show name	One Life to Live
genre	Soap opera
creator	Agnes Nixon
writer	Ron Carlivati
starring	Erika SlezakRobert S. Woods Hillary B. Smith Roger Howarth Kassie DePaiva
country	United States
language	English
num episodes	11,005 (as of August 19, 2011)
executive producer	Doris Quinlan (1968-1977)Joseph Stuart (1977-1983)Jean Arley (1983-1984)Paul Rauch (1984–1991)Linda Gottlieb (1991–1994)Susan Bedsow Horgan (1994–1996)Maxine Levinson (1996–1997)Jill Farren Phelps (1997–2001)Gary Tomlin (2001–2002)Frank Valentini (2003–present)
distributor	ABC
runtime	30 minutes (1968–1976)45 minutes (1976–1978)60 minutes (1978–present)
network	ABC
first aired
last aired	present
website	http://abc.go.com/shows/one-life-to-live/index }}

''One Life to Live'' (''OLTL'') is an American soap opera which debuted on July 15, 1968 and has been broadcast on the ABC television network. Created by Agnes Nixon, the series was the first daytime drama to primarily feature racially and socioeconomically diverse characters and consistently emphasize social issues. ''One Life to Live'' was expanded from 30 minutes to 45 minutes on July 26, 1976, and then to a full hour on January 16, 1978.

Actress Erika Slezak has portrayed original and central heroine Victoria "Viki" Lord on ''One Life to Live'' since March 1971 and has won a record six Daytime Emmy Awards for the role. In 2002 the series won an Emmy for Outstanding Drama Series. Daily repeat broadcasts of the series appear weeknights on SOAPnet with a day-behind repeat airing the following weekday morning and a rebroadcast of all the previous week's episodes on Saturday nights. Taped in New York City, ''One Life to Live'' is currently the sole American soap opera based outside the Los Angeles area.

On April 14, 2011, ABC announced that it canceled ''One Life to Live'' because of low ratings, citing "extensive research into what today’s daytime viewers want and the changing viewing patterns of the audience." On July 7, 2011, ABC licensed the rights of ''One Life to Live'' to production company Prospect Park, which will broadcast first-run episodes online. ''One Life to Live'' will air its last ABC episode in January, 2012 and will be succeeded by health show ''The Revolution''. According to Deadline.com, Prospect Park plans to relaunch the serial on internet television during the first quarter of 2012.

Creation

Impressed with the ratings success of NBC's ''Another World'', ABC sought out ''Another World'' writer Nixon to create a serial for them. Though Nixon's concept for the new series was "built along the classic soap formula of a rich family and a poor family," she was "tired of the restraints imposed by the WASPy, noncontroversial nature of daytime drama." ''One Life to Live'' would emphasize "the ethnic and socioeconomic diversity" of the characters in its fictional setting. Nixon would go on to create ''All My Children'' in 1970 and ''Loving'' in 1983.

The initial main titles of the series featured the image of a roaring fireplace, a visual representation of the originally proposed title — ''Between Heaven and Hell'' — ultimately changed to ''One Life to Live'' to avoid controversy. ''OLTL'''s first sponsors were the Colgate-Palmolive company, who also sponsored ''The Doctors''. ABC bought the show from Nixon in December 1974 when they purchased all stock to her Creative Horizons Inc. The show was originally a half-hour serial until it was expanded to 45 minutes on July 23, 1976, and to one hour on January 16, 1978.

Series history

''One Life to Live'' is set in the fictional city of Llanview, a suburb of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The show originally concentrated on the wealthy Lord family, the less wealthy Siegels (the first attempt to showcase a Jewish family on daytime television), the middle-class Rileys and Woleks, and the African-American Grays. ''One Life to Live'' has been called "the most peculiarly American of soap operas: the first serial to present a vast array of ethnic types, broad comic situations, a constant emphasis on social issues, and strong male characters."

Since its inception, ''One Life to Live'' has centered on the character of Victoria "Viki" Lord (originated by Gillian Spencer), who has been portrayed by six-time Emmy winner Erika Slezak since March 1971. Long-suffering heroine Viki has weathered love and loss, widowhood, rape, divorce, stroke, and breast cancer, and has been memorably plagued by dissociative identity disorder (or DID, once known as multiple personality disorder) on and off for decades. Viki has also had heart problems, leading up to having the heart of her dying husband transplanted into her, to save her life.

The 1993 story of Marty Saybrooke's gang rape has been called "one of the show's most remembered and impactful."

''One Life to Live'' celebrated its 40th anniversary in July 2008 with the return of several former cast members and by revisiting notable plotlines from its past. "Deceased" characters and even creator Agnes Nixon appeared in a storyline in which Slezak's Viki dies and visits Heaven, an homage to Viki's 1987 heavenly trip. Daytime Emmy-nominee Andrea Evans and others returned for a tribute to Tina Lord's famous 1987 plunge over the Iguazu Falls and the 1990 royal wedding in fictional Mendorra. And like the 1988 Old West storyline in which the character Clint Buchanan steps back 100 years in the past, on July 21, 2008, Robert S. Woods began an extended storyline in which his character Bo Buchanan finds himself transplanted back into his own past—specifically 1968, the year of the series' inception—witnessing his family's back-story unfold. ''Soap Opera Digest'' subsequently named ''One Life to Live'' their "Best Show" of 2008, calling it "the year's most compelling" series and citing a myriad of storylines the magazine found "heartbreaking", "stunning", and "gripping", as well as complimenting its risk-taking and "diverse and talented" cast.

On August 4, 2009 it was announced that ''One Life to Live'', which tapes in New York City, would move from ABC Studio 17 at 56 West 66th Street to Studio 23 at 320 West 66th Street Manhattan in early 2010. This studio was made available by the move of sister soap opera ''All My Children'' to a production facility in Los Angeles, where that series began taping on January 4, 2010. The new studio is 30% larger than ''One Life to Live'' previous one, and both ''One Life to Live'' and ''All My Children'' were to be taped and broadcast in high-definition (HD) after their moves.

On October 8, 2009, ABC announced that it had postponed the transition to HD for ''One Live to Live'', citing the economic climate at the time, though an ABC spokesperson did state that they "...will re-examine it next year." On December 6, 2010, ''One Life to Live'' became the fifth daytime soap opera to broadcast in the 16:9 widescreen picture format, after ''Days of our Lives'', ''The Young and the Restless'', and fellow ABC soaps ''All My Children'' and ''General Hospital'', though those series are produced in high definition. The September 17, 2010 series ending of ''As the World Turns'' left ''One Life to Live'' as the last remaining American daytime soap opera being produced in the New York City area.

On April 14, 2011, ABC announced that the series will be ending its run on their network in January, 2012. The network states that extensive research has been done and is replacing the show with a new production entitled ''The Revolution'' which will focus on health and lifestyles. In response to the cancellation of this and ''All My Children'', vacuum cleaner manufacturer Hoover withdrew its advertising from all ABC programs out of protest, going as far as running a campaign to get ABC to reverse its decision.

On July 7, 2011, ABC announced that it had licensed the rights to ''One Life to Live'' and ''All My Children'' to television, film and music production company Prospect Park, allowing both series to continue producing new first-run episodes beyond the conclusion of its television run on ABC, with the series moving to a new Hulu-style online channel currently in development by Prospect Park; as a result of the company's acquisition of the two soaps, ''One Life to Live'' and ''All My Children'' will become the first soap operas to transition its first-run broadcasts from traditional television to internet television. There is no specific date at this time as to when ''One Life to Live'' will begin its run exclusively on the internet (though Prospect Park had originally intended for the series to begin on January 23, 2012) , but Prospect Park hopes to launch its first episode in the first quarter of 2012. This may be done either in the same time or after ''All My Children'', which also does not have a specific date for its transition on the web. Since the agreement made between ABC and Prospect Park does allows ''One Life to Live'' to be broadcast on traditionnal television , there is possibility of ''OLTL'' airing in a cable channel.

