Title	Time
Image file	Time_Magazine_logo.svg
Editor	Richard Stengel
Editor title	Managing Editor
Frequency	Weekly
Circulation	3,360,135
Category	News magazine
Company	Time Inc. (Time Warner)
Firstdate
Political	liberal, progressive
Alignmentcountry	United States
Based	New York City
Language	English
Website
Issn	0040-781X }}

''Time'' (trademarked in capitals as ''TIME'') is an American news magazine. A European edition (''Time Europe'', formerly known as ''Time Atlantic'') is published from London. ''Time Europe'' covers the Middle East, Africa and, since 2003, Latin America. An Asian edition (''Time Asia'') is based in Hong Kong. As of 2009, ''Time'' no longer publishes a Canadian advertiser edition. The South Pacific edition, covering Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific Islands, is based in Sydney.

''Time'' is the world's largest weekly news magazine, and has a domestic audience of 20 million and a global audience of 25 million.

Richard Stengel has been the managing editor since 2006.

History

''Time'' magazine was created in 1923 by Briton Hadden and Henry Luce, making it the first weekly news magazine in the United States. The two had previously worked together as chairman and managing editor respectively of the ''Yale Daily News'' and considered calling the magazine ''Facts''. Hadden was a rather carefree figure, who liked to tease Luce and saw ''Time'' as something important but also fun. That accounts for its tone, which many people still criticize as too light for serious news and more suited to its heavy coverage of celebrities (including politicians), the entertainment industry, and pop culture. It set out to tell the news through people, and for many decades the magazine's cover was of a single person. The first issue of ''Time'' was published on March 3, 1923, featuring on its cover Joseph G. Cannon, the retired Speaker of the United States House of Representatives; a facsimile reprint of Issue No. 1, including all of the articles and advertisements contained in the original, was included with copies of the February 28, 1938 issue as a commemoration of the magazine's 15th anniversary. On Hadden's death in 1929, Luce became the dominant man at ''Time'' and a major figure in the history of 20th-century media. According to ''Time Inc.: The Intimate History of a Publishing Enterprise 1972–2004'' by Robert Elson, "Roy Edward Larsen […] was to play a role second only to Luce's in the development of Time Inc." In his book, ''The March of Time, 1935–1951'', Raymond Fielding also noted that Larsen was "originally circulation manager and then general manager of ''Time'', later publisher of ''Life'', for many years president of Time, Inc., and in the long history of the corporation the most influential and important figure after Luce."

Around the time they were raising US$100,000 from rich Yale alumni like Henry P. Davison, partner of J.P. Morgan & Co., publicity man Martin Egan and J.P. Morgan & Co. banker Dwight Morrow, Henry Luce and Briton Hadden hired Larsen in 1922 – although Larsen was a Harvard graduate and Luce and Hadden were Yale graduates. After Hadden died in 1929, Larsen purchased 550 shares of Time Inc., using money he obtained from selling RKO stock which he had inherited from his father, who was the head of the B.F. Keith theatre chain in New England. However, after Briton Hadden's death, the largest Time Inc. stockholder was Henry Luce, who ruled the media conglomerate in an autocratic fashion, "at his right hand was Larsen," Time Inc.'s second-largest stockholder, according to "Time Inc.: The Intimate History of a Publishing Enterprise 1923–1941". In 1929, Roy Larsen was also named a Time Inc. director and a Time Inc. vice-president. J.P. Morgan retained a certain control through two directorates and a share of stocks, both over ''Time'' and ''Fortune''. Other shareholders were Brown Brothers W. A. Harriman & Co., and The New York Trust Company (Standard Oil).

By the time of Henry Luce's death in 1967, the Time Inc. stock which Luce owned was worth about US$109 million and yielded him a yearly dividend income of more than US$2.4 million, according to ''The World of Time Inc: The Intimate History Of A Changing Enterprise 1960–1989'' by Curtis Prendergast. The value of the Larsen family's Time Inc. stock was now worth about $80 million during the 1960s and Roy Larsen was both a Time Inc. director and the chairman of its Executive Committee, before serving as Time Inc.'s vice-chairman of the board until the middle of 1979. According to the September 10, 1979 issue of ''The New York Times'', "Mr. Larsen was the only employee in the company's history given an exemption from its policy of mandatory retirement at age 65."

After ''Time'' magazine began publishing its weekly issues in March 1923, Roy Larsen was able to increase its circulation by utilizing U.S. radio and movie theaters around the world. It often promoted both "Time" magazine and U.S. political and corporate interests. According to ''The March of Time'', as early as 1924, Larsen had brought ''Time'' into the infant radio business with the broadcast of a 15-minute sustaining quiz show entitled ''Pop Question'' which survived until 1925." Then, according to the same book, "In 1928 […] Larsen undertook the weekly broadcast of a 10-minute programme series of brief news summaries, drawn from current issues of ''Time'' magazine […] which was originally broadcast over 33 stations throughout the United States."

Larsen next arranged for a 30-minute radio programme, ''The March of Time'', to be broadcast over CBS, beginning on March 6, 1931. Each week, the programme presented a dramatisation of the week's news for its listeners, thus ''Time'' magazine itself was brought "to the attention of millions previously unaware of its existence," according to ''Time Inc.: The Intimate History Of A Publishing Enterprise 1923–1941'', leading to an increased circulation of the magazine during the 1930s. Between 1931 and 1937, Larsen's ''The March of Time'' radio programme was broadcast over CBS radio and between 1937 and 1945 it was broadcast over NBC radio – except for the 1939 to 1941 period when it was not aired. ''People Magazine'' was based on ''Time'''s People page.

''Time'' became part of Time Warner in 1989 when Warner Communications and Time, Inc. merged. Jason McManus succeeded Henry Grunwald in 1988 as Editor-in-Chief and oversaw the transition before Norman Pearlstine succeeded him in 1995.

Since 2000, the magazine has been part of AOL Time Warner, which subsequently reverted to the name Time Warner in 2003.

In 2007, ''Time'' moved from a Monday subscription/newsstand delivery to a schedule where the magazine goes on sale Fridays, and is delivered to subscribers on Saturday. The magazine actually began in 1923 with Friday publication.

During early 2007, the year's first issue was delayed for approximately a week due to "editorial changes." The changes included the job losses of 49 employees.

In 2009 ''Time'' announced that they were introducing a personalised print magazine, ''Mine'', mixing content from a range of Time Warner publications based on the reader's preferences. The new magazine met with a poor reception, with criticism that its focus was too broad to be truly personal.

The magazine has an online archive with the unformatted text for every article published. The articles are indexed and were converted from scanned images using optical character recognition technology. There are still minor errors in the text that are remnants of the conversion into digital format.

On Tuesday May 2 ''Time'' announced that subscribers to its paper magazine's including ''Time'', ''Sports Illustrated'' and ''Fortune'' will have access to the iPad versions of these magazines for no extra charge.

Time Inc. and Apple have come to an agreement wherein subscribers to Time Inc. magazines will be able to read the iPad versions of those magazines for free. At least until the two companies sort out a viable digital subscription model.

Legal controversy

On September 10, 2007, the Indonesian Supreme Court awarded former Indonesian President Suharto damages against ''Time Asia'' magazine, ordering it to pay him one trillion rupiah for libel. The High Court reversed the judgment of the Appeal Court and Central Jakarta District Court (made in 2000 and 2001). Suharto sought more than US$27 billion ($32bn) in the suit against US-based ''Time'' over a 1999 article which published that he transferred stolen money abroad.

Circulation

+ ''Time'' Magazine Paid Circulation by Year
! Year	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009
! Circulation (millions)	4.2	4.1	4.1	4.1	4.1	4.1	4.1	4.0	4.0	4.1	3.4	3.4	3.4

During the second half of 2009 the magazine saw a 34.9% decline in news stand sales. During the first half of 2010 there was another decline of at least one third in ''Time'' magazine sales. In the second half of 2010 Time magazine newsstand sales declined by about 12% to just over 79 thousand copies per week.

Style

The distinctive ''Time'' writing style was parodied in 1936 by Wolcott Gibbs in an article in ''The New Yorker'': "Backward ran sentences until reeled the mind […] Where it all will end, knows God!" The early days of incessantly inverted sentences, "beady-eyed tycoons" and "great and good friends", however, have long since vanished.

Up until the mid-1970s or so, ''Time'' had a weekly section called "Listings", which contained capsule summaries and/or reviews of then-current significant films, plays, musicals, television programs, and literary bestsellers, much like ''The New Yorker'''s section "Current Events".

''Time'' is also known for its signature red border, introduced in 1927. The iconic red border was homaged or satirized by Seattle's ''The Stranger'' (newspaper) in 2010. The border has only been changed twice since 1927: The issue released shortly after the September 11 attacks on the United States featured a black border to symbolize mourning. However, this edition was a special "extra" edition published quickly for the breaking news of the event; the next regularly scheduled issue contained the red border. Additionally, the April 28, 2008, Earth Day issue, dedicated to environmental issues, contained a green border.

In 2007 ''Time'' engineered a style overhaul of the magazine. Among other changes, the magazine reduced the red cover border in order to promote featured stories, enlarged column titles, reduced the number of featured stories, increased white space around articles, and accompanied opinion pieces with photographs of the writers. The changes have met both criticism and praise.

Special editions

Person of the Year

''Time''s most famous feature throughout its history has been the annual "Person of the Year" (formerly "Man of the Year") cover story, in which ''Time'' recognizes the individual or group of individuals who have had the biggest effect on the year's news. Despite the title, the recipients are not necessarily individuals or even human beings – for instance, in 1982 the "Person" of the Year was the Personal Computer. Albert Einstein was chosen by ''Time'' as Person of the Century.

Controversy has occasionally arisen because of the designation of alleged dictators and warmongers as "Persons of the Year". The distinction is supposed to go to the person who, ''for good or ill'', has most affected the course of the year; it is therefore not necessarily an honor or a reward. In the past, such figures as Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin have been Man of the Year.

In 2006 the Person of the Year was designated as "You", a move that was met with split reviews. Some thought the concept was creative; others wanted an actual person of the year. Editor Stengel reflected that, if it had been a mistake, "we're only going to make it once."

In 2008 the Person of the Year was Barack Obama, with Sarah Palin as a runner-up. Obama is the twelfth U.S. President (or President-elect) so honored, following a line of every president since Franklin Roosevelt, with the sole exception of Gerald Ford.

