Nomadic people (, ''nomádes'', "those who let pasture herds"), commonly known as itinerants in modern-day contexts, are communities of people who move from one place to another, rather than settling permanently in one location. There are an estimated 30-40 million nomads in the world. Many cultures have traditionally been nomadic, but traditional nomadic behavior is increasingly rare in industrialized countries. Nomadic cultures are discussed in three categories according to economic specialization: hunter-gatherers, pastoral nomads, and "peripatetic nomads".
Nomadic hunting and gathering, following seasonally available wild plants and game, is by far the oldest human subsistence method.
Pastoralists raise herds, driving them or moving with them, in patterns that normally avoid depleting pastures beyond their ability to recover.
Peripatetic nomads, who offer the skills of a craft or trade to those they travel among, are most common in industrialized nations.
Many groups of 'nomadic' hunter-gatherers (also known as foragers) moved from campsite to campsite, following game and wild fruits and vegetables. Known examples include:
:''See also nomadic pastoralism''
Pastoral nomads are nomads moving between pastures. Nomadic pastoralism is thought to have developed in three stages that accompanied population growth and an increase in the complexity of social organization. Karim Sadr has proposed the following stages:
The pastoralists are sedentary to a certain area, as they move between the permanent spring, summer, autumn and winter (or dry and wet season) pastures for their livestock. The nomads moved depending on the availability of resources.
The first nomadic pastoral society developed in the period from 8500-6500 BC in the area of the southern Levant. There, during a period of increasing aridity, PPNB cultures in the Sinai were replaced by a nomadic, pastoral pottery-using culture, which seems to have been a cultural fusion between a newly arrived Mesolithic people from Egypt (the Harifian culture), adopting their nomadic hunting lifestyle to the raising of stock. This lifestyle quickly developed into what Jaris Yurins has called the circum-Arabian nomadic pastoral techno-complex and is possibly associated with the appearance of Semitic languages in the region of the Ancient Near East. The rapid spread of such nomadic pastoralism was typical of such later developments as of the Yamnaya culture of the horse and cattle nomads of the Eurasian steppe, or of the Greko-Mongol spread of the later Middle Ages.
In Kazakhstan where the major agricultural activity was nomadic herding, forced collectivization under Joseph Stalin’s rule met with massive resistance and major losses and confiscation of livestock. Livestock in Kazakhstan fell from 7 million cattle to 1.6 million and from 22 million sheep to 1.7 million. The resulting famine of 1931-1934 caused some 1.5 million deaths: this represents more than 40% of the total Kazakh population at that time.
In the 1950s as well as the 1960s, large numbers of Bedouin throughout the Middle East started to leave the traditional, nomadic life to settle in the cities of the Middle East, especially as home ranges have shrunk and population levels have grown. Government policies in Egypt and Israel, oil production in Libya and the Persian Gulf, as well as a desire for improved standards of living, effectively led most Bedouin to become settled citizens of various nations, rather than stateless nomadic herders. A century ago nomadic Bedouin still made up some 10% of the total Arab population. Today they account for some 1% of the total.
At independence in 1960, Mauritania was essentially a nomadic society. The great Sahel droughts of the early 1970s caused massive problems in a country where 85% of its inhabitants were nomadic herders. Today only 15% remain nomads.
As many as 2 million nomadic Kuchis wandered over Afghanistan in the years before the Soviet invasion, and most experts agreed that by 2000 the number had fallen dramatically, perhaps by half. The severe drought had destroyed 80% of the livestock in some areas.
Niger experienced a serious food crisis in 2005 following erratic rainfall and desert locust invasions. Nomads such as the Tuareg and Fulani, who make up about 20% of Niger's 12.9 million population, had been so badly hit by the Niger food crisis that their already fragile way of life is at risk. Nomads in Mali were also affected. In the great lakes region, a growing number of teenagers are taking on "nomadic" lifestyles. It differs from homelesness by the "nomads moving in groups of about 12 or 15 to a different house each night. One of the more famous nomads is Seirra Rhyno, who has become a sort of spokesperson for the lifestyle.
In Iran:
In Afghanistan:
Most or all of these ethnonyms probably do not correspond to one community; many are locally or regionally used (sometimes as occupational names), others are used only by group members, and still others are used pejoratively only by outsiders.
For example, in Afghanistan, "Jat" is a pejorative term used generically by nonperipatetics to designate peripatetics belonging to at least six different communities. In Iran and Turkey, the terms "Ghorbati" and "Çingene" appear to be used in a similar fashion. Some of these ethnonyms are also encountered in other neighboring areas of the Middle East, the Balkans, or South Asia.