Cast and characters

Actors working for more than 30 years on the show include Erika Slezak and Robert S. Woods. Actors who were with the show and became more widely known from their prime-time television or feature film work include Judith Light, Roma Downey, Laurence Fishburne, Tommy Lee Jones, Mario Van Peebles, Ryan Phillippe, and Jessica Tuck.

Core characters and families include Asa Buchanan and members of the Buchanan family, Viki Lord and siblings Tina and Todd of the Lord family, and supporting families like Dr. Larry Wolek and the Wolek family and Dr. Dorian Cramer and the Cramer family.

Controversy

In 2002, the popularity of antihero Todd Manning (Roger Howarth) prompted ABC to market a rag doll of the character, complete with his signature scar. First offered for sale on April 29, 2002, the doll was pulled on May 7, 2002 after a backlash begun when ''The Jack Myers Report'' "harshly criticized the network's judgment" on creating and releasing a doll based on Manning, a character who had notably been convicted of rape in 1993. ''The New York Times'' later quoted then-ABC President Angela Shapiro admitting, "I was insensitive and take total responsibility for it. I should have been sensitive to the history of the character and I wasn't."

Shortly after receiving a March 2005 GLAAD Media Award for its coverage of LGBT issues, ''One Life to Live'' was met with criticism when married district attorney Daniel Colson (Mark Dobies) was revealed to have murdered two people to cover up the fact that he is secretly gay. GLAAD itself criticized the storyline "for reinforcing the idea that being gay is something to be ashamed of," while ''TV Guide'' noted "It's hard to disagree with those who say that's a lousy representation of gay folks." Executive Producer Frank Valentini defended the story, saying "This is a story about the harsher side of intolerance and about one man not being true to himself. There are going to be meaningful, frank discussions that come out of this." Then-head writer Dena Higley explained, "The number one rule of soap opera is never cut drama. Daniel being gay and keeping that a secret is a dramatic story."

In June 2009, actress Patricia Mauceri (a performer on the series since 1995) was replaced in her role as Latin matriarch Carlotta Vega, reportedly after voicing personal religious objections to a planned storyline in which Carlotta would be supportive of a gay relationship.

Historical storylines

Storylines: 1968–1979

Storylines: 1980–1989

Storylines: 1990–1999

Storylines: 2000–Present

Crossovers

Since the show's inception, the plotlines of ''One Life to Live'' have been established as existing in the same fictional universe as other ABC-owned daytime series, in particular Agnes Nixon's ''All My Children'', which premiered in 1970. As noted from time to time in both series, fictional Pine Valley—the setting of ''All My Children''—is located in Pennsylvania near ''One Life to Live'' Llanview. Over the years, many characters have crossed over from one series to another in both short appearances and extended runs. As early as 1968, ''General Hospital'' Dr. Steve Hardy appeared in Llanview to consult on Meredith Lord Wolek's blood disease as a means to lead ''General Hospital'' viewers to the new series; similarly, ''One Life to Live'' Dr. Larry Wolek visited ''All My Children'' shortly after its premiere in 1970.

In 1979, when Viki Riley was on trial for the murder of Marco Dane, she was defended by Pine Valley attorney Paul Martin. In 1999, Daytime Emmy Award-winner Linda Dano returned to ''One Life to Live'' as Gretel "Rae" Cummings, a character she had previously played on the series from 1978 to 1980. In a 2000 move of network synergy designed to "entice viewers to tune into soap operas that they might not have usually watched," then-President of ABC Daytime Angela Shapiro orchestrated Dano's concurrent appearance as Rae on the three other ABC soap operas at the time — ''All My Children'', ''General Hospital'', and ''Port Charles'' — in an extended crossover storyline which was the first time a daytime character had ever appeared on four series. Rae's search for the child she had given up for adoption takes her to ''All My Children'', where she discovers in 2000 that her own birth mother is Pine Valley's Myrtle Fargate. Following clues to ''Port Charles'' and ''General Hospital'', Rae finally finds her daughter back in Llanview on ''One Life to Live'': Skye Chandler, herself a former ''All My Children'' character who had relocated to ''One Life to Live'' in 1999. Skye's adopted ''All My Children'' father Adam Chandler appears on ''One Life to Live'' in 2001, and Rae initially identifies Skye's biological father as Alan Quartermaine of ''General Hospital''. Both women subsequently appear on that series, with Skye moving to ''General Hospital'' full-time in 2001 and Rae returning to ''One Life to Live'' until 2004, making some appearances on ''General Hospital'' later in 2002 and 2003.

A December 30, 2003 visit by ''One Life to Live'' Paul Cramer to his estranged secret wife Babe Carey on ''All My Children'' ultimately leads to an extensive 2004 "baby switch" storyline which features crossovers of over 20 characters between the two series. With his sister Kelly desperate for a child to save her marriage after miscarrying her own, Paul finds himself delivering the babies of both Babe and her friend Bianca Montgomery during a rainstorm and subsequent flood in nearby Pine Valley on March 24, 2004. Paul stages a crash with his MEDEVAC helicopter; he takes Babe's son for Kelly, gives Bianca's daughter to Babe, and tells Bianca that her baby had died in the accident. Unaware of the child's origins, Kelly brings Babe's infant back to Llanview, passing him off as her child with her husband Kevin Buchanan. Months later, Babe discovers that her daughter is really the grieving Bianca's, but remains silent and allows Paul to manipulate her. Meanwhile, a devastated Kelly discovers that Paul had stolen her son from his mother and, desperate for cash, he blackmails Kelly by threatening to reveal the secret to Kevin. Bianca's daughter is returned to her for Christmas 2004, and once Kevin learns the truth, he and Kelly return Babe's son as well in 2005.

Awards

''One Life to Live'' and many of its actors and crew have been nominated for dozens of awards, winning on many occasions. Erika Slezak has received six Daytime Emmy Awards for her acting, a feat tied only by Anthony Geary and Justin Deas.

In 2005 the series was awarded a GLAAD Media Award for its coverage of LGBT issues in the 2004 coming out storyline of gay character Mark Solomon (Matt Cavenaugh). ''One Life to Live'' was nominated again in 2010 for a well-publicized storyline in which police officer Oliver Fish comes out and reunites with his college boyfriend.

Daytime Emmy Award wins

! Category	! Recipient	! Role	! Year(s)
			2002
	Al Freeman, Jr.Robert S. Woods		19791983
	Judith LightRobin StrasserErika SlezakHillary B. SmithSusan Haskell		1980, 198119821984, 1986, 1992, 1995, 1996, 200519942009
	Thom Christopher	Carlo Hesser	1992
	Susan Haskell	Marty Saybrooke	1994
	Roger Howarth	Todd Manning	1994

;Wins in other categories

2009 Outstanding Achievement in Costume Design for a Drama Series

2009 Outstanding Achievement in Makeup for a Drama Series

2009 Outstanding Drama Series Directing Team

2009 Outstanding Original Song

2008 Outstanding Achievement in Costume Design for a Drama Series

2008 Outstanding Achievement in Lighting Direction for a Drama Series

2008 Outstanding Drama Series Directing Team

2008 Outstanding Drama Series Writing Team

2008 Outstanding Original Song (two awards for two ''One Life to Live'' songs, which tied)

2007 Outstanding Achievement in Art Direction/Set Decoration/Scenic Design for a Drama Series

2007 Outstanding Achievement in Multiple Camera Editing for a Drama Series

2005 Outstanding Achievement in Music Direction and Composition for a Drama Series (tied with ''All My Children'')

2005 Outstanding Achievement in Technical Direction/Electronic Camera/Video Control for a Drama Series

2003 Outstanding Achievement in Live & Direct to Tape Sound Mixing for a Drama Series

2001 Outstanding Achievement in Live & Direct to Tape Sound Mixing for a Drama Series

2001 Outstanding Achievement in Technical Direction/Electronic Camera/Video Control for a Drama Series

2000 Outstanding Achievement in Costume Design for a Drama Series

2000 Outstanding Achievement in Live & Direct to Tape Sound Mixing for a Drama Series

2000 Outstanding Achievement in Music Direction and Composition for a Drama Series

2000 Outstanding Original Song

1994 Outstanding Drama Series Writing Team

1987 Outstanding Drama Series Writing Team

1984 Outstanding Achievement in Technical Excellence for a Daytime Drama Series

1984 Outstanding Direction for a Daytime Drama Series

1983 Outstanding Direction for a Daytime Drama Series

1982 Outstanding Achievement in Any Area of Creative Technical Crafts: Lighting Direction (Everett Melosh)

1976 Outstanding Individual Director for a Daytime Drama Series (David Pressman)

1974 Outstanding Technical Direction and Electronic Camerawork

Scheduling/ratings history

''For historical ratings information, see List of US daytime soap opera ratings''