''Time'' 100

In recent years ''Time'' has assembled an annual list of the 100 most influential people of the year. Originally, they had made a list of the 100 most influential people of the 20th century. These issues usually have the front cover filled with pictures of people from the list and devote a substantial amount of space within the magazine to the 100 articles about each person on the list. There have, in some cases, been over 100 people, when two people have made the list together, sharing one spot.

The magazine also compiled "All-''TIME'' 100 best novels" and "All-''TIME'' 100 best movies" lists in 2005, and "The 100 Best TV Shows of All-''TIME''" in 2007.

''Time For Kids''

Written by young reporters, ''Time For Kids'' is a division magazine of ''Time'' that is especially published for children and is mainly distributed in classrooms. ''TFK'' contains some national news, a "Cartoon of the Week", and a variety of articles concerning popular culture. An annual issue concerning the environment is distributed near the end of the U.S. school term. The publication hardly ever reaches above fifteen pages front and back. It is used in many libraries.

Staff

Editors

Briton Hadden (1923–1929)

Henry Luce (1929–1949)

Thomas S. Matthews (1949–1953)

Managing Editors

Thomas S. Matthews (1943–1949)

Roy Alexander (1949–1960)

Otto Fuerbringer (1960–1968)

Henry Grunwald (1968–1977)

Ray Cave (1979–1985)

Jason McManus (1985–1987)

Henry Muller (1987–1993)

James R. Gaines (1993–1995)

Walter Isaacson (1996–2000)

Jim Kelly (2001–2006)

Richard Stengel (2006–present)

Notable contributors

Aravind Adiga, ''Time'' correspondent for three years, winner of the 2008 Man Booker Prize for fiction

James Agee, book and movie editor for ''Time''

Lasantha Wickrematunge, journalist

Margaret Carlson, the first female columnist for ''Time''

Whittaker Chambers, ''Time'' employee from 1939 to 1948, ending as senior editor and then special projects editor to Henry Luce

Richard Corliss, film critic for the magazine since 1980

Nancy Gibbs, essayist and editor-at-large; has written more than 100 ''Time'' cover stories

Lev Grossman, brother of Bathsheba and Austin, writes primarily about books for the magazine

Robert Hughes, ''Time'''s long-tenured art critic

Joe Klein, author (''Primary Colors'') and a columnist for the magazine who writes the "In the Arena" column for the magazine

Andre Laguerre, Paris bureau chief 1948–1956, London bureau chief 1951–1956, also wrote about sports for ''Time''; later longtime managing editor of ''Sports Illustrated''

Nathaniel Lande, author, filmmaker, and former creative director of ''Time''

Will Lang Jr. ''1936–1968'', Time Life International

Michael Schuman, American author and journalist who specializes in Asian economics, politics and history, currently the Asia business correspondent for TIME Magazine based in Hong Kong

Robert D. Simon ''1950–1987'', Time Life International

Donald L. Barlett and James B. Steele, investigative reporters who won two National Magazine Awards while at ''Time''

Joel Stein, columnist who wrote the ''Joel 100'' just after ''Time ''Magazine's Most Influential issue in 2006

David Von Drehle, current Editor-at-Large

Fareed Zakaria, current Editor-at-Large

See also

Lists of people on the cover of ''Time'' magazine

"The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power", 1991 article about Scientology, by Richard Behar, which received the Gerald Loeb Award

Heroes of the Environment

References

Further reading

Lundberg, Ferdinand. ''America's Sixty Families.'' New York: Vanuguard Press, 1937

Swanberg, W. A. ''Luce and his Empire''. New York: Scribner, 1972

Wilner, Isaiah. ''The Man Time Forgot: A Tale of Genius, Betrayal, and the Creation of Time Magazine'', HarperCollins, New York, 2006

External links

''Time'' Archive – archive of magazines and covers from 1923 through present

''Time Magazine'' Covers Timeline

Table of Contents of the premiere issue vol. 1, issue 1, March 3, 1923

''Time'' articles by Whittaker Chambers

* Category:Time Warner subsidiaries Category:Publications established in 1923 Category:American news magazines Category:Canadian news magazines Category:Worth Bingham Prize recipients Category:American weekly magazines Category:American magazines

af:Time (tydskrif) ar:تايم (مجلة) az:Time (jurnal) bs:TIME bg:Тайм ca:Time (revista) cs:Time cy:Time (cylchgrawn) da:Time Magazine de:Time el:Τάιμ (περιοδικό) es:Time eo:Time fa:تایم fr:Time (magazine) gl:Time gu:ટાઇમ (સામયિક) ko:타임 (잡지) hi:टाइम (पत्रिका) id:TIME is:Time it:TIME he:טיים מגזין ka:ტაიმი (ჟურნალი) ku:Time (kovar) la:Time lv:Time hu:Time (magazin) ml:ടൈം വാരിക arz:مجلة التايم mzn:تایم ms:Time (majalah) my:တိုင်းမ်မဂ္ဂဇင်း nl:Time (tijdschrift) ja:タイム (雑誌) no:Time (magasin) nn:Time Magazine pnb:ٹائم میگزین pl:Time (tygodnik) pt:Time (revista) ro:Time ru:Time (журнал) se:Time (bláđđi) simple:Time (magazine) sk:Time (týždenník) so:Majladda Time ckb:تایم (گۆڤار) sr:Тајм (часопис) fi:Time sv:Time (tidskrift) te:టైమ్ పత్రిక) th:ไทม์ tr:Time uk:Тайм (журнал) ur:ٹائم vi:Time (tạp chí) zh-yue:時代雜誌 zh:時代 (雜誌)

birth name	Emma Charlotte Duerre Watson
birth date	April 15, 1990
birth place	Paris, France
occupation	Actress, model
years active	2001–present
website	}}

Emma Charlotte Duerre Watson (born 15 April 1990) is an English actress and model who rose to prominence playing Hermione Granger, one of three starring roles in the ''Harry Potter'' film series. Watson was cast as Hermione at the age of nine, having previously acted only in school plays. From 2001 to 2011, she starred in all eight ''Harry Potter'' films alongside Daniel Radcliffe and Rupert Grint. Watson's work on the ''Harry Potter'' series has earned her several awards and more than £. She made her modelling debut for Burberry's Autumn/Winter campaign in 2009.

In 2007, Watson announced her involvement in two productions: the television adaptation of the novel ''Ballet Shoes'' and an animated film, ''The Tale of Despereaux''. ''Ballet Shoes'' was broadcast on 26 December 2007 to an audience of 5.2 million, and ''The Tale of Despereaux'', based on the novel by Kate DiCamillo, was released in 2008 and grossed over US $86 million in worldwide sales.

Early life

Emma Watson was born in Paris to Jacqueline Luesby and Chris Watson, both British lawyers. Watson has one French grandmother, and lived in Paris until the age of five. Following her parents' divorce, she moved with her mother and younger brother to Oxfordshire.

From the age of six, Watson had wanted to become an actress, and for a number of years she trained at the Oxford branch of Stagecoach Theatre Arts, a part-time theatre school where she studied singing, dancing and acting. By the age of ten, she had performed in various Stagecoach productions and school plays, including ''Arthur: The Young Years'' and ''The Happy Prince'', but she had never acted professionally before the ''Harry Potter'' series. "I had no idea of the scale of the film series," she stated in a 2007 interview with ''Parade''; "If I had I would have been completely overwhelmed."

Career

Harry Potter

In 1999, casting began for ''Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone'' (released as ''Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone'' in the United States), the film adaptation of British author J. K. Rowling's best-selling novel. Casting agents found Watson through her Oxford theatre teacher, and producers were impressed by her confidence. After eight auditions, producer David Heyman told Watson and fellow applicants Daniel Radcliffe and Rupert Grint that they had been cast for the roles of the schoolfriends Hermione Granger, Harry Potter and Ron Weasley respectively. Rowling supported Watson from her first screen test.

The release of ''Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone'' in 2001 was Watson's debut screen performance. The film broke records for opening-day sales and opening-weekend takings and was the highest-grossing film of 2001. Critics praised the performances of the three leads, often singling out Watson for particular acclaim; ''The Daily Telegraph'' called her performance "admirable", and IGN said she "stole the show". Watson was nominated for five awards for her performance in ''Philosopher's Stone'', winning the Young Artist Award for Leading Young Actress.

A year later, Watson again starred as Hermione in ''Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets'', the second instalment of the series. Although the film received mixed reviews, reviewers were positive about the lead actors' performances. The ''Los Angeles Times'' said Watson and her peers had matured between films, while ''The Times'' criticised director Chris Columbus for "under-employing" Watson's hugely popular character. Watson received an Otto Award from the German magazine ''Bravo'' for her performance.

In 2004, ''Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban'' was released. Watson was appreciative of the more assertive role Hermione played, calling her character "charismatic" and "a fantastic role to play". Although critics panned Radcliffe's performance, labelling him "wooden", they praised Watson; ''The New York Times'' lauded her performance, saying "Luckily Mr. Radcliffe's blandness is offset by Ms. Watson's spiky impatience. Harry may show off his expanding wizardly skills ... but Hermione ... earns the loudest applause with a decidedly unmagical punch to Draco Malfoy's deserving nose." Although ''Prisoner of Azkaban'' remains the lowest-grossing ''Harry Potter'' film as of April 2009, Watson's personal performance won her two Otto Awards and the Child Performance of the Year award from ''Total Film''.

With ''Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire'' (2005), both Watson and the ''Harry Potter'' film series reached new milestones. The film set records for a ''Harry Potter'' opening weekend, a non-May opening weekend in the US, and an opening weekend in the UK. Critics praised the increasing maturity of Watson and her teenage co-stars; the ''New York Times'' called her performance "touchingly earnest". For Watson, much of the humour of the film sprang from the tension among the three lead characters as they matured. She said, "I loved all the arguing. ... I think it's much more realistic that they would argue and that there would be problems." Nominated for three awards for ''Goblet of Fire'', Watson won a bronze Otto Award. Later that year, Watson became the youngest person to appear on the cover of ''Teen Vogue'', an appearance she reprised in August 2009. In 2006, Watson played Hermione in ''The Queen's Handbag'', a special mini-episode of ''Harry Potter'' in celebration of Queen Elizabeth II's 80th birthday.

The fifth film in the ''Harry Potter'' franchise, ''Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix'', was released in 2007. A huge financial success, the film set a record worldwide opening-weekend gross of $332.7 million. Watson won the inaugural National Movie Award for Best Female Performance. As the fame of the actress and the series continued, Watson and fellow ''Harry Potter'' co-stars Daniel Radcliffe and Rupert Grint left imprints of their hands, feet and wands in front of Grauman's Chinese Theater in Hollywood on 9 July 2007.

