win | Doug Jones | Decision | 10 | | | Align=left| New York City, NY | |- style="text-align:center;" | Win | Charley Powell | KO | 3, 2:04 | | | Align=left| Pittsburgh, PA | |- style="text-align:center;" | Win | Archie Moore | TKO | 4 , 1:35 | | | Align=left| Los Angeles, CA | |- style="text-align:center;" | Win | Alejandro Lavorante | KO | 5 , 1:48 | | | Align=left| Los Angeles, CA | |- style="text-align:center;" | Win | Billy Daniels | TKO | 7 , 2:21 | | | Align=left| New York City, NY | |- style="text-align:center;" | Win | George Logan | TKO | 4 , 1:34 | | | Align=left| New York City, NY | |- style="text-align:center;" | Win | Don Warner | TKO | 4, 0:34 | | | Align=left| Miami Beach, FL | |- style="text-align:center;" | Win | Sonny Banks | TKO | 4 , 0:26 | | | Align=left| New York City, NY | |- style="text-align:center;" | Win | Willi Besmanoff | TKO | 7 , 1:55 | | | Align=left| Louisville, KY | |- style="text-align:center;" | Win | Alex Miteff | TKO | 6 , 1:45 | | | Align=left| Louisville, KY | |- style="text-align:center;" | Win | Alonzo Johnson | Decision | 10 | | | Align=left| Louisville, KY | |- style="text-align:center;" | Win | Duke Sabedong | Decision | 10 | | | Align=left| Las Vegas, NV | |- style="text-align:center;" | Win | LaMar Clark | KO | 2 , 1:27 | | | Align=left| Louisville, KY | |- style="text-align:center;" | Win | Donnie Fleeman | TKO | 7 | | | Align=left| Miami Beach, FL | |- style="text-align:center;" | Win | Jimmy Robinson | KO | 1 , 1:34 | | | Align=left| Miami Beach, FL | |- style="text-align:center;" | Win | Tony Esperti | TKO | 3 , 1:30 | | | Align=left| Miami Beach, FL | Align=left| |- style="text-align:center;" | Win | Herb Siler | KO | 4 | | | Align=left| Miami Beach, FL | |- style="text-align:center;" | Win | Tunney Hunsaker | Decision | 6 | | | Align=left| Louisville, KY |
See also
Notes
References
External links
{{S-ttl| title = WBA Heavyweight boxing champion | years = February 25, 1964 – June 19, 1964 (Stripped) }} {{S-ttl| title = WBC Heavyweight boxing champion | years = February 25, 1964 – March 11, 1969 (Stripped) }}
{{S-ttl| title = WBA Heavyweight boxing champion| | years = February 6, 1967 – April 28, 1967 (Stripped) }}
{{S-ttl| title = NABF Heavyweight boxing champion | years = December 17, 1970–1971 (Vacated) }}
{{S-ttl| title = NABF Heavyweight boxing champion | years = Ju1y 26, 1971 – March 31, 1973 }}
{{S-ttl| title = NABF Heavyweight boxing champion | years = September 10, 1973–1974 (Vacated) }}
{{S-ttl| title = WBA Heavyweight boxing champion | years = October 30, 1974 – February 15, 1978 }} {{S-ttl| title = WBC Heavyweight boxing champion | years = October 30, 1974 – February 15, 1978 }}
{{S-ttl| title = WBA Heavyweight boxing champion | years = September 15, 1978 – September 6, 1979 (Vacated) }}
Category:1942 births Category:Living people Category:African American boxers Category:American boxers of Irish descent Category:American people of English descent Category:American anti–Vietnam War activists Category:Boxers from Kentucky Category:World heavyweight boxing champions Category:Heavyweight boxers Category:World Boxing Association Champions Category:World Boxing Council Champions Category:African American Muslims Category:American conscientious objectors Category:American Sufis Category:Boxers at the 1960 Summer Olympics Category:COINTELPRO targets Category:Converts to Islam from Christianity Category:International Boxing Hall of Fame inductees Category:Kentucky colonels Category:Olympic boxers of the United States Category:Olympic gold medalists for the United States Category:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients Category:Presidential Citizens Medal recipients Category:Professional wrestling referees Category:People from Louisville, Kentucky Category:People from Paradise Valley, Arizona Category:Winners of the United States Championship for amateur boxers Category:African American Muslims Category:Converts to Islam Category:Former Nation of Islam members Category:Olympic medalists in boxing Category:Converts to Sufism
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| Name | Ronald Reagan |
|---|---|
| Office | 40th President of the United States |
| Vicepresident | George H. W. Bush |
| Term start | January 20, 1981 |
| Term end | January 20, 1989 |
| Predecessor | Jimmy Carter |
| Successor | George H. W. Bush |
| Order2 | 33rd Governor of California |
| Lieutenant2 | Robert FinchEdwin ReineckeJohn Harmer |
| Term start2 | January 2, 1967 |
| Term end2 | January 6, 1975 |
| Predecessor2 | Pat Brown |
| Successor2 | Jerry Brown |
| Birth date | February 06, 1911 |
| Birth place | Tampico, Illinois, U.S. |
| Death date | June 05, 2004 |
| Death place | Los Angeles, California, U.S. |
| Party | Republican Party (1962–2004) |
| Otherparty | Democratic Party (Before 1962) |
| Spouse | Jane Mayfield Wyman (1940-48)Nancy Davis (1952–2004) |
| Children | MaureenChristineMichaelPattiRon |
| Alma mater | Eureka College |
| Profession | Actor |
| Religion | Presbyterianism Disciples of Christ (Formerly) |
| Signature | Ronald Reagan Signature2.svg |
| Signature alt | Cursive signature in ink |
| Branch | United States ArmyUnited States Army Air Forces |
| Rank | Captain |
| Serviceyears | 1937–45 }} |
Ronald Wilson Reagan (; February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004) was the 40th President of the United States (1981–1989), the 33rd Governor of California (1967–1975) and, prior to that, a radio, film and television actor.
Reagan was born in Tampico in Whiteside County, Illinois, reared in Dixon in Lee County, Illinois, and educated at Eureka College in Eureka, Illinois, with a Bachelor of Arts degree in economics and sociology. Upon his graduation, Reagan first moved to Iowa to work as a radio broadcaster and then in 1937 to Los Angeles, California. He began a career as an actor, first in films and later television, appearing in over 50 movie productions and earning enough success to become a famous, publicly recognized figure. Some of his most notable roles are in ''Knute Rockne, All American'' and ''Kings Row''. Reagan served as president of the Screen Actors Guild, and later spokesman for General Electric; his start in politics occurred during his work for GE. Originally a member of the Democratic Party, he began to support Republican Party candidates in the early 1950s and eventually switched to the Republican Party in 1962. After delivering a rousing speech in support of Barry Goldwater's presidential candidacy in 1964, he was persuaded to seek the California governorship, winning two years later and again in 1970. He was defeated in his run for the Republican presidential nomination in 1968 as well as 1976, but won both the nomination and election, defeating incumbent Jimmy Carter, in 1980.
As president, Reagan implemented sweeping new political and economic initiatives. His supply-side economic policies, dubbed "Reaganomics", advocated reducing tax rates to spur economic growth, controlling the money supply to reduce inflation, deregulation of the economy, and reducing government spending. In his first term he survived an assassination attempt, took a hard line against labor unions, and ordered an invasion of Grenada. He was reelected in a landslide in 1984, proclaiming that it was "Morning in America". His second term was primarily marked by foreign matters, such as the ending of the Cold War, the 1986 bombing of Libya, and the revelation of the Iran-Contra affair. Publicly describing the Soviet Union as an "evil empire", he supported anti-communist movements worldwide and spent his first term forgoing the strategy of détente by ordering a massive military buildup in an arms race with the USSR. Reagan negotiated with General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev, culminating in the INF Treaty and the decrease of both countries' nuclear arsenals.
Reagan left office in 1989. In 1994, the former president disclosed that he had been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease earlier in the year; he died ten years later at the age of 93. He ranks highly in public opinion polls of U.S. Presidents. He is also credited for generating an ideological renaissance on the American political right.
Early life
Ronald Wilson Reagan was born in an apartment on the second floor of a commercial building in Tampico, Illinois on February 6, 1911, to Jack Reagan and Nelle Wilson Reagan. Reagan's father was a salesman and a storyteller, the descendant of Irish Catholic immigrants from County Tipperary while his mother had Scots-English ancestors. Reagan had one older brother, Neil "Moon" Reagan (1908–1996), who became an advertising executive. As a boy, Reagan's father nicknamed his son "Dutch," due to his "fat little Dutchman"-like appearance, and his "Dutchboy" haircut; the nickname stuck with him throughout his youth. Reagan's family briefly lived in several towns and cities in Illinois, including Monmouth, Galesburg and Chicago, until 1919, when they returned to Tampico and lived above the H.C. Pitney Variety Store. After his election as president, residing in the upstairs White House private quarters, Reagan would quip that he was "living above the store again".According to Paul Kengor, author of ''God and Ronald Reagan'', Reagan had a particularly strong faith in the goodness of people, which stemmed from the optimistic faith of his mother, Nelle, and the Disciples of Christ faith, which he was baptized into in 1922. For the time, Reagan was unusual in his opposition to racial discrimination, and recalled a time in Dixon when the local inn would not allow black people to stay there. Reagan brought them back to his house, where his mother invited them to stay the night and have breakfast the next morning.
Following the closure of the Pitney Store in late 1920, the Reagans moved to Dixon; the midwestern "small universe" had a lasting impression on Reagan. He attended Dixon High School, where he developed interests in acting, sports, and storytelling. His first job was as a lifeguard at the Rock River in Lowell Park, near Dixon, in 1927. Reagan performed 77 rescues as a lifeguard, noting that he notched a mark on a wooden log for every life he saved. Reagan attended Eureka College, where he became a member of the Tau Kappa Epsilon fraternity, and majored in economics and sociology. He developed a reputation as a jack of all trades, excelling in campus politics, sports and theater. He was a member of the football team, captain of the swim team and was elected student body president. As student president, Reagan notably led a student revolt against the college president after he tried to cut back the faculty.
Military service
After completing fourteen home-study Army Extension Courses, Reagan enlisted in the Army Enlisted Reserve on April 29, 1937, as a private assigned to Troop B, 322nd Cavalry at Des Moines, Iowa. He was commissioned a Second Lieutenant in the Officers Reserve Corps of the Cavalry on May 25, 1937.Reagan was ordered to active duty for the first time on April 18, 1942. Due to his nearsightedness, he was classified for limited service only, which excluded him from serving overseas. His first assignment was at the San Francisco Port of Embarkation at Fort Mason, California, as a liaison officer of the Port and Transportation Office. Upon the approval of the Army Air Force (AAF), he applied for a transfer from the Cavalry to the AAF on May 15, 1942, and was assigned to AAF Public Relations and subsequently to the First Motion Picture Unit (officially, the "18th AAF Base Unit") in Culver City, California. On January 14, 1943 he was promoted to First Lieutenant and was sent to the Provisional Task Force Show Unit of ''This Is The Army'' at Burbank, California. He returned to the First Motion Picture Unit after completing this duty and was promoted to Captain on July 22, 1943.
