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Anatolia
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Albanians
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Alexander the Great
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Arabs
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Armenian people
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Armenians
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Assyrian people
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Assyrians
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Azeris
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Bosnians
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Caria
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Galatia
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Achaemenid Empire
The Achaemenid Empire () (ca. 550–330 BCE), also known as the Persian Empire, was the successor state of the Median Empire, ruling over significant portions of what would become Greater Iran. The Persian and the Median Empire taken together are also known as the Medo-Persian Empire, which encompassed the combined territories of several earlier empires.
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Adana
Adana (Ancient Greek: Ἄδανα Adhana; Adana) is a city in Turkey and a major agricultural and commercial center. The city is situated on the Seyhan River, 30 kilometres inland from the Mediterranean Sea, in south-central Anatolia. It is the administrative seat of the Adana Province and has a population of 1.56 million, making it the fifth most populous city in Turkey.
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Aegean Sea
The Aegean Sea (, Egeo Pelagos ; ) is an elongated embayment of the Mediterranean Sea located between the southern Balkan and Anatolian peninsulas, i.e., between the mainlands of Greece and Turkey respectively. In the north, it is connected to the Marmara Sea and Black Sea by the Dardanelles and Bosporus. The Aegean Islands are within the sea and some bound it on its southern periphery, including Crete and Rhodes. The Aegean Region consists of nine provinces in southwestern Turkey, in part bordering on the Aegean sea.
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Akkadian Empire
The Akkadian Empire was an empire centered in the city of Akkad (Sumerian: Agade , Arabic: أكد, Assyrian: ܐܟܕ, [http://www.premiumwanadoo.com/cuneiform.languages/en_ecriture.htm Hittite] KUR A.GA.DÈKI "land of Akkad"; Biblical Hebrew אַכַּד (Genesis 10:10)) and its surrounding region (Akkadian URU Akkad KI) in Ancient Iraq, (Mesopotamia). The Akkadian state was the predecessor of the ethnic Akkadian states of Babylonia and Assyria; formed following centuries of Akkadian cultural synergy with Sumerians, it reached the height of its power between the 24th and 22nd centuries BC following the conquests of king Sargon of Akkad, and is sometimes regarded as the first manifestation of an empire in history.
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Alaca Höyük
Alacahöyük or Alaca Höyük (sometimes also spelt as Alacahüyük, Euyuk, or Evuk) is the site of a Neolithic and Hittite settlement and is an important archaeological site. It is northeast of Boğazkale (formerly and more familiarly Boğazköy), where the ancient capital city Hattusa of the Hittite Empire was situated. Its Hittite name is unknown: connections with Arinna, Tawiniya, Zippalanda, have all been suggested.
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Alanya
Alanya (pronounced ), formerly Alaiye, is a seaside resort city and a component district of Antalya Province in the Mediterranean Region of Turkey, from the city of Antalya. On the southern coast of Turkey, the district (which includes the city and its built-up area) has an area of 1,598.51 sq km and (2000 Census) 257,671 inhabitants. The population is almost entirely of Turkish origin, but is home to around 10,000 European residents.
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Ankara
Ankara (Traditional English: Angora) is the capital of Turkey and the country's second largest city after Istanbul. The city has a mean elevation of , and as of 2008 the city had a population of 4,500,000. Ankara also serves as the capital of Ankara Province.
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Antalya
Antalya (from Greek "Αττάλεια" - Attaleia) is a city on the Mediterranean coast of southwestern Turkey, and the capital city of Antalya Province. Situated on coastal cliffs, Antalya is surrounded by mountains. Development and investment, begun in the 1970s, have transformed the city into an international resort.
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Antalya province
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Armenian Highland
The Armenian Highland ( Haykakan leṙnašxarh; ''Armyanskoye nagor'e''; also known as the Armenian Upland, Armenian plateau, or simply Armenia) is the central-most and highest of three land-locked plateaus that together form the northern sector of the Middle East. To its west is the Anatolian plateau which rises slowly from the lowland coast of the Aegean Sea and rises to an average height of 3,000 feet. In Armenia, the average height rises dramatically to 3,000 to 7,000 feet. To its southeast is the Iranian plateau, where the elevation drops rapidly to an average 2,000 to 5,000 feet above sea level.
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Asia Minor
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Assyrian Empire
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Attalid dynasty
The Attalid dynasty was a Hellenistic dynasty that ruled the city of Pergamon after the death of Lysimachus, a general of Alexander the Great. The Attalid kingdom was the rump state left after the collapse of the Lysimachian Empire. One of Lysimachus' officers, Philetaerus, took control of the city in 282 BC. The later Attalids were descended from his father, and they expanded the city into a kingdom. Attalus I proclaimed himself King in the 230s BC, following his victories over the Galatians. The Attalids ruled Pergamon until Attalus III bequeathed the kingdom to the Roman Republic in 133 BC to avoid a likely succession crisis.
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Aydın Province
Aydın is a province of southwestern Turkey, located in the Aegean Region. The provincial capital is the city of Aydın which has a population of approx. 150,000 (2000). Much of the countryside is an attractive mix of fig, olive and citrus trees, especially figs. Other towns in the province include the summer seaside resorts of Didim and Kuşadası.
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Ayvalık
Ayvalık (Ancient Greek: Κυδωνίαι, Greek: Αϊβαλί Aivali or Κυδωνίες) is a seaside town on the northwestern Aegean coast of Turkey. It is a district of the Balıkesir Province.
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Balıkesir Province
Balıkesir is a province in midwestern Turkey, having coastlines on both the Sea of Marmara and the Aegean. Its adjacent provinces are Çanakkale to the west, İzmir to the southwest, Manisa to the south, Kütahya to the southeast, and Bursa to the east. The provincial capital is Balıkesir City. Most of the province lies in the Marmara Region except the southern parts of Bigadiç Edremit, Kepsut, İvrindi, Savaştepe and Sındırgı districts and ones of Ayvalık, Burhaniye, Dursunbey, Gömeç and Havran, that bound the Aegean Region.
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Battle of Manzikert
The Battle of Manzikert, or Malazgirt, was fought between the Byzantine Empire and Seljuq forces led by Alp Arslan on August 26, 1071 near Manzikert (modern Malazgirt in Muş Province, Turkey). The decisive defeat of the Byzantine army and the capture of the Emperor Romanos IV Diogenes played an important role in undermining Byzantine authority in Anatolia and Armenia.
http://wn.com/Battle_of_Manzikert -
Bodrum
Bodrum (from Petronium), formerly Halicarnassus, from Ancient Greek: Ἁλικαρνασσός, (), is a Turkish port town in Muğla Province, in the southwestern Aegean Region of the country. It is located on the southern coast of Bodrum Peninsula, at a point that checks the entry into the Gulf of Gökova, and it faces the Greek island of Kos. Today, it is an international center of tourism and yachting. The city was called Halicarnassus of Caria in ancient times. The Mausoleum of Mausolus, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, was here.