Despite the success of ''Order of the Phoenix'', the future of the ''Harry Potter'' franchise became surrounded in doubt, as all three lead actors were hesitant to sign on to continue their roles for the final two episodes. Radcliffe eventually signed for the final films on 2 March 2007, but Watson was considerably more hesitant. She explained that the decision was significant, as the films represented a further four-year commitment to the role, but eventually conceded that she "could never let [the role of] Hermione go", signing for the role on 23 March 2007. In return for committing to the final films, Watson's pay was doubled to £2 million per film; she concluded that "in the end, the pluses outweighed the minuses". Principal photography for the sixth film began in late 2007, with Watson's part being filmed from 18 December to 17 May 2008.

''Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince'' premiered on 15 July 2009, having been delayed from November 2008. With the lead actors now in their late teens, critics were increasingly willing to review them on the same level as the rest of the film's all-star cast, which the ''Los Angeles Times'' described as "a comprehensive guide to contemporary UK acting". ''The Washington Post'' felt Watson to have given "[her] most charming performance to date", while ''The Daily Telegraph'' described the lead actors as "newly-liberated and energised, eager to give all they have to what's left of the series".

Watson's filming for the final instalment of the ''Harry Potter'' series, ''Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows'', began on 18 February 2009 and ended on 12 June 2010. For financial and scripting reasons, the original book has been divided into two films which were shot back to back. ''Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows'' part 1 was released in November 2010 while the second film was released in July 2011.

Other acting work

Watson's first non-''Potter'' role was the 2007 BBC film ''Ballet Shoes'', an adaptation of the novel of the same title by Noel Streatfeild. The film's director Sandra Goldbacher commented that Watson was "perfect" for the starring role of aspiring actress Pauline Fossil: "She has a piercing, delicate aura that makes you want to gaze and gaze at her." ''Ballet Shoes'' was broadcast in the UK on Boxing Day 2007 to an audience of 5.7 million viewers, despite generally poor reviews. Watson also lent her voice to the role of Princess Pea in the animated film ''The Tale of Despereaux'', a children's comedy starring Matthew Broderick. ''The Tale of Despereaux'' was released in December 2008 and grossed $87 million worldwide. In December 2008, Watson stated she wanted to go to university after she completed the Potter series.

In May 2010, Watson was reported to be in talks to star in a film adaptation of ''The Perks of Being a Wallflower''. Filming began in summer 2011. Also that month, she announced that she would appear in a music video for One Night Only after meeting lead singer George Craig at the 2010 Winter/Summer Burberry advertising campaign. The video, "Say You Don't Want It", was screened on Channel 4 on 26 June 2010 and released on 16 August. In her first post-''Harry Potter'' film, Watson has been cast in the upcoming ''My Week with Marilyn'' as Lucy, a wardrobe assistant who has a few dates with the main character, Colin Clark. Watson has also expressed interest in being in a musical film.

Non-acting work

As she has grown older, Watson has become something of a fashion devotee, saying that she sees fashion as very similar to art, which she studied in school. In September 2008, she told a blogger, "I've been focusing on art a lot, and fashion's a great extension of that."

In 2008, the British press reported that Watson was to replace Keira Knightley as the face of the fashion house Chanel, but this was flatly denied by both parties. In June 2009, following several months of rumours, Watson confirmed that she would be partnering Burberry as the face of their new campaign; she received an estimated six-figure fee for modelling Burberry's Autumn/Winter 2009 collection. She later appeared in Burberry's 2010 Spring/Summer campaign alongside her brother Alex, musicians George Craig and Matt Gilmour, and Max Hurd. Watson continued her involvement in fashion advertising when she modelled for Lancôme in March 2011.

In September 2009, Watson announced her involvement with People Tree, a Fair Trade fashion brand. Watson worked as a 'creative advisor' for People Tree to create a spring line of clothing, which was released in February 2010; the range featured styles inspired by southern France and the City of London. The collection, described by ''The Times'' as "very clever" despite their "quiet hope that [she] would become tangled at the first hemp-woven hurdle", was widely publicised in tabloids such as You magazine, Heat Magazine, Teen Vogue, Cosmopolitan, and People. Watson, who was not paid for the collaboration, admitted that competition for the range was minimal, but argued that "Fashion is a great way to empower people and give them skills; rather than give cash to charity you can help people by buying the clothes they make and supporting things they take pride in"; adding, "I think young people like me are becoming increasingly aware of the humanitarian issues surrounding fast fashion and want to make good choices but there aren't many options out there." Watson continued her involvement with People Tree, resulting in a release of a 2010 Autumn/Winter collection.

Personal life

Watson's extended family has grown, as her divorced parents each have new partners. Her father has a son, and identical twin girls. Her mother's partner has two sons who "regularly stay with her". Watson's full brother, Alexander, has appeared as an extra in two ''Harry Potter'' films, and her half-sisters were cast as the young Pauline Fossil in the BBC's ''Ballet Shoes'' adaptation.

After moving to Oxford with her mother and brother, Watson attended The Dragon School, an independent preparatory school, until June 2003 and then moved to Headington School, an independent school for girls, also in Oxford. While on film sets, Watson and her peers were tutored for up to five hours a day; despite the focus on filming she maintained high academic standards. In June 2006, Watson took GCSE examinations in 10 subjects, achieving eight A* and two A grades; she was a target of friendly ribbing on the ''Harry Potter'' set because of her straight-A exam results. She received A grades in her 2008 A level examinations in English Literature, Geography and Art, and in her 2007 AS (advanced subsidiary) level in History of Art.

After leaving school, Watson took a gap year to film ''Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows'' beginning in February 2009, but said she "definitely want[ed] to go to university". Despite numerous contradictory news stories, some from highly reputable sources, claiming that she would "definitely" attend Trinity College, Cambridge; Columbia University; Brown University or Yale University, Watson was reluctant to commit publicly to any one institution, saying that she would announce her decision first on her official website. In interviews with Jonathan Ross and David Letterman in July 2009, she confirmed that she was planning to study liberal arts in the United States, saying that – having missed so much school as a child for filming – the "broad curriculum" of American higher education appealed to her more than British universities, "where you have to just choose one thing to study for three years". In July 2009, after a second storm of rumour, ''The Providence Journal'' reported that Watson had "grudgingly admitted" that she had chosen Brown University, located in Providence, Rhode Island. Watson defended her attempts to avoid announcing her choice of university – accidentally slipped by Daniel Radcliffe and producer David Heyman, during interviews publicising the release of ''Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince'', and finally confirmed in September 2009 after the university's academic year had started – saying that she "want[ed] to be normal. ... I want to do it properly, like everyone else. As long as I don't walk in and see ... ''Harry Potter'' posters everywhere, I'll be fine." In March 2011, after 18 months at the university, Watson announced that she was deferring her course for "a semester or two", to give her more time to participate in the advertising buildup for the release of the second ''Deathly Hallows'' film, and other projects. It has since been announced that Watson will be continuing her studies in autumn, reportedly on an exchange programme to Worcester College, Oxford, and that she will complete her final year at Brown University.

As of July 2007, Watson's work in the ''Harry Potter'' series had earned her more than £10 million, and she acknowledged she would never have to work for money again. In March 2009, she was ranked 6th on the ''Forbes'' list of "Most Valuable Young Stars", and in February 2010, she was named as Hollywood's highest paid female star, having earned an estimated £19 million in 2009. However, she has declined to leave school to become a full-time actress, saying "People can't understand why I don't want to ... but school life keeps me in touch with my friends. It keeps me in touch with reality." She has been positive about working as a child actress, saying her parents and colleagues helped make her experience a positive one. Watson enjoys a close friendship with her fellow ''Harry Potter'' stars Daniel Radcliffe and Rupert Grint, describing them as a "unique support system" for the stresses of film work, and saying that, after working with them for the ten years of the film series, "they really are like my siblings".

Watson lists her interests as dancing, singing, field hockey, tennis, art, and she supports the Wild Trout Trust. She describes herself as "a bit of a feminist", and admires fellow actors Johnny Depp and Julia Roberts. She is also a fan of the author Jilly Cooper, once stating she would choose to have one of her novels or the Bible with her if she were stranded on a deserted island with only one book.

Filmography

! Year	! Title	! Role	Notes
2001		Hermione Granger	Released as ''Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone'' in the US and India
2002		Hermione Granger
2004		Hermione Granger
2005		Hermione Granger
2007		Hermione Granger
2007		Pauline Fossil	Television film shown on BBC One
2008	''''	Princess Pea	Voice part
2009		Hermione Granger
2010		Hermione Granger
2011		Hermione Granger
2011	''My Week with Marilyn''	Lucy
2012		Sam	In production

Awards

! Year !! Organisation !! Award !! Film !! Result
2002	Young Artist Awards	Best Performance in a Feature Film – Leading Young Actress
2002	American Moviegoer Awards	Outstanding Supporting Actress	''Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone''
2003	Otto Awards	Best Female Film Star (Silver)
2004	Broadcast Film Critics Association	Best Young Actress	''Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban''
2005	Otto Awards	Best Female Film Star (Gold)	''Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban''
2005	Broadcast Film Critics Association	Best Young Actress
2006	MTV Movie Awards	Best On-Screen Team	''Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire''
2007		Best Female Performance
2007	UK Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards	Best Movie Actress	''Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix''
2008	Otto Awards	Best Female Film Star (Gold)	''Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix''
2009	Scream Awards	Best Fantasy Actress
2010	Teen Choice Awards	Actress Fantasy	''Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince''
2011	People's Choice Awards	Favorite Movie Star Under 25	''Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 1''
2011	Kids' Choice Awards	Favorite Movie Actress	''Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 1''
2011	National Movie Awards	Performance of the Year	''Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 1''
2011	MTV Movie Awards	Best Female Performance	''Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 1''
2011	MTV Movie Awards	Best Kiss (Shared with Daniel Radcliffe)	''Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 1''
2011	MTV Movie Awards	Best Fight (Shared with Rupert Grint and Daniel Radcliffe)	''Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 1''
2011	Teen Choice Awards	Choice Movie: Actress Sci-Fi/Fantasy	''Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 1''
2011	Teen Choice Awards	Choice Movie: Liplock (Shared with Daniel Radcliffe)	''Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 1''
2011	Teen Choice Awards	Choice Summer Movie: Female	''Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 2''