In January 1944, Captain Reagan was ordered to temporary duty in New York City to participate in the opening of the sixth War Loan Drive. He was re-assigned to the First Motion Picture Unit on November 14, 1944, where he remained until the end of World War II. He was recommended for promotion to Major on February 2, 1945, but this recommendation was disapproved on July 17 of that year. He returned to Fort MacArthur, California, where he was separated from active duty on December 9, 1945. By the end of the war, his units had produced some 400 training films for the AAF.
Entertainment career
Radio and film
After graduating from Eureka in 1932, Reagan drove himself to Iowa, where he auditioned for a job at many small-town radio stations. The University of Iowa hired him to broadcast home football games for the Hawkeyes. He was paid $10 per game. Soon after, a staff announcer's job opened at radio station WOC in Davenport, and Reagan was hired, now earning $100 per month. Aided by his persuasive voice, he moved to WHO radio in Des Moines as an announcer for Chicago Cubs baseball games. His specialty was creating play-by-play accounts of games that the station received by wire.While traveling with the Cubs in California, Reagan took a screen test in 1937 that led to a seven-year contract with Warner Brothers studios. He spent the first few years of his Hollywood career in the "B film" unit, where, Reagan joked, the producers "didn't want them good, they wanted them Thursday". While sometimes overshadowed by other actors, Reagan's screen performances did receive many good reviews.
His first screen credit was the starring role in the 1937 movie ''Love Is on the Air'', and by the end of 1939 he had already appeared in 19 films, including ''Dark Victory''. Before the film ''Santa Fe Trail'' in 1940, he played the role of George "The Gipper" Gipp in the film ''Knute Rockne, All American''; from it, he acquired the lifelong nickname "the Gipper". Reagan's favorite acting role was as a double amputee in 1942's ''Kings Row'', in which he recites the line, "Where's the rest of me?", later used as the title of his 1965 autobiography. Many film critics considered ''Kings Row'' to be his best movie, though the film was condemned by ''New York Times'' critic Bosley Crowther.
Reagan called ''Kings Row'' the film that "made me a star". However, he was unable to capitalize on his success because he was ordered to active duty with the U.S. Army at San Francisco two months after its release, and never regained "star" status in motion pictures.
Fan mail
While he worked at Warner Bros., Reagan enlisted his mother Nelle Wilson Reagan to answer his fan mail. She would handwrite letters and sign his name as if he had written the letters himself. Mrs. Reagan would sign her actor-son's name on photographs and even on membership cards in the Ronald Reagan Fan Club. The article "Devoted Mother, Devoted Son" in the January/February 1985 issue of The Pen & Quill, journal of the Universal Autograph Collectors Club, compares the handwriting of mother and son, pointing out the differences, and also reveals that Reagan was paying his mother $75.00 a week.
SAG president and television
Reagan was first elected to the Board of Directors of the Screen Actors Guild in 1941, serving as an alternate. Following World War II, he resumed service and became 3rd vice-president in 1946. The adoption of conflict-of-interest bylaws in 1947 led the SAG president and six board members to resign; Reagan was nominated in a special election for the position of president and subsequently elected. He would subsequently be chosen by the membership to seven additional one-year terms, from 1947 to 1952 and in 1959. Reagan led SAG through eventful years that were marked by labor-management disputes, the Taft-Hartley Act, House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC) hearings and the Hollywood blacklist era.Amid the Red Scare in the late 1940s, Reagan provided the FBI with names of actors whom he believed to be communist sympathizers within the motion picture industry. Reagan testified before the House Un-American Activities Committee on the subject as well. A fervent anti-communist, he reaffirmed his commitment to democratic principles, stating, "I never as a citizen want to see our country become urged, by either fear or resentment of this group, that we ever compromise with any of our democratic principles through that fear or resentment."
Though an early critic of television, Reagan landed fewer film roles in the late 1950s and decided to join the medium. He was hired as the host of ''General Electric Theater'', a series of weekly dramas that became very popular. His contract required him to tour GE plants sixteen weeks out of the year, often demanding of him fourteen speeches per day. He earned approximately $125,000 per year (about $1.07 million in 2010 dollars) in this role. His final work as a professional actor was as host and performer from 1964 to 1965 on the television series ''Death Valley Days''. Reagan and Nancy Davis appeared together several times, including an episode of GE Theater in 1958 called ''A Turkey for the President''.
Marriages and children
In 1938, Reagan co-starred in the film ''Brother Rat'' with actress Jane Wyman (1917–2007). They were engaged at the Chicago Theatre, and married on January 26, 1940, at the Wee Kirk o' the Heather church in Glendale, California. Together they had two children, Maureen (1941–2001) and Christine (June 26, 1947 – June 27, 1947), and adopted a third, Michael (born 1945). Following arguments about Reagan's political ambitions, Wyman filed for divorce in 1948, citing a distraction due to her husband's Screen Actors Guild union duties; the divorce was finalized in 1949. He is the only US president to have been divorced.Reagan met actress Nancy Davis (born 1921) in 1949 after she contacted him in his capacity as president of the Screen Actors Guild to help her with issues regarding her name appearing on a communist blacklist in Hollywood (she had been mistaken for another Nancy Davis). She described their meeting by saying, "I don't know if it was exactly love at first sight, but it was pretty close." They were engaged at Chasen's restaurant in Los Angeles and were married on March 4, 1952, at the Little Brown Church in the San Fernando Valley. Actor William Holden served as best man at the ceremony. They had two children: Patti (born October 21, 1952) and Ron (born May 20, 1958).
Observers described the Reagans' relationship as close, real, and intimate. During his presidency they were reported as frequently displaying their affection for one another; one press secretary said, "They never took each other for granted. They never stopped courting." He often called her "Mommy;" she called him "Ronnie". He once wrote to her, "whatever I treasure and enjoy ... all would be without meaning if I didn’t have you." When he was in the hospital in 1981, she slept with one of his shirts to be comforted by his scent. In a letter to U.S. citizens written in 1994, Reagan wrote "I have recently been told that I am one of the millions of Americans who will be afflicted with Alzheimer's disease.... I only wish there was some way I could spare Nancy from this painful experience," and in 1998, while Reagan was stricken by Alzheimer's, Nancy told ''Vanity Fair'', "Our relationship is very special. We were very much in love and still are. When I say my life began with Ronnie, well, it's true. It did. I can't imagine life without him."
Early political career
Reagan began his political career as a liberal Democrat, admirer of Franklin D. Roosevelt, and an active supporter of New Deal policies. In the early 1950s, as his relationship with Republican actress Nancy Davis grew, he shifted to the right and, while remaining a Democrat, endorsed the presidential candidacies of Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1952 and 1956 as well as Richard Nixon in 1960. The last time Reagan actively supported a Democratic candidate was in 1950 when he helped Helen Gahagan Douglas in her unsuccessful Senate campaign against Richard Nixon. After being hired in 1954 to host the General Electric Theater, a TV drama series, Reagan soon began to embrace the conservative views of the sponsoring company's officials. His many GE speeches—which he wrote himself—were non-partisan but carried a conservative, pro-business message; he was influenced by Lemuel Boulware, a senior GE executive. Boulware, known for his tough stance against unions and his innovative strategies to win over workers, championed the core tenets of modern American conservatism: free markets, anticommunism, lower taxes, and limited government. Eventually, the ratings for Reagan's show fell off and GE dropped Reagan in 1962. In August of that year Reagan formally switched to the Republican Party, stating, "I didn't leave the Democratic Party. The party left me."Reagan opposed certain civil rights legislation, saying "If an individual wants to discriminate against Negroes or others in selling or renting his house, it is his right to do so". He later reversed his opposition to voting rights and fair housing laws. He strongly denied having racist motives. When legislation that would become Medicare was introduced in 1961, Reagan created a recording for the American Medical Association warning that such legislation would mean the end of freedom in America. Reagan said that if his listeners did not write letters to prevent it, "we will awake to find that we have socialism. And if you don't do this, and if I don't do it, one of these days, you and I are going to spend our sunset years telling our children, and our children's children, what it once was like in America when men were free."
Reagan endorsed the campaign of conservative presidential contender Barry Goldwater in 1964. Speaking for Goldwater, Reagan stressed his belief in the importance of smaller government. He revealed his ideological motivation in a famed speech delivered on October 27, 1964: "The Founding Fathers knew a government can't control the economy without controlling people. And they knew when a government sets out to do that, it must use force and coercion to achieve its purpose. So we have come to a time for choosing." This "Time for Choosing" speech raised $1 million for Goldwater's campaign and is considered the event that launched Reagan's political career.
Reagan was a Life Member of the National Rifle Association.
Governor of California, 1967–1975
California Republicans were impressed with Reagan's political views and charisma after his "Time for Choosing" speech, and nominated him for Governor of California in 1966. In Reagan's campaign, he emphasized two main themes: "to send the welfare bums back to work," and in reference to burgeoning anti-war and anti-establishment student protests at the University of California at Berkeley, "to clean up the mess at Berkeley." He was elected, defeating two-term governor Edmund G. "Pat" Brown, and was sworn in on January 2, 1967. In his first term, he froze government hiring and approved tax hikes to balance the budget.Shortly after the beginning of his term, Reagan tested the presidential waters in 1968 as part of a "Stop Nixon" movement, hoping to cut into Nixon's Southern support and be a compromise candidate if neither Nixon nor second-place Nelson Rockefeller received enough delegates to win on the first ballot at the Republican convention. However, by the time of the convention Nixon had 692 delegate votes, 25 more than he needed to secure the nomination, followed by Rockefeller with Reagan in third place.
Reagan was involved in high-profile conflicts with the protest movements of the era. On May 15, 1969, during the People's Park protests at UC Berkeley, Reagan sent the California Highway Patrol and other officers to quell the protests, in an incident that became known as "Bloody Thursday." Reagan then called out 2,200 state National Guard troops to occupy the city of Berkeley for two weeks in order to crack down on the protesters. When the Symbionese Liberation Army kidnapped Patty Hearst in Berkeley and demanded the distribution of food to the poor, Reagan joked, "It's just too bad we can't have an epidemic of botulism."
Early in 1967, the national debate on abortion was beginning. Democratic California state senator Anthony Beilenson introduced the "Therapeutic Abortion Act," in an effort to reduce the number of "back-room abortions" performed in California. The State Legislature sent the bill to Reagan's desk where, after many days of indecision, he signed it. About two million abortions would be performed as a result, most because of a provision in the bill allowing abortions for the well-being of the mother. Reagan had been in office for only four months when he signed the bill, and stated that had he been more experienced as governor, it would not have been signed. After he recognized what he called the "consequences" of the bill, he announced that he was pro-life. He maintained that position later in his political career, writing extensively about abortion.
Despite an unsuccessful attempt to recall him in 1968, Reagan was re-elected in 1970, defeating "Big Daddy" Jesse Unruh. He chose not to seek a third term in the following election cycle. One of Reagan's greatest frustrations in office concerned capital punishment, which he strongly supported. His efforts to enforce the state's laws in this area were thwarted when the Supreme Court of California issued its ''People v. Anderson'' decision, which invalidated all death sentences issued in California prior to 1972, though the decision was later overturned by a constitutional amendment. The only execution during Reagan's governorship was on April 12, 1967, when Aaron Mitchell's sentence was carried out by the state in San Quentin's gas chamber.
In 1969, Reagan, as Governor, signed the ''Family Law Act'' which was the first no fault divorce legislation in the United States.
