An igloo (Inuit language: ''iglu'', Inuktitut syllabics: ᐃᒡᓗ, plural: ''iglooit'' or ''igluit'') or snowhouse is a type of shelter built of snow, originally built by the Inuit.

Although igloos are usually associated with all Inuit, they were predominantly constructed by people of Canada's Central Arctic and Greenland's Thule area. Other Inuit people tended to use snow to insulate their houses, which were constructed from whalebone and hides. Snow is used because the air pockets trapped in it make it an insulator. On the outside, temperatures may be as low as , but on the inside the temperature may range from to when warmed by body heat alone.

Nomenclature

The Inuit word ''iglu'' (plural ''igluit'') can be used for a house or home built of any material, and is not restricted exclusively to snowhouses, (called specifically ''igluvijaq'', plural ''igluvijait''), but includes traditional tents, sod houses, homes constructed of driftwood and modern buildings. Several dialects throughout the Canadian Arctic (Siglitun, Inuinnaqtun, Natsilingmiutut, Kivalliq, North Baffin) use iglu for all buildings, including snowhouses, and it is the term used by the Government of Nunavut. An exception to this is the dialect used in the Igloolik region. Iglu is used for other buildings, while ''igluvijaq'', (plural ''igluvijait'', Inuktitut syllabics: ᐃᒡᓗᕕᔭᖅ) is specifically used for a snowhouse. Outside Inuit society, however, "igloo" refers exclusively to shelters constructed from blocks of compacted snow, generally in the form of a dome.

Types

There are three traditional types of igloos, all of different sizes and all used for different purposes.

The smallest was constructed as a temporary shelter, usually only used for one or two nights. These were built and used during hunting trips, often on open sea ice.

Intermediate-sized igloos were for semi-permanent, family dwelling. This was usually a single room dwelling that housed one or two families. Often there were several of these in a small area, which formed an Inuit village.

The largest igloos were normally built in groups of two. One of the buildings was a temporary structure built for special occasions, the other built nearby for living. These might have had up to five rooms and housed up to 20 people. A large igloo might have been constructed from several smaller igloos attached by their tunnels, giving common access to the outside. These were used to hold community feasts and traditional dances.

Construction

The snow used to build an igloo must have enough structural strength to be cut and stacked appropriately. The best snow to use for this purpose is snow which has been blown by wind, which can serve to compact and interlock the ice crystals. The hole left in the snow where the blocks are cut is usually used as the lower half of the shelter. Sometimes, a short tunnel is constructed at the entrance to reduce wind and heat loss when the door is opened. Because of snow's excellent insulating properties, inhabited igloos are surprisingly comfortable and warm inside. In some cases, a single block of ice is inserted to allow light into the igloo. Animal skins were used as door flaps to keep warm air in. Igloos used as winter shelters had beds made of snow, covered with twigs and caribou furs. Architecturally, the igloo is unique in that it is a dome that can be raised out of independent blocks leaning on each other and polished to fit without an additional supporting structure during construction. An igloo that is built correctly will support the weight of a person standing on the roof. Also, in the traditional Inuit igloo the heat from the ''kudlik'' (''qulliq'', stone lamp) causes the interior to melt slightly. This melting and refreezing builds up a layer of ice that contributes to the strength of the igloo.

The sleeping platform is a raised area. Because warmer air rises and cooler air settles, the entrance area acts as a cold trap whereas the sleeping area will hold whatever heat is generated by a stove, lamp or body heat.

The Central Inuit, especially those around the Davis Strait, lined the living area with skin, which could increase the temperature within from around to .

''Nanook of the North''

The 1922 documentary ''Nanook of the North'' contains the oldest surviving movie footage of an Inuit constructing an igloo. In the film, Nanook, whose real name was Allakariallak, builds a large family igloo as well as a smaller igloo for sled pups. Nanook demonstrates the use of an ivory knife to cut and trim snow block, as well as the use of clear ice for a window. His igloo was built in about one hour, and was large enough for five people. The igloo was cross-sectioned for filmmaking, so interior shots could be made.

See also

Quinzhee

Snow cave

Snow fort

Vernacular architecture

References

Notes

Sources

Richard G. Condon, Julia Ogina and the Holman Elders, ''The Northern Copper Inuit'' (ISBN 0-8020-0849-6)

Igloo – the Traditional Arctic Snow Dome

External links

Watch ''How to Build an Igloo'' (National Film Board of Canada)

Building an Igloo, by Hugh McManners

''Field Manual for the U.S. Antarctic Program'', Chapter 11: "Snow Shelters", pp. 140-145

Traditional Dwellings: Igloos (1) (Interview; Library and Archives Canada)

An article on igloos from ''The Canadian Encyclopedia''

How to Build an Igloo (wikiHow)

''UIUC Students build an igloo''

