name	George Bass
birth date	January 30, 1771
birth place	Sleaford, Lincolnshire
death date	after 5 February 1803
nationality	British
occupation	Ship's surgeon and explorer
spouse	Elizabeth Waterhouse }}

George Bass (30 January 1771 - after 5 February 1803) was a British naval surgeon and explorer of Australia.

Early years

He was born on 30 January 1771 at Aswarby, a hamlet near Sleaford, Lincolnshire, the son of a tenant farmer, George Bass, and a local beauty named Sarah Nee Newman. His father died in 1777 when Bass was 6. He had attended Boston Grammar School and later trained in medicine at the hospital at Boston, Lincolnshire. At the age of 18 he was accepted in London as a member of the Company of Surgeons, and in 1794 he joined the Royal Navy as a surgeon.

He arrived in Sydney in New South Wales on HMS ''Reliance'' on 7 September 1795. Also on the voyage were Matthew Flinders, John Hunter, Bennelong, and his surgeon's assistant William Martin.

Two voyages of the Tom Thumb

Bass had brought with him on the Reliance a small boat with an keel and beam, which he called the Tom Thumb on account of its size. In October 1795 Bass and Flinders, accompanied by William Martin sailed the Tom Thumb out of Port Jackson to Botany Bay and explored the Georges River further upstream than had been done previously by the colonists. Their reports on their return led to the settlement of Banks' Town.

In March 1796 the same party embarked on a second voyage in a similar small boat, which they also called the Tom Thumb. During this trip they travelled as far down the coast as Lake Illawarra, which they called Tom Thumb Lagoon. They discovered and explored Port Hacking.

Whaleboat voyage to Western Port

In 1797, without Flinders, in an open whaleboat with a crew of six, Bass sailed to Cape Howe, the farthest point of south-eastern Australia. From here he went westwards along what is now the coast of the Gippsland region of Victoria, to Western Port Bay, almost as far as the site of present-day Melbourne. His belief that a strait separated the mainland from Van Diemen's Land (now Tasmania) was backed up by his astute observation of the rapid tide and the long south-western swell at Wilsons Promontory.

Bass discovered the Kiama area and made many notes on its botanical complexity and the amazing natural phenomenon, the Kiama Blowhole, noting the volcanic geology around the Blowhole and contributed much to its understanding.

Circumnavigation of Tasmania in the Norfolk

In 1798, this theory was confirmed when Bass and Flinders, in the sloop ''Norfolk'', circumnavigated Van Diemen's Land. In the course of this voyage Bass found and explored the estuary of the Derwent River, where the city of Hobart would be founded, on the strength of his report, in 1803. When the two returned to Sydney, Flinders recommended to Governor John Hunter that the passage between Van Diemen's Land and the mainland be called Bass Strait.

"This was no more than a just tribute to my worthy friend and companion," Flinders wrote, "for the extreme dangers and fatigues he had undergone, in first entering it in a whaleboat, and to the correct judgement he had formed, from various indications, of the existence of a wide opening between Van Diemen's Land and New South Wales."

Bass was an enthusiastic naturalist and botanist, and he forwarded some of his botanical discoveries to Sir Joseph Banks in London. "In this voyage of fourteen weeks I collected those few plants upon Van Diemen's Land which had not been familiar to me in New South Wales," he wrote to Banks, "and have done myself the honour of submitting them to your inspection." He was made an honorary member of the Society for Promoting Natural History, which later became the Linnean Society. Some of his observations were published in the second volume of David Collins's ''An Account of the English colony in New South Wales.'' He was one of the first to describe the Australian marsupial, the wombat.

Marriage and trading

On 8 October 1800, George married Elizabeth Waterhouse at St. James Church, Westminster. She was the sister of Henry Waterhouse, Bass's former shipmate, and captain of the ''Reliance''. Within three months he set sail again, and though he wrote her affectionate letters, such was his fate that he did not return.

Bass and a syndicate of friends had invested some £10,000 in the copper-sheathed brig the ''Venus'', and a cargo of general goods to transport and sell in Port Jackson. Bass was the owner-manager and set sail in early 1801. (Among his influential friends and key business associates in the Antipodes was the principal surgeon of the satellite British colony on Norfolk Island, Thomas Jamison, who was subsequently appointed Surgeon-General of New South Wales.)

On passing through Bass Strait on his 1801 voyage he recorded it simply as Bass Strait, like any other geographical feature. It seems, as Flinders' biographer Ernest Scott observed, that Bass's natural modesty meant he felt no need to say "discovered by me" or "named after me".

On arrival Bass found the colony awash with goods and he was unable to sell his cargo. Governor King was operating on a strict programme of economy and would not take the goods into the government store, even at a 50% discount. What King did though was contract with Bass to ship salt pork from Tahiti. Food was scarce in Sydney at that time and prices were being driven up, yet pigs were plentiful in the Society Islands and King could contract with Bass at 6 pence a pound where he'd been paying a shilling (12 pence) previously. The arrangement suited King's thrift, and was profitable for Bass. With his partner Charles Bishop Bass sailed from Sydney in the ''Venus'' for Dusky Sound in New Zealand where they spent 14 days stripping iron from the wreck of Captain Brampton's old ship the ''Endeavour''. This was made into axes which were used to trade for the pork in Tahiti before returning with the latter to Sydney by November 1802.

In January 1803 Bass applied to King for a fishing monopoly extending from a line bisecting the lower South Island of New Zealand from Dusky Sound to Otago Harbour - now the site of the city of Dunedin - and including all the lands and seas to the south, notably the Antipodes Islands, probably on the basis of information from his brother-in-law Waterhouse, the discoverer of the Antipodes archipelago. He expected much from it, but before he heard it had been declined he sailed south from Sydney never to return. Bass and Flinders were both operating out of Sydney during these times, but their stays there didn't coincide.

Final voyage

What became of Bass is unknown. He set sail on his last voyage in the ''Venus'' on 5 February 1803 and was not seen again. His plan was to go to Tahiti again, and perhaps on to the Spanish colonies on the coast of Chile to buy provisions and bring them back to Sydney.

It's been suspected Bass may also have planned to engage in contraband trade in Chile. Spain reserved the import of goods into her colonies for Spanish ships and Spanish merchants. But the colonists needed more than they could supply and shortages and heavy taxation caused high prices, encouraging an extensive illegal trade with foreign vessels. Port Jackson was a well-known base for such smuggling (Britain had no great friendship with Spain at that time so British authorities were unconcerned).

Bass still had much of the general cargo he'd brought to Sydney in 1801 and he may well have been tempted to take some to Chile. Two of his last letters have hints at a venture which he could not name. But in any case he set off in 1803, with a diplomatic letter from Governor King attesting his bona-fides and that his sole purpose if he were on the West coast of South America would be in procuring provisions.

As many months passed with no word of his arrival Governor King and Bass's friends in Sydney were forced to accept that he had met some misfortune. In England in January 1806 Bass was listed by the Admiralty as lost at sea and later that year Elizabeth was granted an annuity from the widows' fund, back dated to when Bass's half-pay had ended in June 1803. (Bass had made the usual contributions to the fund from his salary.)