Reagan's terms as governor helped to shape the policies he would pursue in his later political career as president. By campaigning on a platform of sending "the welfare bums back to work," he spoke out against the idea of the welfare state. He also strongly advocated the Republican ideal of less government regulation of the economy, including that of undue federal taxation.
Reagan did not seek re-election to a third term as governor in 1974 and was succeeded by Democratic California Secretary of State Jerry Brown on January 6, 1975.
1976 presidential campaign
In 1976, Reagan challenged incumbent President Gerald Ford in a bid to become the Republican Party's candidate for president. Reagan soon established himself as the conservative candidate with the support of like-minded organizations such as the American Conservative Union which became key components of his political base, while President Ford was considered a more moderate Republican.
Reagan's campaign relied on a strategy crafted by campaign manager John Sears of winning a few primaries early to damage the inevitability of Ford's likely nomination. Reagan won North Carolina, Texas, and California, but the strategy failed, as he ended up losing New Hampshire, Florida, and his native Illinois. The Texas campaign lent renewed hope to Reagan, when he swept all ninety-six delegates chosen in the May 1 primary, with four more awaiting at the state convention. Much of the credit for that victory came from the work of three co-chairmen, including Ernest Angelo, the mayor of Midland, and Ray Barnhart of Houston, whom President Reagan tapped in 1981 as director of the Federal Highway Administration.
However, as the GOP convention neared, Ford appeared close to victory. Acknowledging his party's moderate wing, Reagan chose moderate Senator Richard Schweiker of Pennsylvania as his running mate if nominated. Nonetheless, Ford prevailed with 1,187 delegates to Reagan's 1,070. Ford would go on to lose the 1976 Presidential election to the Democrat Jimmy Carter.
Reagan's concession speech emphasized the dangers of nuclear war and the threat posed by the Soviet Union. Though he lost the nomination, he received 307 write-in votes in New Hampshire, 388 votes as an Independent on Wyoming's ballot, and a single electoral vote from a faithless elector in the November election from the state of Washington, which Ford had won over Democratic challenger Jimmy Carter.
1980 presidential campaign
The 1980 presidential campaign between Reagan and incumbent President Jimmy Carter was conducted during domestic concerns and the ongoing Iran hostage crisis. His campaign stressed some of his fundamental principles: lower taxes to stimulate the economy, less government interference in people's lives, states' rights, and a strong national defense.
Reagan launched his campaign by declaring "I believe in states' rights," in Philadelphia, Mississippi, known at the time for the murder of three civil rights workers who had been trying to register African-Americans to vote during the civil rights movement. After receiving the Republican nomination, Reagan selected one of his primary opponents, George H.W. Bush, to be his running mate. His showing in the October televised debate boosted his campaign. Reagan won the election, carrying 44 states with 489 electoral votes to 49 electoral votes for Carter (representing six states and Washington, D.C.). Reagan received 50.7% of the popular vote while Carter took 41%, and Independent John B. Anderson (a liberal Republican) received 6.7%. Republicans captured the Senate for the first time since 1952, and gained 34 House seats, but the Democrats retained a majority.
During the presidential campaign, questions were raised by reporters on Reagan's stance on the Briggs Initiative, also known as Proposition 6, a ballot initiative in Reagan's home state of California where he was governor, which would have banned gays, lesbians, and supporters of LGBT rights from working in public schools in California. His opposition to the initiative was instrumental in its landslide defeat by Californian voters. Reagan published an editorial in which he stated "homosexuality is not a contagious disease like the measles..." and that prevailing scientific opinion was that a child's sexual orientation cannot be influenced by someone else.
Presidency, 1981–1989
During his Presidency, Reagan pursued policies that reflected his personal belief in individual freedom, brought changes domestically, both to the U.S. economy and expanded military, and contributed to the end of the Cold War. Termed the Reagan Revolution, his presidency would reinvigorate American morale and reduce the people's reliance upon government. As president, Reagan kept a series of diaries in which he commented on daily occurrences of his presidency and his views on the issues of the day. The diaries were published in May 2007 in the bestselling book, ''The Reagan Diaries''.
First term, 1981–1985
To date, Reagan is the oldest man elected to the office of the presidency (at 69). In his first inaugural address on January 20, 1981, which Reagan himself wrote, he addressed the country's economic malaise arguing: "In this present crisis, government is not the solution to our problems; government is the problem."The Reagan Presidency began in a dramatic manner; as Reagan was giving his inaugural address, 52 U.S. hostages, held by Iran for 444 days were set free.
Assassination attempt
On March 30, 1981, only 69 days into the new administration, Reagan, his press secretary James Brady, Washington police officer Thomas Delahanty, and Secret Service agent Timothy McCarthy were struck by gunfire from would-be assassin John Hinckley, Jr. outside the Washington Hilton Hotel. Although "close to death" during surgery, Reagan recovered and was released from the hospital on April 11, becoming the first serving U.S. President to survive being shot in an assassination attempt. The attempt had great influence on Reagan's popularity; polls indicated his approval rating to be around 73%. Reagan believed that God had spared his life so that he might go on to fulfill a greater purpose.
Establishing full U.S. diplomatic relations with the Vatican
Within months of President Reagan’s inaugural in 1981, one of the first steps taken by Reagan was to obtain the repeal of the 1868 federal law which prohibited the expenditure of funds for an U.S. Embassy to the Vatican. Reagan was successful in obtaining the repeal with out real opposition.President Reagan announced on January 10, 1984 that full diplomatic relations between the United States and the Vatican had been established. The President did this over the opposition of the office of the Secretary of State.
Air traffic controllers' strike
In summer 1981 PATCO, the union of federal air traffic controllers went on strike, violating a federal law prohibiting government unions from striking. Declaring the situation an emergency as described in the 1947 Taft Hartley Act, Reagan stated that if the air traffic controllers "do not report for work within 48 hours, they have forfeited their jobs and will be terminated." They did not return and on August 5, Reagan fired 11,345 striking air traffic controllers who had ignored his order, and used supervisors and military controllers to handle the nation's commercial air traffic until new controllers could be hired and trained. As a leading reference work on public administration concluded, "The firing of PATCO employees not only demonstrated a clear resolve by the president to take control of the bureaucracy, but it also sent a clear message to the private sector that unions no longer needed to be feared."
"Reaganomics" and the economy
During Jimmy Carter's last year in office (1980), inflation averaged 12.5%, compared to 4.4% during Reagan's last year in office (1988). Over those eight years, the unemployment rate declined from 7.1% to 5.5%, hitting annual rate highs of 9.7% (1982) and 9.6% (1983) and averaging 7.5% during Reagan's administration.
Reagan implemented policies based on supply-side economics and advocated a classical liberal and ''laissez-faire'' philosophy, seeking to stimulate the economy with large, across-the-board tax cuts. Citing the economic theories of Arthur Laffer, Reagan promoted the proposed tax cuts as potentially stimulating the economy enough to expand the tax base, offsetting the revenue loss due to reduced rates of taxation, a theory that entered political discussion as the Laffer curve. Reaganomics was the subject of debate with supporters pointing to improvements in certain key economic indicators as evidence of success, and critics pointing to large increases in federal budget deficits and the national debt. His policy of "peace through strength" (also described as "firm but fair") resulted in a record peacetime defense buildup including a 40% real increase in defense spending between 1981 and 1985.
During Reagan's presidency, federal income tax rates were lowered significantly with the signing of the bipartisan Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 which lowered the top marginal tax bracket from 70% to 50% and the lowest bracket from 14% to 11%, however other tax increases signed by Reagan ensured that tax revenues over his two terms were 18.2% of GDP as compared to 18.1% over the past 40 years. Then, in 1982 the Job Training Partnership Act of 1982 was signed into law, initiating one of the nation's first public/private partnerships and a major part of the president's job creation program. Reagan's Assistant Secretary of Labor and Chief of Staff, Al Angrisani, was a primary architect of the bill. The Tax Reform Act of 1986, another bipartisan effort championed by Reagan, reduced the top rate further to 28% while raising the bottom bracket from 11% to 15% and reducing the quantity of brackets to 4. Conversely, Congress passed and Reagan signed into law tax increases of some nature in every year from 1981 to 1987 to continue funding such government programs as TEFRA, Social Security, and the Deficit Reduction Act of 1984. Despite the fact that TEFRA was the "largest peacetime tax increase in American history," Reagan is better known for his tax cuts and lower-taxes philosophy. Real gross domestic product (GDP) growth recovered strongly after the early 1980s recession ended in 1982, and grew during his eight years in office at an annual rate of 3.85% per year. Unemployment peaked at 10.8% monthly rate in December 1982—higher than any time since the Great Depression—then dropped during the rest of Reagan's presidency. Sixteen million new jobs were created, while inflation significantly decreased. The net effect of all Reagan-era tax bills was a 1% decrease in government revenues when compared to Treasury Department revenue estimates from the Administration's first post-enactment January budgets. However, federal Income Tax receipts increased from 1980 to 1989, rising from $308.7Bn to $549.0Bn.
During the Reagan Administration, federal receipts grew at an average rate of 8.2% (2.5% attributed to higher Social Security receipts), and federal outlays grew at an annual rate of 7.1%. Reagan also revised the tax code with the bipartisan Tax Reform Act of 1986.
Reagan's policies proposed that economic growth would occur when marginal tax rates were low enough to spur investment, which would then lead to increased economic growth, higher employment and wages. Critics labeled this "trickle-down economics"—the belief that tax policies that benefit the wealthy will create a "trickle-down" effect to the poor. Questions arose whether Reagan's policies benefited the wealthy more than those living in poverty, and many poor and minority citizens viewed Reagan as indifferent to their struggles. These views were exacerbated by the fact that Reagan's economic regimen included freezing the minimum wage at $3.35 an hour, slashing federal assistance to local governments by 60 percent, cutting the budget for public housing and Section 8 rent subsidies in half, and eliminating the antipoverty Community Development Block Grant program.
Further following his less-government intervention views, Reagan cut the budgets of non-military programs including Medicaid, food stamps, federal education programs and the EPA. While he protected entitlement programs, such as Social Security and Medicare, his administration attempted to purge many people with disabilities from the Social Security disability rolls.
The administration's stance toward the Savings and Loan industry contributed to the Savings and loan crisis. It is also suggested, by a minority of Reaganomics critics, that the policies partially influenced the stock market crash of 1987, but there is no consensus regarding a single source for the crash. In order to cover newly spawned federal budget deficits, the United States borrowed heavily both domestically and abroad, raising the national debt from $997 billion to $2.85 trillion. Reagan described the new debt as the "greatest disappointment" of his presidency.
He reappointed Paul Volcker as Chairman of the Federal Reserve, and in 1987 he appointed monetarist Alan Greenspan to succeed him. Reagan ended the price controls on domestic oil which had contributed to energy crises in the early 1970s. The price of oil subsequently dropped, and the 1980s did not see the fuel shortages that the 1970s had. Reagan also fulfilled a 1980 campaign promise to repeal the Windfall profit tax in 1988, which had previously increased dependence on foreign oil. Some economists, such as Nobel Prize winners Milton Friedman and Robert A. Mundell, argue that Reagan's tax policies invigorated America's economy and contributed to the economic boom of the 1990s.