Category:Buildings and structures made of snow or ice Category:House types Category:Snow Category:Inuit culture Category:Greenlandic culture Igloo Category:Inuktitut words and phrases

af:Igloe ar:مبنى قباني ast:Iglú az:İqlo bn:ইগলু bg:Иглу ca:Iglú cs:Iglú da:Iglo de:Iglu es:Iglú eo:Iglo eu:Iglu fa:ایگلو fr:Igloo ko:이글루 hi:इग्लू hsb:Iglu id:Igloo iu:ᐃᒡᓗ/iglu it:Iglù he:איגלו kn:ಇಗ್ಲೂ ka:იგლუ la:Iglu lt:Iglu hu:Iglu mk:Игло ml:ഇഗ്ലൂ mr:ईग्‍लू nl:Iglo cr:ᐄᔅᒌᒣᐅᑲᒥᒄ ja:イグルー no:Iglo nds:Iglu pl:Igloo pt:Iglu ro:Iglu ru:Иглу simple:Igloo sk:Iglu su:Igloo fi:Iglu sv:Igloo ta:இக்லூ te:ఇగ్లూ tr:İglo uk:Іглу vi:Lều tuyết zh:冰屋

Coordinates	40°43′37″N73°38′59″N
name	Ray Mears
birth date	February 07, 1964
birth place	Kenley, London
known for	Bushcraft and survival techniques
occupation	Television presenter and author
nationality	British
children	}}

Raymond Paul "Ray" Mears (born 7 February 1964) is an English woodsman, instructor, author and TV presenter. His TV appearances cover bushcraft and survival techniques, and he is best known for the TV series ''Ray Mears' Bushcraft'', ''Ray Mears' World of Survival'', ''Extreme Survival'', ''Survival with Ray Mears'', ''Wild Britain with Ray Mears'' and ''Ray Mears Goes Walkabout''.

Early life

Mears grew up in Kenley, Greater London, and the North Downs, where he discovered a countryside abundant with wildlife. Educated at Reigate Grammar School, a co-educational independent school in Reigate, Surrey, he learned to track foxes in the forest at a young age. As a boy, he desired to sleep out on the trail, but unable to afford camping equipment, he resorted to setting up camp using what he could find in his surroundings.

Interests

Mears's enthusiasm for his subject, combined with his broad knowledge of survival and the uses which may be made of plants, trees and other natural materials found in woodland, forest or desert, have made him a popular figure in TV broadcasting in the UK. He has travelled extensively across the world for his TV series and has learned survival techniques from the indigenous peoples he has met. In his programmes he demonstrates his knowledge of the wild, how to find food from seeds, berries, roots and other growing things, and how to survive by constructing temporary shelters, fires and canoes from natural materials.

Mears is particularly interested in the survival of groups of resistance fighters and partisans for extended periods during the Second World War, such as the Norwegian heavy water plant saboteurs (see ''The Real Heroes of Telemark'') and the Bielski brothers in Belarus (see ''Extreme Survival'').

Personal life

Mears met his long term partner, Rachel, in 1992 when she attended one of his five day survival courses. The couple lived in East Sussex with her two adult children, and married in 2005, after Rachel was diagnosed with breast cancer. Rachel died from cancer in 2006, aged 50, and her ashes are scattered in the Ashdown forest near their home.

In 2005, Mears was a passenger in a serious helicopter accident while filming a documentary in Wyoming. The helicopter in which he was travelling with his camera crew struck the ground during a steep low level turn, and broke apart, rolling to a stop. The fuel tank was ruptured in the accident, and escaping fuel covered Mears and the crew. No fire occurred, and Mears was able to escape the wreckage and assist in the rescue and first aid of one of the crew who was badly injured. Mears escaped uninjured.

Non-television work

Mears started his bushcraft company aged 19. Mears' first book, ''The Survival Handbook'', was published in 1990. Mears has continued to publish books, both standalone works, and as accompaniments to his TV series.

In September 2007, he was awarded an honorary doctorate from Oxford Brookes University, and in the same year he began to deliver public lectures across the United Kingdom on his experiences in front of and behind the lens.

In July 2010, Mears was asked by Northumbria Police to help them track fugitive killer Raoul Moat, after he fled his temporary tent-based shelter in the village of Rothbury.

Television

Mears has made a number of series for BBC television, visiting various parts of the world and covering such topics as bushcraft and survival skills, the traditional culture of indigenous peoples, and the achievements of noted explorers.

In 2009 he was approached by ITV to present a planned revival of its long-running nature documentary series ''Survival''. The resulting three-part series was rebranded ''Survival with Ray Mears'' and broadcast on ITV1 in 2010. Each episode followed Mears as he used his tracking skills to locate bears, wolves and leopards. In a ''Radio Times'' interview to promote the series, Mears complained of being typecast by the BBC. This series was followed by ''Wild Britain with Ray Mears'', also broadcast by ITV.

Series

''Wild Tracks'' (BBC, 1994)

''Tracks'' (BBC, 1994–97)

''Ray Mears' World of Survival'' (BBC, 1997–98, 2 seasons of 6 episodes each)

''Ray Mears' Country Tracks'' (BBC, 1998, 2002–03)

''The Essential Guide to Rocks'' (BBC Education, 1998)

''Ray Mears' Extreme Survival'' (BBC, 1999–2002, 3 seasons of 6 episodes each)

''Ray Mears' Adventure Special'' (BBC, 2001) – Mears takes Ewan McGregor into the Honduran jungle on the trail of the prehistoric people of the Mosquito Coast.

''Ray Mears' Real Heroes of Telemark'' (BBC, 2003)

''Ray Mears' Bushcraft'' (BBC, 2004–05, 2 seasons of 5 episodes each)

''Ray Mears' Wild Food'' (BBC, 2007, 5 episodes)

''Ray Mears Goes Walkabout'' (BBC, June 2008, 4 episodes) – Mears tours the Australian outback. An accompanying hardcover book was published in the UK by Hodder and Stoughton in March 2008. In the series Mears meets one of his heroes: Les Hiddins (aka "The Bush Tucker Man").