Each existing community is primarily endogamous, and subsists traditionally on a variety of commercial and/or service activities. Formerly, all or a majority of their members were itinerant, and this largely holds true today. Migration generally takes place within the political boundaries of a single state these days.
Each of the peripatetic communities is multilingual; it speaks one or more of the languages spoken by the local sedentary populations, and, additionally, within each group, a separate dialect or language is spoken. The latter are either of Indic or Iranian origin, and many are structured somewhat like an argot or secret language, with vocabularies drawn from various languages. There are indications that in northern Iran at least one community speaks Romani language, and some groups in Turkey also speak Romani.
In Afghanistan, the Nausar worked as tinkers and animal dealers. Ghorbat men mainly made sieves, drums, and bird cages, and the women peddled these as well as other items of household and personal use; they also worked as moneylenders to rural women. Peddling and the sale of various goods was also practiced by men and women of various groups, such as the Jalali, the Pikraj, the Shadibaz, the Noristani, and the Vangawala. The latter and the Pikraj also worked as animal dealers. Some men among the Shadibaz and the Vangawala entertained as monkey or bear handlers and snake charmers; men and women among the Baluch were musicians and dancers, and Baluch women also practiced prostitution. Jogi men and women had diverse subsistence activities, such as dealing in horses, harvesting, fortune-telling, bloodletting, and begging.
In Iran the Asheq of Azerbaijan, the Challi of Baluchistan, the Luti of Kurdistan, Kermānshāh, Īlām, and Lorestān, the Mehtar in the Mamasani district, the Sazandeh of Band-i Amir and Marv-dasht, and the Toshmal among the Bakhtyari pastoral groups worked as professional musicians. The men among the Kowli worked as tinkers, smiths, musicians, and monkey and bear handlers; they also made baskets, sieves, and brooms and dealt in donkeys. Their women made a living from peddling, begging, and fortune-telling. The Ghorbat among the Basseri were smiths and tinkers, traded in pack animals, and made sieves, reed mats, and small wooden implements. In the Fārs region, the Qarbalband, the Kuli, and Luli were reported to work as smiths and to make baskets and sieves; they also dealt in pack animals, and their women peddled various goods among pastoral nomads. In the same region, the Changi and Luti were musicians and balladeers, and their children learned these professions from the age of 7 or 8 years.
The nomadic groups in Turkey make and sell cradles, deal in animals, and play music. The men of the sedentary groups work in towns as scavengers and hangmen; elsewhere they are fishermen, smiths, basket makers, and singers; their women dance at feasts and tell fortunes. Abdal men played music and made sieves, brooms, and wooden spoons for a living. The Tahtacı traditionally worked as lumberers; with increased sedentarization, however, they have taken to agriculture and horticulture.
Little is known for certain about the past of these communities; the history of each is almost entirely contained in their oral traditions. Although some groups—such as the Vangawala—are of Indian origin, some—like the Noristani—are most probably of local origin; still others probably migrated from adjoining areas. The Ghorbat and the Shadibaz claim to have originally come from Iran and Multan, respectively, and Tahtacı traditional accounts mention either Baghdad or Khorāsān as their original home. The Baluch say they were attached as a service community to the Jamshedi, after they fled Baluchistan because of feuds.
;Examples in industrialized nations
* Category:Cultural anthropology Category:Simple living Category:Demography
ar:رحل az:Köç bs:Nomadi bg:Номади ca:Nòmada cs:Kočovnictví cy:Nomad de:Nomade et:Nomaadid es:Nómada eo:Nomado eu:Nomada fa:عشایر fr:Nomadisme fy:Nomade gl:Nómade hak:Yù-mu̍k mìn-chhu̍k ko:유목민 hi:बंजारा hr:Nomadi io:Nomado id:Nomaden is:Hirðingjar it:Popoli nomadi he:עמים ושבטים נוודים kk:Көшпенді халықтар la:Nomas lv:Klejotāji lt:Klajokliai hu:Vándorlás mk:Номади ms:Nomad nl:Nomade ja:遊牧民 no:Nomade nn:Nomade pl:Nomada pt:Nomadismo ro:Popoare migratoare ru:Кочевники scn:Numadismu simple:Nomadic people sl:Nomadi sr:Номадизам sh:Nomad fi:Nomadit sv:Nomader th:ชนร่อนเร่ tr:Göçebelik uk:Кочівники ur:خانہ بدوش zh:遊牧民族This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
name | Bonnie 'Prince' Billy |
---|---|
background | solo_singer |
birth name | William Oldham |
alias | Bonnie 'Prince' Billy |
born | December 24, 1970 (age 40) |
origin | Louisville, Kentucky, U.S. |
genre | Folk, alternative country, country |
years active | 1993–present |
label | Drag City, Domino, Spunk |
website | www.bonnieprincebilly.com |
notable instruments | }} |
Will Oldham (born December 24, 1970), better known by the stage name Bonnie 'Prince' Billy, is an American singer-songwriter and actor. From 1993 to 1997, he performed and recorded under variations of the Palace name, including the Palace Brothers, Palace Songs, and Palace Music. After releasing material under his own name, he adopted the "Bonnie 'Prince' Billy" moniker for the majority of his output since 1998.