During Reagan's presidency a program was initiated within the US intelligence community to ensure America's economic strength. The program, Project Socrates, developed and demonstrated the means required for the US to generate and lead the next evolutionary leap in technology acquisition and utilization for a competitive advantage—automated innovation. To ensure that the US acquired the maximum benefit from automated innovation, President Reagan during his second term had an executive order drafted creating a new Federal agency to implement the Project Socrates results on a nation-wide basis. President Reagan's term came to end before the executive order could be coordinated and signed. President Bush terminated Project Socrates due to pressure from US allies.
Lebanon and Operation Urgent Fury (Grenada), 1983
American peacekeeping forces in Beirut, a part of a multinational force during the Lebanese Civil War who had been earlier deployed by Reagan, were attacked on October 23, 1983. The Beirut barracks bombing resulted in the deaths of 241 American servicemen and the wounding of more than 60 others by a suicide truck bomber. Reagan sent a White House team to the site four days later, led by his Vice President, George H.W. Bush. Reagan called the attack "despicable," pledged to keep a military force in Lebanon, and planned to target the Sheik Abdullah barracks in Baalbek, Lebanon, training ground for Hezbollah fighters, but the mission was later aborted. On February 7, 1984, President Reagan ordered the Marines to begin withdrawal from Lebanon. In April 1984, as his keynote address to the 20,000 attendees of the Rev. Jerry Falwell's "Baptist Fundamentalism '84" convention in Washington, D.C., he read a first hand account of the bombing, written by Navy Chaplain (Rabbi) Arnold Resnicoff, who had been asked to write the report by Bush and his team. Osama bin Laden would later cite Reagan's withdrawal of forces as a sign of American weakness.On October 25, 1983, only two days later, Reagan ordered U.S. forces to invade Grenada, code named Operation Urgent Fury, where a 1979 ''coup d'état'' had established an independent non-aligned Marxist-Leninist government. A formal appeal from the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) led to the intervention of U.S. forces; President Reagan also cited an allegedly regional threat posed by a Soviet-Cuban military build-up in the Caribbean and concern for the safety of several hundred American medical students at St. George's University as adequate reasons to invade. ''Operation Urgent Fury'' was the first major military operation conducted by U.S. forces since the Vietnam War, several days of fighting commenced, resulting in a U.S. victory, with 19 American fatalities and 116 wounded American soldiers. In mid-December, after a new government was appointed by the Governor-General, U.S. forces withdrew.
Escalation of the Cold War
Reagan escalated the Cold War, accelerating a reversal from the policy of détente which began in 1979 following the Soviet war in Afghanistan. Reagan ordered a massive buildup of the United States Armed Forces and implemented new policies towards the Soviet Union: reviving the B-1 Lancer program that had been canceled by the Carter administration, and producing the MX missile. In response to Soviet deployment of the SS-20, Reagan oversaw NATO's deployment of the Pershing missile in West Germany.
Together with the United Kingdom's prime minister Margaret Thatcher, Reagan denounced the Soviet Union in ideological terms. In a famous address on June 8, 1982 to the British Parliament in the Royal Gallery of the Palace of Westminster, Reagan said, "the forward march of freedom and democracy will leave Marxism-Leninism on the ash-heap of history." On March 3, 1983, he predicted that communism would collapse, stating, "Communism is another sad, bizarre chapter in human history whose last pages even now are being written." In a speech to the National Association of Evangelicals on March 8, 1983, Reagan called the Soviet Union "an evil empire".
After Soviet fighters downed Korean Air Lines Flight 007 near Moneron Island on September 1, 1983, carrying 269 people, including Georgia congressman Larry McDonald, Reagan labeled the act a "massacre" and declared that the Soviets had turned "against the world and the moral precepts which guide human relations among people everywhere". The Reagan administration responded to the incident by suspending all Soviet passenger air service to the United States, and dropped several agreements being negotiated with the Soviets, wounding them financially. As result of the shootdown, and the cause of KAL 007's going astray thought to be inadequacies related to its navigational system, Reagan announced on September 16, 1983 that the Global Positioning System would be made available for civilian use, free of charge, once completed in order to avert similar navigational errors in future.
Under a policy that came to be known as the Reagan Doctrine, Reagan and his administration also provided overt and covert aid to anti-communist resistance movements in an effort to "rollback" Soviet-backed communist governments in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Reagan deployed the CIA's Special Activities Division to Afghanistan and Pakistan. They were instrumental in training, equipping and leading Mujaheddin forces against the Soviet Army. President Reagan's Covert Action program has been given credit for assisting in ending the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan, though the US funded armaments introduced then would later pose a threat to US troops in the 2000s war in Afghanistan. However, in a break from the Carter policy of arming Taiwan under the Taiwan Relations Act. Reagan also agreed with the communist government in China to reduce the sale of arms to Taiwan.
In March 1983, Reagan introduced the Strategic Defense Initiative, a defense project Reagan believed that this defense shield could make nuclear war impossible, but disbelief that the technology could ever work led opponents to dub SDI "Star Wars" and argue that the technological objective was unattainable. For those reasons, David Gergen, former aide to President Reagan, believes that in retrospect, SDI hastened the end of the Cold War.
Critics labeled Reagan's foreign policies as aggressive, imperialistic, and chided them as "warmongering," though they were supported by leading American conservatives who argued that they were necessary to protect U.S. security interests. A reformer, Mikhail Gorbachev, would later rise to power in the Soviet Union in 1985, implementing new policies for openness and reform that were called ''glasnost'' and ''perestroika''.
1984 presidential campaign
Reagan accepted the Republican nomination in Dallas, Texas, on a wave of positive feeling. He proclaimed that it was "morning again in America," regarding the recovering economy and the dominating performance by the U.S. athletes at the 1984 Summer Olympics, among other things. He became the first American president to open an Olympic Games held in the United States.
Reagan's opponent in the 1984 presidential election was former Vice President Walter Mondale. With questions about Reagan's age, and a weak performance in the first presidential debate, his ability to perform the duties of president for another term was questioned. His apparent confused and forgetful behavior was evident to his supporters; they had previously known him clever and witty. Rumors began to circulate that he had Alzheimer's disease. Reagan rebounded in the second debate, and confronted questions about his age, quipping, "I will not make age an issue of this campaign. I am not going to exploit, for political purposes, my opponent's youth and inexperience," which generated applause and laughter, even from Mondale himself.
That November, Reagan was re-elected, winning 49 of 50 states. The president's overwhelming victory saw Mondale carry only his home state of Minnesota (by 3800 votes) and the District of Columbia. Reagan won a record 525 electoral votes, the most of any candidate in United States history, and received 58.8% of the popular vote to Mondale's 40.6%.
Second term, 1985–1989
Reagan was sworn in as president for the second time on January 20, 1985, in a private ceremony at the White House. Because January 20 fell on a Sunday, a public celebration was not held but took place in the Capitol Rotunda the following day. January 21 was one of the coldest days on record in Washington, D.C.; due to poor weather, inaugural celebrations were held inside the Capitol.
In the summer of 1982, several conservative activists, including Howard Phillips of The Conservative Caucus and Clymer Wright of Houston, Texas, had urged Reagan to remove his White House chief of staff James Baker, also of Houston, on grounds that Baker, a political intimate of George H. W. Bush, was undercutting conservative initiatives in the administration. Not only did Reagan reject the Wright-Phillips request, but in 1985, after his reelection, he named Baker as United States Secretary of the Treasury, at Baker's request in a job-swap with then Secretary Donald T. Regan, a former Merrill Lynch officer who became chief of staff. Reagan also rebuked Wright and Phillips for having waged a "campaign of sabotage" against Baker.
In 1985, Reagan visited a German military cemetery in Bitburg to lay a wreath with West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl. It was determined that the cemetery held the graves of forty-nine members of the Waffen-SS. Reagan issued a statement that called the Nazi soldiers buried in that cemetery as themselves "victims," a designation which ignited a stir over whether Reagan had equated the SS men to victims of the Holocaust; Patrick J. Buchanan, Reagan's Director of Communications, argued that the president did not equate the SS members with the actual Holocaust. Now strongly urged to cancel the visit, the president responded that it would be wrong to back down on a promise he had made to Chancellor Kohl. He ultimately attended the ceremony where two military generals laid a wreath.
The disintegration of the Space Shuttle Challenger on January 28, 1986 proved a pivotal moment in Reagan's presidency. All seven astronauts aboard were killed. On the night of the disaster, Reagan delivered a speech written by Peggy Noonan in which he said (quoting the first and last lines of John Gillespie Magee's 1941 poem ''High Flight''):
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War on Drugs
Midway into his second term, Reagan declared more militant policies in the War on Drugs. He said that "drugs were menacing our society" and promised to fight for drug-free schools and workplaces, expanded drug treatment, stronger law enforcement and drug interdiction efforts, and greater public awareness.In 1986, Reagan signed a drug enforcement bill that budgeted $1.7 billion to fund the War on Drugs and specified a mandatory minimum penalty for drug offenses. The bill was criticized for promoting significant racial disparities in the prison population and critics also charged that the policies did little to reduce the availability of drugs on the street, while resulting in a great financial burden for America. Defenders of the effort point to success in reducing rates of adolescent drug use. First Lady Nancy Reagan made the War on Drugs her main priority by founding the "Just Say No" drug awareness campaign, which aimed to discourage children and teenagers from engaging in recreational drug use by offering various ways of saying "no". Mrs. Reagan traveled to 65 cities in 33 states, raising awareness about the dangers of drugs including alcohol.
Libya bombing
Relations between Libya and the U.S. under President Reagan were continually contentious, beginning with the Gulf of Sidra incident in 1981; by 1982, Gaddafi was considered by the CIA to be, along with USSR leader Leonid Brezhnev and Cuban leader Fidel Castro, and was also labeled as "our international public enemy number one" by a CIA official as well. Reagan authorized the use of force against the country. In the late evening of April 15, 1986, the U.S. launched a series of air strikes on ground targets in Libya. The UK Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher allowed the US air force to use Britain's air bases to launch the attack, on the justification that the UK was supporting America's right to self-defence under Article 51 of the United Nations Charter. The attack was designed to halt Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi's ability to export terrorism, offering him "incentives and reasons to alter his criminal behavior". The president addressed the nation from the Oval Office after the attacks had commenced, stating, "When our citizens are attacked or abused anywhere in the world on the direct orders of hostile regimes, we will respond so long as I'm in this office." As early as 1981, Reagan had referred to Gaddafi as "the mad dog of the Middle East" and considered him to be public enemy number one.
Immigration
Reagan signed the Immigration Reform and Control Act in 1986. The act made it illegal to knowingly hire or recruit illegal immigrants, required employers to attest to their employees' immigration status, and granted amnesty to approximately 3 million illegal immigrants who entered the United States prior to January 1, 1982, and had lived in the country continuously. Critics argue that the employer sanctions were without teeth and failed to stem illegal immigration. Upon signing the act at a ceremony held beside the newly refurbished Statue of Liberty, Reagan said, "The legalization provisions in this act will go far to improve the lives of a class of individuals who now must hide in the shadows, without access to many of the benefits of a free and open society. Very soon many of these men and women will be able to step into the sunlight and, ultimately, if they choose, they may become Americans."