''Ray Mears' Northern Wilderness'' (BBC Two, Autumn 2009, 6 episodes) – Mears follows in the footsteps of pioneers who opened up Canada, such as Samuel Hearne, John Rae and David Thompson.

''Survival with Ray Mears'' (ITV, Spring 2010, 3 episodes)

''Wild Britain with Ray Mears'' (ITV, Autumn 2010, 6 episodes) - To be followed in 2011 by extended 60 minute episodes with exclusive additional content to be broadcast on UKTV's natural history channel Eden.

Books

''The Survival Handbook'' (1990)

''The Outdoor Survival Handbook'' (1992)

''Ray Mears' World of Survival'' (1997)

''Bushcraft'' (2002)

''Essential Bushcraft'' (2003)

''The Real Heroes of Telemark: The True Story of the Secret Mission to Stop Hitler's Atomic Bomb'' (2003)

''Ray Mears' Bushcraft Survival'' (2005)

''Wild Food by Ray Mears & Professor Gordon Hillman'' (2007)

''Ray Mears Goes Walkabout'' (2008)

''Vanishing World - A Life of Bushcraft'' (2008)

''Northern Wilderness'' (2009)

Quotations

Quotations by Ray Mears include:

''"Bushcraft is what you carry in your mind and your muscles."''

''"The great thing about bushcraft is that wherever you go, the skills go with you."''

''"One of the great things about bushcraft is that skills you learn in your back garden can be used all over the world."''

''"Knowledge is the key to survival and the best thing about that is: it doesn't weigh anything."''

''"You cannot underestimate the importance of preparation."''

''"As far as I'm concerned, these people are just showmen."'' On Bear Grylls

See also

Les Hiddins aka Bushtucker Man

Mors Kochanski

Lofty Wiseman

Richard Proenneke

Les Stroud - in Survivorman

Bear Grylls

Rüdiger Nehberg (''Sir Vival'')

Bruce Parry British anthropologist

Lars Monsen Norwegian adventurer and journalist

References

External links

Ray Mears' own web site

Ray Mears on MySpace

Ray Mears @ IMDb

Ray Mears' Survival shows on Dave (UKTV)

Photographs of 2005 helicopter accident

itvWILD">Wild Britain on itvWILD

Ray Mears Woodlore Facebook page

Ray Mears Bushcraft Official Youtube page

Category:British television presenters Category:British writers Category:1964 births Category:Living people Category:Old Reigatians Category:People from Kenley Category:Survivalists

de:Raymond Paul Mears fr:Ray Mears nl:Ray Mears ro:Ray Mears ru:Рэй Мирс

Coordinates	40°43′37″N73°38′59″N
name	Karen O
background	solo_singer
birth name	Karen Lee Orzolek
born	South Korea
origin	New Jersey, United States
instrument	Vocals, piano
genre	Indie rock, art punk, alternative rock
years active	2000–present
label	Interscope
associated acts	Yeah Yeah Yeahs Native Korean Rock }}

Karen Lee Orzolek (born November 22, 1978), better known by her stage name Karen O, is the vocalist for New York rock band Yeah Yeah Yeahs.

Early life

Karen O was born in November 1978 in South Korea to a Korean mother and a Polish father. She eventually moved to the United States, where she grew up in Englewood, New Jersey. She has commented on her childhood: "It's almost embarrassing how well-behaved I was, which is probably why I do things like spit water on myself onstage as an adult." She attended Oberlin College, but transferred to New York University's Tisch School of the Arts. She is now based in Los Angeles.

Career

Karen O is best known as the frontwoman for the band Yeah Yeah Yeahs. She has also been noted for her sense of fashion, wearing ostentatious outfits made by her friend, fashion designer Christian Joy. In the early days of the band, she became well known for her outrageous antics during live shows.

''Playboy'' made an offer for her to pose on their cover. Karen O said on the subject, "I was approached but I said no. Who knows though? Maybe I'll do it in the future, but now doesn't seem to be the right time." Since then, however, Karen stated in an interview with Associated Press magazine that she has changed her mind and would never do Playboy because of the audience that Playboy magazine attracts.

During a tour for the 2003 Livid Festival in Australia, at a sideshow at The Metro in Sydney, she accidentally danced off the stage and was reluctantly taken to a hospital. A few days later at the Sydney leg of the Livid Festival, she appeared in a wheelchair pushed by Angus Andrew.

Karen O won Spin Magazine's Sex Goddess Award in both 2004 and 2005. In 2006, she was named one of rock's hottest women by ''Blender''. In 2007, Karen O placed #3 on Spinner.com's Women Who Rock Right Now. In February 2010, she won a Shockwaves NME Award for the Hottest Woman.

She began working on a small side project called Native Korean Rock and the Fishnets with fellow NYC musicians in 2008.

In 2009 she contributed backing vocals, screaming animal sounds and noises to the songs "Gemini Syringes", "I Can Be A Frog" and "Watching the Planets" on The Flaming Lips album ''Embryonic''.