Speculation on Bass's fate

A good deal of speculation has taken place about Bass's fate. One story, attributed to William Campbell of the brig ''Harrington'' has it that Bass was captured by the Spanish in Chile and sent to the silver mines. The ''Harrington'' was engaged in smuggling and returned to Sydney some three months after Bass's departure. However, this story dates from 1811 in a report by William Fitzmaurice. There are good records of Campbell in 1803, and then in 1805 when he captured a Spanish ship, but Bass is not mentioned at those times. (Three months also seems a little short for Bass to reach Chile and then the ''Harrington'' to get back to Sydney.)

Another factor against the South American story is that all British prisoners held by the Spanish in Chile and Peru were freed in 1808 and returned to Europe. If the crew of the ''Venus'' had indeed been captured then none of the 25 survived.

Adventurer Jorgen Jorgenson wrote about Bass in his 1835 autobiography, claiming Bass had attempted forced trade at gunpoint in Chile, and was captured when he let his guard down. Jorgenson probably met Bass, but this account is almost certainly an invention. Jorgenson's writing, though entertaining, was often far from factual.

A search of Spanish archives in 1903 by scholar Pascual de Gayangos and a search of Peruvian archives in 2003 by historian Jorge Ortiz-Sotelo found no mention of Bass. His ultimate fate remains a mystery.

Recognition

In 1963 he was honoured on a postage stamp issued by Australia Post, and again in 1998 with Matthew Flinders.

A re-enactment of the whaleboat voyage was conducted on the 200th anniversary of Bass's voyage, and arrived at Western Port on 5 January 1998, using a "Elizabeth" skippered by Bern Cuthbertson. A plaque memorialising this was added to the Bass and Flinders memorial at Flinders.

See also

Places named after Bass:

Bass, Victoria (town)

Bass Highway (Tasmania)

Bass Highway (Victoria)

Bass Hill, New South Wales

Bass Point

Bass Strait

Division of Bass, Tasmania (federal)

Division of Bass, Tasmania (state)

Bass River

Notes

References

Miriam Estensen, ''The Life of George Bass'', Allen and Unwin, 2005, ISBN 1-74114-130-3

Keith Macrae Bowden: George Bass 1771–1803: His Discoveries, Romantic Life and Tragic Disappearance. – London, Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1952

by Ernest Scott

;Attribution

Category:1771 births Category:1803 deaths Category:People from North Kesteven (district) Category:Royal Navy officers Category:Bass Strait Category:Explorers of Tasmania Category:Explorers of Australia Category:People lost at sea Category:Lost explorers Category:People educated at Boston Grammar School

bg:Джордж Бас ca:George Bass de:George Bass es:George Bass fr:George Bass ga:George Bass gl:George Bass ja:ジョージ・バス (探検家) pl:George Bass (podróżnik) ru:Басс, Джордж

name	George Duke
background	solo_singer
born	January 12, 1946San Rafael, CaliforniaUnited States
instrument	Vocals, piano, synthesizer, keyboards, contrabass, trombone
genre	Jazz fusion, R&B;, funk, Alternative rock music, rock and roll, jazz pop, post-disco, Crossover jazz
occupation	MusicianComposerMusical directorProducerEducator
years active	1967– present
label	Pacific Jazz, Pickwick, MPS/SABA, MPS/BASF, Atlantic, Epic/CBS, Elektra, Warner Bros., Bizarre, Telarc Jazz, Heads Up
associated acts	Jean-Luc Ponty Experience with the George Duke Trio, Frank Zappa, Cannonball Adderley
website	George Duke official site.com
notable instruments	Moog synthesizer }}

George Duke (born 12 January 1946 in San Rafael, California) is a piano and synthesizer pioneer and singer. A multi-talented musician, he has worked with numerous acclaimed artists spanning numerous genres as a recording artist, composer, record producer, professor of music, and music director. He made a name for himself with the album ''The Jean-Luc Ponty Experience with the George Duke Trio''. He is known for his solo work as well as for his collaborations with other musicians, particularly Frank Zappa.

Career

Early years

Duke attended Tamalpais High School in Mill Valley before earning a bachelor's degree in trombone and composition with a minor in contrabass, from the San Francisco Conservatory in 1967. Duke was also a judge for the 2nd annual Independent Music Awards to support independent artists' careers.

"No Rhyme or No Reason" can be heard during the period of time designated as Quiet Storm

Duke's songs have been used by a wide variety of contemporary musicians in a wide array of genres. These include: "I Love You More", sampled by house music-act Daft Punk for their hit "Digital Love"; "Guilty", sampled by electronica music artist Mylo in his song "Guilty of Love" on ''Destroy Rock & Roll''.

"For Love", sampled by underground hip hop artist MF Doom on his track "I Hear Voices";

"Someday", sampled by hip hop artist/producer Kanye West for Common in "''Break My Heart''" on his "Finding Forever" album; "You and Me", sampled and used by soul/rhythm and blues influenced hip hop-producer 9th Wonder for his collaboration album with Kaze for the track "Spirit Of '94" on the album ''Spirit Of '94: Version 9.0''; and "Reach for It", sampled by Ice Cube in "True to the Game" on his ''Death Certificate'' album and Spice 1 in "In My Neighborhood" on his self-titled debut album.

Recently, Duke worked with Jill Scott on her third studio album, ''The Real Thing: Words and Sounds Vol. 3''; guesting on the track, "Whenever You're Around". Since it was released it has peaked at No.56 on U.S. Hot R&B;/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks.

Discography

As Leader

!align=left 1966 1969 1970 1971 1971 1974 1974 1974 1975 1976 1976 1976 1977 1977 1978 1979 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1983 1984 1985 1986 1989 1990 1992 1993 1995 1997 1998 2000 2002 2005 2006 2008 2010