Iran-Contra affair
In 1986, a scandal shook the administration stemming from the use of proceeds from covert arms sales to Iran to fund the Contras in Nicaragua, which had been specifically outlawed by an act of Congress. The Iran-Contra affair became the largest political scandal in the United States during the 1980s. The International Court of Justice, whose jurisdiction to decide the case was disputed, ruled that the U.S. had violated international law in Nicaragua due to its obligations not to intervene in the affairs of other states.President Reagan professed ignorance of the plot's existence. He appointed two Republicans and one Democrat (John Tower, Brent Scowcroft and Edmund Muskie, known as the "Tower Commission") to investigate the scandal. The commission could not find direct evidence that Reagan had prior knowledge of the program, but criticized him heavily for his disengagement from managing his staff, making the diversion of funds possible. A separate report by Congress concluded that "If the president did not know what his national security advisers were doing, he should have." Reagan's popularity declined from 67 percent to 46 percent in less than a week, the greatest and quickest decline ever for a president. The scandal resulted in fourteen indictments within Reagan's staff, and eleven convictions.
Many Central Americans criticize Reagan for his support of the Contras, calling him an anti-communist zealot, blinded to human rights abuses, while others say he "saved Central America". Daniel Ortega, Sandinistan and current president of Nicaragua, said that he hoped God would forgive Reagan for his "dirty war against Nicaragua". In 1986 the USA was found guilty by the International Court of Justice (World Court) of war crimes against Nicaragua.
End of the Cold War
By the early 1980s, the USSR had built up a military arsenal and army surpassing that of the United States. Previously, the U.S. had relied on the qualitative superiority of its weapons to essentially frighten the Soviets, but the gap had been narrowed. After President Reagan's military buildup, the Soviet Union did not further dramatically build up its military; the enormous military expenses, in combination with collectivized agriculture and inefficient planned manufacturing, were a heavy burden for the Soviet economy. At the same time, the Reagan Administration persuaded Saudi Arabia to increase oil production, which resulted in a drop of oil prices in 1985 to one-third of the previous level; oil was the main source of Soviet export revenues. These factors gradually brought the Soviet economy to a stagnant state during Gorbachev's tenure.Reagan recognized the change in the direction of the Soviet leadership with Mikhail Gorbachev, and shifted to diplomacy, with a view to encourage the Soviet leader to pursue substantial arms agreements. Reagan's personal mission was to achieve "a world free of nuclear weapons," which he regarded as "totally irrational, totally inhumane, good for nothing but killing, possibly destructive of life on earth and civilization." He was able to start discussions on nuclear disarmament with General Secretary Gorbachev. Gorbachev and Reagan held four summit conferences between 1985 and 1988: the first in Geneva, Switzerland, the second in Reykjavík, Iceland, the third in Washington, D.C., and the fourth in Moscow. Reagan believed that if he could persuade the Soviets to allow for more democracy and free speech, this would lead to reform and the end of Communism.
Speaking at the Berlin Wall on June 12, 1987, Reagan challenged Gorbachev to go further, saying:
Prior to Gorbachev visiting Washington, D.C., for the third summit in 1987, the Soviet leader announced his intention to pursue significant arms agreements. The timing of the announcement led Western diplomats to contend that Gorbachev was offering major concessions to the U.S. on the levels of conventional forces, nuclear weapons, and policy in Eastern Europe. He and Reagan signed the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty at the White House, which eliminated an entire class of nuclear weapons. The two leaders laid the framework for the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty, or START I; Reagan insisted that the name of the treaty be changed from Strategic Arms Limitation Talks to Strategic Arms Reduction Talks.
When Reagan visited Moscow for the fourth summit in 1988, he was viewed as a celebrity by the Soviets. A journalist asked the president if he still considered the Soviet Union the evil empire. "No," he replied, "I was talking about another time, another era." At Gorbachev's request, Reagan gave a speech on free markets at the Moscow State University. In his autobiography, ''An American Life'', Reagan expressed his optimism about the new direction that they charted and his warm feelings for Gorbachev. In November 1989, the Berlin Wall was torn down, the Cold War was officially declared over at a Malta Summit on December 3, 1989 and two years later, the Soviet Union collapsed.
Health
Early in his presidency, Reagan started wearing a custom, technologically advanced hearing aid, first in his right ear and later in his left as well. His decision to go public in 1983 regarding his wearing the small, audio-amplifying device boosted their sales.On July 13, 1985, Reagan underwent surgery at Bethesda Naval Hospital to remove cancerous polyps from his colon. He relinquished presidential power to the Vice President for eight hours in a similar procedure as outlined in the 25th Amendment, which he specifically avoided invoking. The surgery lasted just under three hours and was successful. Reagan resumed the powers of the presidency later that day. In August of that year, he underwent an operation to remove skin cancer cells from his nose. In October, additional skin cancer cells were detected on his nose and removed.
In January 1987, Reagan underwent surgery for an enlarged prostate which caused further worries about his health. No cancerous growths were found, however, and he was not sedated during the operation. In July of that year, aged 76, he underwent a third skin cancer operation on his nose.
Judiciary
During his 1980 campaign, Reagan pledged that, if given the opportunity, he would appoint the first female Supreme Court Justice. That opportunity came in his first year in office when he nominated Sandra Day O'Connor to fill the vacancy created by the retirement of Justice Potter Stewart. In his second term, Reagan elevated William Rehnquist to succeed Warren Burger as Chief Justice, and named Antonin Scalia to fill the vacant seat. Reagan nominated conservative jurist Robert Bork to the high court in 1987. Senator Ted Kennedy, a Democrat of Massachusetts, strongly condemned Bork, and great controversy ensued. Bork's nomination was rejected 58–42. Reagan then nominated Douglas Ginsburg, but Ginsburg withdrew his name from consideration after coming under fire for his cannabis use. Anthony Kennedy was eventually confirmed in his place. Along with his three Supreme Court appointments, Reagan appointed 83 judges to the United States Courts of Appeals, and 290 judges to the United States district courts. His total of 376 appointments is the most by any president.Reagan also nominated Vaughn R. Walker, who would later be revealed to be the earliest known gay federal judge, to the United States District Court for the Central District of California. However, the nomination stalled in the Senate, and Walker was not confirmed until he was renominated by Reagan's successor, George H. W. Bush.
Post-presidential years, 1989–2004
After leaving office in 1989, the Reagans purchased a home in Bel Air, Los Angeles in addition to the Reagan Ranch in Santa Barbara. They regularly attended Bel Air Presbyterian Church and occasionally made appearances on behalf of the Republican Party; Reagan delivered a well-received speech at the 1992 Republican National Convention. Previously on November 4, 1991, the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library was dedicated and opened to the public. At the dedication ceremonies, five presidents were in attendance, as well as six first ladies, marking the first time five presidents were gathered in the same location. Reagan continued publicly to speak in favor of a line-item veto; the Brady Bill; a constitutional amendment requiring a balanced budget; and the repeal of the 22nd Amendment, which prohibits anyone from serving more than two terms as president. In 1992 Reagan established the Ronald Reagan Freedom Award with the newly formed Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation. His final public speech was on February 3, 1994 during a tribute to him in Washington, D.C., and his last major public appearance was at the funeral of Richard Nixon on April 27, 1994.
Alzheimer's disease
Announcement and reaction
In August 1994, at the age of 83, Reagan was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease, writing in part: }}After his diagnosis, letters of support from well-wishers poured into his California home, but there was also speculation over how long Reagan had demonstrated symptoms of mental degeneration. In her memoirs, former CBS White House correspondent Lesley Stahl recounts her final meeting with the president, in 1986: "Reagan didn't seem to know who I was. ... Oh, my, he's gonzo, I thought. I have to go out on the lawn tonight and tell my countrymen that the president of the United States is a doddering space cadet." But then, at the end, he regained his alertness. As she described it, "I had come ''that'' close to reporting that Reagan was senile." However, Dr. Lawrence K. Altman, a physician employed as a reporter for the ''New York Times'', noted that "the line between mere forgetfulness and the beginning of Alzheimer's can be fuzzy" and all four of Reagan's White House doctors said that they saw no evidence of Alzheimer's while he was president. Dr. John E. Hutton, Reagan's primary physician from 1984 to 1989, said the president "absolutely" did not "show any signs of dementia or Alzheimer's". Reagan did experience occasional memory lapses, though, especially with names. Once, while meeting with Japanese Prime Minister Yasuhiro Nakasone, he repeatedly referred to Vice President Bush as "Prime Minister Bush". Reagan's doctors, however, note that he only began exhibiting overt symptoms of the illness in late 1992 or 1993, several years after he had left office. His former Chief of Staff James Baker considered "ludicrous" the idea of Reagan sleeping during cabinet meetings. Other staff members, former aides, and friends said they saw no indication of Alzheimer's while he was President. In contrast, Reagan's son, Ron Reagan, wrote in his 2011 memoir that he had noticed evidence of dementia as early as Reagan's first Presidential term, and that by 1986 Reagan was unable to recall the names of previously familiar landmarks near Los Angeles.
Complicating the picture, Reagan suffered an episode of head trauma in July 1989, five years prior to his diagnosis. After being thrown from a horse in Mexico, a subdural hematoma was found and surgically treated later in the year. Nancy Reagan asserts that her husband's 1989 fall hastened the onset of Alzheimer's disease, citing what doctors told her, although acute brain injury has not been conclusively proven to accelerate Alzheimer's or dementia. Reagan's one-time physician Dr. Daniel Ruge has said it is possible, but not certain, that the horse accident affected the course of Reagan's memory.
Progression
As the years went on, the disease slowly destroyed Reagan's mental capacity. He was only able to recognize a few people, including his wife, Nancy. He remained active, however; he took walks through parks near his home and on beaches, played golf regularly, and until 1999 he often went to his office in nearby Century City.Reagan suffered a fall at his Bel Air home on January 13, 2001, resulting in a broken hip. The fracture was repaired the following day and the 89 year old Reagan returned home later that week, although he faced difficult physical therapy at home. On February 6, 2001, Reagan reached the age of 90, becoming the third former president to do so (the other two being John Adams and Herbert Hoover, with Gerald Ford later reaching 90). Reagan's public appearances became much less frequent with the progression of the disease, and as a result, his family decided that he would live in quiet isolation. Nancy Reagan told CNN's Larry King in 2001 that very few visitors were allowed to see her husband because she felt that "Ronnie would want people to remember him as he was." Since her husband's diagnosis and death, Mrs. Reagan has become a stem-cell research advocate, urging Congress and President George W. Bush to support federal funding for embryonic stem-cell research, something President Bush opposed. Mrs. Reagan has said that she believes that it could lead to a cure for Alzheimer's.
Death
Reagan died of pneumonia at his home in Bel Air, California on the afternoon of June 5, 2004. A short time after his death, Nancy Reagan released a statement saying: "My family and I would like the world to know that President Ronald Reagan has died after 10 years of Alzheimer's Disease at 93 years of age. We appreciate everyone's prayers." President George W. Bush declared June 11 a National Day of Mourning, and international tributes came in from around the world. Reagan's body was taken to the Kingsley and Gates Funeral Home in Santa Monica, California later in the day, where well-wishers paid tribute by laying flowers and American flags in the grass. On June 7, his body was removed and taken to the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library, where a brief family funeral was held conducted by Pastor Michael Wenning. His body lay in repose in the Library lobby until June 9; over 100,000 people viewed the coffin.On June 9, Reagan's body was flown to Washington, D.C. where he became the tenth United States president to lie in state; in thirty-four hours, 104,684 people filed past the coffin.