On the collaboration-project "N.A.S.A. ''The Spirit of Apollo''", she appears on the track "Strange Enough", together with Ol' Dirty Bastard and Fatlip.

O's vocal approach has been described as "ethereal", sometimes compared to indie folk artist Quinn Marston, and has been described as "yelping" at times. She described her approach:

Soundtrack work

She was featured in the track "Cut Me Up" by Har Mar Superstar for the soundtrack to the 2005 horror film House of Wax. For the movie ''Jackass 2'', Karen O collaborated with electronic artist Peaches and Johnny Knoxville to record a track entitled "Backass"; for ''Jackass 3D'', she covered the ''Roger Alan Wade'' 's "If You're Gonna Be Dumb" under the alternative title of "If You're Gonna Be Dumb, You Gotta Be Tough". In 2007, she also contributed vocals to a version of Bob Dylan's "Highway 61 Revisited" for the ''I'm Not There'' movie soundtrack. At the end of episode 409, "Brothers Cinco", of the ''Tim and Eric Awesome Show, Great Job!'' she performed a short song.

In May 2011 it was reported that Karen O had collaborated with Trent Reznor on a cover version of Led Zeppelin's "Immigrant Song" for the soundtrack to the English-language version of the film ''The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo'', for which Reznor is composing the score.

''Where the Wild Things Are''

Karen O composed all of the songs on the soundtrack of ''Where the Wild Things Are'' (with the exception of a cover of the Daniel Johnston song,"Worried Shoes") in collaboration with Carter Burwell. The film was directed by her former boyfriend Spike Jonze. She is listed on the soundtrack as "Karen O and the Kids". Karen O and her Yeah Yeah Yeahs bandmate Nick Zinner co-wrote "All is Love", which was nominated for the "Grammy Award for Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media", a songwriter's award, at the 2010 Grammy Awards.

Video work

In 2004 Karen O, using the moniker ''Marshmellow'', directed the music video for "We Fenced Other Gardens with the Bones of Our Own" by the Liars, fronted by her then boyfriend Angus Andrew. The following year she directed the "Blessed Evening" video for Foetus with her then boyfriend Spike Jonze working as cinematographer. In 2006 she directed the Yeah Yeah Yeahs' video "Cheated Hearts".

Under the moniker ''Kids With Canes'', Karen O and her boyfriend Barney Clay directed the music video for the Tiny Masters of Today song "Hologram World", released on February 8, 2008. Karen also contributed vocals to the song, served as choreographer of the video, in which she appears along with Yeah Yeah Yeahs bandmates Nick Zinner and Brian Chase as well as Mike D from the Beastie Boys, Gibby Haynes from the Butthole Surfers, Russell Simins from the Blues Explosion and Sam James from The Mooney Suzuki.

The ''KO At Home'' demo leak

On December 10, 2006, a home-recorded album titled ''KO at Home'' was leaked via an invite-only BitTorrent tracking site. The album, originally a personal gift to Dave Sitek of the NYC band TV on the Radio, was discovered inside a suitcase Sitek left behind in a New York City apartment. The disc's 14 tracks and scan of the cover – a photograph of Karen O with a poem written by Oscar Wilde on the back – quickly spread. The music news site stereogum.com broke the story of the leak the following morning and continued their coverage when Sitek lashed out at the fan who leaked the demos. Eventually Sitek followed up his comments with an apology letter. Karen O's response to the leak was "shit happens" and although she was somewhat "grossed out," she offered advice on which of the songs she liked the most, namely the tracks "Pumpkin" and "Snakes and Worms".

References

External links

Yeah Yeah Yeahs official website

2010 interview with Karen O

Category:Yeah Yeah Yeahs members Category:American female singers Category:American rock singers Category:New York University alumni Category:Oberlin College alumni Category:American people of Polish descent Category:American people of Korean descent Category:American musicians of Korean descent Category:American musicians of Polish descent Category:People from Englewood, New Jersey Category:Musicians from New Jersey Category:Naturalized citizens of the United States Category:Korean emigrants to the United States Category:South Korean musicians Category:Living people Category:1978 births

es:Karen O fa:کارن او fr:Karen O gl:Karen O ko:캐런 오 it:Karen O ja:カレンO pl:Karen O pt:Karen O ro:Karen O fi:Karen O sv:Karen O

Coordinates	40°43′37″N73°38′59″N
Name	Mike Huckabee
Order	44th
Office	Governor of Arkansas
Term start	July 15, 1996
Term end	January 8, 2007
Lieutenant	Winthrop Paul Rockefeller
Predecessor	Jim Guy Tucker
Successor	Mike Beebe
Order2	12th
Office2	Lieutenant Governor of Arkansas
Term start2	November 20, 1993
Term end2	July 15, 1996
Governor2	Jim Guy Tucker
Predecessor2	Jim Guy Tucker
Successor2	Winthrop Paul Rockefeller
Order3	Chairman of the National Governors Association
Term start3	2005
Term end3	2006
Predecessor3	Mark Warner
Successor3	Janet Napolitano
Birth name	Michael Dale Huckabee
Birth date	August 24, 1955
Birth place	Hope, Arkansas, United States
Residence	Santa Rosa Beach, Florida
Spouse	Janet Huckabee
Children	John Mark, David, and Sarah
Alma mater	Ouachita Baptist University
Profession	Politician, Author, Public Speaker, & ordained Minister
Nationality	American
Party	Republican
Religion	Southern Baptist
Website
Signature	Mike Huckabee Signature.svg
Footnotes	}}

Michael "Mike" Dale Huckabee (born August 24, 1955) is an American politician who served as the 44th Governor of Arkansas from 1996 to 2007. He was a candidate in the 2008 United States Republican presidential primaries, finishing second in delegate count and third in both popular vote and number of states won (behind both John McCain and Mitt Romney). He won the Iowa Republican caucuses. Huckabee exited the race as McCain became the presumptive Republican nominee after winning the delegate winner-take-all states of Florida, California, and New York State.