Title !!width=100|Year!!Label||
align=left	''George Duke Quartet Presented by the Jazz Workshop 1''	| align=left|MPS,SABA ||
align=left	''The Jean-Luc Ponty Experience with the George Duke Trio''	|	Pacific Jazz
align=left	''Save the Country 2''	| align=left|Pickwick ||
align=left	''Solus 3''	| align=left|MPS,SABA ||
align=left	''The Inner Source (2-LP)''	| align=left|MPS/BASF ||
align=left	''Faces in Reflection''	|	MPS/BASF
align=left	''Feel''	|	MPS/BASF
align=left	''The Aura Will Prevail''	|	MPS/BASF
align=left	''I Love the Blues, She Heard My Cry''	|	MPS/BASF
align=left	''Liberated Fantasies''	|	MPS/BASF
align=left	''The Billy Cobham – George Duke Band 'Live' on Tour in Europe''	| align=left|Atlantic ||
align=left	''The Dream 4''	|	MPS/BASF
align=left	''From Me to You''	| align=left|Epic/CBS ||
align=left	''Reach for It''	|	Epic/CBS
align=left	''Don't Let Go''	|	Epic/CBS
align=left	''Follow the Rainbow''	|	Epic/CBS
align=left	''Master of the Game''	|	Epic/CBS
align=left	''Brazilian Love Affair''	|	Epic/CBS
align=left	''Clarke/Duke Project''	|	Epic/CBS
align=left	''Dream On''	|	Epic/CBS
align=left	''Clarke/Duke Project 2''	|	Epic/CBS
align=left	''Guardian of the Light''	|	Epic/CBS
align=left	''Rendezvous''	|	Epic/CBS
align=left	''Thief in the Night''	| align=left|Elektra ||
align=left	''George Duke''	|	Elektra
align=left	''Night After Night''	|	Elektra
align=left	''Clarke/Duke Project 3''	|	Epic/CBS
align=left	''Snapshot''	| align=left|Warner Bros. ||
align=left	''Muir Woods Suite''	|	Warner Bros.
align=left	''Illusions''	|	Warner Bros.
align=left	''Is Love Enough''	|	Warner Bros.
align=left	''After Hours''	|	Warner Bros.
align=left	''Cool''	|	Warner Bros.
align=left	''Face the Music''	|	Bizarre Planet
align=left	''Duke''	|	Bizarre Planet
align=left	''In a Mellow Tone''	|	Bizarre Planet
align=left	''Dukey Treats''	| align=left|Heads Up ||
align=left	''Déjà Vu''	| align=left|Telarc Jazz||

''¹ Rereleased as "The Primal" by MPS in 1978.'' ''² Rereleased as "Pacific Jazz" by United Artists in 1978 albeit with a different tracklisting.'' ''³ Solus was recorded in April 1971 and intended to be released as a single album by SABA but when SABA folded and became MPS the powers that be decided to postpone its release. They finally put it out as a double album in 1976 together with George's MPS debut "The Inner Source". The latter was recorded in October 1971.'' ''⁴ Recorded in 1976 and released in 1978 (Europe-only). Released in the USA (in a slightly different version) as "The 1976 Solo Keyboard Album" by Epic/CBS in 1982.''

As Sideman

With Eddie Henderson

''Sunburst'' (Blue Note, 1975)

With Alphonse Mouzon

''The Man Incognito'' (Blue Note, 1975)

With Flora Purim

''That's What She Said'' (Milestone Records, 1978)

With Michael Jackson

''Off the Wall'' (Epic, 1979)

With Miles Davis

''Tutu'' (Warner Bros, 1986)

''Amandla'' (Warner Bros, 1989)

With Jean-Luc Ponty

''Individual Choice'' (Atlantic, 1983)

With Dianne Reeves

''Dianne Reeves'' (Blue Note, 1987)

''Never Too Far'' (EMI, 1989)

''Quiet After The Storm'' (Blue Note, 1995)

''Bridges'' (Blue Note, 1999)

''In the Moment – Live in Concert'' (Blue Note, 2000)

With Deniece Williams

''Let's Hear It For the Boy'' (Columbia, 1984)

''Love, Niecy Style'' (Shanachie, 2007)

With Joe Sample

''Sample This'' (Warner Bros, 1997)

References

External links

Official site

George Duke at NPR Music

George Duke interview at allaboutjazz.com "New album, more treats".

George Duke interview at allaboutjazz.com "Deja Vu".

Category:1946 births Category:Living people Category:American jazz pianists Category:American television composers Category:Boogie musicians Category:Grammy Award winners Category:The Mothers of Invention members Category:Epic Records artists Category:Atlantic Records artists Category:Elektra Records artists Category:Heads Up International artists Category:MPS Records artists Category:Warner Bros. Records artists Category:People from the San Francisco Bay Area Category:San Francisco Conservatory of Music alumni Category:Smooth jazz pianists

da:George Duke de:George Duke es:George Duke fr:George Duke it:George Duke hu:George Duke ja:ジョージ・デューク no:George Duke pt:George Duke

Name	Manfred von Richthofen
Birth date	May 02, 1892
Death date	April 21, 1918
Birth place	Breslau, Germany(now Wrocław, Poland)
Death place	Morlancourt Ridge, near Vaux-sur-Somme, France
Nickname	"Red Baron"
Allegiance	German Empire
Serviceyears	1911–1918
Rank	''Rittmeister'' (Cavalry Captain)
Branch	''Uhlan (Lancers)''''Luftstreitkräfte'' (Imperial German Army Air Service)
Commands	Jasta 11 (January 1917) Jagdgeschwader 1 (24 June 1917 – 21 April 1918)
Unit	Jasta 11, Jagdgeschwader 1
Relations	Lothar von Richthofen (brother),Wolfram von Richthofen (cousin)''see Richthofen for more''
Laterwork	}}

Manfred Albrecht ''Freiherr'' von Richthofen (2 May 1892 – 21 April 1918), also widely known as the Red Baron, was a German fighter pilot with the Imperial German Army Air Service (''Luftstreitkräfte'') during World War I. He is considered the ace-of-aces of that war, being officially credited with 80 air combat victories, more than any other pilot.

Originally a cavalryman, Richthofen transferred to the Air Service in 1915, becoming one of the first members of ''Jasta 2'' in 1916. He quickly distinguished himself as a fighter pilot, and during 1917 became leader of ''Jasta 11'' and then the larger unit ''Jagdgeschwader 1'' (better known as the "Flying Circus"). By 1918 he was regarded as a national hero in Germany, and was very well known by the other side.

Richthofen was shot down and killed near Amiens on 21 April 1918. There has been considerable discussion and debate regarding aspects of his career, especially the circumstances of his death. He remains quite possibly the most widely-known fighter pilot of all time, and has been the subject of many books and films.

Name and nicknames

Richthofen was a ''Freiherr'' (literally "Free Lord"), a title of nobility often translated as Baron. This is not a given name nor strictly a hereditary title—since all male members of the family were entitled to it, even during the lifetime of their father. This title, combined with the fact that he had his aircraft painted red, led to Richthofen being called "The Red Baron" () both inside and outside Germany. During his lifetime, however, he was more often described in German as ''Der Rote Kampfflieger'' (variously translated as ''The Red Battle Flyer'' or ''The Red Fighter Pilot''). This name was used as the title of Richthofen's 1917 "autobiography".

Richthofen's other nicknames include "Le Diable Rouge" ("Red Devil") or "Le petit Rouge" ("Little Red") in French, and the "Red Knight" in English.

Early life

Von Richthofen was born in Kleinburg, near Breslau, Lower Silesia (now part of the city of Wrocław, Poland), into a prominent Prussian aristocratic family. His father was Major Albrecht Phillip Karl Julius ''Freiherr'' von Richthofen and his mother was Kunigunde von Schickfuss und Neudorff. He had an elder sister (Ilse) and two younger brothers.

When he was four years old, Manfred moved with his family to nearby Schweidnitz (now Świdnica). He enjoyed riding horses and hunting as well as gymnastics at school. He excelled at parallel bars and won a number of awards at school. He and his brothers, Lothar and Bolko, hunted wild boar, elk, birds and deer.