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Bosphorus
The Bosphorus or Bosporus (, Bosporos, , Босфора), also known as the Istanbul Strait (), is a strait that forms part of the boundary between Europe and Asia. It is one of the Turkish Straits, along with the Dardanelles. The world's narrowest strait used for international navigation, it connects the Black Sea with the Sea of Marmara (which is connected by the Dardanelles to the Aegean Sea, and thereby to the Mediterranean Sea).
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Cappadocia
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Caucasus
The Caucasus or Caucas (also referred to as Caucasia, , , , (''K'avk'asia''), , , , , , , ) is a geopolitical region at the border of Europe and Asia. It is home to the Caucasus Mountains, including Europe's highest mountain (Mount Elbrus).
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Dardanelles
The Dardanelles (, ), formerly known as the Hellespont
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Ephesus
Ephesus (Ancient Greek , Turkish Efes) was an ancient Greek city, and later a major Roman city, on the west coast of Asia Minor, near present-day Selçuk, Izmir Province, Turkey. It was one of the twelve cities of the Ionian League during the Classical Greek era. In the Roman period, it was for many years the second largest city of the Roman Empire; ranking behind Rome, the empire's capital. Ephesus had a population of more than 250,000 in the 1st century BC, which also made it the second largest city in the world.
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Fethiye
Fethiye (Greek: Μάκρη, Makri or Macri) is a city and district of Muğla Province in the Aegean region of Turkey with about 68,000 inhabitants (2008). Modern Fethiye is located on the site of the ancient city of Telmessos, the ruins of which can be seen in the city, e.g. the Hellenistic theatre by the main quay.
http://wn.com/Fethiye -
Georgia (country)
Georgia (, sak’art’velo ; ) is a sovereign state in the Caucasus region of Eurasia. Situated at the juncture of Eastern Europe and Western Asia, it is bounded to the west by the Black Sea, to the north by Russia, to the south by Turkey and Armenia, and to the east by Azerbaijan. Georgia covers a territory of 69,700 km² and its population is more than 4.6 million. Georgia's constitution is that of a representative democracy, organized as a unitary, semi-presidential republic. It is currently a member of the United Nations, the Council of Europe, the World Trade Organization, the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, the Community of Democratic Choice, the GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development, and the Asian Development Bank. The country aspires to join NATO and the European Union.
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Hacilar
Hacilar is an early human settlement in southwestern Turkey, 25 km southwest of present day Burdur. It has been dated back 7040 BC at its earliest stage of development. Archaeological remains indicate that the site was abandoned and reoccupied on more than one occasion in its history.
http://wn.com/Hacilar -
Halicarnassus
Halicarnassus (; , modern Bodrum) was an ancient Greek city on the southwest coast of Caria, Anatolia (Asia Minor), on a picturesque, advantageous site on the Ceramic Gulf (Gulf of Kos, Gulf of Gökova). The city was famed for the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus (built between 353 and 350 BC), one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. It was the site of the Siege of Halicarnassus, between Alexander the Great and the Persian Empire. It originally occupied only the small island of Zephyria close to the shore, now occupied by the great Bodrum Castle (Castle of St. Peter), built by the Knights of Rhodes in 1404; but in course of time this island was united to the mainland and the city extended so as to incorporate Salmacis, an older town of the Leleges and Carians.
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Istanbul
Istanbul (), historically known as Constantinople(See Names of Istanbul for further information) is the largest city in Turkey and 5th largest city proper in the world with a population of 12.8 million, also making it the second largest metropolitan area in Europe by population, and the largest metropolitan city proper. Istanbul is also a megacity, as well as the cultural, economic, and financial centre of Turkey. The city covers 39 districts of the Istanbul province. It is located on the Bosphorus Strait and encompasses the natural harbour known as the Golden Horn, in the northwest of the country. It extends both on the European (Thrace) and on the Asian (Anatolia) sides of the Bosphorus, and is thereby the only metropolis in the world that is situated on two continents. Istanbul is a designated alpha world city.
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İzmir Province
İzmir is a province of Turkey in western Anatolia on the Aegean coast, whose capital is the city of İzmir (ancient Smyrna). On the west it is surrounded by the Aegean sea, and it encloses the Gulf of İzmir. Its area is 11,973 km.2, population 3.868.302 (2009 tüik census). The population was 3,370,866 in 2000. Neighbouring provinces are Balıkesir on the north, Manisa on the east, and Aydın on the south. The traffic code of the province is 35.
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İzmit
İzmit (, Nicomedia) is a city in Turkey, administrative center of Kocaeli Province as well as the Kocaeli Metropolitan Municipality. It is located at the Gulf of İzmit (the ancient Gulf of Astacus) in the Sea of Marmara, about east of Istanbul, on the northwestern part of Anatolia. The city center has a population of 293,339 (2009 census). The population of the province (including rural areas) is 1,422,752. (Unlike other provinces in Turkey, whole province is now included within the municipality of metropolitan center.)
http://wn.com/İzmit -
Kayseri
Kayseri (Ottoman Turkish: قیصریه; Greek: Καισάρεια/Kaisareia; Latin: Caesarea Mazaca, /Mažak), named in classical antiquity as Mazaka or Mazaca, Eusebia, Caesarea Cappadociae, and later as Kaisariyah, is a large and industrialized city in Central Anatolia, Turkey. It is the seat of Kayseri Province. The city of Kayseri, as defined by the boundaries of Kayseri Metropolitan Municipality, is structurally composed of five metropolitan districts, the two core districts of Kocasinan and Melikgazi, and since 2004, also Hacılar, İncesu and Talas. In conjunction with the addition of new districts and first stage municipalities into the metropolitan area, the city's population, which was 690,000 in 2000, is currently 911,984.
http://wn.com/Kayseri -
Kaçkar Mountains
Kaçkar Mountains () or simply Kaçkars () are a mountain range rising above along the Black Sea coast in eastern Turkey.
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Konya
Konya is a city in the Central Anatolia Region of Turkey. It is the capital of the Konya Province, and had a city population of 1,003,373 in 2009 while the provincial population (including the other urban centers in the Konya Province) was 1,959,082 in the same year.
http://wn.com/Konya -
Kültepe
:For the village in Azerbaijan, see Kültəpə.
http://wn.com/Kültepe -
Mersin
This article is about the city of Mersin, see Mersin Province, (named İçel province until 2002), for information about the surrounding area.
http://wn.com/Mersin -
Miletus
Miletus (mī lē' təs) (Ancient Greek: Μίλητος, literally transliterated Milētos, Latin Miletus) was an ancient Greek city on the western coast of Anatolia (in what is now Aydin Province, Turkey), near the mouth of the Maeander River in ancient Caria.Before the Persian invasion Miletus was considered the greatest and wealthiest of Greek cities.