ABC cemented its reputation as a youth-oriented network in daytime with the addition of ''OLTL'' to its schedule, with much of the rest of its lineup consisting of fashionable soaps like ''Dark Shadows,'' sitcom reruns, and game shows packaged by Chuck Barris. The network placed the new serial at 3:30 PM EST/2:30 CST, against CBS' established hit ''Edge of Night'' and the popular NBC game ''You Don't Say.'' ''OLTL'' replaced the short-lived ''Baby Game,'' in a three-way shuffle with ''Dark Shadows'' and ''Dating Game.''

Despite the tough competition, the intense tone of the plot and strong characters allowed the show to get a leg up on ''YDS,'' wearing that game down to the point of its cancellation in September 1969; NBC replaced the Tom Kennedy-hosted game in that timeslot with three unsuccessful serials: ''Bright Promise'' (1969–1972), ''Return to Peyton Place'' (1972–1974), and ''How to Survive a Marriage'' (1974–1975).

Things greatly improved for ''OLTL'' in 1972, when CBS relocated ''Edge'' in response to packager Procter and Gamble's demands. The four-year-old show managed to top the ratings for the first time over CBS' declining ''Secret Storm,'' and later, the game ''Hollywood's Talking,'' which ran only 13 weeks. However, trouble loomed on the horizon as ''OLTL'' anticipated its fifth birthday, with the coming of CBS' revival of Goodson-Todman's ''Match Game.'' Some months after its debut in July 1973, that show became the daytime phenomenon of the mid-1970s, becoming the top-rated of all daytime shows by Thanksgiving. ABC stood by ''OLTL,'' however, keeping it put at 3:30/2:30.

By 1975, though, NBC became a serious player in that timeslot for the first time in over five years when it expanded its strong soap ''Another World'' to a full hour, its second half occupying the 3:30/2:30 period. This would cause ''OLTL'' to lose a substantial audience share, but its lead-in, ''General Hospital,'' experienced even worse losses. ABC decided to take an unusual approach in addressing the competition: it expanded both ''OLTL'' and ''GH'' to 45 minutes, with each composing a half of a 90-minute block between 2:30/1:30 and 4/3. Beginning on July 26, 1976, ''OLTL'' assumed the first position, at 2:30/1:30. ABC bet its hopes on viewers staying tuned past the half hour, making them unlikely to switch channels to ''AW'' or ''All in the Family'' reruns on CBS (for ''GH'' fans, turning to ''Match Game'').

As ''OLTL'' struggled, its neighbor, ''GH,'' was in danger of cancellation after a 15-year run. This approach showed some promise, until November 7, 1977, when ABC and CBS expanded both ''General Hospital'' and ''Guiding Light'' to a full hour. So, in a "make it or break it" ultimatum to ''OLTL,'' ABC finally gave an hour to one show, on January 16, 1978, with ''OLTL'' occupying the 2-3/1-2 slot; ''The $20,000 Pyramid,'' which enjoyed three solid years of success at 2/1, got dispatched to Noon/11 AM for the rest of its ABC run, to make room for ''OLTL.''

This proved to be decisive for the long-term survival of both shows, as ''GH'' rose rapidly to the top spot in the Nielsens through its brash, youthful storylines (culminating in the hugely popular "Luke and Laura" storyline by 1979-1980). As for ''OLTL,'' from its tenth birthday onward, it took advantage of the decline in quality and popularity of its competitors, all Procter and Gamble productions. ''Search for Tomorrow,'' for instance, spent its last several months on CBS against the last half of ''OLTL.'' Its replacement, ''Capitol,'' which ran from 1982 to 1987, did little better, and after its cancellation, CBS aligned ''As the World Turns'' against ''OLTL'' and ''AW,'' a configuration that stayed in place until ''AW's'' cancellation in 1999. During the 2000s, ''OLTL'' run about even with ''ATWT,'' with NBC's ''AW'' replacement ''Passions'' trailing significantly.

''One Life to Live'' enjoyed fair-to-middling ratings throughout most of its first decade, but rose rapidly as it entered its second year, along with the rest of ABC's daytime lineup. The 1980s saw the show reach the height of its popularity, occupying a top-four place for almost all of the decade. Since 1991, it returned to the middle of the pack, but its numbers declined, in common with all other soaps. By decade's end, the show rested near the bottom of the ratings pack, and continues to hover around the lower reaches of the weekly ratings today, at least in terms of total number of viewers; however, the show does tend to rank in the mid-range for the target demographic of women aged 18–49, often higher than sister show ''All My Children''. Even since the cancellation announcement made in April 2011, ''One Life to Live'' has beaten ''General Hospital'' on a regular basic in overall figure, although ''General Hospital'' continues to lead ''One Life to Live'' in the key demographic, usually prioritized by daytime networks, of women between 18 and 49 years old.

Executive producers and head writers

Executive producers

!Duration
January 2003 to present	Frank Valentini
January 2001 to December 2002	Gary Tomlin
December 1997 to January 2001	Jill Farren Phelps
October 1996 to December 1997	Maxine Levinson
July 1994 to October 1996	Susan Bedsow Horgan
July 1991 to June 1994	Linda Gottlieb
August 1984 to June 1991	Paul Rauch
August 1983 to July 1984	Jean Arley
July 1977 to August 1983	Joseph Stuart
July 1968 to July 1977	Doris Quinlan

Head writers

!Duration
May 2, 2008 to present	Ron Carlivati
February 15, 2008 to May 1, 2008	Gary Tomlin (During 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike>WGA strike)
September 11, 2007 to February 14, 2008	Ron Carlivati
May 8, 2007 to September 10, 2007	Dena HigleyRon Carlivati
December 13, 2004 to May 7, 2007	Dena Higley
November 29, 2004 to December 10, 2004	Brian FronsFrank Valentini
March 23, 2004 to November 24, 2004	Michael Malone
March 10, 2003 to March 22, 2004	Josh GriffithMichael Malone
February 3, 2003 to March 7, 2003	Josh Griffith
January 2001 to January 31, 2003	Lorraine BroderickChristopher Whitesell
September 1999 to March 2001	Megan McTavish
January 1999 to September 1999	No Headwriter credited
March 30, 1998 to December 31, 1998	Pamela K. Long
June 1997 to March 29, 1998	Claire LabineMatthew Labine
December 1996-June 1997	Jean PassanantePeggy Sloane
April 1996 to December 1996	Leah LaimanJean PassanantePeggy Sloane
March 1995 to March 1996	Michael Malone
January 1992 to February 1995	Josh GriffithMichael Malone
August 1991 to January 1992	Michael Malone
May 1991 to August 1991	Craig Carlson
September 1990 to May 1991	Craig CarlsonLeah Laiman
July 1987 to July 1990	S. Michael Schnessel
July 1984 to June 1987	Peggy O'Shea
December 1983 to June 1984	Sam Hall (writer)>Sam HallPeggy O'Shea
June 1983 to December 1983	John William CorringtonJoyce Hooper Corrington>Joyce Corrington
February 1983 to June 1983	Henry Slesar
July 1982 to January 1983	Sam Hall (writer)>Sam HallHenry Slesar
March 1980 to May 1982	Sam Hall (writer)>Sam HallPeggy O'Shea
November 1978 to March 1980	Gordon RussellSam Hall (writer)>Sam Hall
September 1973 to October 1978	Gordon Russell
August 1972 to September 1973	Agnes NixonGordon Russell
July 1968 to July 1972	Agnes NixonPaul Roberts (Writer)

International broadcasting

''One Life to Live'' curently does not air on any of the three major Canadian brodcasting networks, but did aired in Bell Media's [[A (TV system)">A system at 1PM local time. The series was previously broadcast on Joytv and the Citytv stations in Calgary (CKAL-TV), Edmonton (CKEM-TV), and Winnipeg (CHMI-TV); and in Ontario on Sun TV. ''One Life to Live'' also has been available on Canadian households directly through ABC since its debut in 1968 and continues to be the case.