After being educated at home he attended a school at Schweidnitz, before beginning military training when he was 11. After completing cadet training in 1911, he joined an Uhlan cavalry unit, the ''Ulanen-Regiment Kaiser Alexander der III. von Russland (1. Westpreußisches) Nr. 1'' ("1st Uhlan Regiment 'Emperor Alexander III of Russia (1st West Prussia Regiment)' "), and was assigned to the regiment's ''3. Eskadron'' ("Number 3 Squadron").

When World War I began, Richthofen served as a cavalry reconnaissance officer on both the Eastern and Western Fronts, seeing action in Russia, France, and Belgium. Traditional cavalry operations soon became impossible due to machine guns and barbed wire, and the Uhlans were used as infantry. Disappointed at not being able to participate more often in combat, Richthofen applied for a transfer to ''Die Fliegertruppen des deutschen Kaiserreiches'' (Imperial German Army Air Service), later to be known as the ''Luftstreitkräfte'', shortly after viewing a German military aircraft while deployed behind the lines. To his own surprise, his request was granted, and he joined the flying service at the end of May 1915.

Piloting career

From June to August 1915, Richthofen was an observer on reconnaissance missions over the Eastern Front with ''Fliegerabteilung 69'' ("No. 69 Flying Squadron"). On being transferred to the Champagne front, he managed to shoot down an attacking French Farman aircraft with his observer's machine gun in a tense battle over French lines; however he was not credited with the kill, since it fell behind Allied lines and therefore could not be confirmed.

After a chance meeting of the German ace fighter pilot Oswald Boelcke, Richthofen entered training as a pilot in October 1915. In March 1916, he joined ''Kampfgeschwader 2'' ("No. 2 Bomber ''Geschwader''") flying a two-seater Albatros C.III. Initially he appeared to be a below average pilot, struggling to control his aircraft, and crashing during his first flight at the controls. Despite this poor start he rapidly became attuned to his aircraft and, as if confirmation, over Verdun on 26 April 1916, he fired on a French Nieuport, downing it over Fort Douaumont, though once again he received no official credit. A week later, he decided to ignore more experienced pilots' advice against flying through a thunderstorm, and later noted that he had been "lucky to get through [the weather]", and vowed never again to fly in such conditions unless ordered to do so.

After another spell flying two-seaters on the Eastern Front, he met Oswald Boelcke again in August 1916. Boelcke, visiting the east in search of candidates for his newly formed fighter unit, selected Richthofen to join ''Jagdstaffel 2'' ("fighter squadron"). Richthofen won his first aerial combat with Jasta 2 over Cambrai, France, on 17 September 1916. Boelcke was killed during a midair collision with a friendly aircraft on 28 October 1916, Richthofen witnessing the event himself.

After his first confirmed victory, Richthofen ordered a silver cup engraved with the date and the type of enemy machine from a jeweller in Berlin. He continued this until he had 60 cups, by which time the dwindling supply of silver in blockaded Germany meant that silver cups like this could no longer be supplied. Richthofen discontinued his orders at this stage, rather than accept cups made in pewter or other base metal.

Instead of using risky, aggressive tactics like those of his brother, Lothar (40 victories), Manfred observed a set of maxims (known as the "Dicta Boelcke") to assure the success for both the squadron and its pilots. He was not a spectacular or aerobatic pilot, like his brother or the renowned Werner Voss. However, he was a notable tactician and squadron leader and a fine marksman. Typically, he would dive from above to attack with the advantage of the sun behind him, and with other Jasta pilots covering his rear and flanks.

On 23 November 1916, Richthofen downed his most famous adversary, British ace Major Lanoe Hawker VC, described by Richthofen himself as "the British Boelcke". The victory came while Richthofen was flying an Albatros D.II and Hawker was flying a D.H.2. After a long dogfight, Hawker was killed by a bullet in the head as he attempted to escape back to his own lines. After this combat, Richthofen was convinced he needed a fighter aircraft with more agility, even at a loss of speed. He switched to the Albatros D.III in January 1917, scoring two victories before suffering an inflight crack in the spar of the aircraft's lower wing on 24 January. Richthofen reverted to the Albatros D.II or Halberstadt D.II for the next five weeks. On 6 March, his aircraft was shot through the petrol tank by Edwin Benbow, and Richthofen force landed without injury. Richthofen then scored a victory in the Albatros D.II on 9 March, but since his Albatros D.III was grounded for the rest of the month, Richthofen switched again to a Halberstadt D.II.

He returned to his Albatros D.III on 2 April 1917 and scored 22 victories in it before switching to the Albatros D.V in late June. Following his return from convalescence in October, Richthofen flew the celebrated Fokker Dr.I triplane, the distinctive three-winged aircraft with which he is most commonly associated, although he probably did not use the type exclusively until after it was reissued with strengthened wings in November. Despite the popular link between Richthofen and the Fokker Dr. I, only 19 of his 80 kills were made in this type. It was his Albatros D.III Serial No. 789/16 that was first painted bright red, in late January 1917, and in which he first earned his name and reputation.

Richthofen championed the development of the Fokker D.VII with suggestions to overcome the deficiencies of the then current German fighter aircraft. However, he never had an opportunity to fly it in combat as he was killed just days before it entered service.

Flying Circus

In January 1917, after his 16th confirmed kill, Richthofen received the Pour le Mérite ("The Blue Max"), the highest military honour in Germany at the time. That same month, he assumed command of the fighter squadron ''Jasta 11'', which ultimately included some of the elite German pilots, many of whom he trained himself. Several later became leaders of their own squadrons. Ernst Udet (later Colonel-General Udet) was a member of Richthofen's group.

At the time he became a squadron commander, Richthofen took the flamboyant step of having his Albatros painted red. Thereafter he usually flew in red painted aircraft, although not all of them were entirely red, nor was the "red" necessarily the brilliant scarlet beloved of model and replica builders.

Other members of Jasta 11 soon took to painting parts of their aircraft red—their "official" reason seems to have been to make their leader less conspicuous, and to avoid him being singled out in a fight. In practice red colouration became a unit identification. Other jastas soon adopted their own "squadron colours" and decoration of fighters became general throughout the ''Luftstreitkräfte''. In spite of obvious drawbacks from the point of view of intelligence this practice was permitted by the German high command, and was made much of by German propaganda—Richthofen being identified as ''Der Rote Kampfflieger''—the "Red Battle Flyer".

Richthofen led his new unit to unparalleled success, peaking during "Bloody April" 1917. In that month alone, he downed 22 British aircraft, including four in a single day, raising his official tally to 52. By June he was the commander of the first of the new larger ''Jagdgeschwader'' (wing) formations, leading ''Jagdgeschwader 1'', composed of Jastas 4, 6, 10 and 11. These were highly mobile, combined tactical units that could be sent at short notice to different parts of the front as required. In this way, JG1 became "The Flying Circus", its name coming both from the unit's mobility (including the use of tents and trains) and its brightly coloured aircraft. By the end of April, the "Flying Circus" also became known as the "Richthofen Circus."