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Myra
Myra is an ancient town in Lycia, where the small town of Kale (Demre) is situated today in present day Antalya Province of Turkey. It was located on the river Myros (Demre Çay), in the fertile alluvial plain between Alaca Dağ, the Massikytos range and the Aegean Sea.
http://wn.com/Myra -
Pergamon
Pergamon, Pergamum or Pérgamo ( or Πέργαμος) was an ancient Greek city in modern-day Turkey, in Mysia, today located from the Aegean Sea on a promontory on the north side of the river Caicus (modern day Bakırçay), that became the capital of the Kingdom of Pergamon during the Hellenistic period, under the Attalid dynasty, 281–133 BC. Today, the main sites of ancient Pergamon are to the north and west of the modern city of Bergama.
http://wn.com/Pergamon -
Pontic Alps
http://wn.com/Pontic_Alps -
Republic of Turkey
http://wn.com/Republic_of_Turkey -
Sardis
Sardis, also Sardes (Lydian: Sfard, Greek: Σάρδεις, Persian: سارد Sārd), modern Sart in the Manisa province of Turkey, was the capital of the ancient kingdom of Lydia, one of the important cities of the Persian Empire, the seat of a proconsul under the Roman Empire, and the metropolis of the province Lydia in later Roman and Byzantine times. As one of the Seven churches of Asia, it was addressed by the author of the Book of Revelation in terms which seem to imply that its population was notoriously soft and fainthearted. Its importance was due, first to its military strength, secondly to its situation on an important highway leading from the interior to the Aegean coast, and thirdly to its commanding the wide and fertile plain of the Hermus.
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Sea of Marmara
The Sea of Marmara (), also known as the Sea of Marmora or the Marmara Sea, and in the context of classical antiquity as the Propontis (), is the inland sea that connects the Black Sea to the Aegean Sea, thus separating Turkey's Asian and European parts. The Bosphorus strait connects it to the Black Sea and the Dardanelles strait to the Aegean. The former also separates Istanbul into its Asian and European sides. The Sea has an area of 11,350 km² (280 km x 80 km) with the greatest depth reaching 1,370 m.
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Smyrna
Smyrna () was an ancient city located at a central and strategic point on the Aegean coast of Anatolia. Thanks to its advantageous port conditions, its ease of defence and its good inland connections, Smyrna rose to prominence. The ancient city is located at two sites within modern Izmir, Turkey. While the first site, likely to have started as a native foundation, rose to prominence during the Archaic Period as one of the principal ancient Greek settlements in western Anatolia, the second, whose foundation is associated with Alexander the Great, reached metropolitan proportions especially during the period of the Roman Empire, from which time and particularly from after a 2nd century AD earthquake, most of the present-day remains date.
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Syria
Syria ( ; ' or '), officially the Syrian Arab Republic (), is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the West, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest.
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Troy
Troy (Hittite: Wilusa or Truwisa; Greek: , Ilion, and , Troia; Latin: Trōia and Īlium; Turkish: Truva and Troia) was a city, both factual and legendary, located in northwest Anatolia in what is now Turkey, southeast of the Dardanelles and beside Mount Ida. It is best known for being the focus of the Trojan War described in the Greek Epic Cycle and especially in the Iliad, one of the two epic poems attributed to Homer. Metrical evidence from the Iliad and the Odyssey seems to show that the name Ἴλιον (Ilion) formerly began with a digamma: Ϝίλιον (Wilion). This was later supported by the Hittite form Wilusa.
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Turkey
Turkey (), known officially as the Republic of Turkey (), is a Eurasian country that stretches across the Anatolian peninsula in western Asia and Thrace in the Balkan region of southeastern Europe. Turkey is one of the six independent Turkic states. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece to the west; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan (the exclave of Nakhchivan) and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea and Cyprus are to the south; the Aegean Sea to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north. The Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish Straits) demarcate the boundary between Eastern Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia.
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Uludağ
'Uludağ [uˈlu.dɑː]', the ancient Mysian Olympus, is a mountain in Bursa Province, Turkey, with an altitude of . It is a popular center for winter sports such as skiing, and a national park of rich flora and fauna. Summer activities, such as trekking and camping, also are popular.
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Çatalhöyük
Çatalhöyük (; also Çatal Höyük and Çatal Hüyük, or any of the three without diacritics; çatal is Turkish for "fork", höyük for "mound") was a very large Neolithic and Chalcolithic settlement in southern Anatolia, which existed from approximately 7500 BC to 5700 BC. It is the largest and best preserved Neolithic site found to date.
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Çukurova
Çukurova (formerly Cilicia) is a geographic, economic and cultural region in south-central Turkey, covering the provinces of Mersin, Adana, Osmaniye and Hatay. With a population of 5.62 million, it is one of the largest population concentrations in Turkey.
http://wn.com/Çukurova
- Adana
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- juniper
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- sclerophyll
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- sovereign
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- Sultanate of Rûm
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- Turkmen people
- Uludağ
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- Uyghur people
- World War I
- Zaza people
- Çatalhöyük
- Çayönü
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Once Upon a Time in Anatolia (2012)
"Once Upon a Time in Anatolia (2012)" Actors
"Once Upon a Time in Anatolia (2012)" Director
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ANATOLIA
THE LAND OF CIVILIZATIONS AND WONDERS NOTE: Although Istanbul is not geographically in Anatolia, it has indispensable ties with Anatolian history, glory, and culture. Therefore, Istanbul is included in that clip. Thank you.
http://wn.com/ANATOLIA
Cafe Anatolia The Voilent Coloured Mountains
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:36
- Published: 18 May 2009
- Uploaded: 29 Jan 2012
- Author: hayaleteam
Ensturmantal
http://wn.com/Cafe_Anatolia_The_Voilent_Coloured_Mountains
Pentagram (Mezarkabul) - Anatolia (english ver.)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:11
- Published: 27 Aug 2008
- Uploaded: 31 Jan 2012
- Author: greatmahoo
English version of Pentagram's Anatolia - off of the album of the same name. I actually prefer the turkish version, but since I couldn't find this version on youtube, I figured i'd share. Not to be confused with the american doom metal band of the same name. but if anyone has anything by *that* p3entagram, let me know.