Huckabee is the author of several best selling books, an ordained Southern Baptist minister, musician and a public speaker. He is also an ABC Radio political commentator. He and his wife, Janet, have been married for 36 years and have three grown children: John Mark, David, and Sarah. Janet Huckabee was an unsuccessful candidate for Arkansas Secretary of State in 2002.

Huckabee currently hosts the Fox News Channel talk show ''Huckabee''.

Early life

Huckabee was born in Hope, Arkansas, to Mae Elder (1925–1999) and Dorsey Wiles Huckabee (1923–1996), conservative Southern Democrats. He has cited his working-class upbringing as the reason for his de-centralized populist conservative political views; his father worked as a fireman and mechanic, and his mother worked as a clerk at a gas company.

His first job, at 14, was working at a radio station where he read the news and weather. He was elected Governor of Arkansas by his chapter of the American Legion-sponsored Boys State program in 1972 and is a Hugh O'Brian Youth Leadership Foundation alumnus. He was student council vice president at Hope High School during the 1971-72 school year. He was student council president at Hope High School during the 1972-1973 school year. He has one sister, Mrs. Pat Harris, a middle school teacher.

Huckabee married his wife Janet on May 25, 1974. He graduated ''magna cum laude'' from Ouachita Baptist University, completing his bachelor's degree in Religion in 2½ years before attending Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary in Fort Worth, Texas. He dropped out of the seminary after one year in order to take a job in Christian broadcasting.

Pastoral career

At 21, Huckabee was a staffer for James Robison, a television evangelist. Robison commented, "His convictions shape his character and his character will shape his policies. His whole life has been shaped by moral absolutes." Huckabee has stated, "Politics are totally directed by worldview. That's why when people say, 'We ought to separate politics from religion,' I say to separate the two is absolutely impossible". Prior to his political career, Huckabee served as pastor at Immanuel Baptist Church in Pine Bluff, Arkansas from 1980 to 1986 and the Beech Street Baptist Church in Texarkana from 1986 to 1992. In both Texarkana and Pine Bluff Huckabee started 24-hour television stations "where he produced documentaries and hosted a program called ''Positive Alternatives''. He encouraged the all-white Immanuel Baptist Church to accept black members in the mid 1980s. He served as president of a religion-oriented television station. In 1989 Huckabee ran against the Rev. Dr. Ronnie Floyd of Springdale for the presidency of the Arkansas Baptist State Convention. Huckabee won and served as president from 1989 to 1991.

Early political career

In 1992, in Huckabee's first political race, he lost to incumbent Senator and conservative Democrat Dale Bumpers, receiving 40 percent of the vote in the general election. That same election saw Arkansas Governor Bill Clinton ascend to the Presidency, making Lieutenant Governor Jim Guy Tucker the new Governor. In 1993, Republican state chairman Asa Hutchinson urged Huckabee to run in the special election for lieutenant governor held on July 27. Realizing his loss came among key conservative Democrats, Huckabee ran a decidedly conservative campaign appealing to several important conservative groups such as the Council of Conservative Citizens (CofCC). In the subsequent general election, he defeated Nate Coulter, who had been Bumpers' campaign manager the previous year, 51-49 percent. Huckabee became only the second Republican since Reconstruction to serve as Arkansas lieutenant governor, the first having been Maurice Britt from 1967 to 1971.

In his autobiography ''From Hope to Higher Ground'', Huckabee recalled the chilly reception that he received from the Arkansas Democratic establishment on his election as lieutenant governor:

"The doors to my office were spitefully nailed shut from the inside, office furniture and equipment were removed, and the budget spent down to almost nothing prior to our arriving. After fifty-nine days of public outcry, the doors were finally opened for me to occupy the actual office I had been elected to hold two months earlier."

Dick Morris, who had previously worked for Bill Clinton, advised Huckabee on his races in 1993, 1994 and 1998. Huckabee commented that Morris was a "personal friend". A newspaper article reported on Huckabee's 1993 win: "Morris said the mistake Republicans always make is that they are too much of a country club set. What we wanted to do was run a progressive campaign that would appeal to all Arkansans.'" Morris elaborated, "So we opened the campaign with ads that characterized Mike as more of a moderate whose values were the same as those of other Arkansans." Consequently, he abandoned his earlier support for the CofCC when in April 1994 following an adverse media campaign against the CofCC, Huckabee withdrew from a speaking engagement before their national convention. He repeated the accusations made by various media and left-wing organizations such as the Southern Poverty Law Center recalling his past association with the CofCC saying, "I will not participate in any program that has racist overtones. I've spent a lifetime fighting [against] racism and anti-Semitism."