References

External links

Guides: Harry Potter Actors at the BBC

Category:1990 births Category:Living people Category:People from Oxford Category:People from Paris Category:British film actors Category:English child actors Category:English film actors Category:English people of French descent Category:English television actors Category:English voice actors Category:Old Dragons Category:Old Headingtonians

als:Emma Watson ar:إيما واتسون an:Emma Watson bn:এমা ওয়াটসন bs:Emma Watson bg:Ема Уотсън ca:Emma Watson cs:Emma Watsonová cy:Emma Watson da:Emma Watson de:Emma Watson dv:އެމާ ވެޓްސަން et:Emma Watson es:Emma Watson eo:Emma Watson eu:Emma Watson fa:اما واتسون fr:Emma Watson ga:Emma Watson gv:Emma Watson gl:Emma Watson ko:엠마 왓슨 hi:एमा वॉटसन hr:Emma Watson id:Emma Watson is:Emma Watson it:Emma Watson he:אמה ווטסון jv:Emma Watson kn:ಎಮ್ಮಾ ವ್ಯಾಟ್ಸನ್‌ ka:ემა უოთსონი la:Emma Watson lv:Emma Votsone lb:Emma Watson lt:Emma Watson hu:Emma Watson mk:Ема Ватсон ml:എമ്മ വാട്സൺ mr:एम्मा वॉटसन ms:Emma Watson nah:Emma Watson nl:Emma Watson ja:エマ・ワトソン no:Emma Watson nds:Emma Watson pl:Emma Watson pt:Emma Watson ro:Emma Watson ru:Уотсон, Эмма sq:Emma Watson simple:Emma Watson sk:Emma Watsonová sl:Emma Watson sr:Ema Votson sh:Emma Watson fi:Emma Watson sv:Emma Watson tt:Эмма Уотсон te:ఎమ్మా వాట్సన్ th:เอ็มมา วัตสัน tr:Emma Watson uk:Емма Вотсон vi:Emma Watson bat-smg:Emma Watson zh:艾瑪·瓦特森

Birth name	Daniel Jacob Radcliffe
Birth date	July 23, 1989
Birth place	London, England
Occupation	Actor
Years active	1999–present
known for	}}

Daniel Jacob Radcliffe (born 23 July 1989) is an English actor who rose to prominence playing the titular character in the ''Harry Potter'' film series. His work on the series has earned him several awards and more than £60 million.

Radcliffe made his acting debut at age ten in BBC One's television movie ''David Copperfield'' (1999), followed by his film debut in 2001's ''The Tailor of Panama''. Cast as Harry at the age of eleven, Radcliffe has starred in eight ''Harry Potter'' films since 2001, with the final instalment released in July 2011. In 2007 Radcliffe began to branch out from the series, starring in the London and New York productions of the play ''Equus'', and the 2011 Broadway revival of the musical ''How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying''. ''The Woman in Black'' (2012) will be his first film project following the final ''Harry Potter'' movie.

Radcliffe has contributed to many charities, including Demelza House Children's Hospice and The Trevor Project. He has also made public service announcements for the latter. In 2011 the actor was awarded the Trevor Project's "Hero Award".

Early life

Radcliffe was born on 23 July 1989 in West London, England, the only child of Alan George Radcliffe, a literary agent, and Marcia Jeannine Gresham (née Marcia Gresham Jacobson), a casting agent who was involved in several films for the BBC, including ''The Inspector Lynley Mysteries'' and ''Walk Away And I Stumble.'' Radcliffe's mother is Jewish and a native of Westcliff-on-Sea, Essex (her family's surname was anglicised from "Gershon"); his father, originally from Northern Ireland, is Protestant. Radcliffe first expressed a desire to act at the age of five. In December 1999, aged ten, he made his acting debut in the BBC One's televised two-part adaptation of the Charles Dickens novel ''David Copperfield'', portraying the title character as a young boy. Radcliffe was educated at independent schools for boys, including Sussex House School, a day school in Cadogan Square in Chelsea, London.

Following the release of the first ''Harry Potter'' movie, attending school became hard, with some students becoming hostile. Radcliffe said it was people just trying to "have a crack at the kid that plays Harry Potter" rather than jealousy. As his acting career began to consume his schedule, Radcliffe continued his education through on-set tutors. The actor admitted he was not very good at school, considered it useless, and found the work to be "really, really difficult." However, he did achieve A grades in the three Advanced levels he sat in 2006 but then decided to take a break from education and did not go to college or university. Part of the reason was he already knew he wanted to act and write. Another reason was it would be difficult to have a normal college experience. "The paparazzi, they’d love it,” he told ''Details'' magazine in 2007. "If there were any parties going on, they’d be tipped off as to where they were, and it would be all of that stuff."

Career

''Harry Potter''

In 2000, producer David Heyman asked Radcliffe to audition for the role of Harry Potter for the film adaptation of ''Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone'', the best-selling book by British author J.K. Rowling. The author had been searching for an unknown British actor to personify the character. However, Radcliffe's parents did not want him to audition for the role as the contract required shooting all seven films in Los Angeles, California, so they did not tell him. Once the movie's director Chris Columbus saw a video of the young actor in ''David Copperfield'', he recalled thinking, "This is what I want. This is Harry Potter". Eight months later, after several auditions, he was selected to play the part. Rowling also endorsed the selection, saying the filmmaker could not "have found a better Harry". Warner Bros offered him a two-movie contract, with shooting in the UK, and assured his parents he would be protected. When signing up, Radcliffe was unsure if he would do any more pictures.

The release of ''Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone'' (released as ''Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone'' in the United States) took place in 2001. The story follows Harry, a young boy who learns he is a wizard and is sent to Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry to begin his magical education. He got a seven figure salary for the lead role but asserted that the fee was not "that important" to him. His parents chose to invest the money for him. The film broke records for opening-day sales and opening-weekend takings and became the highest-grossing film of 2001. With a total of US$974 million in ticket sales, ''Philosopher's Stone'' stands as the second most commercially successful in the series, behind the final installment. The adaptation met with strong reviews, and critics took notice of Radcliffe: "Radcliffe is the embodiment of every reader's imagination. It is wonderful to see a young hero who is so scholarly looking and filled with curiosity and who connects with very real emotions, from solemn intelligence and the delight of discovery to deep family longing," wrote Bob Graham of the ''San Francisco Chronicle''.

A year later, Radcliffe starred in ''Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets'', the second instalment of the series. Reviewers were positive about the lead actors' performances but had polarised opinions on the movie as a whole. Stephen Hunter of the ''Washington Post'' labelled it "big, dull and empty", whereas Desson Thomson of the same publication had more positive feelings. Observing that Radcliffe and his peers had matured, ''Los Angeles Times'''s staff writer Kenneth Turan believed the novel's magic could not be successfully duplicated in the film. Nonetheless, it still managed to earn US$878 million, taking the second spot of the highest-grossing 2002 films worldwide behind ''The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers''

The 2004 release ''Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban'' marked the third in the series. While garnering the highest critical acclaim of the series and grossing US$795.6 million worldwide, the film's performance at the box office ranks the lowest in the series. Meanwhile, Radcliffe's performance was panned by critics, who found him to be "wooden", with ''New York Times'' journalist A. O. Scott writing that Watson had to carry him with her performance. Next was ''Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire'' in 2005. The film explored romantic elements, included more humour and saw Harry selected as a competitor in a dangerous multi-wizard school competition. ''Goblet of Fire'' set records for a ''Harry Potter'' opening weekend, as well as for a non-May opening weekend in the US and an opening weekend in the UK. In a 2005 interview, Radcliffe singled out the humour as being a reason for the movie's creative success.

Despite the success of the past movies, the future of the franchise was put into question as all three lead actors were unsure about signing on to continue their roles for the final two episodes. However, by 2 March 2007, Radcliffe signed for the final films, which put an end to weeks of press speculation that he would be denied the part due to his involvement in ''Equus''. Radcliffe reprised his role for the fifth time in ''Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix'' (2007), which details Harry's return to Hogwarts after his recent encounter with Lord Voldemort. It opened to positive responses from the press. IGN movie critic Steven Horn found ''Order of the Phoenix'' to be one of "those rare films that exceeds the source material" and Colin Bertram of New York's ''Daily News'' publication dubbed it the best movie in the series. Radcliffe has stated that he had formed a special bond with actor Gary Oldman while working with him on set and that director David Yates and actress Imelda Staunton made ''Order of the Phoenix'' the "most fun" film in the series to work on. His performance earned several nominations, and he picked up the 2008 National Movie Award for "Best Male Performance". As the fame of the actor and the series continued, Radcliffe and fellow ''Harry Potter'' cast members Rupert Grint and Emma Watson left imprints of their hands, feet, and wands in front of Grauman's Chinese Theater in Hollywood.

On 15 July 2009, the series's sixth instalment, ''Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince'', was released. It centres around Harry discovering an old book belonging to the Half-Blood Prince and beginning to learn more about Lord Voldemort's past. The film did considerably better than the previous movie, breaking the then-record for biggest midnight US showings, with US$22.2 million at 3,000 theatres and with US$7 million, giving the UK its biggest Wednesday ever. In its total run, ''Half-Blood Prince'' totalled in US$933 million ticket sales. The film remains one of the most positively reviewed entries within the series among film critics, who praised the film's "emotionally satisfying" story, direction, cinematography, visuals and music. At the 2010 MTV Movie Awards, Radcliffe received nominations for "Best Male Performance" and "Global Superstar".

For financial and scripting reasons, the last book was divided into two films that were shot back to back, drawing criticism from the book's fanbase. The actor defended the split, pointing out that it would have been impossible to properly adapt the final novel into a single film. He added that the last movie was going to be extremely fast-paced with a lot of action, while the first part would be far more sedate, focussing on character development. Had they combined them, those things would not have made it to the final cut. Filming lasted for a year, concluding in June 2010. On the last day of shooting, like most of the cast and crew, Radcliffe openly wept. ''Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows - Part 1'' (2010) was released in November and grossed over US$950 million. Its most lucrative territory was the UK, where it reportedly had the highest-grossing three-day opening in history. Overseas, its earnings of US$205 million in 91 markets made it the top-grossing foreign opening for a non-summer picture. The movie received mostly favourable reviews in the media.

The final film, ''Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows - Part 2'', was released worldwide starting on 13 July 2011 in Australia. It was named the most highly anticipated film of 2011 by Fandango users and won the National Movie Awards's "Must See Movie of the Summer" accolade. Radcliffe admitted that some people would never be able to separate him from the character but also said he is "proud to be associated with this film series forever." Despite positive feelings about the movies, he has no interest in doing more ''Harry Potter'' films. After Rowling suggested writing an eighth book, Radcliffe was asked if he would do another film; he replied: "[It is] very doubtful. I think 10 years is a long time to spend with one character." Despite devoting so much time to the series, Radcliffe has asserted that he did not miss out on a childhood like other child actors: "I’ve been given a much better perspective on life by doing ''Potter''.