Richthofen was a brilliant tactician, building on Boelcke's tactics. Unlike Boelcke, he led by example and force of will rather than by inspiration. He was often described as distant, unemotional, and rather humourless, though some colleagues contended otherwise. He circulated to his pilots the basic rule which he wanted them to fight by: "Aim for the man and don't miss him. If you are fighting a two-seater, get the observer first; until you have silenced the gun, don't bother about the pilot".

Although he was now performing the duties of a lieutenant colonel (in modern RAF terms, a wing commander), he remained a captain. The system in the British army would have been for him to have held the rank appropriate to his level of command (if only on a temporary basis) even if he had not been formally promoted. In the German army, it was not unusual for a wartime officer to hold a lower rank than his duties implied, German officers being promoted according to a schedule and not by battlefield promotion. For instance, Erwin Rommel commanded an infantry battalion as a captain in 1917 and 1918. It was also not the custom for a son to hold a higher rank than his father, and Richthofen's father was a reserve major.

Wounded in combat

On 6 July 1917, during combat with a formation of F.E.2d two seat fighters of No. 20 Squadron RFC, near Wervicq, Richthofen sustained a serious head wound, causing instant disorientation and temporary partial blindness. He regained consciousness in time to ease the aircraft out of a free-falling spin and executed a rough landing in a field within friendly territory. The injury required multiple surgeries to remove bone splinters from the impact area; he was hospitalised and grounded for over a month. The air victory was credited to Captain Donald Cunnell of No. 20, who was killed a few days later. Although the Red Baron returned to active service in October 1917, his wound is thought to have caused lasting damage, as he later often suffered from post-flight nausea and headaches, as well as a change in temperament. There is even a theory linking this injury with his eventual death.

Author and hero

During his convalescence, Richthofen completed his "autobiography", ''Der rote Kampfflieger''. This was written on the instructions of the "Press and Intelligence" (i.e. propaganda) section of the ''Luftstreitkräfte'', and was heavily censored and edited. A translation by J. Ellis Barker was published in 1918 as ''The Red Battle Flyer''. Although Richthofen died before a revised version could be prepared, he is on record as repudiating the book, stating that it was "too insolent" (or "arrogant") and that he was "no longer that kind of person".

By 1918, Richthofen had become such a legend that it was feared that his death would be a blow to the morale of the German people. Richthofen himself refused to accept a ground job after his wound, stating that the average German soldier had no choice in his duties, and he would therefore continue to fly in combat. Certainly he had become part of a cult of hero-worship, assiduously encouraged by official propaganda. German propaganda circulated various false rumours, including that the British had raised squadrons specially to hunt down Richthofen, and were offering large rewards and an automatic Victoria Cross to any Allied pilot who shot him down. Passages from his correspondence indicate he may have at least half believed some of these stories himself.

Death

Richthofen was fatally wounded just after 11 am on 21 April 1918, while flying over Morlancourt Ridge, near the Somme River.

At the time, the Baron had been pursuing (at very low altitude) a Sopwith Camel piloted by a novice Canadian pilot, Lieutenant Wilfrid "Wop" May of No. 209 Squadron, Royal Air Force. In turn, the Baron was spotted and briefly attacked by a Camel piloted by a school friend (and flight Commander) of May's, Canadian Captain Arthur "Roy" Brown, who had to dive steeply at very high speed to intervene, and then had to climb steeply to avoid hitting the ground. Richthofen turned to avoid this attack, and then resumed his pursuit of May.

It was almost certainly during this final stage in his pursuit of May that Richthofen was hit by a single .303 bullet, which caused such severe damage to his heart and lungs that it must have produced a very speedy death. In the last seconds of his life, he managed to make a hasty but controlled landing () in a field on a hill near the Bray-Corbie road, just north of the village of Vaux-sur-Somme, in a sector controlled by the Australian Imperial Force (AIF). One witness, Gunner George Ridgway, stated that when he and other Australian soldiers reached the aircraft, Richthofen was still alive but died moments later. Another eye witness, Sgt Ted Smout of the Australian Medical Corps, reported that Richthofen's last word was "''kaputt''".

His Fokker Dr.I, ''425/17'', was not badly damaged by the landing, but it was soon taken apart by souvenir hunters.

No. 3 Squadron, Australian Flying Corps, as the nearest Allied air unit, assumed responsibility for the Baron's remains.

In 2009, Richthofen's death certificate was found in the archives in Ostrów Wielkopolski, Poland. Richthofen was briefly stationed in Ostrów—which was part of Germany until the end of World War I—before going to war. The document, which is a one-page, handwritten form in a 1918 registry book of deaths, misspells Richthofen's name as "Richthoven" and simply states that he has "died 21 April 1918, from wounds sustained in combat".

Who killed Richthofen?

Controversy and contradictory hypotheses continue to surround the identity of the person who fired the shot that actually killed Richthofen.

The RAF credited Brown with shooting down the Red Baron – but it is now generally agreed that the bullet that hit Richthofen was fired by someone on the ground. Richthofen died following an extremely serious and inevitably fatal chest wound from a single bullet, penetrating from the right armpit and resurfacing next to the left nipple. Brown's attack was from above, and from the left. Even more conclusively – Richthofen could not have continued his pursuit of May for as long as he did (up to two minutes) had this wound come from Brown's guns.

Brown himself never spoke much about what happened that day, claiming "There is no point in me commenting, as the evidence is already out there".

Many sources, including a 1998 article by Dr. Geoffrey Miller, a physician and historian of military medicine, and a 2003 US Public Broadcasting Service documentary, have suggested that Sergeant Cedric Popkin was the person most likely to have killed Richthofen. Popkin was an anti-aircraft (AA) machine gunner with the Australian 24th Machine Gun Company, and was using a Vickers gun. He fired at Richthofen's aircraft on two occasions: first as the Baron was heading straight at his position, and then at long range from the right. Given the nature of Richthofen's wounds, Popkin was in a position to fire the fatal shot, when the pilot passed him for a second time, on the right.

Some confusion has been caused by a letter that Popkin wrote, in 1935, to an Australian official historian. It stated Popkin's belief that he had fired the fatal shot as Richthofen flew straight at his position. However, in the latter respect, Popkin was incorrect: the bullet that caused the Baron's death came from the side (see above).

A 2002 Discovery Channel documentary suggests that Gunner W. J. "Snowy" Evans, a Lewis machine gunner with the 53rd Battery, 14th Field Artillery Brigade, Royal Australian Artillery is likely to have killed von Richthofen. However, Dr. Miller and the PBS documentary dismiss this theory, because of the angle from which Evans fired at Richthofen.

Other sources have suggested that Gunner Robert Buie (also of the 53rd Battery) may have fired the fatal shot. There is little support for this theory. Nevertheless, in 2007, a municipality in Sydney recognised Buie as the man who shot down Richthofen, placing a plaque near Buie's former home. Buie, who died in 1964, has never been officially recognised in any other way.