In Italy ''One Life to Live'', under the title ''Una vita da vivere'', aired in the afternoon from November 1982 to September 1985 on Canale 5 (1978-1981 US episodes). The series returned with new episodes in July 1988, this time on Rete 4 in the afternoon. In September 1989 it was moved to 8.30 am, and stopped airing in June 1991 (1984 UU episodes). Reruns aired from 1987 to 1990 on Italia 7 and briefly in 1994 on Tivù Italia.

130 episodes of ''One Life to Live'' from 1980-1981 were broadcast under the title ''Solo se vive una vez'' on Spain's TVE1 at 11.30 am starting on August 11, 1986.

In Israel ''One Life to Live'' debuted in 1994 on Channel 3 weekdays at 18:00 with the Marty Saybrooke gang rape storyline (US: 1993). It went off the air in 1998. In Summer 1999 the series was relaunched in prime time on the telenovela channel Viva (21:00), starting where the previous run of episodes had left off (US 1997 episodes). In 2001 ''One Life to Live'' was relocated again, this time to Yes Channel 3 satellite. It went off the air in May 2002 (2001 US episodes). In Israel, the show was named "לחיות את החיים" (Likhiot Et Hakhayim) - meaning "Living The Life".

See also

List of longest-serving soap opera actors

List of ''One Life to Live'' characters

References

External links

''One Life to Live'': SOAPnet.com

''One Life to Live'': Soaps.com

Llanview Labyrinth

Category:1968 television series debuts Category:1960s American television series Category:1970s American television series Category:1980s American television series Category:1990s American television series Category:2000s American television series Category:2010s American television series Category:American Broadcasting Company network shows Category:American television soap operas Category:English-language television series Category:One Life to Live Category:Television series by Buena Vista Television Category:Television shows set in Pennsylvania

de:Liebe, Lüge, Leidenschaft fr:On ne vit qu'une fois it:Una vita da vivere nl:One Life to Live ja:ワン・ライフ・トゥ・リヴ pl:One Life to Live pt:One Life to Live ru:Одна жизнь, чтобы жить

name	To Live
translator	Michael Berry
author	Yu Hua
country	China
language	Chinese
genre	Novel
publisher	Anchor Books & Random House of Canada Limited
pub date	1993
english pub date	2003
media type	Print (Hardback & Paperback)
pages	235
isbn	1-4000-3186-9 }}

''To Live'' (simplified Chinese: 活着, traditional Chinese: 活著) is a 1993 novel by Chinese novelist Yu Hua. It describes the struggles endured by the son of a wealthy land-owner after the Revolution fundamentally alters the nature of Chinese society. The contrast between his pre-revolutionary status as a selfish fool who (literally) travels on the shoulders of the downtrodden and his post-revolutionary status as a persecuted peasant are stark.

Xu Fugui is a son of a local rich man and compulsive gambler. After losing his entire family fortune, his father dies with grief and indignation. To make a living, Fugui joins a shadow play troupe. The Chinese civil war is occurring at the time, and Fugui is forced to join the army. By the time he finally returns home two years later, he finds his mother has died of a stroke, and his daughter has become mute and lost most of her hearing from a fever. Years later, Fugui's only son dies after a blood transfusion. The daughter finally grows up and finds a husband. They are a happy couple until she dies from dystocia. Soon after that, Fugui’s wife dies of osteoporosis, and his son in law dies in a construction accident. Eventually, even Fugui’s last relative, his grandson Kugen (renamed Mantou in the 1994 movie adaptation), chokes to death while eating beans. In the end, Fugui buys an old ox to accompany him. It seems that in the world absolutely nothing is left for him, but he does not give up, he believes there is still hope, that just like they say, things would get better.

The novel includes interesting first-hand descriptions of some of the less successful aspects of Collectivist policy, such as communal agriculture and the attempt to build a village-based steel industry.

A film based on the book was released in 1994, after numerous discussions between film director Zhang Yimou and the novelist author Yu Hua upon the proper film adaptation, keeping the plot within the frame of Yu Hua's artistic vision. Despite being less grim than the novel, the movie was banned in China, and director Zhang Yimou was banned from film-making for two years.

External links

Film adaptation discussed at thinkingchinese.com

Category:1993 novels Category:Novels by Yu Hua

fr:Vivre ! sv:Att leva (1992) zh:活着

Name	Snoop Dogg
Birth name	Calvin Cordozar Broadus, Jr.
Born	October 20, 1971
Origin	Long Beach, California, U.S.
Occupation	Rapper, entrepreneur, lyricist, actor, record producer, entertainer film producer, businessman, television producer
Religion	Islam
Genre	Hip hop, gangsta rap, g-funk, R&B;
Years active	1991–present
Label	Priority, EMI Records, Capitol Records, Doggystyle
Associated acts	Tha Eastsidaz, Dr. Dre, Cypress Hill, 2Pac, Akon, Bow Wow, 213, 50 Cent, Xzibit, Tha Dogg Pound, Nate Dogg, Game
Website
Background	solo_singer }}

Calvin Cordozar Broadus, Jr. (born October 20, 1971), better known by his stage name Snoop Dogg, is an American rapper, record producer, marijuana activist, actor and entertainer. Snoop is best known as a rapper in the West Coast hip hop scene, and for being one of Dr. Dre's most notable protégés. Snoop Dogg was a Crip gang member while in high school. Shortly after graduation, he was arrested for cocaine possession and spent six months in Wayside County Jail. His music career began in 1992 after his release when he was discovered by Dr. Dre. He collaborated on several tracks on Dre's solo debut, ''The Chronic'' and on the titular theme song to the film ''Deep Cover''.

Snoop's debut album ''Doggystyle'', was released in 1993 under Death Row Records debuting at No.1 on both the Billboard Hot 100 and R&B; charts. Selling almost a million copies in the first week of its release, ''Doggystyle'' quickly became certified quadruple platinum in 1994 and spawned several hit singles, including "What's My Name" and "Gin & Juice". In 1994, Snoop released a soundtrack on Death Row Records for the short film ''Murder Was The Case'', starring himself. In early 1996, Snoop Dogg was cleared of charges over his bodyguard's 1993 murder of Philip Woldemariam. His second album, late 1996's ''Tha Doggfather'', also debuted at No.1 on both charts with "Snoop's Upside Ya Head" as the lead single. The album sold only half as well, being certified double platinum in 1997.

''Tha Doggfather'' was his last release for Death Row before he signed with No Limit Records, where he recorded his next three albums. ''Da Game Is to Be Sold, Not to Be Told'' in 1998, ''No Limit Top Dogg'' in 1999 (making it his last album of the 90s), and ''Tha Last Meal'' in 2000, which was his last No Limit Records album. Snoop then signed with Priority/Capitol/EMI Records in 2002, where he released his album ''Paid tha Cost to Be da Boss''. Then he signed with Geffen Records in 2004 for his next three albums ''R&G; (Rhythm & Gangsta): The Masterpiece'', ''Tha Blue Carpet Treatment'', ''Ego Trippin''', and ''Malice 'n Wonderland''. His most recent release, which was on Priority, was ''Doggumentary'' in March 2011.