http://wn.com/Pentagram_Mezarkabul__Anatolia_english_ver
East & Southeast Anatolia - TURKEY
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:27
- Published: 20 Jan 2008
- Uploaded: 18 Feb 2011
- Author: TekBayrakTurk
East & Southeast Anatolia - TURKEY South & Southeast Anatolia This region is geographically the smallest region of Turkey representing only 9.7% of the total area of Turkey with its 75.000 square kilometers of land certainly not that small with respect to natural and historical beauties it possesses. This region of ancient cities, is adorned by attractive natural figures, constituting a real mixture of sights and past combined with originality. Thanks to GAP (Southeastern Anatolian Project) the area is having great changes positively; many farming lands and dam lakes were formed lately with this project. Valleys and Plateaus occupy large areas in the south of southeast Taurus mountains. Central part is very mountainous and eastern part is generally flat. Long summers are very hot and dry, with high evaporation, winters are cold and rainy. Although mountainous areas are affected by Continental climate, western part shows typical characteristics of Mediterranean climate. Southeastern Anatolia is the only region of Turkey where the country produces some oil. The economy is based also on stockbreeding and agriculture, main crops and products are; wheat, barley, lentil, tobacco, cotton, and pistachio nuts. Situated on the broad plain of upper Mesopotamia, Sanliurfa is one of these points, once being a city of 1001 nights and camel caravans. Then comes Diyarbakir with its wonderful architectural designs dates back to the Middle Ages. Here is the Malabadi Bridge presenting a <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/East_Southeast_Anatolia__TURKEY
ONCE UPON A TIME IN ANATOLIA trailer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:37
- Published: 09 Nov 2011
- Uploaded: 02 Feb 2012
- Author: CinemaGuild
A film by Nuri Bilge Ceylan, director of DISTANT and CLIMATES
http://wn.com/ONCE_UPON_A_TIME_IN_ANATOLIA_trailer
Explore - Turkey - Istanbul & Anatolia 1 of 4 - BBC Travel Documentary
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:15
- Published: 01 Apr 2011
- Uploaded: 04 Feb 2012
- Author: RuniTravel
Explore - Turkey - Istanbul & Anatolia 1 of 4 - BBC Travel Documentary, recorded 27.02.2011 Simon Reeve leads a team of journalists in a journey of discovery across Turkey. From the stunning mosques of Istanbul to the 'fairy chimneys' of Cappadocia and the forests of the Black Sea coast, Turkey is country of rich history and amazing landscapes. It is also a divided country where the pro-islamic government seems locked in conflict with the traditionally secular establishment, including the army, and where an armed conflict rumbles on with elements of the Kurdish minority in the South East. .
http://wn.com/Explore__Turkey__Istanbul_Anatolia_1_of_4__BBC_Travel_Documentary
Fire of Anatolia @ Eurovision Turkey - Full Version (from German TV)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:22
- Published: 06 Dec 2008
- Uploaded: 05 Feb 2012
- Author: VidyoIzlet
Fire of Anatolia @ Eurovision [Interval Act]
http://wn.com/Fire_of_Anatolia_@_Eurovision_Turkey__Full_Version_from_German_TV
Anatolian Festival (Official Trailer of Anatolian Cultures & Food Festival 2009)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:28
- Published: 16 May 2009
- Uploaded: 04 Oct 2011
- Author: selmanpinarli
Anatolian Cultures & Food Festival »»» The Largest Anatolian Festival in the World ««« Date: May 6-9, 2010 Location: Orange County Great Park, Irvine, California www.anatolianfestival.org ------------------------------------ »»» Dunyanin En Buyuk Anadolu Festivali ««« Tarih: Mayis 6-9, 2010 Yer: Orange County Great Park, Irvine, California www.anatolianfestival.org
http://wn.com/Anatolian_Festival_Official_Trailer_of_Anatolian_Cultures_Food_Festival_2009
Anadolu Kartallari (Yeni Fragman) - Anatolian Eagles
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:01
- Published: 30 Sep 2011
- Uploaded: 01 Feb 2012
- Author: turkisharmedforcess
www.anadolukartallarifilm.com FİDA FİLM
http://wn.com/Anadolu_Kartallari_Yeni_Fragman__Anatolian_Eagles
The Fire of Anatolia
The Fire of Anatolia also known as Sultans of the Dance are performing at Eurovision 2004 Song Contest Turkey. It starts with belly dance and ends with a folk dance which called "horon" from the black sea region of Turkey. UUUYyyyyyyy :))You can also hear some Turkish instruments such as; zurna, kemence(kemenche, an instrument like violin), tulum(bagpipe)... Sultans of the Dance también conocido como The Fire of Anatolia se está realizando en Eurovision Song Contest 2004 en Turquia. Usted puede también oír algunos instrumentos turcos por ejemplo; tulum, el zurna, kemence(un instrumento gusto del violín). Anadolu Atesi'nin Eurovision 2004'te sergiledigi gosteriden bir kesit. Asagidaki linkten videoyu indirebilirsiniz s1.upload.sc
http://wn.com/The_Fire_of_Anatolia
![Anadolu Kartalları (Anatolian Eagles) [HD]](http://web.archive.org./web/20120208170442im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/Z4zZaWysjPM/0.jpg "Anadolu Kartalları (Anatolian Eagles) [HD]")
Anadolu Kartalları (Anatolian Eagles) [HD]
Anatolian Eagle is an air force exercise hosted by the Turkish Air Force and held in Konya, Turkey. There are both national and international exercises held, the international exercises usually involving air arms of the USA, other NATO forces and Asian countries. Production on "Anadolu Kartalları" (Anatolian Eagles), one of next season's much-anticipated movies in Turkish cinema, is in full gear with filming currently under way at Konya's 3rd Main Jet Base, news agencies reported this week. The movie, commissioned as part of centennial celebrations of the Turkish Air Forces, is slated for an Oct. 29 release, also marking the Turkey's Republic Day national holiday. Produced by Fida Film and directed by Ömer Vargı with a budget of $10 million, "Anadolu Kartalları" is one of Turkish cinema's most expensive productions to date. Five aircraft and two hangars at the jet base in Konya are being used in filming, which will also travel to İstanbul, İzmir and Eskişehir throughout the end of its nine-week filming period. The film's producer Murat Akdilek told the Anatolia news agency on Tuesday that the movie is of considerable importance as it is the first time such a project -- a film with many scenes featuring fighter jet flights -- has been undertaken in Turkish cinema. A specialized film crew was brought in from abroad for the filming, he added. Along with the cast, there are also trained mechanics who are required to both act and take care of technical aspects of the equipment <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Anadolu_Kartalları_Anatolian_Eagles_ HD
Lost Songs of Anatolia - Trailer / A film by Nezih Unen
LOST SONGS OF ANATOLIA a film by Nezih Unen Time: 97 min. (feature) Genre: Musical/Experimental/Documentary Int'l Sales Contact: info@nezihunen.com DVD and Soundtrack CD: Will be available Synopsis: A musical journey among exotic places and people of Anatolia, unique host of ancient civilizations of 10 millennia. While this journey is showing how music and culture is derived from life, geography and work, an exploration of Anatolias versatile cultures takes place on a basis of music, dance and rituals. With 350 hours of footage, more than 10000 km traveled, 133 recorded live performances and 20 modern arrangements made, Lost Songs of Anatolia may be the first example of a kind as a Musical/Experimental/Documentary film. www.LostSongsOfAnatolia.com To get news about the project, join the group: www.facebook.com You can download this trailer from the link: files.me.com
http://wn.com/Lost_Songs_of_Anatolia__Trailer_/_A_film_by_Nezih_Unen
Concerto Anatolia
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:50
- Published: 30 Dec 2008
- Uploaded: 01 Feb 2012
- Author: tuttimusic
A Guitar concerto written by David Hahn, featuring Turkish melodies and rhythms. The work is in Four movements, named Kocekce, Taksim, Bashraf and Medley, the last one featuring a medley of Turkish folksongs. The last movement includes a Cadenza by Cem Duruoz. The video is a summary of the 24 min work, performed by METU Dogus Youth Orchestra conducted by Umut Asil.