The commanding officer of No. 3 Squadron AFC, Major David Blake, initially suggested that Richthofen had been killed by the crew of one of his squadron's R.E.8s, which had also fought Richthofen's unit that afternoon. However, this was quickly disproved (if only by the time factor), and following an autopsy that he witnessed, Blake became a strong proponent of the view that an AA machine gunner had killed Richthofen.

Theories about last combat

Richthofen was a highly experienced and skilled fighter pilot—fully aware of the risk from ground fire. Furthermore he was fully in accord with his late mentor Boelcke's rules of air fighting, which were strongly against taking foolish risks. In this context, it is universally accepted that Richthofen's judgement during his last combat was uncharacteristically unsound in several respects. Several theories have been proposed to account for his behaviour.

In 1999, a German medical researcher, Dr. Henning Allmers, published an article in British medical journal ''The Lancet'', suggesting it was likely that brain damage from the head wound Richthofen suffered in July 1917 (see above) played a part in the Red Baron's death. This was supported by a 2004 paper by researchers at the University of Texas. Richthofen's behaviour after his injury was noted as consistent with brain-injured patients, and such an injury could account for his perceived lack of judgement on his final flight: flying too low over enemy territory and suffering target fixation.

There is also the possibility that Richthofen was suffering from cumulative combat stress, which made him fail to observe some of his usual precautions. It is noteworthy that one of the leading British air aces, Major Edward "Mick" Mannock, was killed by ground fire on 26 July 1918 while crossing the lines at low level, an action he had always cautioned his younger pilots against. One of the most popular of the French air aces, Georges Guynemer, went missing on 11 September 1917, probably while attacking a two-seater without realizing several Fokkers were escorting it.

There is a suggestion in Franks and Bennett's 2007 book that on the day of Richthofen's death, the prevailing wind was about 25 mph (40 km/h) easterly, rather than the usual westerly. This meant that Richthofen, heading generally westward at an airspeed of about 100 mph (160 km/h), was travelling over the ground at 125 mph (200 km/h) rather than the more typical ground speed of 75 mph (120 km/h). This was 60% faster than normal and he could easily have strayed over enemy lines without realizing it, especially since he was struggling with one jammed gun and another that was firing only short bursts before needing to be re-cocked.

An assessment of these factors must include the circumstances of the time. At the time of Richthofen's death the front was in a highly fluid state, following the initial success of the German offensive of March–April 1918. This was part of Germany's last real chance to win the war—in the face of Allied air superiority, the German air service was having great difficulty in acquiring vital reconnaissance information, and could do little to prevent Allied squadrons from completing very effective reconnaissance and close support of their armies.

Burial

In common with most Allied air officers, Major Blake, who was responsible for Richthofen's remains, regarded the Red Baron with great respect, and he organised a full military funeral, to be conducted by the personnel of No. 3 Squadron AFC.

Richthofen was buried in the cemetery at the village of Bertangles, near Amiens, on 22 April 1918. Six airmen with the rank of Captain—the same rank as Richthofen—served as pallbearers, and a guard of honour from the squadron's other ranks fired a salute. Allied squadrons stationed nearby presented memorial wreaths, one of which was inscribed with the words, "To Our Gallant and Worthy Foe".

A speculation that his opponents organised a flypast at his funeral, giving rise to the missing man formation, is most unlikely and totally unsupported by any contemporary evidence.

In the early 1920s the French authorities created a military cemetery at Fricourt, in which a very large number of German war dead, including Richthofen, were reinterred. In 1925, Manfred von Richthofen's youngest brother, Bolko, recovered the body from Fricourt and took the Red Baron home to Germany. The family's intention was for Manfred to rest in the Schweidnitz cemetery, next to the graves of his father and his brother Lothar, who had been killed in a post-war air crash in 1922. The German government requested, however, that the final resting place be the Invalidenfriedhof Cemetery in Berlin, where many German military heroes and past leaders were buried and the family agreed. Later the Nazi regime organised a grandiose memorial ceremony over this grave, erecting a massive new tombstone with the single word: “Richthofen”. During the Cold War the Invalidenfriedhof was on the boundary of the Soviet zone in Berlin, and the tombstone became pockmarked with bullets fired at attempted escapees to the west. In 1975, the remains were moved to a family plot at the Südfriedhof in Wiesbaden, where he is buried next to his brother Bolko, his sister Elisabeth and her husband.

Number of victories

For decades after World War I, some authors questioned whether Richthofen achieved 80 victories, insisting that his record was exaggerated for propaganda purposes. Some claimed that he took credit for aircraft downed by his squadron or wing.

In fact, Richthofen’s victories are better documented than those of most aces. A full list of the aircraft the Red Baron was credited with shooting down was published as early as 1958—with documented RFC/RAF squadron details, aircraft serial numbers, and the identities of Allied airmen killed or captured—73 of the 80 are listed as matching recorded British losses. A study conducted by British historian Norman Franks with two colleagues, published in ''Under the Guns of the Red Baron'' in 1998, reached the same conclusion about the high degree of accuracy of Richthofen's claimed victories. There were also unconfirmed victories that would put his actual total as high as 100 or more.

For comparison, the highest scoring Allied ace was Frenchman René Fonck, with 75 confirmed victories and further 52 unconfirmed behind enemy lines. The highest scoring British Empire fighter pilots were Canadian Billy Bishop credited with 72 victories, and Mick Mannock with 50 confirmed kills and a further 11 unconfirmed.

It is also significant that while Richthofen's early victories and the establishment of his reputation coincided with a period of German air superiority, many of his successes were achieved against a numerically superior enemy, who were flying fighter aircraft that were on the whole better than his own.

Saxon Military Order of St. Henry, Knight's Cross: 16 April 1917.

Württemberg Military Merit Order, Knight's Cross: 13 April 1917.

Saxe-Ernestine House Order, Knight 1st Class with Swords (issued by the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha): 9 May 1917.

Hesse General Honour Decoration, "for Bravery"

Lippe War Honour Cross for Heroic Deeds: 13 October 1917.

Schaumburg-Lippe Cross for Faithful Service: 10 October 1917.

Bremen Hanseatic Cross: 25 September 1917.

Lübeck Hanseatic Cross: 22 September 1917.

Austrian Order of the Iron Crown, 3rd Class with War Decoration: 8 August 1917.

Austrian Military Merit Cross, 3rd Class with War Decoration

Bulgarian Order of Bravery, 4th Class (1st Grade): June 1917.

Turkish Imtiaz Medal in Silver with Sabres

Turkish Liakat Medal in Silver with Sabres

Turkish War Medal ("Iron Crescent"): 4 November 1917.

German Army Pilot's Badge

German Army Observer's Badge

Austrian Field Pilot's Badge (Franz Joseph pattern)

;Tributes At various times, several different German military aviation ''Geschwader'' (literally "squadrons"; equivalent to Commonwealth air force "groups", French ''escadrons'' or USAF "wings") have been named after the Baron:

''Jagdgeschwader 132 "Richthofen"'' (1 April 1936 – 1 November 1938)—''Wehrmacht'' aviation unit

''Jagdgeschwader 131 "Richthofen"'' (1 November 1938 – 1 May 1939)—''Luftwaffe''

''Jagdgeschwader 2 "Richthofen"'' (1 May 1939 – 7 May 1945)—''Luftwaffe''

''Jagdgeschwader 71 "Richthofen"'' (from 6 June 1959)—the first jet fighter unit established by the post-World War II German ''Bundeswehr'' ("federal defence force"); its founding commander was the most successful air ace in history, Erich Hartmann.