In addition to music, Snoop Dogg has starred in motion pictures and hosted several television shows: ''Doggy Fizzle Televizzle'', ''Snoop Dogg's Father Hood'' and ''Dogg After Dark''. He also coaches a youth football league and high school football team. He has run into many legal troubles, some of which caused him to be legally banned from the UK and Australia, although the UK ban was later reversed after a long legal battle. He is the cousin of emcees Nate Dogg, Daz Dillinger, RBX and Lil' ½ Dead and the cousin of R&B; singers Brandy and Ray J. Starting September 2009, Snoop was hired by EMI as the chairman of a reactivated Priority Records. His eleventh studio album, ''Doggumentary'', was released March 29, 2011.

Life and career

Early life

Named after his stepfather, Calvin Cordozar Broadus, Sr. (December 10, 1948 – November 9, 1985, Los Angeles), Calvin Broadus was born October 20, 1971 at the Los Altos Hospital in Long Beach, California, the second of three sons of Beverly Broadus (née Tate; born April 27, 1951, McComb, Mississippi). His father, Vernall Varnado (born December 13, 1949, Magnolia, Mississippi), was a Vietnam veteran, singer, and mail carrier who was said to be frequently absent from his life. Broadus' parents nicknamed him "Snoopy" as a child because of his appearance, but usually addressed him as Calvin at home. His mother and stepfather divorced in 1975. At an early age, Broadus began singing in Golgotha Trinity Baptist Church and playing piano; when he was in sixth grade, he began rapping. He attended Long Beach Polytechnic High School, and was convicted for cocaine trafficking, serving six months at the Wayside County Jail.

As a teenager, Snoop Dogg frequently ran into trouble with the law. Snoop Dogg was a member of the Rollin' 20 Crips gang in the Eastside of Long Beach, although he stated in 1993 that he never joined a gang. Shortly after graduating from high school, he was arrested for possession of cocaine. Snoop Dogg's conviction caused him to be frequently in and out of prison for the first three years after he graduated from high school. Snoop, along with his cousins Nate Dogg and Lil' ½ Dead and friend Warren G, recorded home made tapes as a group called 213, named after the Long Beach area code at the time. One of his early solo freestyles over En Vogue's "Hold On" had made it to a mixtape which was heard by influential producer Dr. Dre, who phoned to invite him to an audition. Former N.W.A member The D.O.C. taught him how to structure his lyrics and separate the thematics into verses, hooks and chorus.

1992–93: Career beginnings and ''Doggystyle''

When he began recording, Broadus took the stage name Snoop Doggy Dogg. Dr. Dre began working with Snoop Dogg, first on the theme song of the 1992 film ''Deep Cover'', and then on Dr. Dre's debut solo album ''The Chronic'' with the other members of his former starting group, Tha Dogg Pound. The huge success of Snoop Dogg's debut ''Doggystyle'' was partially because of this intense exposure.

To fuel the ascendance of West Coast G-funk hip hop, the singles "Who Am I (What's My Name)?" and "Gin and Juice" reached the top ten most-played songs in the United States, and the album stayed on the Billboard charts for several months. Gangsta rap became the center of arguments for censorship and labeling, with Snoop Dogg often used as an example of violent and misogynistic musicians. ''Doggystyle'', much like ''The Chronic'', featured a host of rappers signed to or affiliated with the Death Row label including Daz Dillinger, Kurupt, Nate Dogg and others. ''Rolling Stone'' music critic Touré asserted that Snoop had a relatively soft vocal delivery compared to other rappers: "Snoop's vocal style is part of what distinguishes him: where many rappers scream, figuratively and literally, he speaks softly."

A short film about Snoop Dogg's murder trial called ''Murder Was The Case'', was released in 1994, along with an accompanying soundtrack. On July 6, 1995, Doggy Style Records, Inc., a record label founded by Snoop Dogg, was registered with the California Secretary of State as business entity number C1923139.

1996–97: ''Tha Doggfather''

After Snoop Dogg was acquitted of murder charges on February 20, 1996, he and the mother of his son and their kennel of 20 pit bulls moved into a home in the hills of Claremont, California and by August 1996 Doggy Style Records, a subsidiary of Death Row Records, signed The Gap Band's Charlie Wilson as one of the record label's first artists.

However, by the time Snoop Dogg's second album, ''Tha Doggfather'', was released in November 1996, the price of living (or sometimes just imitating) the gangsta life had become very evident. Among the many notable hip hop industry deaths and convictions were the death of Snoop Dogg's friend and labelmate 2Pac and the racketeering indictment of Death Row co-founder Suge Knight. Dr. Dre had left Death Row earlier in 1996 because of a contract dispute, so Snoop Dogg co-produced ''Tha Doggfather'' with Daz Dillinger and DJ Pooh.

This album featured a distinct change of style as compared to ''Doggystyle'', and the leadoff single, "Snoop's Upside Ya Head", featured a collaboration with Gap Band frontman Charlie Wilson. While the album sold reasonably well, it was not as successful as its predecessor. However, ''Tha Doggfather'' had a somewhat softer approach to the G-funk style. The immediate aftermath of Dr. Dre's withdrawal from Death Row Records, realizing that he was subject to an iron-clad time-based contract (i.e., that Death Row practically owned anything he produced for a number of years), Snoop Dogg refused to produce any more tracks for Suge Knight, other than the insulting "Fuck Death Row", until his contract expired. In an interview with Neil Strauss in 1998, Snoop Dogg stated that though he had been given lavish gifts by his former label they had withheld royalty payments to the artist.

Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic said that after ''Tha Doggfather'', Snoop Dogg began "moving away from his gangsta roots toward a calmer lyrical aesthetic": for instance, Snoop participated in the 1997 Lollapalooza concert tour, which featured mainly alternative rock music. Troy J. Augusto of ''Variety'' noticed that Snoop's set at Lollapalooza attracted "much dancing, and, strangely, even a small mosh pit" in the audience.

1998–2000: ''Tha Doggfather'', ''No Limit'', ''Top Dogg'' and ''Tha Last Meal''

Snoop signed with Master P's No Limit Records (distributed by Priority/EMI Records) in 1998 and debuted on the label with ''Da Game Is to Be Sold, Not to Be Told'' that year. His other albums from No Limit were ''No Limit Top Dogg'' in 1999 (selling over 1,503,865 copies) and ''Tha Last Meal'' in 2000 (selling over 1,000,000). In 2001, his autobiography, ''Tha Doggfather'', was published.

2002: ''Paid tha Cost to Be da Bo$$''

In 2002 he released the album ''Paid tha Cost to Be da Bo$$'', on Priority/Capitol/EMI Records, selling over 1,300,000 copies. The album featured the hit singles "From tha Chuuuch to da Palace" and "Beautiful", featuring guest vocals by Pharrell. By this stage in his career, Snoop Dogg had left behind his "gangster" image and embraced a "pimp" image.

2004–05: ''R&G; (Rhythm & Gangsta): The Masterpiece''

In 2004, Snoop signed to Geffen Records/Star Trak Entertainment both of which are distributed through Interscope Records; Star Trak is headed by producer duo The Neptunes, which produced several tracks for Snoop's 2004 release ''R&G; (Rhythm & Gangsta): The Masterpiece''. "Drop It Like It's Hot" (featuring Pharrell), the first single released from the album, was a hit and became Snoop Dogg's first single to reach number one. His third release was "Signs", featuring Justin Timberlake and Charlie Wilson, which entered the UK chart at #2. This was his highest entry ever in the UK chart. The album sold 1,724,000 copies in the U.S. alone, and most of its singles were heavily played on radio and television. Snoop Dogg joined Warren G and Nate Dogg to form the group 213 and released album ''The Hard Way'' in 2004. Debuting at No.4 on the ''Billboard'' 200 and No.1 on the Top R&B;/Hip-Hop Albums, it included single "Groupie Luv". Together with fellow rappers Lil' Jon, Xzibit and David Banner, Snoop Dogg appeared in the music video for Korn's "Twisted Transistor".