http://wn.com/Concerto_Anatolia
FIRE OF ANATOLIA ( SOLD OUT - TOP NO:1 DANCE SHOW)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:44
- Published: 25 Apr 2007
- Uploaded: 08 Jan 2012
- Author: TURKISHHOLIDAYMAKER
The Fire of Anatolia started its world tour in 2002 and since then from Germany to Belgium, Holland to Switzerland, Israel to China, Romania to Qatar, Bulgaria to Jordan, Siberia to Azerbaijan and KKTC to Japan, England, Scotland to Spain and has met audiences of many different countries. The Fire of Anatolia which brings the rich culture of Anatolia and the magic of dance on tho the scene in a magnificient style, became the first dance group that performed in The Building of China Parliament, the first show that was performed in Bodrum Antique Theatre after 2300 years, and again the first show that was applanded by an audience of four hundred thousand people standing up, in Ereğli, Black Sea. Wtih these firsts, the group was mominated to the Guiness Records Book.The show was planned to be performed abroad after a few performances in Turkey, However, all tickets were already sold months before the performances
http://wn.com/FIRE_OF_ANATOLIA__SOLD_OUT__TOP_NO1_DANCE_SHOW
Anatolian Costumes of Paphlagonia & Pontos
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:32
- Published: 25 Jun 2010
- Uploaded: 01 Feb 2012
- Author: Yanitsaros
The song is MOIPOΛOÏ ΣEPPA (Miroloï Serra) from Guardians of Hellenism (Vol. 4 Pontos, Cappadocia). Anatolia (Aνατολή), which means East in Greek, which is now modern Turkey, was the heartland of Byzantium before the Ottoman invasion. There are various ethnic influences in its culture. Of course, many parts of Anatolia also have remnants of the glorious Ancient Greek civilization. Featured in the video are costumes from: Paphlagonia (Παφλαγονία): Amastris (Aμαστρις), Germanopolis (Γερμανόπολις), Kastro Komnenou & Heracleia Pontica (Ηράκλεια Ποντική). Pontos (Πόντος): Sinope (Σινώπη), Samsounta, Cotyora, Kerasounta (Κερασούντα), Eudokia (Ευδοκία), Rizaion (Ριζαίον), Trapezounta (Τραπεζούντα) and Colchis (Κολχίς). Translation of the song: 'What roads I walked, what bridges I crossed! And now I've grown old, left by the wayside. Talls hills and green, hidden in the clouds, Open a grave and put me in.' About the song: 'The laments which were not funerial were usually sung by men in Pontos and expressed the troubles of life. Laments like the one presented here, as Mr Amarantides was told by his father, were also sung by old men who could no longer follow the young ones to war. That is why it is usually followed by the Serra-Dance, or Pontian Pyrrihios, which is identified as the war-dance of ancient warriors. ' Singer and lyre player: Georgos Amarantides.
http://wn.com/Anatolian_Costumes_of_Paphlagonia_Pontos
Foreclosures Sacramento, Anatolia April 2010
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:31
- Published: 12 Apr 2010
- Uploaded: 24 Sep 2011
- Author: californiameltdown
CALIFORNIA MELTDOWN - April 12, 2010.. More evidence of the economic collapse in Northern California. Residential real estate developments blighted by foreclosures and short sales. I counted 1 in 3 houses in this development abandoned or in the foreclosure process. Who is going to buy them? Not enough buyers, even at these prices.
http://wn.com/Foreclosures_Sacramento,_Anatolia_April_2010
Explore - Turkey - Istanbul & Anatolia 2 of 4 - BBC Travel Documentary
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:55
- Published: 01 Apr 2011
- Uploaded: 13 Jan 2012
- Author: RuniTravel
Explore - Turkey - Istanbul & Anatolia 2 of 4 - BBC Travel Documentary, recorded 27.02.2011 Simon Reeve leads a team of journalists in a journey of discovery across Turkey. From the stunning mosques of Istanbul to the 'fairy chimneys' of Cappadocia and the forests of the Black Sea coast, Turkey is country of rich history and amazing landscapes. It is also a divided country where the pro-islamic government seems locked in conflict with the traditionally secular establishment, including the army, and where an armed conflict rumbles on with elements of the Kurdish minority in the South East. .
http://wn.com/Explore__Turkey__Istanbul_Anatolia_2_of_4__BBC_Travel_Documentary
Southeastern Anatolia
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:57
- Published: 29 Dec 2006
- Uploaded: 03 Jan 2011
- Author: MagicMercury
the video about souteastern anatolia
http://wn.com/Southeastern_Anatolia
Anatolia Story Sound Theater 2 Part 4/7
This is the Fourth Part of Anatolia Story Sound Theater Two with corresponding manga pages. . Original story by Chie Shinohara. Video edited by me. Sound Theatres not enough? Sign this Petition in hope of an Anatolia Story Anime; www.petitionspot.com Cast: Yuuri- Takayama Minami Kail- Inoue Kazuhiko Zananza- Midorikawa Hikaru Kikkuri- Seki Tomokazu Ilbani/ Narrator - Sayama Haruki Emperor- Genda Tessho Nakia-Yamaguchi Yuriko Uruhi -Toriumi Katsumi Hadi- Orikasa Ai Ryui- Chiba Chiemi Shala- Shibuya Shigeru I don't own this, no copyright infringement intended
http://wn.com/Anatolia_Story_Sound_Theater_2_Part_4/7
Dance Traditions of the Greeks of Anatolia - 1: Meli, Erythraia (Cesme) Peninsula - Zeybekiko "Bam"
This is a first in a series of videos which will illustrate the rich dance traditions of the former Greek inhabitants of the Republic of Turkey - both its European (Thrace, Trakya, Thraki) and Asian (Asia Minor, Anadolu, Anatolia) parts. In many cases the dance traditions of the local Greeks overlaps or parallels those of the neighboring Turks or other ethnic groups of the same region and in other cases it doesn't. These videos will highlight as much as possible the dance styles of the either first generation of Anatolian Greeks born in Greece or of those who left at an early age. In this video Greeks who hail from the village of Meli on the western coast of the Erythraia Peninsula, the Cesme Peininsula of the Turks, in the region of Smyrna / Izmir dance the Zeibekiko to the old tune known as "Bam". Many refugees from Meli settled in Attica near the town of Megara. In most cases the Zeybekiko of the Anatolian Greeks was more free form while the Zeybek of the Turks seems to be more structured and group oriented.