Other acting work

Prior to ''Harry Potter'', Radcliffe made his film debut in ''The Tailor of Panama'', an American 2001 film based on John le Carré's 1996 spy novel and a moderate commercial success. In 2002, he made his stage debut as a celebrity guest in the West End production ''The Play What I Wrote'' directed by Kenneth Branagh, who appeared with him in the second ''Harry Potter'' movie. In 2007, he appeared in ''December Boys'', an Australian family drama about four orphans that was shot in 2005 and released to theatres in mid-September 2007. Also in 2007, Radcliffe co-starred with Carey Mulligan in ''My Boy Jack'', a television drama film shown on ITV on Remembrance Day. The TV film received mostly good reviews, with several critics praising Radcliffe's performance as an 18 year-old who goes missing in action during a battle. Radcliffe stated, "For many people my age, the First World War is just a topic in a history book. But I've always been fascinated by the subject and think it's as relevant today as it ever was."

At age 17, in a bid to show people he was not a kid anymore, he performed onstage in Peter Shaffer's play ''Equus'', which had not been revived since its first run in 1973. Radcliffe took on the lead role as Alan Strang, a stable boy who has an obsession with horses, at the Gielgud Theatre. The role generated significant pre-opening media interest and advance sales topped £1.7 million, as Radcliffe appeared in a nude scene. ''Equus'' opened on 27 February 2007 and ran until 9 June 2007. Radcliffe's performance received positive reviews as critics were impressed by the nuance and depth of his against-type role. Charles Spencer of ''The Daily Telegraph'' wrote that he "displays a dramatic power and an electrifying stage presence that marks a tremendous leap forward." He added: "I never thought I would find the diminutive (but perfectly formed) Radcliffe a sinister figure, but as Alan Strang, [...] there are moments when he seems genuinely scary in his rage and confusion." The production then transferred to Broadway in September 2008 with Radcliffe still in the lead role. Radcliffe stated he was nervous about repeating the role on Broadway because he considered American audiences more discerning than those in London. Radcliffe's performance was nominated for a Drama Desk Award.

After voicing a character in an episode of the animated television series ''The Simpsons'' in late 2010, Radcliffe debuted as J. Pierrepont Finch in the 2011 Broadway revival ''How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying'', a role previously held by Broadway veterans Robert Morse and Matthew Broderick. Other cast members included Rose Hemingway and Mary Faber. Both the actor and production received favourable reviews, with the latter receiving 9 Tony Award nominations. His first post-''Harry Potter'' project will be the 2012 supernatural thriller ''The Woman in Black'', which is adapted from the 1983 novel by Susan Hill and set for a February release in the UK. Radcliffe portrays a man sent to deal with the legal matters of a mysterious woman who has just died. Soon after, he begins to experience strange events and hauntings from the ghost of a woman dressed in black. He said he was "incredibly excited" to be part of the film and described the script as "beautifully written". ''Variety'' confirmed Radcliffe will star in the indie comedy ''The Amateur Photographer'', a film adaptation of the book of the same name, directed by Christopher Monger. Set in 1970, it follows a man (Radcliffe) who discovers his calling after being drafted by the residents of a small England mill town to serve as a photographer for their most personal moments.

Personal life

In 2007, Radcliffe was in a relationship with Laura O'Toole, an understudy for one of his co-stars in a play. Following the break-up, they remained friends. He is an atheist and has also stated that he is "very proud of being Jewish." In 2008, he revealed that he suffers from a mild form of the neurological disorder dyspraxia. The motor skill disorder sometimes gets so bad that he has trouble doing simple activities, such as writing or tying his own shoelaces. "I was having a hard time at school, in terms of being crap at everything, with no discernible talent," the actor commented. In August 2010, he stopped drinking alcohol after finding himself becoming too reliant on it.

Radcliffe is a supporter of the Liberal Democrats. He has voiced support for the political party's Nick Clegg and pledged to spend more time in the UK to help increase his profile to a younger audience. At the age of 16, Radcliffe became the youngest non-royal ever to have an individual portrait in Britain's National Portrait Gallery. On 13 April 2006, his portrait, drawn by Stuart Pearson Wright, was unveiled as part of a new exhibition opening at the Royal National Theatre, then moved to NPG where it resides.

He is a fan of underground and punk rock music, and is a keen follower of cricket, including cricketer Sachin Tendulkar. Writing short stories and poetry is also a passion. In November 2007, the actor published several poems under the pen name Jacob Gershona combination of his middle name and the Jewish version of his mother's maiden name Gresham in ''Rubbish'', an underground fashion magazine. He enjoys a close friendship with his fellow ''Harry Potter'' co-stars Emma Watson and Tom Felton and is tight-knit with his family, whom he credits for keeping him grounded.

Speaking out against homophobia, Radcliffe filmed public service announcements for The Trevor Project promoting awareness of gay teen suicide prevention beginning in 2009. He first learned of the organisation while working on ''Equus'' on Broadway in 2008 and has contributed financially to it. "I have always hated anybody who is not tolerant of gay men or lesbians or bisexuals. Now I am in the very fortunate position where I can actually help or do something about it," he said in a 2010 interview. In the same interview, he spoke of the importance of public figures advocating for equal rights. Radcliffe considers his involvement to be one of the most important things in his career. For his work for the organisation, he was given the "Hero Award" in 2011.

Radcliffe has supported various charities. He designed a Cu-Bed for Habitat's VIP Kids range, and all the royalties from the sale of the bed went directly to his favourite charity, Demelza House Children's Hospice, in Sittingbourne, Kent. Radcliffe has urged his fans to make donations in lieu of Christmas presents to him to that charity's Candle for Care program. In 2008, he was among several celebrities to donate their old eyeglasses to an exhibit honouring victims of the Holocaust. During the Broadway run of ''Equus'', the actor also auctioned off a pair of jeans he wore in the show for several thousand dollars. He has also donated money to Get Connected UK, a London-based free confidential national helpline for troubled youth.

He is reported to have earned £1 million for the first ''Potter'' film and around £15 million for the sixth movie. Radcliffe appeared on the ''Sunday Times'' Rich List in 2006, which estimated his personal fortune to be £14 million, making him one of the richest young people in the UK. In March 2009, he was ranked number one on the ''Forbes'' list of "Most Valuable Young Stars". By April, ''The Daily Telegraph'' measured his net worth at £30m, making him the 12th richest young person in the UK. According to the publication, he is expected to have amassed £70m by the time the series of movies concludes. Radcliffe was considered to be the richest teenager in England as of June 2009. In February 2010, he was named the sixth highest paid Hollywood male star and placed at number five on ''Forbes''s December list of Hollywood's highest-grossing actors, with the revenue of US$780 million thanks to one movie released that year: ''Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows''. The actor was reported in 2010 to have personal assets of £28.5 million, making him richer than Princes William and Harry. Despite his wealth, Radcliffe has said he does not have expensive tastes. His main expense is buying books: "I read a lot." He also stated that money would never be the focus of his life.

Screen and stage credits

Films

! Year	! Title	! Role	Notes
2001	''The Tailor of Panama''	Mark Pendel
2001			Released as ''Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone'' in the US and India
2002		Harry Potter
2004		Harry Potter
2005		Harry Potter
2007		Harry Potter
2007	''December Boys''	Maps
2009		Harry Potter
2010	''Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1''	Harry Potter
2011	''Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2''	Harry Potter
2012		Arthur Kipps	Post-production

Television

! Year	! Title	! Role	Notes
1999		young David Copperfield	Television film shown on BBC One
2005	''Foley and McColl: This Way Up''	Traffic Warden/Himself
2006		Boy Scout/Himself
2007		Jack Kipling	Television film shown on ITV
2010	''The Simpsons''	Edmund	"Treehouse of Horror XXI", voice part
2010		Himself	BBC comedy panel game television program

Stage

! Year	! Title	! Role	Notes
2002	''The Play What I Wrote''	Guest	Wyndham's Theatre
2007		Alan Strang	Gielgud Theatre
2008	''Equus''	Alan Strang	Broadhurst Theatre
2011	''How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying''	J. Pierrepont Finch	Al Hirschfeld Theatre

Awards

! Year !! Organisation !! Award !! Work !! Result
2001		Best Young Performer
2001	Hollywood Women's Press Club	Male Youth Discovery of the Year	''Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone''
2001	MTV Movie Awards		''Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone''
2001	Young Artist Awards	Best Ensemble in a Feature Film (shared with the movies cast)	''Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone''
2002	Bravo Silver Otto	Best Male Actor	''Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone''
2003	Saturn Awards	Best Performance by a Young Actor
2003	Bravo Silver Otto	Best Male Actor	''Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets''
2003	SyFy Portal Genre Awards	Best Young Actor	''Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets''
2003	Portal Awards	Best Young Actor	''Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets''
2004	Bravo Bronze Otto	Best Male Actor
2004	ITV Celebrity Awards	Young Talent of the Year	''Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban''
2005	Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards	Best Young Actor	''Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban''
2005	Portal Awards	Best Young Actor	''Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban''
2006	Bravo Golden Otto	Male Film Star
2006	MTV Movie Awards		''Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire''
2006	MTV Movie Awards		''Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire''
2006	Portal Awards	Best Actor/Movie	''Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire''
2006	Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards	Best Young Actor	''Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire''
2007	Scream Awards	Fantasy Hero
2007	National Movie Awards	Best Male Performance	''Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix''
2008	Empire Award	Best Actor	''Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix''
2008	Bravo Golden Otto	Best Male Actor	''Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix''
2008	MTV Movie Awards		''Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix''
2008	Saturn Awards	Best Performance by a Young Actor	''Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix''
2008	Theatregoers' Choice Awards	Dewynters London Newcomer of the Year
2009	Broadway.com Audience Award	Favorite Leading Actor in a Broadway Play
2009	Broadway.com Audience Award	Favorite Breakthrough Performance	''Equus''
2009	Drama Desk Awards		''Equus''
2009	Drama League Award	Distinguished Performance Award	''Equus''
2009	Scream Awards	Best Fantasy Actor	''Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince''
2010	National Movie Awards	Best Performance	''Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince''
2010	Portal Awards	Best Young Actor	''Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince''
2010		Iconic Movie Star
2010	People's Choice Awards	Best On-Screen Team (shared with Rupert Grint and Emma Watson)	''Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince''
2010	MTV Movie Award	Best Male Performance	''Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince''
2010	MTV Movie Award	Global Superstar
2011	National Movie Awards	Performance Of The Year	''Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 1''
2011	Broadway.com Audience Award	Favorite Actor in a Broadway Play	''How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying''
2011	Broadway.com Audience Award	Favorite Onstage Pair (with John Larroquette)	''How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying''
2011	Drama Desk Award		''How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying''
2011	Outer Critic's Circle Award	Outstanding Actor In A Musical	''How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying''
2011	BroadwayWorld.com	Best Leading Actor in a Musical	''How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying
2011	MTV Movie Award	Best Kiss (shared with Emma Watson)	''Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 1''
2011	MTV Movie Award	Best Fight (shared with Rupert Grint and Emma Watson)	''Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 1''
2011	MTV Movie Award	Best Male Performance	''Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 1''
2011	Trevor Project	Trevor Hero Award
2011	Teen Choice Awards	Choice Movie Actor: Sci-Fi/Fantasy	''Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 1''
2011	Teen Choice Awards	Choice Movie: Liplock (shared with Emma Watson)	''Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 1''
2011	Teen Choice Awards	Choice Summer Movie Star: Male	''Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 2''
2011	Do Something Awards	Movie Star
2011	Portal Awards	Best Young Actor	''Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 1''