2006: ''Tha Blue Carpet Treatment''

Snoop Dogg's appeared on two tracks from Ice Cube's 2006 album ''Laugh Now, Cry Later'', including the single "Go to Church", and on several tracks on Tha Dogg Pound's ''Cali Iz Active'' the same year. Also, his latest song, "Real Talk", was leaked over the Internet in the summer of 2006 and a video was later released on the Internet. "Real Talk" was a dedication to former Crips leader Stanley "Tookie" Williams and a diss to Arnold Schwarzenegger, the Governor of California. Two other singles on which Snoop made a guest performance were "Keep Bouncing" by Too $hort (also with will.i.am of The Black Eyed Peas) and "Gangsta Walk" by Coolio.

Snoop's 2006 album, ''Tha Blue Carpet Treatment'', debuted on the Billboard 200 at No.5 and has sold over 850,000 copies. The album and the second single "That's That Shit" featuring R. Kelly were well received by critics. In the album, he collaborated in a video with E-40 and other West Coast rappers for his single "Candy (Drippin' Like Water)".

2007–08: ''Ego Trippin'''

In July 2007, Snoop Dogg also made history by becoming the first artist to release a track as a ringtone prior to its release as a single, which was "It's the D.O.G." On July 7, 2007, Snoop Dogg performed at the Live Earth concert, Hamburg. Snoop Dogg has ventured into singing for Bollywood with his first ever rap for an Indian movie ''Singh Is Kinng''; the title of the song is also "Singh is Kinng". He also appears in the movie as himself. The album featuring the song was released on June 8, 2008 on Junglee Music Records. He released his ninth studio album, ''Ego Trippin''' (selling 400,000 copies in the U.S.), along with the first single, "Sexual Eruption". The single peaked at No.7 on the Billboard 100, featuring Snoop using autotune. The album featured production from QDT (Quik-Dogg-Teddy).

2009–10: ''Malice n Wonderland'' and ''More Malice''

Snoop was appointed an executive position at Priority Records. His tenth studio album, ''Malice n Wonderland'', was released on December 8, 2009. The first single from the album, "Gangsta Luv", featuring The-Dream, peaked at No.35 on the Billboard Hot 100. The album debuted at No.23 on the Billboard 200, selling 61,000 copies its first week, making it his lowest charting album. His third single, "I Wanna Rock", peaked at No.41 on the Billboard Hot 100. Snoop features on the latest Gorillaz album, ''Plastic Beach''. The fourth single from ''Malice n Wonderland'', titled "Pronto", featuring Soulja Boy Tell 'Em, was released on iTunes on December 1, 2009. Snoop re-released the album under the name ''More Malice''.

2011-present: Doggumentary

Snoop collaborated with Katy Perry on the first single from her second mainstream album, "California Gurls", which was released on May 11, 2010. Snoop can also be heard on the track "Flashing" by Dr. Dre and on Curren$y's song "Seat Change". He was also featured on a new single from Australian singer Jessica Mauboy, titled "Get 'em Girls" (released September 2010). Snoop's latest effort was backing American recording artist, Emii, on her second single entitled "Mr. Romeo" (released October 26, 2010 as a follow-up to "Magic"). Snoop also collaborated with American comedy troupe The Lonely Island in their song "Turtleneck & Chain", in their 2011 album ''Turtleneck & Chain''.

Snoop Dogg's newest studio album is ''Doggumentary'', The album was renamed to ''Doggumentary'' and was released during March 2011. Snoop was featured on Gorillaz' latest album ''Plastic Beach'' on a track called: "Welcome to the World of the Plastic Beach" with the The Hypnotic Brass, he also completed another track with them entitled "Sumthing Like this Night" which does not appear on ''Plastic Beach'', yet does appear on ''Doggumentary''. He also appears on the latest Tech N9ne album ''All 6's And 7's'' (released June 7, 2011) on a track called "Pornographic" which also features E-40 and Krizz Kaliko.

Other ventures

Media appearances

Snoop Dogg has appeared on television and in films throughout his career. In 1998, Snoop had a cameo appearance in the film ''Half Baked'' as the "Scavenger Smoker". In 2000, Snoop (as "Michael J. Corleone") directed ''Snoop Dogg's Doggystyle'', a pornographic film produced by Hustler. The film, combining hip hop with x-rated material, was a huge success and won "Top Selling Release of the Year" at the 2002 AVN Awards. Snoop then directed ''Snoop Dogg's Hustlaz: Diary of a Pimp'' in 2002 (using the nickname "Snoop Scorsese").

In 2001, Snoop lent his voice to the animated show ''King of the Hill'', in which he played a white pimp named Alabaster Jones. He played a lead character in the movie ''The Wash'' with Dr. Dre. He portrayed a drug dealer in a wheelchair in the film ''Training Day'', featuring Denzel Washington. In 2001, Snoop starred in the horror film ''Bones'', with him playing a murdered mobster who returns from the dead to exact his revenge against those who murdered him.

In 2002, Snoop hosted, starred in, and produced his own MTV sketch comedy show entitled Doggy Fizzle Televizzle. Snoop was filmed for a brief cameo appearance in the television movie ''It's a Very Merry Muppet Christmas Movie'' (2002), but his performance was omitted from the final cut of the movie. On November 8, 2004, Snoop Dogg was starred in the episode "Two of a Kind" of NBC's series ''Las Vegas''.

In 2004, Snoop appeared on the Showtime series ''The L Word'' as the character "Slim Daddy". He also notably played the drug dealer-turned-informant character of Huggy Bear, in the 2004 remake film of the 1970s TV-series of the same name, ''Starsky & Hutch''. He appeared as himself in the episode "MILF Money" of ''Weeds'', and made an appearance on the TV shows ''Entourage'' and ''Monk'', for which he recorded a version of the theme, in July 2007.

Snoop founded his own production company, Snoopadelic Films, in 2005. Their debut film was ''Boss'n Up'', a film inspired by Snoop Dogg's album ''R&G;'', starring Lil Jon and Trina.

In December 2007, his reality show ''Snoop Dogg's Father Hood'' premiered on the E! channel. Snoop Dogg joined the NBA's Entertainment League. On March 30, 2008 he appeared at WrestleMania XXIV as a ''Master of Ceremonies'' for a tag team match between Maria and Ashley Massaro as they took on Beth Phoenix and Melina.

On May 8 and May 9, 2008, Snoop appeared as himself on the ABC soap opera ''One Life to Live'', with a new opening theme recorded by the artist presented for both episodes. In the episodes, Snoop performs at the bachelorette party for character Adriana Cramer, and credits Bo Buchanan with helping him get his start in show business. On February 24, 2010, Snoop Dogg reprised his role, performing his song "I Wanna Rock" from his new album, ''Malice n Wonderland'', as well as once again performing a special remixed, vocal rendition of the show's opening theme. In recent interviews he has explained that, as a child, ''One Life to Live'' was one of his favorite shows, and he still regards the show fondly. He has also stated that he has always been a particular fan of Robert S. Woods, who has portrayed the character of Bo Buchanan since 1979.

In 2009, Snoop Dogg appeared in Sacha Baron Cohen's film ''Brüno'' as himself performing a rap addition to the song "Dove Of Peace". On October 19, 2009, Snoop Dogg was the guest host of ''WWE Raw''.

In July 2009, Snoop revealed his desire to appear in the popular soap opera Coronation Street while touring in the UK. However ITV bosses were said to be less keen.

In 2010, Snoop Dogg appeared in an episode of I Get That a Lot on CBS as a parking-lot attendant.