http://wn.com/Dance_Traditions_of_the_Greeks_of_Anatolia__1_Meli,_Erythraia_Cesme_Peninsula__Zeybekiko_Bam
Anatolia Story Sound Theater 2 Part 7/7
This is the Seventh Part of Anatolia Story Sound Theater Two with corresponding manga pages and Unmei no Hate performed by Sayama Haruki with subtitles by me (please note I'm not fluent in Japanese, mistakes are more than likely ~_~) . Original story by Chie Shinohara. Video edited by me. Sound Theatres not enough? Sign this Petition in hope of an Anatolia Story Anime; www.petitionspot.com Cast: Yuuri- Takayama Minami Kail- Inoue Kazuhiko Zananza- Midorikawa Hikaru Kikkuri- Seki Tomokazu Ilbani/ Narrator - Sayama Haruki Emperor- Genda Tessho Nakia-Yamaguchi Yuriko Uruhi -Toriumi Katsumi Hadi- Orikasa Ai Ryui- Chiba Chiemi Shala- Shibuya Shigeru I don't own this, no copyright infringement intended.
http://wn.com/Anatolia_Story_Sound_Theater_2_Part_7/7
Grup Anatolia - HAYDAR-I SAH
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:04
- Published: 19 Feb 2008
- Uploaded: 25 Jan 2012
- Author: oncugocebe
Vocal / Guitar : İsmail Nacar Keyboard / Bass : Öncü Göçebe Saz / Cura : Niyazi Albay Violin : Cahit Baylav Percussıons : Rıza Koyupınar Flute : Ozgur Akbaba (Special thanks to Muharrem, Soner and Murat who contributed to Anatolia) Group Anatolia was founded in January 2000. It performs traditional folk music from Anatolia (Asia Minor) in a contemporary style. The group's extensive repertoire includes music from various cultures of the region such as Turkish, Kurdish, Armenian, Cypriot, Azeri and others. Within its relatively long existence the group has given many concerts, the latest one being to a 6000 audience in Day-Mer's park festival. Setting out to play the "people's music", Anatolia specialises in the folk music of the Anatolian region. For Anatolia, the message is as important as the sound, they are telling stories with strong social themes that reflect issues within the community and as various group members explain that is why it is there songs are like real life stories. The combination of such a variety of instruments is also key. Anatolia see their mission as "to mix together, to mix and live together through the music". Re-interpreting traditional music by adding drums, or using different instruments, has become a way of bringing the Anatolian tradition to a wider audience. Performing for both Turkish and non-Turkish audiences has been a success as the group have been surprised by how well British audiences respond to them. The group had performed for <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Grup_Anatolia__HAYDAR-I_SAH
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Anatolia (from Greek '''' — "east" or "(sun)rise"; also Asia Minor, from '''' "small Asia"; in modern ) is a geographic and historical term denoting the westernmost protrusion of Asia, comprising the majority of the Republic of Turkey. The region is bounded by the Black Sea to the north, Georgia to the northeast, the Armenian Highland to the east, Mesopotamia to the southeast, the Mediterranean Sea to the south and the Aegean Sea to the west. Anatolia has been home to many civilizations throughout history, such as the Hittites, Phrygians, Lydians, Persians, Greeks, Assyrians, Armenians, Romans, Georgians, Anatolian Seljuks and Ottomans. As a result, Anatolia has been of interest to archaeologists.
Most of the interior of Anatolia consists of a high-altitude plateau that becomes increasingly mountainous as one moves east - Armenian Highland. The Sea of Marmara forms a connection between the Black and Aegean Seas through the Bosphorus and Dardanelles straits, and separates Anatolia from Thrace on the European mainland. Anatolia is separated from the Armenian Highland to the east by the Euphrates river, and from Syria by the Orontes river.
Almost 80% of the people currently residing in Anatolia are Turks. Kurds, with 15%, constitute a major community in southeastern Anatolia, and are the largest ethnic minority. Albanians, Arabs, Armenians, Assyrians, Bosnians, Circassians, Georgians, Greeks, Jews, Laz and a number of other ethnic groups also live in Anatolia in smaller numbers.
Name
The name ''Anatolia'' comes from the Greek ('''') meaning the "East" or more literally "sunrise." The precise reference of this term has varied over time, perhaps originally referring only to the Ionian colonies on the Asia Minor coast. In the Byzantine Empire, ''Anatolikon'' was a theme covering the western and central parts of Turkey's present-day Central Anatolian Region.
Physical geography
The Anatolian peninsula, also called Asia Minor, is bounded by the Black Sea to the north, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, the Aegean Sea to the west, and the sea of Marmara to the northwest, which separates Anatolia from Thrace in Europe. To the east, Anatolia is bounded by Georgia, the Armenian Highland and the Euphrates before that river bends to the southeast to enter Mesopotamia. To the southeast, Anatolia is bounded by the ranges that separate it from the Orontes valley in Greater Syria and the Mesopotamian plain. The northern coast of Anatolia stretches farther east than the central region, reaching all the way to the modern border with Georgia. Though Anatolia lies entirely within Turkey, the two are not coterminous as the territory of the Republic of Turkey extends considerably further east than the traditional definition of Anatolia.
Anatolia's terrain is structurally complex. A central massif composed of uplifted blocks and downfolded troughs, covered by recent deposits and giving the appearance of a plateau with rough terrain, is wedged between two folded mountain ranges that converge in the east. True lowland is confined to a few narrow coastal strips along the Aegean, Mediterranean, and Black Sea coasts. Flat or gently sloping land is rare and largely confined to the deltas of the Kızıl River, the coastal plains of Çukurova and the valley floors of the Gediz River and the Büyük Menderes River as well as some interior high plains in Anatolia, mainly around ''Tuz Gölü'' (Salt Lake) and the Konya Basin (''Konya Ovasi'').
Regions
Black Sea Coast
The Black Sea coast is characterized by a range of steep mountains that extend along the entire length of the coast, separating it from the inland Anatolian plateau. In the west, the mountains tend to be low, with elevations from , but they rise in the easterly direction to heights greater than south of Rize, reaching at the Kaçkar Mountains in the Pontic Alps. Lengthy, troughlike valleys and basins characterize the mountains. The southern slopes, facing the Anatolian Plateau, are mostly unwooded, but the northern slopes contain dense growths of both deciduous and evergreen trees. The higher slopes facing northwest tend to be densely forested.
The coast is rugged and rocky, with rivers that cascade through the gorges of the coastal ranges. A few larger rivers, those cutting back through the Pontic Alps, have tributaries that flow in broad, elevated basins. Access inland from the coast is limited to a few narrow valleys because mountain ridges. Because of these natural conditions, the Black Sea coast historically has been isolated from Anatolia.
Marmara Region
The coast of Anatolia that borders the Sea of Marmara consists mainly of rolling plateau country well suited to agriculture. It receives about of rainfall annually.
Densely populated, this area includes the cities of Istanbul and Bursa, Turkey's fourth largest city. The Bosphorus, which links the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea, is about long and averages in width but narrows in places to less than . There are two suspension bridges over the Bosphorus, both its Asian and European banks rise steeply from the water and form a succession of cliffs, coves, and nearly landlocked bays. Most of the shores are densely wooded and are marked by numerous small towns and villages. The Dardanelles Strait, which links the Sea of Marmara and the Aegean Sea, is approximately long and increases in width toward the south. Unlike the Bosphorus, the Dardanelles has fewer settlements along its shores.