On June 11, a state funeral was conducted in the Washington National Cathedral, and presided over by President George W. Bush. Eulogies were given by former British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, former Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney, and both Presidents Bush. Also in attendance were Mikhail Gorbachev, and many world leaders, including British Prime Minister Tony Blair, German Chancellor Gerhard Schröder, Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi, and interim presidents Hamid Karzai of Afghanistan, and Ghazi al-Yawer of Iraq.
After the funeral, the Reagan entourage was flown back to the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library in California, where another service was held, and President Reagan was interred. At the time of his death, Reagan was the longest-lived president in U.S. history, having lived 93 years and 120 days (2 years, 8 months, and 23 days longer than John Adams, whose record he surpassed). He is now the second longest-lived president, just 45 days fewer than Gerald Ford. He was the first United States president to die in the 21st century, and his was the first state funeral in the United States since that of President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1973.
His burial site is inscribed with the words he delivered at the opening of the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library: "I know in my heart that man is good, that what is right will always eventually triumph and that there is purpose and worth to each and every life."
Legacy
The Ronald Reagan Presidential Library was dedicated on November 4, 1991. Supporters have pointed to a more efficient and prosperous economy and a peaceful end to the Cold War. Critics argue that his economic policies caused huge budget deficits, quadrupling the United States national debt, and that the Iran-Contra affair lowered American credibility. As time has passed, he has generally come to be viewed in a more positive light, and ranks highly among presidents in many public opinion polls. In presidential surveys he has consistently been ranked in the first and second quartiles, with more recent surveys generally ranking Reagan in the first quartile of U.S. presidents.Edwin Feulner, President of The Heritage Foundation, said that Reagan "helped create a safer, freer world" and said of his economic policies: "He took an America suffering from 'malaise'... and made its citizens believe again in their destiny." However, Mark Weisbrot, co-Director of the Center for Economic and Policy Research, said that Reagan's "economic policies were mostly a failure"; with Reagan's detractors accusing him of creating a range of fiscal calamities such as widening the wealth inequality to the point where the richest 1% of Americans held 39% of the nation's wealth, a rise in the poverty population from 26.1 million in 1979 to 32.7 million in 1988, and an increase in homelessness to 600,000 Americans on any given night.
Despite the continuing debate surrounding his legacy, many conservative and liberal scholars agree that Reagan has been the most influential president since Franklin D. Roosevelt, leaving his imprint on American politics, diplomacy, culture, and economics. Since he left office, historians have reached a consensus, as summarized by British historian M. J. Heale, who finds that scholars now concur that Reagan rehabilitated conservatism, turned the nation to the right, practiced a pragmatic conservatism that balanced ideology and the constraints of politics, revived faith in the presidency and in American self respect, and contributed to victory in the Cold War. In response, Howard Kurtz of ''The Washington Post'' has opined that Reagan was "a far more controversial figure in his time than the largely gushing obits on television would suggest."
Cold War
The Cold War was a major political and economic endeavor for over four decades, but the confrontation between the two superpowers had decreased dramatically by the end of Reagan's presidency. The significance of Reagan's role in ending the Cold War has spurred contentious and opinionated debate. That Reagan had some role in contributing to the downfall of the Soviet Union is collectively agreed, but the extent of this role is continuously debated, with many believing that Reagan's defense policies, hard line rhetoric against the Soviet Union and Communism, as well as summits with General Secretary Gorbachev played a significant part in ending the War.He was notable amongst post–World War II presidents as being convinced that the Soviet Union could be defeated rather than simply negotiated with, a conviction that was vindicated by Gennadi Gerasimov, the Foreign Ministry spokesman under Gorbachev, who said that Star Wars was "very successful blackmail. ... The Soviet economy couldn't endure such competition." Reagan's strong rhetoric toward the nation had mixed effects; Jeffery W. Knopf, PhD observes that being labeled "evil" probably made no difference to the Soviets but gave encouragement to the East-European citizens opposed to communism. That Reagan had little or no effect in ending the Cold War is argued with equal weight; that Communism's internal weakness had become apparent, and the Soviet Union would have collapsed in the end regardless of who was in power. President Harry Truman's policy of containment is also regarded as a force behind the fall of the U.S.S.R., and the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan undermined the Soviet system itself. and deemed him "a great President." Gorbachev does not acknowledge a win or loss in the war, but rather a peaceful end; he said he was not intimidated by Reagan's harsh rhetoric. Margaret Thatcher, former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, said of Reagan, "he warned that the Soviet Union had an insatiable drive for military power... but he also sensed it was being eaten away by systemic failures impossible to reform." She later said, "Ronald Reagan had a higher claim than any other leader to have won the Cold War for liberty and he did it without a shot being fired." Said Brian Mulroney, former Prime Minister of Canada: "He enters history as a strong and dramatic player [in the Cold War]." Former President Lech Wałęsa of Poland acknowledged, "Reagan was one of the world leaders who made a major contribution to communism's collapse."
Domestic and political legacy
Ronald Reagan reshaped the Republican party, led the modern conservative movement, and altered the political dynamic of the United States. More men voted Republican under Reagan, and Reagan tapped into religious voters. The so-called "Reagan Democrats" were a result of his presidency.Since leaving office, Reagan has become an iconic influence within the Republican party. His policies and beliefs have been frequently invoked by Republican presidential candidates since 1989. The 2008 Republican presidential candidates were no exception, for they aimed to liken themselves to him during the primary debates, even imitating his campaign strategies. Republican nominee John McCain frequently stated that he came to office as "a foot soldier in the Reagan Revolution". Lastly, Reagan's most famous statement that "Government is not a solution to our problem, government is the problem", has become the unofficial slogan for the rise of conservative commentators like Glenn Beck and Rush Limbaugh; as well as the emergence of the Tea Party Movement.
Cultural and political image
According to columnist Chuck Raasch, "Reagan transformed the American presidency in ways that only a few have been able to." He redefined the political agenda of the times, advocating lower taxes, a conservative economic philosophy, and a stronger military. His role in the Cold War further enhanced his image as a different kind of leader. Reagan's "avuncular style, optimism, and plain-folks demeanor" also helped him turn "government-bashing into an art form."
| + Ronald Reagan's approval ratings | !Date | !Event | !Approval (%) | !Disapproval (%) |
| March 30, 1981 | Shot by Hinckley | 73 | 19 | |
| January 22, 1983 | High unemployment | 42 | 54 | |
| April 26, 1986 | Libya bombing | 70 | 26 | |
| February 26, 1987 | Iran-Contra affair | 44 | 51 | |
| January 20, 1989 | End of presidency | 64 | ||
| ! n/a | ! Career Average | ! 57 | ! 39 | |
| July 30, 2001 | (Retrospective) | 64 | 27 |
As a sitting president, Reagan did not have the highest approval ratings, but his popularity has increased since 1989. Gallup polls in 2001 and 2007 ranked him number one or number two when correspondents were asked for the greatest president in history, and third of post–World War II presidents in a 2007 Rasmussen Reports poll, fifth in an ABC 2000 poll, ninth in another 2007 Rasmussen poll, and eighth in a late 2008 poll by United Kingdom newspaper ''The Times''. In a Siena College survey of over 200 historians, however, Reagan ranked sixteenth out of 42. While the debate about Reagan's legacy is ongoing, the 2009 Annual ''C-SPAN Survey of Presidential Leaders'' ranked Reagan the 10th greatest president. The survey of leading historians rated Reagan number 11 in 2000.
In 2011, the Institute for the Study of the Americas released the first ever U.K. academic survey to rate U.S. presidents. This poll of U.K. specialists in U.S. history and politics placed Reagan as the 8th greatest U.S. president.
Reagan's ability to connect with the American people earned him the laudatory moniker "The Great Communicator". Of it, Reagan said, "I won the nickname the great communicator. But I never thought it was my style that made a difference—it was the content. I wasn't a great communicator, but I communicated great things." His age and soft-spoken speech gave him a warm grandfatherly image.
Reagan also earned the nickname "the Teflon President," in that public perceptions of him were not tarnished by the controversies that arose during his administration. According to Congresswoman Patricia Schroeder, who coined the phrase, and reporter Howard Kurtz, the epithet referred to Reagan's ability to "do almost anything wrong and not get blamed for it."
Public reaction to Reagan was always mixed; the oldest president was supported by young voters, and began an alliance that shifted many of them to the Republican party. Reagan did not fare well with minority groups, especially African-Americans. This was largely due to his opposition to affirmative action policies. However, his support of Israel throughout his presidency earned him support from many Jews. He emphasized family values in his campaigns and during his presidency, although he was the first president to have been divorced. The combination of Reagan's speaking style, unabashed patriotism, negotiation skills, as well as his savvy use of the media, played an important role in defining the 1980s and his future legacy.
Reagan was known to gibe frequently during his lifetime, displayed humor throughout his presidency, and was famous for his storytelling. His numerous jokes and one-liners have been labeled "classic quips" and "legendary". Among the most notable of his jokes was one regarding the Cold War. As a sound check prior to his weekly radio address in August 1984, Reagan made the following joke as a way to test the microphone: "My fellow Americans, I'm pleased to tell you today that I've signed legislation that will outlaw Russia forever. We begin bombing in five minutes." Former aide David Gergen commented, "It was that humor... that I think endeared people to Reagan."
Honors
Reagan received a number of awards in his pre- and post-presidential years. Following his election as president, Reagan received a lifetime gold membership in the Screen Actors Guild, as well as the United States Military Academy's Sylvanus Thayer Award.In 1989, Reagan was made an Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath, one of the highest British orders (this entitled him to the use of the post-nominal letters "GCB" but, by not being the citizen of a Commonwealth realm, not to be known as "Sir Ronald Reagan"); only two American presidents have received this honor, Reagan and George H.W. Bush. Reagan was also named an honorary Fellow of Keble College, Oxford. Japan awarded him the Grand Cordon of the Order of the Chrysanthemum in 1989; he was the second American president to receive the order and the first to have it given to him for personal reasons (Dwight D. Eisenhower received it as a commemoration of U.S.-Japanese relations).
On January 18, 1993, Reagan's former Vice-President and sitting President George H. W. Bush awarded him the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest honor that the United States can bestow. Reagan was also awarded the Republican Senatorial Medal of Freedom, the highest honor bestowed by Republican members of the Senate.
On Reagan's 87th birthday, in 1998, Washington National Airport was renamed Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport by a bill signed into law by President Clinton. That year, the Ronald Reagan Building and International Trade Center was dedicated in Washington, D.C. He was among 18 included in Gallup's List of Widely Admired People of the 20th Century, from a poll conducted of the American people in 1999; two years later, USS ''Ronald Reagan'' was christened by Nancy Reagan and the United States Navy. It is one of few Navy ships christened in honor of a living person and the first aircraft carrier to be named in honor of a living former president.
Congress authorized the creation of the Ronald Reagan Boyhood Home National Historic Site in Dixon, Illinois in 2002, pending federal purchase of the property. On May 16 of that year, Nancy Reagan accepted the Congressional Gold Medal, the highest civilian honor bestowed by Congress, on behalf of the president and herself.