In June 2010, Snoop created a music video for True Blood accompanying a song he wrote for one of the main characters of the show entitled "Oh Sookie."

In March 2011, Snoop participated in Comedy Central's Roast of Donald Trump with other comedians and media personalities.

Endorsements

St. Ides

Snoop Dogg 40 Oz Malt liquor

Adidas Originals

Boost Mobile cell phone

Chrysler 300

Colt 45 Blast

Metro PCS Samsung Galaxy 4G

Orbit Gum

Cal Worthington's Ford dealership in Long Beach, California

"Snoop Doggs" – foot-long hot dogs manufactured in Massachusetts, a joint venture with Platinum One Media

"Snoop Dogg Board Company (SDBC)" – skateboards and Luggage fabrication company (with Pentagon Distribution)

"Snooperbowl" and "Snoop Youth Football league"

"Chronic Candy" – candy that tastes like marijuana (from Switzerland and is currently banned in some cities of US)

''Love Don't Live Here No More, Doggy Tales Vol.1'' – love novel (co-written by David E. Talbert, published by Atria and Snoopadelic Films) ISBN 0-7432-7363-X ''Tha Doggfather : The Times, Trials, And Hardcore Truths Of Snoop Dogg'' – autobiography (published by William Morrow) Hardcover ISBN 0-688-17158-3, Paperback ISBN 0-06-107607-4

''Fear & Respect'' (project cancelled as of March 1, 2006) – PlayStation 2 video game (developed by Midway Games)

"Doggy Biscuitz" – shoe brand (in partnership with Pony International)

"Snoop Dogg Clothing" – streetwear (distributed at Macy's)

"WRFF" – unique design scooters (in cooperation with Salton, Inc.) "Hip Hop Gaming League" – a celebrity online gaming competition (hosted by Global Gaming League) "Snoop Dogg figures" (Vital Toys, SOTA Toys)

"Snoop Dogg Boxing" – mobile phone game (Sony Pictures Mobile)

"Snoop Dogg Pet Accessory Line" (in conjunction with Jakks Pacific) Snoop Dogg is a celebrity voice of a TomTom GPS navigation system. He stated on George Lopez's talk show Lopez Tonight that he is tired of hearing directions from the same woman. In August 2008, Snoop Dogg announced the launch of a new streetwear line called Rich & Infamous, via a partnership with Robert Thorne Co. The line was unveiled during the Magic Tradeshow in Las Vegas. "Hack is Wack" – Promoting Norton AntiVirus. "Coffee Cup With A Cause" with 7 Eleven. "Serious Pimp" clothing line. "iFizzle" iPhone Application. "Vybe Mobile" "Pepsi Max" – Zero Calories

Style and rap skills

Kool Moe Dee ranks Snoop at No.33 in his book ''There's a God on the Mic'', and says he has "an ultra-smooth, laidback delivery", and "flavor-filled melodic rhyming". Peter Shapiro describes Snoop's delivery as a "molasses drawl" and Allmusic notes his "drawled, laconic rhyming" style. Kool Moe Dee refers to Snoop's use of vocabulary, saying he "keeps it real simple...he simplifies it and he's effective in his simplicity".

Snoop is known to freestyle some of his lyrics on the spot for some songs – in the book ''How to Rap'', Lady of Rage says, "Snoop Dogg, when I worked with him earlier in his career, that's how created his stuff... he would freestyle, he wasn't a writer then, he was a freestyler," and The D.O.C. states, "Snoop's [rap] was a one take willy, but his shit was all freestyle. He hadn't written nothing down. He just came in and started busting. The song was "The Shiznit" – [that was all freestyle]. He started busting and when we got to the break, Dre cut the machine off, did the chorus and told Snoop to come back in. He did that throughout the record. That's when Snoop was in the zone then."

Peter Shapiro says that Snoop debuted on "Deep Cover" with a "shockingly original flow – which sounded like a Slick Rick born in South Carolina instead of South London" and adds that he "showed where his style came from by covering Slick Rick's 'La Di Da Di'". as well as 'linking with rhythm' in his compound rhymes, using alliteration, and employing a "sparse" flow with good use of pauses.

Snoop re-popularized the use of ''-izzle speak'', particularly in the pop and hip hop music industry.

Personal life

Broadus's father left the family when Broadus was three months old. Snoop married his high school sweetheart, Shante Taylor, on June 12, 1997. On May 21, 2004, he filed for divorce from Shante, citing irreconcilable differences. The couple renewed their wedding vows on January 12, 2008. R&B; singers Brandy and Ray J are his first cousins. In 2002, the rapper announced he was giving up marijuana, one of his image trademarks, for good. According to his IMDb biography, Snoop is a fan of the thrash metal band Metallica and performed their song "Sad But True" on the band's 2003 MTV Icon Special which is available on YouTube. A DNA test read by George Lopez on ''Lopez Tonight'' revealed Snoop Dogg to be of 0% East Asian, 23% Native American, 6% European, and 71% African descent.

Snoop is an avid fan of hometown teams Los Angeles Dodgers and the Los Angeles Lakers. Snoop is also an avid Pittsburgh Steelers fan. and is often seen wearing Pittsburgh Steelers apparel. Snoop has mentioned that his love for the Steelers began in the 1970s during the team's dynasty years while watching the team with his grandfather growing up in L.A. In the 2005 offseason, Snoop mentioned that he wanted to be an NFL head coach, "probably for the Steelers". The following year, he was in attendance for the Steelers' victory in Super Bowl XL and later in Super Bowl XLIII. He is also a fan of the Oakland Raiders and Dallas Cowboys, often wearing a No.5 jersey, and has been seen in Raiders training camps. He did his own free style rap based on his similarities with Tony Romo. He is also a fan of the USC Trojans Football team. He has also shown affection for the New England Patriots, as he has been seen performing at the Gillette Stadium and picked the Patriots as the favorite to win Super Bowl XXXIX against the Eagles. On August 6, 2009, Snoop visited the training camp of the Baltimore Ravens at McDaniel College in Westminster, Maryland. He was invited by Ray Lewis the day after his concert at the Merriweather Post Pavilion in Columbia, Maryland.

A certified football coach, Snoop Dogg has been head coach for his son's youth football teams and the John A. Rowland High School team.

Snoop Dogg is an avid hockey fan; he sported a Pittsburgh Penguins jersey (with the name and number 'GIN AND JUICE' 94 on the back) and a jersey of the now-defunct Springfield (MA) Indians of the American Hockey League in his 1994 music video, "Gin And Juice". On the E! show, ''Snoop Dogg’s Father Hood'', Snoop Dogg and his family received lessons on playing hockey from the Anaheim Ducks, then returning to the Honda Center to cheer on the Ducks against the Vancouver Canucks in the episode ''Snow in da Hood''.

In 2009, it was revealed that Snoop Dogg was a member of the Nation of Islam. On March 1, 2009, he made an appearance at the Nation of Islam's annual Saviours' Day holiday, where he praised minister Louis Farrakhan. Snoop claimed to be a member of the Nation of Islam, but he declined to give the date on which he joined. He also donated $1,000 to the organization.

Snoop claimed in a 2006 interview with ''Rolling Stone'' magazine that unlike other hip hop artists who've superficially adopted the pimp persona, he was an actual professional pimp in 2003 and 2004, saying "That shit was my natural calling and once I got involved with it, it became fun. It was like shootin' layups for me. I was makin' 'em every time." He goes on to say that upon the advice on some of the other pimps he knew, he eventually gave up pimping to spend more time with his family.

Legal issues

Shortly after graduating from high school, he was arrested for possession of cocaine.

While recording ''Doggystyle'' in August 1993, Snoop Dogg was arrested in connection with the death of Phillip Woldermarian, a member of a rival gang who was shot and killed by Snoop's bodyguard, McKinley Lee; Snoop was charged with murder along with Lee as he was driving the vehicle from which the shooting had commenced. Snoop and Lee were defended by Johnnie Cochran. Both Snoop and Lee were acquitted; Lee was acquitted on grounds of self-defense, but Snoop Dogg remained entangled in the legal battles around the case for three years.