The most important valleys are the Kocaeli Valley, the Balıkesir Ovası (Balıkesir Plain), the Bursa Ovası (Bursa Plain), and the Plains of Troy (historically known as the Troad.)
Aegean Coast
Located on the west coast of Anatolia, the Aegean region has a fertile soil and a typically Mediterranean climate; with mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers. The broad, cultivated lowland valleys contain about half of the country's richest farmlands.
The largest city in the Aegean Region of Turkey is İzmir, which is also the country's third largest city and second largest port after Istanbul.
Olive and olive oil production is particularly important for the economy of the region. The seaside town of Ayvalık and numerous towns in the provinces of İzmir and Aydın are particularly famous for their olive oil and related products; such as soap and cosmetics.
The region is home to many famous ancient cities; places such as Pergamum, Ephesus, Miletus, Halicarnassus (Bodrum), Smyrna.
Mediterranean Coast
Beginning in the west of Antalya province, the south-facing Mediterranean coast of Turkey is separated from the interior by steep ranges, known as the Taurus mountains, that run along the entire length of the coast. The Taurus Mountains (''Toros Dağları'') are Anatolia's second chain of folded mountains. The south facing slopes rise steeply from the Mediterranean coastal plain, but slope very gently on the north side towards the Anatolian plateau. In the east, the Taurus mountains arc around the northern side of the Arabian Platform, before turning south and continuing as the ranges that define the Great Rift Valley. Between Adana and Antalya, the Taurus Mountains rise sharply from the coast to high elevations, reaching altitudes of over north of Adana. The Taurus Mountains are more rugged and less dissected by rivers than the Pontus Mountains and historically have served as a barrier to human movement inland from the Mediterranean coast except where there are mountain passes such as the historic Cilician Gates (Gülek Pass), northwest of Adana.
Toward the east, the extensive plains around Adana, Turkey's fourth largest city, consist largely of reclaimed flood lands. In general, rivers have not cut valleys to the sea in the western part of the region. East of Adana, much of the coastal plain has limestone features such as collapsed caverns and sinkholes. Other than Adana, Antalya, and Mersin, the Mediterranean coast has few major cities, although it has numerous farming villages.
Central Plateau
Stretching inland from the Aegean coastal plain, the Central Anatolian plateau occupies the area between the two zones of the folded coastal ranges in the north and south, extending east to the point where the two ranges converge. The plateau-like, semiarid highlands of Anatolia are considered the heartland of the country. The region varies in elevation from from west to east. The Anatolian plateau is interspersed with extinct volcanoes, the tallest of which is Mt. Erciyes, rising to near Kayseri.
Frequently interspersed throughout the folded mountains, and also situated on the Anatolian Plateau, are well-defined basins, which the Turks call "ova". Some are no more than a widening of a stream valley; others, such as the Konya Ovasi, are large basins of inland drainage or are the result of limestone erosion. Most of the basins take their names from cities or towns located at their rims. Where a lake has formed within the basin, the water body is usually saline as a result of the internal drainage — the water has no outlet to the sea. The two largest basins on the plateau are the Konya Ovasi and the basin occupied by the large salt lake, Tuz Gölü.
Forested areas are confined to the northwest and northeast of the plateau. Rain-fed cultivation is widespread, with wheat being the principal crop. Irrigated agriculture is restricted to the areas surrounding rivers and wherever sufficient underground water is available. Important irrigated crops include barley, corn, cotton, various fruits, grapes, opium poppies, sugar beets, roses, and tobacco. There also is extensive grazing throughout the plateau.
Central Anatolia receives little annual rainfall with an average precipitation of per year. The driest part of the region is the semiarid center of the plateau which receives an average yearly precipitation of only . However, actual rainfall from year to year is irregular and occasionally may be less than , leading to severe reductions in crop yields for both rain-fed and irrigated agriculture. Overgrazing has contributed to soil erosion on some parts of the plateau. During the summers, frequent dust storms blow a fine yellow powder across the plateau. Locusts occasionally ravage the eastern area in April and May. In general, the plateau experiences high temperatures and almost no rainfall in summer and cold weather with heavy snow in winter.
Climate
Anatolia has a varied range of climates. The central plateau is characterized by a continental climate, with hot summers and cold snowy winters. The south and west coasts enjoy a typical Mediterranean climate, with mild rainy winters, and warm dry summers. The Black sea and Marmara coasts have temperate oceanic climate, with cool foggy summers and much rainfall throughout the year.
Ecoregions
Anatolia's diverse topography and climate has fostered a similar diversity of plant and animal communities.The mountains and coastal plain of northern Anatolia, with its humid and mild climate, is home to temperate broadleaf, mixed and coniferous forests. The central and eastern plateau, with its drier continental climate, is home to deciduous forests and forest steppes. Western and southern Anatolia, which have a Mediterranean climate, are home to Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub ecoregions. Euxine-Colchic deciduous forests: These temperate broadleaf and mixed forests extend across northern Anatolia, lying between the mountains of northern Anatolia and the Black Sea. They include the enclaves of temperate rainforest lying along the southeastern coast of the Black Sea in eastern Turkey and Georgia. Northern Anatolian conifer and deciduous forests: These forests occupy the mountains of northern Anatolia, running east and west between the coastal Euxine-Colchic forests and the drier, continental climate forests of central and eastern Anatolia. Central Anatolian deciduous forests: These forests of deciduous oaks and evergreen pines cover the plateau of central Anatolia. Central Anatolian steppe: These dry grasslands cover the drier valleys and surround the saline lakes of central Anatolia, and include halophytic (salt tolerant) plant communities. Eastern Anatolian deciduous forests: This ecoregion occupies the plateau of eastern Anatolia. The drier and more continental climate is home to steppe-forests dominated by deciduous oaks, with areas of shrubland, montane forest, and valley forest. Anatolian conifer and deciduous mixed forests: These forests occupy the western, Mediterranean-climate portion of the Anatolian plateau. Pine forests and mixed pine and oak woodlands and shrublands are predominant. Aegean and Western Turkey sclerophyllous and mixed forests: These Mediterranean-climate forests occupy the coastal lowlands and valleys of western Anatolia bordering the Aegean Sea. The ecoregion is home to forests of Turkish Pine ''(Pinus brutia)'', oak forests and woodlands, and maquis shrubland of Turkish Pine and evergreen sclerophyllous trees and shrubs, including Olive ''(Olea europaea)'', Strawberry Tree ''(Arbutus unedo)'', ''Arbutus andrachne'', Kermes Oak ''(Quercus coccifera)'', and Bay Laurel ''(Laurus nobilis)''. Southern Anatolian montane conifer and deciduous forests: These mountain forests occupy the Mediterranean-climate Taurus Mountains of southern Anatolia. Conifer forests are predominant, chiefly Anatolian black pine ''(Pinus nigra)'', Cedar of Lebanon ''(Cedrus libani)'', Taurus fir ''(Abies cilicica)'', and juniper ''(Juniperus foetidissima'' and ''J. excelsa)''. Broadleaf trees include oaks, hornbeam, and maples. Eastern Mediterranean conifer-sclerophyllous-broadleaf forests: This ecoregion occupies the coastal strip of southern Anatolia between the Taurus Mountains and the Mediterranean Sea. Plant communities include broadleaf sclerophyllous maquis shrublands, forests of Aleppo Pine ''(Pinus halepensis)'' and Turkish Pine ''(Pinus brutia)'', and dry oak ''(Quercus'' spp.) woodlands and steppes.