In 1941, a newly launched ''Kriegsmarine'' (navy) seaplane tender was also named ''Richthofen''.

The engine of Richthofen's DR.I was donated to the Imperial War Museum in London, where it is still on display. The control column (joystick) of Richthofen's aircraft can be seen at the Australian War Memorial, in Canberra. The Royal Canadian Military Institute, in Toronto, holds two parts of the aircraft: its seat and a side panel signed by the pilots of Brown's squadron.

See also

List of victories of Manfred von Richthofen

List of World War I flying aces

The Red Baron in popular culture

''The Red Baron'' (film), a film released in 2008, which is largely fictionalized

''Von Richthofen and Brown'', a theatrical film released in 1971, spanning the time from just before von Richtofen's first confirmed kill until his death.

Notes

Footnotes

Citations

References

Baker, David. ''Manfred von Richthofen: The Man and the Aircraft He Flew''. McGregor, Minnesota: Voyageur Press, 1991. ISBN 1-87154-706-7.

Bodenschatz, Karl. ''Hunting With Richthofen: Sixteen Months of Battle with J G Freiherr Von Richthofen No. 1''. London: Grub Street, 1998. ISBN 1-89869-797-3.

Burrows, William E. ''Richthofen: A True History of the Red Baron''. London: Rupert Hart-Davis, 1970. ISBN 0-15177-172-3.

English, Dave. ''The Air Up There: More Great Quotations on Flight''. Chicago, Illinois: McGraw-Hill Professional, 2003. ISBN 0-07141-036-8.

Franks, Norman L.R. and Frank W. Bailey. ''Over the Front: A Complete Record of Fighter Aces and Units of the United States and French Air Services, 1914–1918''. London: Grub Street, 1992. ISBN 978-0948817540.

Franks, Norman, Hal Giblin and Nigel McCrery. ''Under the Guns of the Red Baron: Complete Record of Von Richthofen's Victories and Victims''. London: Grub Street, 2007, First edition 1995. ISBN 1-84067-145-9.

Grey, Peter and Owen Thetford. ''German Aircraft of the First World War''. London: Putnam, 2nd ed., 1970. ISBN 0-93385-271-1.

Guttman, Jon. ''Pusher Aces of World War 1'' (Aircraft of the Aces #88). Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing Co, 2009. ISBN 978-1846034176.

Kilduff, Peter.'' The Red Baron: Beyond the Legend''. London: Cassell, 1994. ISBN 0-304-35207-1.

McAllister, Hayden, ed. ''Flying Stories''. London: Octopus Books, 1982. ISBN 0-706401734-8.

O’Connor, Neal W. ''The Aviation Awards of the Grand Duchies of Baden and Oldenburg Foundation of Aviation World War I: Aviation Awards of Imperial Germany in World War I and the Men Who Earned Them – Volume VI.'' Stratford, Connecticut: Flying Machines Press, 1999. ISBN 0-76431-626-5.

Preußen, Kriegsministerium, Geheime Kriegs-Kanzlei. ''Rangliste der Königlich Preußischen Armee und des XIII.'' Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn, 1914.

Robertson, Linda R. ''The Dream Of Civilized Warfare: World War I Flying Aces and the American Imagination''. Minneapolis, Minnesota: University Of Minnesota Press, 2005. ISBN 978-0816642717.

Robinson, Bruce (ed.) ''von Richthofen and the Flying Circus''. Letchworth, UK: Harleyford, 1958.

Von Richthofen, Manfred. ''The Red Baron''. Norderstedt, Germany: BOD, 2008 (reprint). ISBN 978-3-8370-9217-2.

Von Richthofen, Manfred. ''Red Fighter Pilot: The Autobiography of the Red Baron''. St Petersburg, Florida: Red and Black Publishers, 2007 (reprint). ISBN 978-0-9791813-3-7.

Wright, Nicolas. ''The Red Baron''. London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1976. ISBN 0-283-98298-5.

;Concerning death

Allmers, Dr. Henning. "Manfred Freiherr von Richthofen's Medical Record: Was the "Red Baron" fit to fly?" ''Lancet'' 1999, 354: pp. 502–504.

Day, Mark. "Unsung No.1 with a bullet – World War I ace Manfred von Richthofen seems to have met his match in an Australian gunner." ''The Australian'' News Corporation, 30 April 2007. Retrieved: 30 April 2007.

Franks, Norman and Alan Bennett. ''The Red Baron's Last Flight: A Mystery Investigated''. London: Grub Street, 2007, First edition 1997. ISBN 1-90494-333-0

Miller, Geoffrey. "The Death of Manfred von Richthofen: Who fired the fatal shot?" ''Sabretache: Journal and Proceedings of the Military History Society of Australia'', Vol. XXXIX, No. 2.

Titler, Dale. ''The Day the Red Baron Died''. New York: Ballantine Books, 1970. ISBN 0-345-24923-2.

External links

"Richthofen, Red Baron, Czerwony Baron"

''NOVA'' "Who Killed the Red Baron?"

An English translation of the account of Bolko v. Richthofen's journey to retrieve Manfred's body

Official Website of the movie ''The Red Baron (2007)''

Image of exact replica of Richthofen's Fokker DR-1

Website dedicated to Der Rote Kampffleiger aka The Red Baron

Complete text of ''The Red Fighter Pilot'' by Manfred von Richthofen at The War Times Journal

Combat record

Footage of the reburial of The Red Baron in 1925

|- |-

Category:1892 births Category:1918 deaths Category:People from Wrocław Category:Articles containing video clips Category:Aviators killed in shootdowns Category:Barons of Germany Category:German military personnel killed in World War I Category:German World War I flying aces Category:Luftstreitkräfte personnel Category:Recipients of the Iron Cross Category:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (military class) Category:Recipients of the Order of the Red Eagle Category:Recipients of the House Order of Hohenzollern Category:Recipients of the Military Merit Order (Bavaria) Category:Recipients of the Military Order of St. Henry Category:Recipients of the Military Merit Order (Württemberg) Category:Recipients of the Saxe-Ernestine House Order Category:Recipients of the Order of the Iron Crown Category:Recipients of the Military Merit Cross (Austria-Hungary) Category:Recipients of the Order of Bravery Category:Recipients of the Imtiyaz Medal Category:Recipients of the Liakat Medal Category:People from the Province of Silesia Category:People from Silesia Manfred von Richthofen

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name	Greg Phillinganes
background	solo_singer
birth name	Gregory Arthur Phillinganes
born	May 12, 1956Detroit, Michigan
instrument	Keyboards, Synthesizer, Analog Synthesizer, Programming, Vocals
genre	Pop Rock, Progressive Rock
occupation	Musician, Songwriter
associated acts	Toto (band)
notable instruments	Korg TritonKorg OasysYamaha MotifKorg Trinity }}

Greg Phillinganes (born Gregory Arthur Phillinganes on May 12, 1956 in Detroit, Michigan) is an active session keyboardist in Los Angeles, California. He is a graduate of Cass Technical High School, Detroit Michigan. Phillinganes was discovered by Stevie Wonder who heard a cassette of instrumental renditions of his own songs done by Phillinganes. Wonder recruited Phillinganes for his Wonderlove band, where Phillinganes stayed from 1976 to 1981.