See also

List of Harry Potter films cast members

References

Further reading

External links

Category:1989 births Category:English atheists Category:English child actors Category:English film actors Category:English Jews Category:English people of Northern Ireland descent Category:English stage actors Category:English television actors Category:Jewish actors Category:Jewish atheists Category:Living people Category:Actors from London Category:Old Citizens (City of London School) Category:People from Hammersmith Category:LGBT rights activists from England

af:Daniel Radcliffe als:Daniel Radcliffe ar:دانيال رادكليف bn:ড্যানিয়েল র‌্যাডক্লিফ bs:Daniel Radcliffe bg:Даниъл Радклиф ca:Daniel Radcliffe cs:Daniel Radcliffe cy:Daniel Radcliffe da:Daniel Radcliffe de:Daniel Radcliffe dv:ޑެނިއެލް ރެޑްކްލިފް et:Daniel Radcliffe es:Daniel Radcliffe eo:Daniel Radcliffe eu:Daniel Radcliffe fa:دنیل ردکلیف fr:Daniel Radcliffe ga:Daniel Radcliffe gl:Daniel Radcliffe ko:대니얼 래드클리프 hi:डैनियल रैड्क्लिफ़ hr:Daniel Radcliffe io:Daniel Radcliffe id:Daniel Radcliffe is:Daniel Radcliffe it:Daniel Radcliffe he:דניאל רדקליף jv:Daniel Radcliffe kn:ಡೇನಿಯಲ್ ರಾಡ್‌ಕ್ಲಿಫ್ ka:დენიელ რედკლიფი la:Daniel Radcliffe lv:Daniels Redklifs lb:Daniel Radcliffe lt:Daniel Radcliffe hu:Daniel Radcliffe mk:Даниел Редклиф mr:डॅनियेल जेकब रॅडक्लिफ ms:Daniel Radcliffe mn:Дэниэл Редклифф nah:Daniel Radcliffe nl:Daniel Radcliffe ja:ダニエル・ラドクリフ no:Daniel Radcliffe pl:Daniel Radcliffe pt:Daniel Radcliffe ro:Daniel Radcliffe qu:Daniel Radcliffe ru:Рэдклифф, Дэниэл sq:Daniel Radcliffe simple:Daniel Radcliffe sk:Daniel Radcliffe sl:Daniel Radcliffe sr:Данијел Радклиф fi:Daniel Radcliffe sv:Daniel Radcliffe tl:Daniel Radcliffe ta:டேனியல் ராட்க்ளிஃப் tt:Дэниел Редклифф th:แดเนียล แรดคลิฟฟ์ tr:Daniel Radcliffe uk:Деніел Редкліфф vi:Daniel Radcliffe bat-smg:Danielios Redklėfs zh:丹尼尔·拉德克利夫

name	Hugh Hefner
birth date	April 09, 1926
birth name	Hugh Marston Hefner
birth place	Chicago, Illinois, US
known for	Editor-in-chief of ''Playboy'' magazine, Chief Creative Officer of Playboy Enterprises
website	Playboy.com
spouse	(divorced)(divorced)
partner	Holly Madison (2003-2008),Crystal Harris (2009–2011)
children	Christie Hefner (born 1952)David Hefner (born 1955)Marston Hefner (born 1990)Cooper Hefner (born 1991) }}

Hugh Marston "Hef" Hefner (born April 9, 1926) is an American magazine publisher, founder and Chief Creative Officer of Playboy Enterprises.

Early life

Hefner was born in Chicago, Illinois, the elder of two sons born to Grace Caroline (née Swanson; 1895–1997) and Glenn Lucius Hefner (1896–1976), both teachers. Hefner's mother was of Swedish descent and his father had German and English ancestry. On his father's side, Hefner is a direct descendant of Plymouth governor William Bradford. He has described his family as "conservative, Midwest, Methodist." He went to Sayre Elementary School and Steinmetz High School, then served as a writer for a military newspaper in the U.S. Army from 1944 to 1946. He later graduated from the University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign with a B.A. in psychology with a double minor in creative writing and art in 1949, earning his degree in two and a half years. After graduation, he took a semester of graduate courses in sociology at Northwestern University but dropped out soon after.

Career

Working as a copywriter for ''Esquire'', he left in January 1952, after being denied a $5 raise. In 1953, he mortgaged his furniture, generating a bank loan of $600 (or $800—he cannot recall which) and raised $8,000 from 45 investors—including $1,000 from his mother ("Not because she believed in the venture," he told ''E!'' in 2006, "But because she believed in her son.")—to launch ''Playboy'', which was initially going to be called ''Stag Party''. The undated first issue, published in December 1953, featured Marilyn Monroe from her 1949 nude calendar shoot and sold over 50,000 copies. (Hefner, who never met Monroe, bought the crypt next to hers at the Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery.)

After it was rejected by ''Esquire'' magazine in 1955, Hefner agreed to publish in ''Playboy'' the Charles Beaumont science fiction short story, "The Crooked Man," about straight men being persecuted in a world where homosexuality was the norm. After receiving angry letters to the magazine, Hefner wrote a response to criticism where he said, "If it was wrong to persecute heterosexuals in a homosexual society then the reverse was wrong, too." Hefner is portrayed as a gay rights pioneer in the documentary film, ''Hugh Hefner: Playboy, Activist and Rebel''.

On June 4, 1963, Hefner was arrested for selling obscene literature after an issue of ''Playboy'' featuring nude shots of Jayne Mansfield was released. A jury was unable to reach a verdict.

His former secretary, Bobbie Arnstein, was found dead in a Chicago hotel room after an overdose of drugs in January 1975. Hefner called a press conference to allege that she had been driven to suicide by narcotics agents and federal officers. Hefner further claimed the government was out to get him because of ''Playboy'' philosophy and its advocacy of more liberal drug laws.

In 2009, Hefner talks about making a film about his life. He has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for television and has made several movie appearances as himself. In 2010, he received a "worst supporting actor" nomination for a Razzie award for his performance in ''Miss March''.

A documentary by Brigitte Berman, ''Hugh Hefner: Playboy, Activist and Rebel'' was released on July 30, 2010. This was reportedly the first time that Hefner granted full access to a documentary filmmaker.

In 1999, Hefner financed the Clara Bow-documentary, ''Discovering the It-girl.'' "Nobody has what Clara had. She defined an era and made her mark on the nation," he stated.

Personal life

Hefner married Northwestern University student Mildred Williams (born 1927) in 1949. They had two children, Christie (born November 8, 1952) and David (born August 30, 1955). Before the wedding, Mildred confessed that she had had an affair while he was away in the Army. He called the admission "the most devastating moment of my life." A 2006 ''E! True Hollywood Story'' profile of Hefner revealed that Mildred allowed him to sleep with other women, out of guilt for her infidelity and in the hopes that it would preserve their marriage. They divorced in 1959.

Hefner remade himself as a bon vivant and man about town, a lifestyle he promoted in his magazine and two TV shows he hosted, ''Playboy's Penthouse'' (1959–1960) and ''Playboy After Dark'' (1969–1970). He admitted to being involved' with maybe eleven out of twelve months' worth of Playmates" during some of these years. Donna Michelle, Marilyn Cole, Lillian Müller, Shannon Tweed, Brande Roderick, Barbi Benton, Karen Christy, Sondra Theodore, and Carrie Leigh—who filed a $35 million palimony suit against him—were a few of his many lovers. In 1971, he acknowledged that he experimented in bisexuality. He moved from Chicago to Los Angeles.

Hefner had a minor stroke in 1985 at age 59. After re-evaluating his lifestyle, he made several changes. The wild, all-night parties were toned down significantly and in 1988, daughter Christie began to run the Playboy empire. The following year, he married Playmate of the Year Kimberley Conrad. The couple had two sons, Marston Glenn (born April 9, 1990) and Cooper Bradford (born September 4, 1991). The ''E! True Hollywood Story'' profile noted that the notorious Playboy Mansion had been transformed into a family-friendly homestead. After he and Conrad separated in 1998, Conrad moved into a house next door to the mansion. According to an update on Hefner's Twitter account on April 25, 2010, Conrad and her mother are moving to Reno in a new home to be closer to family.

Hefner then began to move an ever-changing coterie of young women into the Mansion, even dating up to seven girls at once, among them, Brande Roderick, Izabella St. James, Tina Marie Jordan, Holly Madison, Bridget Marquardt, and Kendra Wilkinson. The reality television series ''The Girls Next Door'' depicted the lives of Madison, Wilkinson and Marquardt at the Playboy Mansion. In October 2008, all three girls made the choice to leave the mansion. Hefner was quick to rebound and soon began dating his new "Number One" girlfriend, Crystal Harris, along with 20-year-old identical twin and models Kristina and Karissa Shannon. The relationship with the twins ended in January 2010. After an 11-year separation, Hefner filed for divorce from Conrad stating irreconcilable differences. Hefner has said that he only remained married to her for the sake of his children, and his youngest child had just turned 18. The divorce was finalized in March 2010. On December 24, 2010, Hefner presented an engagement ring to Harris, publicly announcing the proposal the following day. Hefner and Harris had planned to marry June 18, 2011. Harris called off the wedding just 4 days before they were due to be wed.