Will Oldham first performed and recorded under various permutations of the Palace name, including Palace Brothers, Palace Songs, Palace Music, and simply Palace. Regarding the name changes during this period (1993–1997), Oldham said:
Beginning in 1998, Oldham has primarily used the moniker Bonnie 'Prince' Billy, which draws inspiration from several sources: }}
Oldham has explained that "the primary purpose of the pseudonym is to allow both the audience and the performer to have a relationship with the performer that is valid and unbreakable."
He is mentioned in the lyrics of the Biffy Clyro song "Saturday Superhouse" and is the main character in the song "Williamsburg Will Oldham Horror" by New York anti-folk artist Jeffrey Lewis.
Johnny Cash recorded a version of "I See a Darkness" on his American Recordings disc, ''American III: Solitary Man'' (2000). Oldham provided backing vocals.
Steve Adey also covered "I See a Darkness" on his 2006 LP ''All Things Real''.
Mark Kozelek recorded a version of Oldham's "New Partner" on his 2008 disc, ''The Finally LP''.
Katatonia covered "Oh How I Enjoy the Light" on their 2001 EP ''Tonight's Music''.
In 2009 Mark Lanegan and Soulsavers recorded a cover version of "You Will Miss Me When I Burn". The release is a split single, backed with the Lanegan penned "Sunrise" featuring vocals by Oldham.
Oldham also featured as guest aesthetic designer for the North American literary magazine Zoetrope All Story (vol 11, no 1) in 2007. In a note contained in the issue, he jokes that it would be "really magnificent to imagine this issue as a cocktail party at which all of the contributors, word and image, are present. add a bowl of keys and some mushroom cookies and i am there. [sic]"
Category:1970 births Category:American alternative country singers Category:American country guitarists Category:American country singer-songwriters Category:American folk guitarists Category:American folk singers Category:Brown University alumni Category:Drag City artists Category:Living people Category:Musicians from Kentucky Category:People from Louisville, Kentucky
de:Will Oldham fr:Will Oldham it:Will Oldham he:ויל אולדהם nl:Will Oldham no:Will Oldham pt:Will Oldham ru:Олдхэм, Уилл fi:Will Oldham sv:Will OldhamThis text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
name | Tommy Guerrero |
---|---|
background | non_vocal_instrumentalist |
born | September 09, 1966San Francisco, California, USA |
instrument | Guitar |
genre | Latin House, Downtempo, Art rock, Alternative hip hop |
occupation | Composer, guitarist, skateboarder |
years active | 1986–present |
associated acts | Free Beer, Jet Black Crayon, Quannum Projects |
website | www.tommyguerrero.com }} |
After his success in the world of skateboarding, he decided to pursue his musical interests. Guerrero was a member of the skate rock band Free Beer and the experimental group Jet Black Crayon, but has had more success as a solo artist. His critically acclaimed albums, EPs, and singles combine various types of music from rock, rap, funk, soul, and jazz. In 2004, ''Rolling Stone'' magazine named Guerrero's third studio album, ''Soul Food Taqueria'' (2003), #2 on its 2003 "best of list".
Guerrero also had numerous unreleased songs appear on the video game ''skate.'' by EA.
Category:American rock guitarists Category:American skateboarders Category:Living people Category:Musicians from San Francisco, California Category:Sportspeople from San Francisco, California Category:Quannum Projects artists Category:1966 births
de:Tommy Guerrero it:Tommy Guerrero ja:トミー・ゲレロ sv:Tommy Guerrero
This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
name | Ray Mears |
---|---|
birth date | February 07, 1964 |
birth place | Kenley, London |
known for | Bushcraft and survival techniques |
occupation | Television presenter and author |
nationality | British |
children | }} |
Raymond Paul "Ray" Mears (born 7 February 1964) is an English woodsman, instructor, author and TV presenter. His TV appearances cover bushcraft and survival techniques, and he is best known for the TV series ''Ray Mears' Bushcraft'', ''Ray Mears' World of Survival'', ''Extreme Survival'', ''Survival with Ray Mears'', ''Wild Britain with Ray Mears'' and ''Ray Mears Goes Walkabout''.