In 1994, Huckabee was re-elected to a full term as lieutenant governor, beating Democratic candidate Charlie Cole Chaffin with nearly 59 percent of the vote. However, the amount of money spent by Huckabee on the campaign gave cause to accusations of possible corruption. In subsequent investigations it was revealed that while Lieutenant Governor, Huckabee accepted $71,500 in speaking fees and traveling expenses from a nonprofit group, Action America. R. J. Reynolds was the group's largest contributor.

In October 1995, David Pryor announced that he was retiring from the United States Senate. Huckabee then announced he was running for the open seat and moved well ahead in the polls. He won the Republican nomination unopposed.

During his campaign, Huckabee opposed in December then-Governor Tucker's plan for a constitutional convention. The plan was defeated by voters, 80-20 percent, in a special election. In January 1996, Huckabee campaigned in televised ads paid for by the Republican National Committee and the Arkansas Republican Party against a highway referendum. Tucker supported the referendum, which included tax increases and a bond program, to improve of highway. On the referendum, the bond question, which included a sales tax increase and a gas tax increase, lost 87-13 percent. A second question, a five-cent increase on diesel tax, lost 86-14 percent. Huckabee also opposed Tucker's plan for school consolidation.

In May 1996, Tucker, involved in the Whitewater scandal, was convicted "on one count of arranging nearly $3 million in fraudulent loans" and he promised to resign by July 15. Huckabee then announced he would quit the Senate race and instead fill the unexpired term of Tucker.

Governor of Arkansas

In 1996, incumbent Democratic governor Jim Guy Tucker was convicted of fraud. The Arkansas Constitution, like nearly all state constitutions in the United States, does not allow convicted felons to hold office, so Tucker was forced to resign. However, Tucker, insisting he had a strong case for appeal, rescinded his resignation as Huckabee was preparing to be sworn in on July 16. Within a few hours, Tucker reinstated his resignation after Huckabee threatened to initiate impeachment proceedings against Tucker. Huckabee was sworn in as Governor of Arkansas on July 15, 1996. In November 1998, Huckabee was elected to a full four-year term by defeating retired Colonel Gene McVay in the primary and Jonesboro attorney Bill Bristow in the general election, becoming the state's third elected Republican Governor since Reconstruction. In November 2002, Huckabee was reelected to his second four-year term by defeating State Treasurer Jimmie Lou Fisher, garnering 53 percent of the vote. By the end of his term, Huckabee owned the third-longest tenure of any Arkansas Governor. Only Democrats Orval Faubus, who served six consecutive two-year terms (1955–1967), and Bill Clinton, who served 11 years, 11 months (1979–1981; 1983–1992), had longer tenures.

Huckabee said that his experience as a minister afforded him special insight in being governor:

"My experience dealing every day with real people who were genuinely affected by policies created by government gave me a deep understanding of the fragility of the human spirit and vulnerability of so many families who struggled from week to week. I was in the ICU at 2 a.m. with families faced with the decision to disconnect a respirator on their loved one; I counseled fifteen-year-old pregnant girls who were afraid to tell their parents about their condition; I spent hours hearing the grief of women who had been physically and emotionally clobbered by an abusive husband; I saw the anguish in the faces of an elderly couple when their declining health forced them to sell their home, give up their independence, and move into a long-term-care facility; I listened to countless young couples pour out their souls as they struggled to get their marriages into survival mode when confronted with overextended debt . . . "

Post-governorship

2008 presidential election campaign

Huckabee announced his run for the White House on ''Meet the Press'' on January 28, 2007.

At the August 11 Iowa Straw Poll, Huckabee took second place with 2,587 votes, roughly 18 percent, splitting the conservative Republican party votes amongst other candidates. Huckabee spent $57.98 per vote in the Straw Poll, which is the lowest among the top three finishers. Huckabee drew attention with an unconventional ad featuring Chuck Norris. In a later ad Huckabee wished voters a merry Christmas, and said that "what really matters is the celebration of the birth of Christ." In a replay of his past speeches to other conservative Christian organizations such as the CofCC, some critics accused him being right-wing Christian, and it appeared he might back-pedal as he did with the CofCC. However, rather than repudiate his speech he merely denied it was politically incorrect. This lack of defense of his issues before conservative and Christian organizations caused several media outlets to pursue his past speeches. One such questioning asked Huckabee to deny or defend his position regarding America being a historically Christian Nation. According to the ''Associated Press'', on NBC's Meet The Press on December 31, 2007, Huckabee "stood by" a 1998 comment in which he said, "I hope we answer the alarm clock and take this nation back for Christ." Huckabee told NBC that his comment was not politically incorrect and was "appropriate to be said to a gathering of Southern Baptists." Huckabee has credited God with some of his political success.

On January 3, 2008, Huckabee won the Iowa Republican caucuses, receiving 34% of the electorate and 17 delegates, compared to the 25% of Mitt Romney who finished second, receiving 12 delegates, Fred Thompson who came in third place and received three delegates, John McCain who came in fourth place and received three delegates and Ron Paul who came in fifth place and received two delegates.

On January 8, 2008, Huckabee finished in third place in the New Hampshire primary, behind John McCain in first place, and Mitt Romney who finished second, with Huckabee receiving one more delegate for a total of 18 delegates, gained via elections, and 21 total delegates, versus 30 total (24 via elections) for Romney, and 10 for McCain (all via elections).