Politics and philanthropy

The Hugh Hefner First Amendment Award was created by Christie Hefner "to honor individuals who have made significant contributions in the vital effort to protect and enhance First Amendment rights for Americans."

He has donated and raised money for the Democratic Party. However, he has more recently referred to himself as an Independent, due to disillusion with the Democratic Party.

In 1978, Hefner helped organize fund-raising efforts that led to the restoration of the Hollywood Sign. He hosted a gala fundraiser at the Playboy Mansion and personally contributed $27,000 (or 1/9 of the total restoration costs) by purchasing the letter Y in a ceremonial auction.

Hefner donated $100,000 to the University of Southern California's School of Cinematic Arts to create a course called "Censorship in Cinema," and $2 million to endow a chair for the study of American film.

Both through his charitable foundation and individually, Hefner also contributes to charities outside the sphere of politics and publishing, throwing fundraiser events for Much Love Animal Rescue, as well as Generation Rescue, a controversial autism campaign organization supported by Jenny McCarthy.

On April 26, 2010, Hefner donated the last $900,000 sought by a conservation group for a land purchase needed to stop the development of the famed vista of the Hollywood Sign.

References

Further reading

Watts, Steven (2008). ''Mr. Playboy: Hugh Hefner and the American Dream''. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-69059-7.

Miller, Russell (1985). ''Bunny: The Real Story of Playboy''. London: Corgi. ISBN 0-03-063748-1.

St. James, Izabella (2006). ''Bunny Tales: Behind Closed Doors at the Playboy Mansion''. Philadelphia: Running Press. ISBN 0-762-42739-6

Hefner, Veronika and Jurij Toplak (2009). Hefner, Hugh. In: Vile, John R., Hudson, David L., and Schultz, David Andrew (Eds.). Encyclopedia of the First Amendment. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press, p. 564.

External links

Hugh M. Hefner Foundation

Hugh Hefner: The Ultimate Lifestyle Entrepreneur (About.com Entrepreneurs)

"Hugh Hefner". Salon.com. December 28, 1999.

Hugh Hefner interview from 1966

Category:1926 births Category:Living people Category:Adult magazine publishers (people) Category:American billionaires Category:American journalists Category:American magazine editors Category:American magazine founders Category:American military personnel of World War II Category:American people of English descent Category:American people of German descent Category:American people of Swedish descent Category:American pornographers Category:American socialites Category:California Democrats Category:LGBT rights activists Category:Participants in American reality television series Category:People from Chicago, Illinois Category:Playboy people Category:Polyamory Category:School of the Art Institute of Chicago alumni Category:University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign alumni

ar:هيو هيفنر bn:হিউ হেফ্‌নার bg:Хю Хефнър cs:Hugh Hefner da:Hugh Hefner de:Hugh Hefner es:Hugh Hefner fa:هیو هفنر fr:Hugh Hefner gl:Hugh Hefner ko:휴 헤프너 hr:Hugh Hefner it:Hugh Hefner he:יו הפנר kn:ಹಗ್ ಹೆಫ್ನರ್ la:Hugo Hefner lt:Hugh Hefner hu:Hugh Hefner nl:Hugh Hefner ja:ヒュー・ヘフナー no:Hugh Hefner pl:Hugh Hefner pt:Hugh Hefner ro:Hugh Hefner ru:Хефнер, Хью simple:Hugh Hefner sk:Hugh Hefner fi:Hugh Hefner sv:Hugh Hefner ta:ஹூக் ஹெஃப்னர் th:ฮิวจ์ เฮฟเนอร์ tr:Hugh Hefner uk:Г'ю Гефнер vi:Hugh Hefner zh:休·海夫納

Name	Smokey Robinson
Background	solo_singer
Birth name	William Robinson, Jr.
Born	February 19, 1940
Origin	Detroit, Michigan, U.S.
Instrument	Vocals, piano
Genre	R&B;, soul
Occupation	Singer, songwriter, record producer, record executive
Years active	1955–1972 (Groups)1972–present (Solo)
Label	Motown, Universal, SBK, Liquid 8
Website
Associated acts	The Miracles, The Temptations, Mary Wells }}

William "Smokey" Robinson, Jr. (born February 19, 1940) is an American R&B; singer-songwriter, record producer, and former record executive. Robinson is one of the primary figures associated with Motown, second only to the company's founder, Berry Gordy. Robinson's consistent commercial success and creative contributions to the label have earned him the title "King of Motown." As an original member of Motown Records' first vocal group The Miracles and as a solo artist, Robinson delivered many U.S. and U.K. Top 40 hits for Motown between 1960 and 1987. He also served as the company's vice president from 1961 to 1988.

Biography

Early years and formation of The Miracles

Robinson was born and raised in the North End neighborhood of Detroit, Michigan.

According to ''Entertainment Weekly'', "when he was 6 or 7, his Uncle Claude christened him "Smokey Joe," which the young William, a Western-movie enthusiast, at first assumed to be "his cowboy name for me." Some time later, he learned the deeper significance of his nickname: It derived from ''smokey,'' a pejorative term for dark-skinned blacks. "I'm doing this," his uncle told the light-skinned boy, "so you won't ever forget that you're black."

In his teens, "Smokey Joe" was shortened to "Smokey." In an interview, Robinson claimed to be friends with fellow Motown legend Diana Ross since she was eight years old. Around this time Robinson began listening to Nolan Strong & The Diablos, a Fortune Records recording artist. Strong's high tenor voice would be a primary influence on Robinson. In a 2008 interview with Goldmine, Robinson said: "There was a guy who lived in Detroit and had a group called The Diablos. His name was Nolan Strong. They were my favorite vocalists at that time."

In 1955, Robinson co-founded a vocal group called The Five Chimes with his best friend Ronald White, and Northern High School classmates Pete Moore, Clarence Dawson, and James Grice. By 1957, the group was renamed the Matadors and included cousins Emerson and Bobby Rogers in place of Dawson and Grice. Emerson was replaced by his sister Claudette Rogers, who later married Robinson. Guitarist Marv Tarplin joined the group in 1958. With Robinson as lead singer, the Matadors began touring Detroit venues.

Motown and The Miracles

After finishing high school Robinson made plans to attend college, with his studies to begin in January 1959. However, in August 1958, Robinson met songwriter Berry Gordy and, as he awaited his enrollment in school, Robinson pursued his musical career with Gordy, who co-wrote for the Miracles the single "Got a Job," an answer song to the Silhouettes' hit single "Get a Job." The group renamed itself the Miracles, and began recording with Gordy on the End Records label in November 1958.

Robinson has said that he did, in fact, enroll in college and began classes that January, studying electrical engineering. However, The Miracles' first record was released a few weeks later and Robinson left school shortly thereafter, his college career having lasted approximately two months.

The Miracles would go on to issue singles on both End Records and Chess Records, and Robinson suggested to Gordy that he start a label of his own.

In 1959, Gordy founded Tamla Records, which he soon reincorporated as Motown. The Miracles were among the label's first signees. Gordy and Robinson had a synergistic relationship, with Robinson providing a foundation for Motown's hit-making success and Gordy acting as a mentor for the budding singer and songwriter. By 1961, Gordy had appointed Robinson vice-president of Motown Records, a title Robinson held for as long as Gordy remained with the company.

The 1960 single "Shop Around" was not only Motown's first number one hit on the R&B; singles chart, but the first major chart success for The Miracles. The song was also Motown's first million-selling hit single.

Besides creating hits for his own group, Robinson wrote and produced singles and album tracks for other Motown artists. Mary Wells had a number one hit with Robinson's song "My Guy" (1964), and Robinson served as The Temptations' primary songwriter and producer from 1963 to 1966, penning such hits as "The Way You Do the Things You Do", "My Girl", "Since I Lost My Baby", and "Get Ready". Among Robinson's other Motown compositions are "Still Water (Love)" by The Four Tops, "Don't Mess With Bill" and "My Baby Must Be a Magician" by The Marvelettes, "When I'm Gone" by Brenda Holloway, "Ain't That Peculiar" and "I'll Be Doggone" by Marvin Gaye, and "First I Look at the Purse" by The Contours.

His hit songs also earned him the title "America's poet laureate of love." During the course of his 50-year career in music, Robinson has accumulated more than 4,000 songs to his credit. John Lennon of The Beatles made countless remarks regarding Robinson's influence on his music. In a 1969 interview, Lennon stated that one of his favorite songs was The Miracles' "I've Been Good To You", which has similar lyrics to Lennon's "Sexy Sadie". George Harrison also greatly admired Robinson and paid tribute to him in the 1976 song "Pure Smokey". Additionally, "Ooh Baby (You Know That I Love You)" from Harrison's Extra Texture (Read All About It) was dedicated to Robinson. (The Beatles had recorded Robinson and The Miracles' "You've Really Got A Hold On Me" in 1963.) Bob Dylan said of Robinson, that he is "America's greatest living poet."

After marrying Claudette Rogers, Robinson started a family, and named both of his children after Motown: his son was named Berry after the company's founder, and his daughter Tamla after the Motown imprint for which Robinson and The Miracles recorded.

The Miracles remained a premier Motown act through most of the 1960s. The group's billing was changed to "Smokey Robinson & the Miracles" after 1966. By 1969, the group's fortunes began to falter, and Robinson decided to quit The Miracles so that he could remain at home with his family and concentrate on his duties as vice president. The group stopped recording and Robinson prepared to leave the group. Unexpectedly, however, their 1969 recording "Baby, Baby Don't Cry" hit the national ''Billboard'' Pop Top 10, and when their 1967 recording of "The Tears of a Clown" was released as a single in 1970, it became a number-one hit in both the United States and the United Kingdom.

With the surprise success of "The Tears of a Clown", Robinson chose to remain with The Miracles for a few more years. In 1972, however, he followed through on his original plans to leave the group, and The Miracles began a six-month farewell tour. On July 16, 1972, Smokey and Claudette Robinson gave their final performances as Miracles at the Carter Barron Amphitheater in Washington, D.C., and Robinson introduced the group's new lead singer, Billy Griffin. The Miracles went on for a while, even having another million-seller with "Do It Baby"* (1974), a multi-million selling number one hit, "Love Machine", in 1975, and a Platinum Album with City Of Angels that same year. (''Reference: The Book Of Golden Discs- by Joseph Murrells'') *

Successful solo career

Smokey Robinson began a low-key solo career while concentrating on his duties as vice president of Motown, releasing his first solo LP, ''Smokey'', in 1973. His first hit single, "Sweet Harmony" (1973), was dedicated to The Miracles.