Following Reagan's death, the United States Postal Service issued a President Ronald Reagan commemorative postage stamp in 2005. Later in the year, CNN, along with the editors of ''TIME'' magazine, named him the "most fascinating person" of the network's first 25 years; ''Time'' listed Reagan one of the 100 Most Important People of the 20th century as well. The Discovery Channel asked its viewers to vote for The Greatest American in an unscientific poll on June 26, 2005; Reagan received the honorary title.
In 2006, Reagan was inducted into the California Hall of Fame, located at The California Museum for History, Women, and the Arts. Every year since 2002, California Governors Gray Davis and Arnold Schwarzenegger have proclaimed February 6 "Ronald Reagan Day" in the state of California in honor of their most famous predecessor. In 2010, Schwarzenegger signed Senate Bill 944, authored by Senator George Runner, to make every February 6 Ronald Reagan Day in California.
In 2007, Polish President Lech Kaczyński posthumously conferred on Reagan the highest Polish distinction, the Order of the White Eagle, saying that Reagan had inspired the Polish people to work for change and helped to unseat the repressive communist regime; Kaczyński said it "would not have been possible if it was not for the tough-mindedness, determination, and feeling of mission of President Ronald Reagan". Reagan backed the nation of Poland throughout his presidency, supporting the anti-communist Solidarity movement, along with Pope John Paul II.
On June 3, 2009, Nancy Reagan unveiled a statue of her late husband in the United States Capitol rotunda. The statue represents the state of California in the National Statuary Hall Collection. Following Reagan's death, both major American political parties agreed to erect a statue of Reagan in the place of that of Thomas Starr King. The day before, President Obama signed the Ronald Reagan Centennial Commission Act into law, establishing a commission to plan activities to mark the upcoming centenary of Reagan's birth.
Independence Day 2011 saw the unveiling of another statue to Reagan this time in the British capital of London, outside the American Embassy, Grosvenor Square. The unveiling was supposed to be attended by Reagan's wife Nancy, but she did not attend; former Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice took her place and read a statement on her behalf; further to the former First Lady's absence President Reagan's friend and the British Prime Minister during Reagan's presidency Baroness Thatcher was also unable to attend due to frail health.
See also
Citations
References
Further reading
External links
Official sites
Media
News coverage
Essays and historiographies
Site directories
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| Name | Chantal Chamandy |
|---|---|
| Background | solo_singer |
| Origin | Alexandria, Egypt |
| Genre | Adult Contemporary, Dance-pop, World |
| Years active | 2005–present |
| Label | Ninemuse |
| Website | www.chantalchamandy.com }} |
Chantal Chamandy (born at Alexandria, Egypt) is a Canadian singer and entertainer based in Montreal, Quebec. She previously performed under the names Chantal Condor and Chantal.
Career
Her first success was as part of Voggue, a disco duo she formed with Angela Songui. In 1980, the duo released its first self-titled album, which contains the singles "Love Buzz", "Here We Are" and their most successful single, "Dancin' the Night Away". In 1983, a second album was released on Matra Records, containing the singles "I Want To Dance" and "Sunstruck Lovers". Voggue disbanded in 1984.After Voggue, she recorded as a solo act. She released the single "Hands Up" in 1985 on Epic Records using her full name Chantal Condor. The song would be remade by Canadian trio Sway in 1987 and become a big Canadian hit. The single led to an album deal with the label, and she released the album ''Chantal Condor'' in 1986. Her style was sometimes described as Italo disco. Off the album came the singles "Marinero" (backed with "Don't You Want My Love") and "Nightmare". She received a Juno Award nomination in 1986 for Most Promising Female Vocalist of the Year, but lost to Kim Richardson.
In 1989, she dropped use of her last name, releasing ''Chantal'', on the Columbia Records label. The single "A Little Lovin'" became her only charting single on Canada's RPM 100 Singles chart. In 1991 she became a member of the French-Canadian dance quartet Collage and appeared on their first and only album, but soon left the group. They then became a trio and the album was re-released without Chantal on the cover.
She did not release new material again until 2006, when she released a series of singles on her own independent label Ninemuse. She also used a number of unconventional strategies to get her name and material back into the public eye, including a self-financed marketing campaign on public transit and selling her single "Feels Like Love" for $1 a copy in the Dollarama chain of dollar stores, which resulted in the single selling over 10,000 copies and being picked up for sale in conventional record stores. She released ''Love Needs You'', her first new album since 1989, later the same year.
On 7 September 2007, she performed a concert in front of the Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt in conjunction with the Cairo Symphony Orchestra. That performance was released on album and DVD in 2008 as ''Beladi'', and was also made available for broadcast on PBS in the United States.
Chamandy is also credited with some small appearances in Canadian films.
Albums
Singles
''Chantal'' album (1989)
List of track titles (writers) - Chantal performs lead vocals for all songs, unless noted otherwise.
DVDs
Filmography
References
External links
This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
| name | Lindsey Buckingham |
|---|---|
| background | solo_singer |
| birth name | Lindsey Adams Buckingham |
| born | October 03, 1949 Palo Alto, California, United States |
| instrument | Vocals, guitar, bass guitar, Banjo, keyboards, drums, percussion |
| voice type | Baritone |
| genre | Rock, pop, New Wave |
| occupation | Singer-songwriter, Guitarist, Producer |
| years active | 1968–present |
| label | Reprise Polydor Mercury Elektra Asylum |
| associated acts | Fleetwood Mac, Buckingham Nicks |
| website | www.lindseybuckingham.com |
| notable instruments | Rick Turner Model 1 Chet Atkins CEC RS6 }} |
Early years
Born in Palo Alto, California, Buckingham was the third and youngest child of Rutheda (née Elliott) and Morris Buckingham. He had two older brothers, Jeff and Greg. Growing up in the San Francisco Bay Area community of Atherton, Buckingham and his brothers were encouraged to swim competitively. Though Buckingham dropped out of athletics to pursue music, his brother Greg went on to win a silver medal at the 1968 Olympics in Mexico City.Buckingham's first forays into guitar playing took place on a toy Mickey Mouse guitar, playing along to his brother Jeff's extensive collection of 45s. Noticing his talent, Buckingham's parents bought their son a $35 Harmony guitar.
Buckingham never took guitar lessons and does not read music. By age 13, he became interested in folk music and, influenced by banjo methods, practiced the fingerpicking styles of The Kingston Trio. At 15 he joined a small folk group, Fritz, providing vocals and guitar work.
Buckingham Nicks
Buckingham and his then-girlfriend Stevie Nicks recorded seven demos in 1972 on an analog 4-track machine, and drove to Los Angeles to pursue a record deal. In 1973, Polydor Records signed the pair. Their album, ''Buckingham Nicks'', was released in September 1973; soon after its release, however, Polydor dropped the duo due to poor sales. Despite Polydor's measure, though, ''Buckingham Nicks'' has been championed by rock critics since its release. It features fine two-part harmonies backed by notable LA session musicians, including superstar drummer Jim Keltner. According to the album notes, other session musicians include: Ron Tutt (Elvis Presley TCB Band), drums; Peggy Sandvig, keyboards; Waddy Wachtel, guitar; Jorge Calderon, percussion; Jerry Scheff (Elvis Presley TCB Band), bass; Monty Stark, synthesizer; Gary Hodges, drums; and Mark Tulin, bass.Although money was tight, the hardworking duo caught the attention of many budding musicians, including Warren Zevon, who is rumored to have been a roommate of Nicks and Buckingham in a Fairfax district apartment.
A short tour promoting the ''Buckingham Nicks'' album commenced shortly after the joining of Buckingham and Nicks with Fleetwood Mac. Bootlegs of two concerts in Mobile and Tuscaloosa exist and are widely distributed on peer-to-peer networks and fansites. The touring band included drummers Bob Aguirre (from Fritz) and Gary Hodges playing simultaneously and bassist Tom Moncrieff, who later played bass on Stevie Nicks' 1981 album ''Bella Donna''.
To help make ends meet, Buckingham toured with Don Everly's back-up band, singing Phil Everly's parts. Buckingham and Nicks were eventually forced to move in with record producer Keith Olsen, who helped the pair work on several demos for the next Buckingham Nicks album, including "I'm So Afraid", "Monday Morning" and "Rhiannon".
''Buckingham Nicks'' has never been released on CD (a bootleg version does exist), although both Buckingham and Nicks have hinted at a possible remix and re-release on CD in the near future. Buckingham has also suggested a tour in support of the collection could be something the two may be interested in. Moncrieff and Hodges from the original Buckingham Nicks touring band have also expressed interest.
Fleetwood Mac
While checking out the Sound City recording studio in California, Mick Fleetwood heard the song "Frozen Love" from the ''Buckingham Nicks'' album. He asked who the guitarist was, and immediately stated that he wanted him to fill a recent vacancy. Buckingham insisted to Fleetwood that he and Nicks were a package deal—if Fleetwood didn't want Nicks, he wouldn't get Buckingham. The duo was quickly asked to join Fleetwood Mac on New Year's Eve, 1974.Fleetwood Mac released their eponymously titled album in 1975, which became a hit. However it was the second album of this new line-up, ''Rumours'', that propelled the band to superstar status when it became one of the best-selling albums of all time. Buckingham's "Go Your Own Way" was the lead-off single, soaring into the US Top Ten. After the resounding commercial success of ''Rumours'' (during the making of which Buckingham and Nicks famously split), Buckingham was determined to avoid falling into repeating the same musical pattern. The result was ''Tusk'' (1979), a double album that Buckingham primarily directed. Once again, Buckingham wrote the lead-off single, the title track that would peak at #8 on Billboard's Hot 100. It was during this time that Buckingham moved in with record company secretary and aspiring model, Carol Ann Harris, with whom he lived until 1984. Though by most standards a hit, ''Tusk'' failed to come close to ''Rumours'' record sales, and the album would ultimately precede a hiatus in the band's studio recording efforts.
After a large world tour that ended in 1980, Fleetwood Mac took a year-long break before reconvening to record their next album ''Mirage'', a more pop-friendly work that returned the band to the top of the US album chart. However, by this time various members of the band were enjoying success as solo artists (particularly Nicks) and it would be five years before the release of the next Fleetwood Mac album. By the time ''Tango in the Night'' was released in 1987, Buckingham had already released two solo albums and had given up much of the material for what would have been his third solo album for the project, including "Big Love", "Tango in the Night", "Family Man", "You and I" and "Caroline". On several of these tracks Buckingham played every instrument . "Big Love", released as the first single from the album, became a top ten hit in the US and the UK.
Propelled by a string of hit singles, ''Tango in the Night'' became the band's biggest album since ''Rumours'' a decade earlier. However, following its release, Buckingham left Fleetwood Mac largely due to his desire not to tour and the strain he was feeling within the band. Fleetwood Mac continued without him, and Buckingham was replaced by guitarists Rick Vito and Billy Burnette.
Solo projects
During the time he worked on ''Tusk'', Buckingham also produced albums for Walter Egan and John Stewart in the late 1970s as well as beginning work on his own solo album.