On January 15, 2008, Huckabee finished in third place in the Michigan Republican primary, 2008, behind John McCain in second place, Mitt Romney who finished first and ahead of Ron Paul who finished in fourth place.

On January 19, 2008, Huckabee finished in second place in the South Carolina Republican primary, 2008, behind John McCain who finished first and ahead of Fred Thompson who finished third. On January 29, 2008, Huckabee finished in fourth place in the Florida primary, behind Rudy Giuliani in third, Mitt Romney in second, and John McCain in first place.

On February 5, 2008, Huckabee won the first contest of "Super Tuesday", the West Virginia GOP state convention, but only after the McCain campaign provided their delegates thereby giving Huckabee 52% of the electorate to Mitt Romney's 47%. Backers of rival John McCain said they threw Huckabee their support to prevent Mitt Romney from capturing the winner-take-all GOP state convention vote. Subsequently, despite his past repudiation of the CofCC, in a nominee list which included liberal Republicans such as McCain and moderate Republicans such as Romney, Huckabee remained the most conservative nominee in the context. Consequently, he also registered victories in Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia and Tennessee on Super Tuesday, bringing his delegate count up to 156, compared to 689 for Republican party front-runner John McCain.

On February 9, 2008, Huckabee won the first election following Super Tuesday, by winning 60% of the vote in the Kansas Republican Caucuses. This was also the first contest to be held without Mitt Romney, who was said to be splitting the conservative vote with Huckabee and some pundits suggested it was the reason for Huckabee's landslide victory. Huckabee also won the Louisiana Republican Primary with 44% of the vote to John McCain's 43% in second. Although Huckabee won the primary he was not awarded any delegates, because of the state party rules that state a candidate must pass the 50% threshold to receive the state's pledged delegates.

On March 4, 2008, Huckabee withdrew from seeking the candidacy as it became apparent he would lose in Texas, where he had hoped to win and that John McCain would get the 1191 delegates required to win the Republican nomination.

After the presidential campaign

Even though Huckabee had signed a television contract and a book deal with a pressing deadline, he was mentioned by most to be on then-presumptive Republican presidential nominee John McCain's short list for his Vice Presidential running mate. Huckabee was eventually passed over for Sarah Palin. The late pundit Tim Russert even referred to Huckabee as "Vice President Huckabee" several times when he appeared on ''Meet The Press'' on May 18, 2008.

Former President Bill Clinton has praised Huckabee and stated that he is a rising star in the Republican Party. Clinton and Huckabee have collaborated on initiatives such as the fight against childhood obesity. Former Tennessee Republican Party Chairman and Huckabee's former campaign manager Chip Saltsman has called governor Huckabee, "The most successful failed presidential candidate in the history of our country."

In December 2008, Huckabee became an Honorary Member of Tau Kappa Epsilon fraternity.

Books

Since the campaign Huckabee has published, ''Do The Right Thing: Inside the Movement That's Bringing Common Sense Back to America'' (released on November 18, 2008) which became a New York Times Best Seller and "A Simple Christmas" (November 3, 2009), a non-political book.

Commentator

On June 12, 2008, Fox News announced it was hiring Huckabee as a political commentator and regular contributor to their 2008 American presidential election coverage, in their New York election headquarters.

Huckabee filled in for Paul Harvey in July 2008. A few months later, he signed a deal with ABC Radio Networks to carry a daily commentary, ''The Huckabee Report'', beginning in January 2009. After Harvey's death his show replaced Harvey's broadcasts.

Huckabee hosts a weekend show, ''Huckabee'', on Fox News Channel, which premiered Saturday September 27, 2008, at 8 PM EST.

Clemency controversies

As governor, Huckabee commuted and accepted recommendations for pardon for twice as many sentences as his three predecessors combined; in total: 1,033 prisoners. Twelve of those had previously been convicted of murder. Huckabee’s pardons and commutations became an issue during the 2008 Republican Primary, with most of the controversy focusing on Wayne Dumond. Huckabee's handling of clemency petitions received national attention in November 2009 with the case of Maurice Clemmons. Clemmons had committed burglary without a weapon, and his 60-year sentence was commuted by Huckabee to 47 years, making him eligible for parole if approved by the parole board. The prosecuting attorney of Pulaski County, Arkansas vehemently objected to the commutation. As factors in his decision, Huckabee cited the unusually long sentence of 108 years for Clemmons, who was 17 at the time, that Clemmons had already served 11 years of jail time, the unanimous decision by the bipartisan state pardon board in Clemmons's favor, and the original trial judge's support for clemency. When Clemmons received the 60-year sentence, he already was serving 48 years on five felony convictions and facing up to 95 more years on charges of robbery, theft and possessing a handgun on school property. After his release in 2000 Clemmons was arrested a number of times for multiple offenses including child molestation and aggravated assault, but was released after prosecutors declined to file charges. On November 29, 2009, four police officers were murdered in Lakewood, Washington, and Clemmons was named by witnesses as the only suspect. After a two-day manhunt that spanned several cities in the Puget Sound region, the armed Clemmons was shot and killed by a Seattle Police Department officer in south Seattle after refusing police orders to stop charging the officer.