Mears is particularly interested in the survival of groups of resistance fighters and partisans for extended periods during the Second World War, such as the Norwegian heavy water plant saboteurs (see ''The Real Heroes of Telemark'') and the Bielski brothers in Belarus (see ''Extreme Survival'').
In 2005, Mears was a passenger in a serious helicopter accident while filming a documentary in Wyoming. The helicopter in which he was travelling with his camera crew struck the ground during a steep low level turn, and broke apart, rolling to a stop. The fuel tank was ruptured in the accident, and escaping fuel covered Mears and the crew. No fire occurred, and Mears was able to escape the wreckage and assist in the rescue and first aid of one of the crew who was badly injured. Mears escaped uninjured.
In September 2007, he was awarded an honorary doctorate from Oxford Brookes University, and in the same year he began to deliver public lectures across the United Kingdom on his experiences in front of and behind the lens.
In July 2010, Mears was asked by Northumbria Police to help them track fugitive killer Raoul Moat, after he fled his temporary tent-based shelter in the village of Rothbury.
In 2009 he was approached by ITV to present a planned revival of its long-running nature documentary series ''Survival''. The resulting three-part series was rebranded ''Survival with Ray Mears'' and broadcast on ITV1 in 2010. Each episode followed Mears as he used his tracking skills to locate bears, wolves and leopards. In a ''Radio Times'' interview to promote the series, Mears complained of being typecast by the BBC. This series was followed by ''Wild Britain with Ray Mears'', also broadcast by ITV.
Category:British television presenters Category:British writers Category:1964 births Category:Living people Category:Old Reigatians Category:People from Kenley Category:Survivalists
de:Raymond Paul Mears fr:Ray Mears nl:Ray Mears ro:Ray Mears ru:Рэй МирсThis text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
Tunde's apprenticeship in African music began in 1978 and was further developed in 1982 when he first went to the Gambia to study the ancient Griot tradition of West Africa, with Amadu Bansang Jobarteh, Master of the Kora (West African Harp-Lute). The Jobarteh family are one of five principle musician families within this unique hereditary Oral tradition, which dates back to at least the 13th century.
His appreciation of Western Classical music began with his grandfather's love of Bach and by observing his work as a church Organist. Tunde also studied Cello from the age of 8 and over the years was taught by esteemed luminaries from the Classical world including: Alfia Bekova, Elma de Bruyne, Joan Dickson and Raphael Wallfisch at the Purcell School of music and later the Guildhall School of music.
In 1988 Tunde became fascinated with Jazz and worked and toured with ex-members of the Jazz Warriors founded by Courtney Pine & Cleveland Watkiss. He formed his own Jazz Ensemble, The Jazz Griots, with the sole purpose of exploring the connections between African and African Diasporic forms of music.
In 1991 he pioneered African Classical Music in the UK with the first ever national tour of the African Classical Music Ensemble, which nurtured his burgeoning composer credentials. In 1995 a BBC TV documentary, 'Africa I Remember' was done on Tunde's music and centred around his orchestral work. In this programme he performed new compositions alongside the London Sinfonietta, which was conducted by Markus Stenz.
With his now fully fledged composer credentials, he was appointed as innovations composer for the Eastern Orchestral Board, who facilitated his working with many of the major orchestras in the UK including: The Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, The Philharmonia, Britten Sinfonia, Viva Sinfonia, The London Mozart Players and The Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra.
All these prestigious orchestras and ensembles were keen to play his original and highly evocative compositions. During this period, he was specially commissioned to write a Percussion Concerto for Evelyn Glennie and Double Orchestra, an Oratorio for the City of Milton Keynes and a string quartet for the Brodsky Quartet as a part of their 'Beethoven Op18' recording, which was released on the Vanguard label and is still being performed by them worldwide.
Over the years Tunde has kept his creative diversity intact by working closely with singers, vocalists, and spoken word artists from a wide range of traditions including: Opera, Pop, R'N'B, Reggae, Hip Hop, and Jazz. In 2002 he started ACM Productions with the primary goal of creating accessible quality productions across a small spectrum of genres, namely: Urban, Pop, Classical and Jazz.
Category:1972 births Category:Kora players Category:Living people Category:Nigerian musicians
yo:Tunde Jegede
This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
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