In 1981, he released his first solo album, ''Significant Gains''. While the album itself was not very successful, he did manage to score a minor R&B; hit with "Baby, I Do Love You." Three years later, he released his follow-up album ''Pulse'', which featured another minor hit (and perhaps his best-known solo hit), a cover of Yellow Magic Orchestra's song "Behind the Mask" (with additional lyrics written by Michael Jackson). This single was much more successful on the Dance music charts. When he later joined Eric Clapton's backing band, Phillinganes would introduce the tune to Clapton, who covered it on his 1986 ''August'' album. Amidst his solo recordings and touring with Clapton throughout the 1980s, he became well-known as a prominent session musician for a multitude of different artists, performing on many hit albums of the time. His session work has continued into the present.

In addition to Stevie Wonder, Greg Phillinganes has worked and toured with other notable musicians such as the Bee Gees, Anita Baker, Eric Clapton, Donald Fagen, Aretha Franklin, Patti LaBelle, Michael Jackson, Richard Marx, Paul McCartney, Quincy Jones and Stevie Nicks among others, He was also the musical director for Michael Jackson's Bad & Dangerous concert tours. During 2004, Phillinganes acted as a replacement for David Paich on tour with the band Toto. In 2005, he joined the band and set to helping Toto with their new album. He continued to tour as member of Toto until the band broke up in 2008. When Toto reformed in 2010, Phillinganes was not part of the lineup.

He has been recruited as the musical director for Cirque du Soleil's Michael Jackson: The Immortal World Tour.

Discography

Solo

1981 ''Significant Gains''

1984 ''Pulse''

Session work

(Partial List)

1976 ''Songs in the Key of Life'' (Stevie Wonder)

1979 ''Off the Wall'' (Michael Jackson)

1981 ''The Dude'' (Quincy Jones)

1982 ''The Nightfly'' (Donald Fagen)

1982 ''Thriller'' (Michael Jackson)

1983 ''Hearts and Bones'' (Paul Simon)

1983 ''Can't Slow Down'' (Lionel Richie)

1986 ''August'' (Eric Clapton)

1987 ''Bad'' (Michael Jackson)

1987 ''E.S.P.'' (Bee Gees)

1989 ''Journeyman'' (Eric Clapton)

1991 ''Dangerous'' (Michael Jackson)

2006 ''Falling In Between'' (Toto)

2007 ''Falling In Between Live'' (Toto)

2009 ''More to Say'' (Terri Lyne Carrington)

Soundtrack

1984 ''Streets of Fire''

Track 4: "Countdown to Love" taken from ''Pulse''

Sampled work

2004 ''Your Mother's Got a Penis'' (Goldie Lookin' Chain)

The sample was taken from Greg Phillinganes " Behind The Mask " 1984 for the Welsh rap artists.

References

External links

Official TOTO website

SOUL WALKING - Greg Phillinganes

Greg Phillinganes interview at Allaboutjazz.com

Category:American keyboardists Category:American session musicians Category:1956 births Category:Living people Category:People from Detroit, Michigan

de:Greg Phillinganes fr:Greg Phillinganes ja:グレッグ・フィリンゲインズ no:Greg Phillinganes pl:Greg Phillinganes sv:Greg Phillinganes

name	Deon Estus
background	solo_singer
birth name	Jeffery Deon Estus
origin	Detroit, Michigan, United States
instrument	Bass Guitar
genre	Pop, Rhythm and Blues
occupation	Singer, Songwriter, Bassist
years active	1975–present
label	PolyGram, EMI, Columbia, Epic
associated acts	Wham!, George Michael, Boogie Box High
notable instruments	Bass Guitar }}

Deon Estus (born Jeffery Deon Estus, 1956, Detroit, Michigan) is an American bassist and singer, best known as the bass player of Wham! and as George Michael's bassist on all of the latter's subsequent projects.

Biography

Estus was born in Detroit and graduated from Northwestern High School in 1974. He sang second tenor in the choir at Northwestern under the direction of Brazel Dennard. His bass teacher was the late James Jamerson of Motown's The Funk Brothers.

Estus joined the R&B; band Brainstorm as a teenager, recording two albums with them and scoring a hit with "Popcorn." During the early 1980s, he appeared as a session bassist on several mainstream albums, including Marvin Gaye's 1982 comeback album, ''Midnight Love''. After his bass talents were recognized, he was invited to join the UK pop group, Wham!. He went on to tour China with Wham! and later backed Wham frontman George Michael on his ''Faith'' tour. He also participated in the late-1980s collective, Boogie Box High, which was spearheaded by George Michael's cousin, Andros Georgiou, and featured Michael along with other high-profile musicians; Estus appears on the group's only album, ''Outrageous'', released in 1989. Estus later performed with Michael at Rock in Rio and has continued to play bass as part of Michael's backing band.

In 1989, Estus released a solo album entitled ''Spell'', produced by Colin Campsie & George McFarlane, with several tracks produced by George Michael. Released before the album, the single "Me or the Rumours" reached #15 on Billboard's Hot Dance Music/Club Play charts in 1988. In 1989, the album's title track hit #11 on the Adult Contemporary charts. However, the album's biggest hit was the #5 Billboard Hot 100 single "Heaven Help Me," for which Michael supplied backing vocals. It also peaked at #3 on both the Adult Contemporary and Hot R&B; charts. The album itself ultimately reached #89 on the Billboard 200 and #44 on the Top R&B; Albums charts.

He has also played with Marvin Gaye, Tina Turner, Frank Zappa, George Clinton, Annie Lennox, Edgar Winter, Aaron Neville, and Elton John. He most recently produced and co-wrote songs for aspiring singer Julie Anne, who boasts a five-octave range.

Solo discography

1989: ''Spell'' - #89 US

Singles

! Year	! Song	Billboard Hot 100>US Hot 100	Hot R&B;/Hip Hop Songs>US R&B;	Adult Contemporary chart>US A.C.	Hot Dance Music/Club Play>US Dance	Canadian Singles Chart>Canada	UK Singles chart>UK Singles	! Album
1988	"Me or the Rumours"	align="center"
align="center"
align="center"
	align="center"
align="center"
	"Heaven Help Me"				align="center"
"Spell"	align="center"
		align="center"
align="center"
align="center"

References

External links

Official Website

Category:1956 births Category:Living people Category:American rock bass guitarists Category:American session musicians Category:People from Detroit, Michigan Category:Wham! members