History
Antiquity
Eastern Anatolia contains the oldest monumental structures in the world. For example, the monumental structures at Göbekli Tepe were built by hunters and gatherers a thousand years before the development of agriculture. Eastern Anatolia is also a heart region for the Neolithic revolution, one of the earliest areas in which humans domesticated plants and animals. Neolithic sites such as Çatalhöyük, Çayönü, Nevali Cori and Hacilar represent the world's oldest known agricultural villages.
The earliest historical records of Anatolia are from the Akkadian Empire under Sargon in the 24th century BC. The region was famous for exporting various raw materials. The Assyrian Empire claimed the resources, notably silver. One of the numerous Assyrian cuneiform records found in Anatolia at Kanesh uses an advanced system of trading computations and credit lines.
Unlike the Akkadians and the Assyrians, whose Anatolian possessions were peripheral to their core lands in Mesopotamia, the Hittites were centered at Hattusa in north-central Anatolia. They were speakers of an Indo-European language known as the "language of Nesa". Originating from Nesa, they conquered Hattusa in the 18th century BC, imposing themselves over a Hurrian speaking population. During the Late Bronze Age, they created an empire, the Hittite New Kingdom, which reached its height in the 14th century BC. The empire included a large part of Anatolia, north-western Syria and upper Mesopotamia. After 1180 BC, the empire disintegrated into several independent "Neo-Hittite" states. Ancient Anatolia is subdivided by modern scholars into various regions named after the people that occupied them, such as Lydia, Lycia, Caria, Mysia, Bithynia, Phrygia, Galatia, Lycaonia, Pisidia, Paphlagonia, Cilicia, and Cappadocia.
Beginning with the Bronze Age Collapse at the end of the 2nd millennium BC, the west coast of Anatolia was settled by Ionian Greeks. Over several centuries, numerous Ancient Greek city states were established on the coasts of Anatolia. Greeks started Western philosophy on the western coast of Anatolia (Pre-Socratic philosophy). In the 6th century BC, most of Anatolia was conquered by the Achaemenid Empire. In the 4th century BC, Alexander the Great conquered the peninsula. Following his death and the breakup of his empire, Anatolia was ruled by a series of Hellenistic kingdoms. Two hundred years later western and central Anatolia came under Roman control, but it continued to be strongly influenced by Hellenistic culture. In the 1st century BC, the Armenians established the Armenian kingdom under Tigran who reigned throughout much of eastern Anatolia between the Caspian, Black and Mediterranean seas. Anatolia is known as the birthplace of coinage as a medium of exchange (some time in the 7th century BC), which flourished during the Greek and Roman eras.
Medieval and Rennaisance Periods
After the division of the Roman Empire, Anatolia became part of the East Roman, or Byzantine Empire. Byzantine control was challenged by Arab raids starting in the 7th century (see Byzantine–Arab Wars), but in the 9th and 10th century a resurgent Byzantine Empire regained its lost territories and even expanded beyond its traditional borders, into Armenia and Syria. Following the Battle of Manzikert in 1071, the Seljuk Turks swept across Anatolia and conquered it in its entirety by 1080. The Turkish language and Islamic religion were gradually introduced as a result of the Seljuk conquest, and this period marks the start of Anatolia's slow transition from predominantly Christian and Greek-speaking, to predominantly Muslim and Turkish-speaking. In the following century, the Byzantines managed to reassert their control in Western and Northern Anatolia. Control of Anatolia was then split between the Byzantine Empire and the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm, with the Byzantine holdings gradually being reduced. In 1255, the Mongols swept through central and eastern Anatolia, and would remain until 1335. The Ilkhanate garrison was stationed near Ankara.
By the end of the 14th century, most of Anatolia was controlled by various Anatolian beyliks. The Turkmen Beyliks were under the control of the Mongols, at least nominally, through declining Seljuk Sultans. The Beyliks did not mint coins in the names of their own leaders while they remained under the suzerainty of the Ilkhanids. The Osmanli ruler Osman I was the first Turkish ruler who minted coins in his own name in 1320's, for it bears the legend "Minted by Osman son of Ertugul". Since the minting of coins was a prerogative accorded in Islamic practice only to be a sovereign, it can be considered that Osmanli became independent of the Mongol Khans.
After the decline of the Ilkhanate from 1335–1353, the Mongol Empire's legacy in the region was the Uyghur Eretna Dynasty that was overthrown by Kadi Burhan al-Din in 1381. Among the Turkmen leaders the Ottomans emerged as great power under Osman and his son Orhan I. Smyrna was conquered in 1330, and the last Byzantine possession, Philadélphia (modern Alaşehir), fell in 1390. The Anatolian beyliks were in turn absorbed into the rising Ottoman Empire during the 15th century. The Ottomans completed the conquest of the peninsula in 1517 with the taking of Halicarnassus (Bodrum) from the Knights of Saint John.
Modern times
With the beginning of the slow decline of the Ottoman Empire in the early 19th century, and as a result of the expansionist policies of Czarist Russia in the Caucasus, many Muslim nations and groups in that region, mainly Circassians, Tatars, Azeris, Lezgis, Chechens, and several Turkic groups left their ancestral homelands and settled in Anatolia. As the Ottoman Empire further fragmented during the Balkan Wars, much of the non-Christian populations of its former possessions, mainly the Balkan Muslims, flocked to Anatolia and were resettled in various locations, mostly in formerly Christian villages throughout Anatolia.
Anatolia remained multi-ethnic until the early 20th century (see the rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire). During World War I, the Armenian Genocide, the Greek genocide (especially in Pontus), and the Assyrian Genocide almost entirely removed the Armenian and Assyrian populations of Anatolia, as well as a large part of its ethnic Greek population. Following the Greco-Turkish War of 1919-1922, all remaining ethnic Anatolian Greeks were forced out during the 1923 population exchange between Greece and Turkey. Since the foundation of the Republic of Turkey in 1923, Anatolia has become Turkey, its inhabitants being mainly Turks and Kurds (see demographics of Turkey and history of Turkey).
See also
References
Category:Ancient Greek geography Category:Geography of Turkey Category:Peninsulas of Asia Category:Physiographic provinces Category:Western Asia
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