In July 1993, Snoop was stopped for a traffic violation and a firearm was found by police while conducting a search of his car. In February 1997, he pleaded guilty to one count of being an ex-felon in possession of a handgun and was ordered to record three public service announcements, pay a $1,000 fine, and serve three years' probation.

In May 1998, Snoop Dogg was fined and arrested for a misdemeanor of marijuana possession.

In October 2001, Snoop Dogg was arrested again for a misdemeanor of marijuana possession. In 2002 he pleaded no contest and was fined a total of $398.30 and received a suspended 30-day jail sentence.

Snoop Dogg, Tha Dogg Pound, and The Game were sued for assaulting a fan on stage at a May 2005 concert at the White River Amphitheatre in Auburn, Washington. The accuser, Richard Monroe, Jr., claimed he was beaten by the artists' entourage while mounting the stage. He alleged that he reacted to an "open invite" to come on stage. Before he could, Snoop’s bodyguards grabbed him and he was beaten unconscious by crewmembers, including the rapper and producer Soopafly; Snoop and The Game were included in the suit for not intervening. The lawsuit focuses on a pecuniary claim of $22 million in punitive and compensatory damages, battery, negligence, and intentional infliction of emotional distress. The concerned parties appeared in court in April 2009.

On April 26, 2006, Snoop Dogg and members of his entourage were arrested after being turned away from British Airways' first class lounge at Heathrow Airport. Snoop and his party were not allowed to enter the lounge because some of the entourage were flying first class, other members in economy class. After the group was escorted outside, they vandalized a duty-free shop by throwing whiskey bottles. Seven police officers were injured in the midst of the disturbance. After a night in prison, Snoop and the other men were released on bail on April 27, but he was unable to perform at the Premier Foods People's Concert in Johannesburg on the same day. As part of his bail conditions, he had to return to the police station in May. The group has been banned by British Airways for "the foreseeable future." When Snoop Dogg appeared at a London police station on May 11, he was cautioned for affray under Section 4 of the Public Order Act for use of threatening words or behavior. On May 15, the Home Office decided that Snoop Dogg should be denied entry to the United Kingdom for the foreseeable future due to the incident at Heathrow as well as his previous convictions in the United States for drugs and firearms offenses. Snoop Dogg's visa card was rejected by local authorities on March 24, 2007 because of the Heathrow incident. A concert at London's Wembley Arena on March 27 went ahead with Diddy (with whom he toured Europe) and the rest of the show. However the decision affected four more British performances in Cardiff, Manchester and Glasgow and Budapest (due to rescheduling). As of March 2010, Snoop Dogg has been allowed back into the UK.

On September 27, 2006, Snoop Dogg was detained at John Wayne Airport in Orange County, California by airport security, after airport screeners found a collapsible police baton in Snoop's carry-on bag. The baton was confiscated but Snoop was allowed to board the flight. He has been charged with various weapons violations stemming from this incident. Donald Etra, Snoop's lawyer, told deputies the baton was a prop for a musical sketch. Snoop was sentenced to three years' probation and 160 hours of community service starting on September 20, 2007.

Snoop Dogg was arrested again on October 26, 2006 at Bob Hope Airport in Burbank, California while parked in a passenger loading zone. Approached by airport security for a traffic infraction, he was found in possession of marijuana and a firearm, according to a police statement. He was transported to Burbank Police Department Jail, booked, and released on $35,000 bond. He faced firearm and drug possession charges on December 12 at Burbank Superior Court.

He was again arrested on November 29, 2006, after performing on ''The Tonight Show'', for possession of marijuana and a firearm.

Snoop was arrested again on March 12, 2007 in Stockholm, Sweden after performing in a concert with P. Diddy in Stockholm's Globe Arena after he and a female companion reportedly "reeked" of marijuana. They were released four hours later after providing a urine sample. The results on urine determined whether charges would be pressed. However the rapper denied all charges.

On April 26, 2007, the Australian Department of Immigration and Citizenship banned him from entering the country on character grounds, citing his prior criminal convictions. He had been scheduled to appear at the MTV Australia Video Music Awards on April 29, 2007. Australian Department of Immigration and Citizenship lifted the ban in September 2008 and had granted him visa to tour Australia. DIAC said "In making this decision, the department weighed his criminal convictions against his previous behaviour while in Australia, recent conduct – including charity work – and any likely risk to the Australian community ... We took into account all relevant factors and, on balance, the department decided to grant the visa."

Snoop Dogg's many legal issues forced San Francisco mayor Gavin Newsom to withdraw his plan to issue a proclamation to the rapper.

Snoop Dogg was banned from Parkpop, a festival in the Netherlands on June 27, 2010 which he was scheduled to perform at. The mayor and law enforcement officials asked organizers of the festival to find an artist more “open and friendly” to play the event.

Discography

''Doggystyle'' (1993)

''Tha Doggfather'' (1996)

''Da Game Is to Be Sold, Not to Be Told'' (1998)

''No Limit Top Dogg'' (1999)

''Tha Last Meal'' (2000)

''Paid tha Cost to Be da Boss'' (2002)

''R&G; (Rhythm & Gangsta): The Masterpiece'' (2004)

''Tha Blue Carpet Treatment'' (2006)

''Ego Trippin''' (2008)

''Malice n Wonderland'' (2009)

''Doggumentary'' (2011)

Filmography

1994: ''Murder Was the Case'' (Platinum)

1998: ''Caught Up''

1998: ''Half Baked'' (cameo appearance)

1998: ''Da Game of Life''

1998: ''Hot Boyz''

1998: ''Ride''

1999: ''Whiteboyz''

1999: ''Urban Menace''

2000: ''Tha Eastsidaz''

2000: ''Up in Smoke Tour

2001: ''Baby Boy''

2001: ''Training Day''

2001: ''King of the Hill'' (voice)

2001: ''Bones''

2001: ''The Wash''

2003: ''Malibu's Most Wanted''

2003: ''Old School''

2004: ''Starsky & Hutch''

2004: ''Soul Plane''

2004: ''Volcano High''

2005: ''Boss'n Up''

2005: ''Racing Stripes'' (voice)

2006: ''The Tenants''

2006: ''''Weeds'''': Himself

2006: ''Hood of Horror''

2007: ''Arthur and the Invisibles'' (voice)

2007: ''Monk''

* During the opening credits, he covered the title song by Randy Newman "It's a Jungle out There".

2007: ''The Boondocks''

2008: ''Singh Is Kinng'' (as Himself)

2008: ''Snoop Dogg's Father Hood'' (as Himself)

2009: ''Futurama: Into the Wild Green Yonder'' (voice)

2009: ''Dogg After Dark'': Himself

2009: ''Xavier: Renegade Angel'' (voice)

2009: ''Brüno'' (cameo appearance)

2009: ''Falling Up''

2010: ''Down for Life

2010: ''One Life to Live as Calvin Broadus

2010: ''Straight Outta L.A.'' (as Himself)

2010: ''Freaknik: The Musical''

2010: ''Malice n Wonderland'' as Malice

2010: ''Big Time Christmas'' as Himself

2011: ''Roast of Donald Trump''

Awards

Snoop Dogg was also a judge for the 7th annual Independent Music Awards to support independent artists' careers.

Further reading

References

External links

Official website

Snoop Dogg at Geffen Records

Category:1971 births Category:Living people Category:African American film actors Category:African American rappers Category:American film producers Category:American voice actors Category:Crips Category:Death Row Records artists Category:G-funk Category:Members of the Nation of Islam Category:No Limit Records artists Category:Participants in American reality television series Category:People acquitted of murder Category:People convicted of drug offenses Category:People from Long Beach, California Category:People self-identifying as substance abusers Category:Priority Records artists Category:Pseudonymous rappers Category:Rappers from Los Angeles, California

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