In 1981, Buckingham released his first solo album ''Law and Order'', playing nearly every instrument and featuring guest appearances by bandmates Mick Fleetwood and Christine McVie. The album pursued the quirky, eclectic, often lo-fi and new-wave-influences of ''Tusk'', and spawned the hit single ''Trouble'' which reached #9 on the US Charts and #1 in Australia (for three weeks). Two years later, he wrote and performed the songs "Holiday Road" and "Dancin' Across the U.S.A." for the film ''National Lampoon's Vacation''. "Holiday Road" was released as a single, and reached #82 on the ''Billboard''
In 1984, after ending his 7-year relationship with Carol Ann Harris, he released his second solo album, ''Go Insane''. The title track was a modest hit, reaching #23 on the Hot 100. The last track of the album, D.W. Suite, was a tribute to the late Beach Boys drummer Dennis Wilson. The next year, Buckingham performed on USA for Africa's fundraising single, "We Are the World".
Following his split with Fleetwood Mac in 1987, Buckingham spent much of the next five years in the studio, working on his third solo album, ''Out of the Cradle'', which was released in 1992. Many of the songs seem to deal with the death of his father and the sudden death of his brother Greg in 1990. "Wrong" was a gentle rebuke of former bandmate Mick Fleetwood's tell-all biography. ''Out of the Cradle'' received some favorable reviews but did not achieve the sales levels associated with Fleetwood Mac. However, Buckingham toured throughout 1992–93 for the first time as a solo artist; his band included an army of seven other guitarists (Buckingham himself calls them "the crazy band" on his ''Soundstage'' DVD), each of whom he individually taught the entire two-and-a-half hours of music from the concert (''Lindsey Buckingham: Behind the Music'' documentary for VH-1, 2001).
A subsequent solo album, entitled ''Gift of Screws'', was recorded between 1995–2001 and presented to Warner Bros./Reprise for release. Executives at the label managed to persuade Buckingham to hold the album back and instead take several tracks from ''Gift of Screws'' and re-record them with Fleetwood Mac. Thus, seven songs from ''Gift of Screws'' appear on the Fleetwood Mac album ''Say You Will'', in substantially the same form as Buckingham had recorded them for his solo release. Excellent bootleg copies of ''Gift of Screws''—taken from an original CD-R presented to Warner Bros/Reprise—are known to exist, and have been widely distributed among fans through the use of torrent sites and other peer-to-peer networks.
On his 57th birthday, (October 3, 2006) Buckingham's fourth solo album, an acoustic album entitled ''Under the Skin'' was released. ''Under The Skin'' features Buckingham on almost all instruments, with the exception of two tracks that feature Fleetwood Mac rhythm section John McVie and Mick Fleetwood. The album includes a cover of The Rolling Stones classic "I Am Waiting". Three days after the album's release, Buckingham embarked on a tour in support the album that lasted until the end of June 2007. A live album, ''Live at the Bass Performance Hall'', was released documenting a show from this tour.
In 2008, the ''Gift of Screws'' album was finally released, containing three tracks from the originally planned album, as well as seven new recordings. Buckingham then commenced a short tour to promote ''Gift of Screws'' in September and October, opening in Saratoga, California and closing in New York, New York.
On November 3, 2010 it was announced on Buckingham's website that he is currently working on an untitled album for release in early 2011. As of April 2011, Buckingham had finished recording the album, titled ''Seeds We Sow'', and it will be released in September 6, 2011. On April 22, 2011, a concert of Buckingham's was filmed for a DVD release to support the forthcoming album.
Rejoining Fleetwood Mac
In 1992, newly-elected president Bill Clinton asked Fleetwood Mac to come together to perform the song he had chosen for his campaign, "Don't Stop", at his inaugural ceremony. Buckingham agreed to be part of the performance, but the experience was something of a one-off for the band, who were still very much at odds with one another and had no plans to reunite officially.While assembling material for a planned fourth solo album in the mid 1990s, Buckingham contacted Mick Fleetwood for assistance on a song. Their collaboration lasted much longer than anticipated, and the two eventually decided to call upon Stevie Nicks, John and Christine McVie. The band's old chemistry was clearly still there, and plans for a reunion tour were soon in the works. In 1997, Buckingham and all four of his bandmates from the original ''Rumours'' line-up of Fleetwood Mac went on the road for the first time together since 1982 in a reunion tour titled ''The Dance''. The tour was hugely successful and did much to heal the damage that had been done between Buckingham and his bandmates. However, Christine McVie had opted to leave the band in 1998, essentially now making the band a foursome. In 2003, the reformed band released the first studio album involving Buckingham and Nicks in 15 years, ''Say You Will''. Buckingham's song "Peacekeeper" was the first single from the album, and the band went on a world concert tour that would last almost a year and a half.
The band toured in 2009, rehearsals began in January 2009, with the first date of the "UNLEASHED" Tour as March 1, 2009, in Mellon Arena (Pittsburgh). Christine McVie was not involved with this project.
Musical style
Unlike most rock guitarists, Buckingham does not play with a pick; instead, he picks the strings with his fingers and fingernails. Initially after joining Fleetwood Mac, Buckingham used a Gibson Les Paul. Before the band, a Fender Telecaster was his main guitar, and was used on his first Fleetwood Mac album. In 1979, he worked with Rick Turner, owner of Renaissance Guitars to create the Model One. He has used it extensively since, both with Fleetwood Mac and for his solo efforts. He uses a Taylor Guitar 814ce for most of his acoustic performances and has also used an Ovation Celebrity in the past.His influences include The Beach Boys and The Kingston Trio.
In an interview with ''Acoustic Guitar Magazine'', Buckingham said:
''"I've always believed that you play to highlight the song, not to highlight the player. The song is all that matters. There are two ways you can choose to go. You can try to be someone like Eddie Van Halen, who is a great guitar player, a virtuoso. Yet he doesn't make good records because what he plays is totally lost in the context of this band's music.
''Then there are guitar players like Chet Atkins, who weren't out there trying to show themselves off as guitar players per se, but were using the guitar as a tool to make good records. I remember loving Chet's work when I was a kid, but it was only later, when I really listened to his guitar parts, that I realized how much they were a part of the song's fabric, and how much you'd be going 'Oh, that song just isn't working.' if they weren't there".''
Family
On July 8, 1998, Buckingham's girlfriend, Kristen Messner, gave birth to their son, William Gregory Buckingham. Buckingham and Messner subsequently married in 2000, and she gave birth to a daughter, Leelee, the same year. Their third child, Stella, was born on April 20, 2004. The song "It Was You" from his ''Under the Skin'' album pays homage to all three children by using all their names.
In popular culture
Lindsey Buckingham has been portrayed by Bill Hader in a recurring sketch titled "What Up With That" on NBC's ''Saturday Night Live''. He appeared as himself on the May 14, 2011, episode during this sketch.
Discography
As Buckingham Nicks
| !Year | !Album | Billboard 200>US | UK Albums Chart>UK | !Additional information |
| 1973 | ''Buckingham Nicks'' | align="center" | ||
| Debut album featuring duo of Buckingham and partner Stevie Nicks. Both would later join Fleetwood Mac, after this album failed commercially and label Polydor dropped them as they were recording tracks for follow-up LP. Album finally made US#80 on brief 1982 re-release |
With Fleetwood Mac
Albums
| !Year | !Album | !width="40" | !width="40" | !width="40" | !width="40" | !width="40" | !width="40" | !width="40" | !width="40" | Recording Industry Association of America>RIAA Certification |
| 1975 | align="center" | |||||||||
| align="center" | ||||||||||
| align="center" | ||||||||||
| align="center" | ||||||||||
| 5x Platinum | ||||||||||
| 1977 | ''Rumours'' | align="center" | ||||||||
| 19x Platinum | ||||||||||
| 1979 | align="center" | |||||||||
| 2x Platinum | ||||||||||
| 1982 | align="center" | |||||||||
| align="center" | ||||||||||
| 2x Platinum | ||||||||||
| 1987 | ''Tango in the Night'' | 3x Platinum | ||||||||
| 2003 | ''Say You Will'' | align="center" | ||||||||
| align="center" | ||||||||||
| align="center" | ||||||||||
| Gold |
Live albums and Compilations
| !Year | !Album | !width="40" | !width="40" | !width="40" | !width="40" | !width="40" | !width="40" | !width="40" | !width="40" | RIAA Certifications |
| 1980 | align="center" | |||||||||
| align="center" | ||||||||||
| align="center" | ||||||||||
| align="center" | ||||||||||
| - | ||||||||||
| 1988 | 8x Platinum | |||||||||
| 1997 | align="center" | |||||||||
| align="center" | ||||||||||
| align="center" | ||||||||||
| 5x Platinum | ||||||||||
| 2002 | ''The Very Best of Fleetwood Mac'' | align="center" | ||||||||
| align="center" | ||||||||||
| align="center" | ||||||||||
| align="center" | ||||||||||
| align="center" | ||||||||||
| Platinum | ||||||||||
| 2004 | align="center" | |||||||||
| align="center" | ||||||||||
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| align="center" | ||||||||||
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| align="center" | ||||||||||
| align="center" | ||||||||||
| - |
Solo albums
| !Year | !Album | !width="40" | !width="40" | !Additional information |
| 1981 | align="center" | |||
| 1984 | align="center" | |||
| - | ||||
| 1992 | ''Out of the Cradle'' | - | ||
| 2006 | - | |||
| ''Live at the Bass Performance Hall'' | align="center" | |||
| - | ||||
| ''Gift of Screws'' | - | |||
| ''Seeds We Sow'' | align="center" | |||
| align="center" | ||||
Soundtrack appearances
| !Year | !Song | !Soundtrack | !Additional information |
| 1983 | "Holiday Road", "Dancing Across The USA" | - | |
| 1985 | "Time Bomb Town" | - | |
| 1985 | "Trouble" | - | |
| 1994 | "On the Wrong Side" | - | |
| 1996 | "Twisted" | Duet with Stevie Nicks | |
| 2005 | "Shut Us Down" | Un-Cut Version | |
| 2006 | "Big Love" | Live Soundstage Performance |
Singles
| ! Year | ! Song | Billboard Hot 100>US Hot 100 | Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks>US MainstreamRock | Adult album alternative>AAA Charts | UK Singles Chart>UK Singles | Kent Music Report>AUS | ! Album |
| 1983 | "Holiday Road" | ''National Lampoon's Vacation soundtrack | |||||
| "Slow Dancing" | |||||||
| "Countdown" | |||||||
| "Soul Drifter" | |||||||
| "Wrong" | |||||||
| 1993 | "Don't Look Down" | ||||||
| 2006 | "Show You How" | ''Under the Skin'' | |||||
| 2008 | "Did You Miss Me" | ''Gift of Screws'' | |||||
| 2011 | "Holiday Road" ''(Live)'' | ''Used on the Teletext Holidays advert in the UK'' | |||||
| 2011 | "Seeds We Sow" | ''Seeds We Sow'' - Available for free download from lindseybuckingham.com beginning 6/30/2011 | |||||
References
External links
Category:American male singers Category:American rock guitarists Category:American singer-songwriters Category:1949 births Category:Living people Category:Fleetwood Mac members Category:Musicians from California Category:People from Palo Alto, California Category:San Jose State University alumni Category:American multi-instrumentalists Category:Lead guitarists
cs:Lindsey Buckingham da:Lindsey Buckingham de:Lindsey Buckingham es:Lindsey Buckingham fr:Lindsey Buckingham hr:Lindsey Buckingham it:Lindsey Buckingham nl:Lindsey Buckingham ja:リンジー・バッキンガム no:Lindsey Buckingham pl:Lindsey Buckingham pt:Lindsey Buckingham fi:Lindsey Buckingham sv:Lindsey BuckinghamThis text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
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