In 1975, Robinson's solo career took off with the success of the number one R&B; hit "Baby That's Backatcha". Robinson's 1976 single "Quiet Storm" and its accompanying album typified a genre of smooth, slow R&B; that has spawned late-night radio shows called "quiet storm". Other Robinson solo hits include "Cruisin'" (1979), "Being With You" (a global chart-topper in 1981), "Tell Me Tomorrow" (1982), and "Ebony Eyes", a duet with labelmate Rick James (1983). He also recorded the soundtrack to the film ''Big Time'' (1977).

Later years, Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, awards and accolades

During the mid-1980s, Robinson was addicted to cocaine. His recording slowed, and his marriage to Claudette faltered; the couple divorced in 1986. With the help of friend Leon Kennedy (as described in Robinson's autobiography ''Smokey'' published in 1989), Robinson was dramatically healed of his addiction at a religious service. He eventually revitalized his career, having hits in 1987 with the Grammy Award-winning "Just to See Her" (which topped the Pop, R&B;, and Adult Contemporary charts in 1987) and "One Heartbeat" (Top Ten Pop, R&B;, and A/C). Also in 1987, British band ABC scored a U.S. and U.K. hit with their tribute to Robinson entitled "When Smokey Sings". In 1987, Robinson was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a solo artist. The other original members of the Miracles – Bobby Rogers, Ronnie White, Pete Moore, Marv Tarplin, and Claudette Robinson – were not inducted.

When Motown was sold to MCA in 1988, Robinson resigned from his position as vice president. After one last album for Motown, ''Love, Smokey'' (1990), Robinson left the label. He released one record for SBK Records, ''Double Good Everything'' (1991), the same year he won a Soul Train Music Award for Career Achievement. Eight years later, he returned to Motown, which by then was a subsidiary of Universal Music Group, and released ''Intimate'' (1999). The same year, Smokey Robinson received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. In 2002, he was awarded the National Medal of Arts.

Since then, Smokey has continued to perform and tour periodically. In 2003, Robinson served as a guest judge for ''American Idol'' during "Billy Joel Week." He issued a gospel LP, ''Food for the Spirit'' in 2004. In 2005, Smokey Robinson was inducted into the Michigan Rock and Roll Legends Hall of Fame. A new album of pop standards from the early 20th century, ''Timeless Love'', was released in June 2006. It was originally recorded with a jazz combo, but strings were added after the fact, giving the album more of a lush sound but removing much of the jazz feeling of the disc.

In 2004, Robinson's company, SFGL Foods, launched a special brand of gumbo called "Smokey Robinson's 'The Soul is in the Bowl' Gumbo". Smokey Robinson is the spokesman of the Great American Smokeout, which takes place annually one week before Thanksgiving. It is a day when smokers quit smoking for at least a day.

Robinson has appeared on ''Friday Night with Jonathan Ross'', the NBC daytime drama ''Days of our Lives'', and on ''The Rachael Ray Show''. He also appeared on ''Duets'' on Fox-TV along with Richard Marx, Aaron Neville, Cyndi Lauper, Chaka Khan, Patti Labelle, Kenny Loggins, Clint Black, Brian McKnight, Michael Bolton, Macy Gray, Randy Travis, and the legendary Dionne Warwick. Producer David Foster was a judge.

At its 138th Commencement Convocation in May 2006, Howard University conferred on Robinson the degree of Doctor of Music, ''honoris causa''. In December 2006 Robinson was one of five Kennedy Center honorees, along with Dolly Parton (with whom Robinson had recorded a 1987 duet, "I Know You By Heart"), Zubin Mehta, Steven Spielberg and Andrew Lloyd Webber. The ceremony was held on December 3, 2006, and broadcast on CBS on December 26, 2006.

Robinson sang "The Tracks Of My Tears" as a cameo in the 2006 film ''Last Holiday''. Also in late 2006, Robinson reunited with fellow Miracles Bobby Rogers and Pete Moore for the group's first extended interview. This interview forms the basis of the Universal Music DVD release ''Smokey Robinson and The Miracles: The Definitive Performances'', a video retrospective of the group's music and career.

On February 11, 2007 Robinson sang "Tracks Of My Tears" at the 49th annual Grammy Awards, as part of a tribute to R&B; music which included Motown labelmate Lionel Richie and current R&B; star Chris Brown. Robinson was also a judge on the sixth season of American Idol and was claimed to be outdone by contestant Adam Lambert after Lambert sang "Tracks of My Tears." on Robinson performed on the sixth season finale of American Idol on May 23, 2007. Robinson and the top six male contestants performed a medley of his hits.

In November 2007, Robinson toured Australia and performed with Australian band Human Nature on the set of local television programme ''Dancing With The Stars''. On 22 November 2007, Robinson was interviewed by Bob Rogers (not to be confused with Bobby Rogers of The Miracles) on Sydney radio station 2CH.

On August 6, 2008, Robinson appeared at Harlem's Apollo Theater with English singer-songwriter Elvis Costello to record a television special combining on-stage interview and performance segments.

On March 25, 2009, Robinson appeared as a mentor on the popular television show ''American Idol''. He coached the top 10 contestants of Season 8, who performed classic Motown songs. He also premiered the first single, "You're the One For Me", which features Joss Stone. The song also became available on iTunes and Amazon, March 26, 2009. The song is an updated version of the song "You're The One For Me Bobby," which he wrote and produced for The Marvelettes in 1968 for their album "Sophisticated Soul." On March 20, 2009, The Miracles were finally honored as a group with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Smokey was present with original Miracles members Bobby Rogers, Pete Moore ,ex-wife (and Bobby's cousin) Claudette Rogers Robinson, and ,Gloria White, accepting for her husband , the late Ronnie White, whose daughter Pamela and granddaughter Maya were there representing him as well. Smokey's replacement, 70's Miracles lead singer, Billy Griffin was also honored. Controversially, original Miracle Marv Tarplin was not honored, against the wishes of his fellow Miracles, and the group's fans, who felt that he should have also been there to share the honor.

On May 9, 2009, Smokey Robinson received an honorary doctorate degree and gave a commencement speech at Berklee College of Music's commencement ceremony.

Smokey Robinson appeared in episode 22 with Daryl Hall on ''Live From Daryl's House''.

On August 25, 2009 Robinson released ''Time Flies When You're Having Fun''. A self produced and written CD of mostly new material on his own RobSo label. The CD includes a cover of the Norah Jones hit "Don't Know Why". Special guests on the LP include India Arie, Carlos Santana, and Joss Stone. The Joss Stone duet "You're the one for me" was performed on American Idol. The CD also contains a homage to early Motown and Michael Jackson with the hidden bonus track "I Want You Back."

As the finale to the BBC ''Electric Proms'' 2009, Robinson and his band appeared on 24 October with the BBC Concert Orchestra at The Roundhouse, London, in a performance to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the birth of Motown Records. Brand new arrangements of Robinson's songs had been specially commissioned by the ''Electric Proms''. The show saw him perform a mix of classics, including those written for other Motown artists as well as himself, and new material from his forthcoming 'Time Flies When You’re Having Fun' album. While in the UK Robinson also appeared on ''Later with Jools Holland'' (Oct 20), giving a short interview and performing two songs, with Eric Clapton as a backing guitarist (according to Jools Holland during the broadcast, this was at Clapton's request when he heard that Robinson would be appearing).

Popular culture

Smokey appeared on ''Sesame Street'' singing to Telly that it takes time to grow up. He also appeared on the MuppeTelevision segment of ''The Jim Henson Hour''.

ABC recorded a tribute song called "When Smokey Sings" that referenced his influence on the music industry. The single peaked at #5 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. For the week of October 3, 1987, it dropped to #8 as Smokey Robinson's single "One Heartbeat" was peaking at #10. That instance of having a tributor and tributee in the Billboard Top 10 at the same time was a rarity if not a unique event..

The character C.C. White, a budding songwriter who finds success as an R&B; label's main creative force in the 1981 Broadway musical ''Dreamgirls'', is based upon Smokey Robinson. In the 2006 film adaptation of ''Dreamgirls'', C.C. is portrayed by Keith Robinson.

Smokey Robinson is referenced in the 1981 song "Genius of Love" by Talking Heads side project Tom Tom Club.

His song "The Love I Saw In You Was Just A Mirageca" is included in the film ''American Gigolo'' during the scene when Richard Gere is choosing the best suit to wear.

Personal life

Smokey Robinson is today married to Frances Gladney. His ex-wife is Miracles member Claudette Rogers Robinson with whom he had two children: Berry Robinson (named after Berry Gordy) and Tamla Robinson (named after the Motown imprint for which Robinson and The Miracles recorded). He also has another son, Trey Robinson, from another relationship.

According to NFL.COM, Robinson has a great-nephew Duke Robinson, who played offensive tackle for the Oklahoma Sooners, and was drafted in 2009 by the NFL's Carolina Panthers.

Discography

References

External links

Official Website of Smokey Robinson

Smokey Robinson interview by Pete Lewis, 'Blues & Soul' December 1992

Fresh Air interview

Smokey Robinson's page at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame

Smokey Robinson's page at soulwalking.co.uk

Smokey Robinson Biography and Update at SoulTracks

Official Website for Smokey Robinson's "The Soul is in the Bowl" Gumbo

Official Website of Smokey Robinson Gospel

Category:1940 births Category:African American male singers Category:American music industry executives Category:African American record producers Category:American rhythm and blues singers Category:African American songwriters Category:American soap opera actors Category:American tenors Category:Gospel artists from Detroit, Michigan Category:Grammy Award winners Category:Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners Category:Kennedy Center honorees Category:Living people Category:The Miracles members Category:Motown artists Category:Musicians from Detroit, Michigan Category:Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees‎ Category:Songwriters Hall of Fame inductees Category:American soul musicians Category:United States National Medal of Arts recipients

da:Smokey Robinson de:Smokey Robinson es:Smokey Robinson fr:Smokey Robinson ko:스모키 로빈슨 io:Smokey Robinson it:Smokey Robinson he:סמוקי רובינסון nl:Smokey Robinson ja:スモーキー・ロビンソン no:Smokey Robinson oc:Smokey Robinson pl:Smokey Robinson pt:Smokey Robinson ru:Робинсон, Смоки sc:Smokey Robinson simple:Smokey Robinson fi:Smokey Robinson sv:Smokey Robinson th:สโมกีย์ โรบินสัน uk:Смокі Робінсон