In 2003, Eugene Fields received a six year prison sentence after his fourth conviction of driving while intoxicated in five years. Gov. Huckabee granted clemency over the objections of the local prosecutor and sheriff, the Arkansas Prosecuting Attorneys Association and Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD). A spokeswoman for Mr. Huckabee, Charmaine Yoest, said that Mr. Fields’s political donations [to the Arkansas Republican Party] and connections played no role in his clemency. About two years after Mr. Fields’s sentence was cut to 11 months, he was arrested again for driving while intoxicated as his truck crossed the center line directly into the path of an oncoming police car.

Recent controversies

In comments made March 1, 2011, on The Steve Malzberg Show, Huckabee said of President Barack Obama, "I would love to know more. What I know is troubling enough. And one thing that I do know is his having grown up in Kenya, his view of the Brits, for example, is very different than the average American." (This is a reference to the Mau Mau Uprising against the colonial rule of Great Britain in 1952).

In comments made March 4, 2011, on the Michael Medved Show, Huckabee spoke about pregnant, unwed actress Natalie Portman saying "...it's unfortunate we glorify and glamorize the idea of out of wedlock children." Huckabee denies he defamed Portman.

In April, he was criticized for a remark he made, "I almost wish that there would be a simultaneous telecast and all Americans would be forced, at gunpoint, to listen to every David Barton message," in praise of David Barton.

Possible 2012 presidential campaign

In a November 19, 2008, article by the Associated Press, Huckabee addressed the possibility of running for President in 2012. He said, "I'm not ruling anything out for the future, but I'm not making any specific plans".

Amid speculation about a future run for the Presidency, a CNN poll in December 2008 found Huckabee at the top of the list of 2012 GOP contenders, along with former Alaskan Governor Sarah Palin, fellow 2008 Presidential candidate Mitt Romney, and former Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich.

On December 3, 2008, local NBC news station WLWT asked Huckabee about the prospect of running, to which he said, "I'm pretty sure I'll be out there. Whether it's for myself or somebody else I may decide will be a better standard bearer, that remains to be seen."

A June 2009 CNN/Opinion Research Corporation national poll showed Huckabee as the 2012 presidential co-favorite of the Republican electorate along with Palin and Romney. An October 2009 poll of Republicans by Rasmussen Reports put Huckabee in the lead with 29%, followed by Romney on 24% and Palin on 18%.

In a November 2009 Gallup poll, Huckabee was shown as the leading Republican contender for 2012.

In November 2010 CNN projected in a poll that Huckabee would defeat Obama in a hypothetical 2012 contest. In a Rasmussen poll taken January 11–14, 2011, Huckabee was even with Obama: 43% - 43%.

On May 14, 2011, Huckabee announced on his Fox News television show that he will not be a candidate for the GOP presidential nomination in 2012. Despite his high national poll numbers and being seen by many as the front runner, Huckabee declined to run, saying, "All the factors say 'go', but my heart says 'no'."

Political positions

Electoral history

Public image

Personal life

Weight loss and health advocacy

When elected governor of Arkansas, Huckabee was obese. In 2003, physicians diagnosed him with type 2 diabetes and informed him that he would not live more than 10 years if he did not lose weight. Huckabee acknowledges that he has weighed as much as 300 pounds (135 kg). Prompted by this diagnosis (as well as the subsequent death of former Governor Frank D. White, whose obesity contributed to a fatal heart attack), Huckabee began eating a healthier diet and exercising. He subsequently lost over 110 pounds (50 kg). The ''New York Times'' called the weight loss so rapid that "it was as if he simply unzipped a fat suit and stepped out."

Although Huckabee has stated that he never smoked nor drank, he declared himself a "recovering foodaholic". Huckabee has publicly recounted his previous burdens as an obese man: the steps of the Arkansas capitol from the entrance of the building up to the Governor's office were so long and steep that he would be out of breath and exhausted by the time he reached the top of the stairs. He once joked that he would be interviewed by media at the top of the steps, and that he would be too out of breath to respond.

Huckabee has discussed his weight loss and used health care reform as a major focus of his governorship.

At an August 2007 forum on cancer hosted by Lance Armstrong, Huckabee said he would support a federal smoking ban, but has stated that he believes the issue is best addressed by state and local governments.

Huckabee has completed several marathons: the 2005 Marine Corps Marathon, the 2005 and 2006 Little Rock Marathon and the 2006 New York City Marathon. The 2005 Little Rock Marathon featured an impromptu challenge between Huckabee and Iowa Governor Tom Vilsack. Huckabee completed the marathon in 4:38:31, defeating Vilsack by 50 minutes. He wrote a book chronicling his weight-loss experience, ''Quit Digging Your Grave with a Knife and Fork''. Huckabee was one of 10 recipients of a 2006 AARP Impact Award acknowledging his work as a "health crusader."

In 2009 Huckabee acknowledged that he had gained back a fourth of his weight due to a foot condition that prevented him from running. Further, it appears that Huckabee has gained even more weigh back since then. It continues to be a struggle.

Capitol Offense (rock band)

Huckabee's band, Capitol Offense, has played for political events and parties, including entertaining at unofficial inaugural balls in Washington, D.C. in January 2001 and later again 2005, both organized and promoted by the conservative website Free Republic as well as the 2004 GOP Convention.

Organizations

Huckabee was made the chair of the Southern Governors' Association in 1999 and served in capacity through 2000. He has chaired the Southern Growth Policies Board, the Southern Region Education Board, the Southern Technology Council, the Interstate Oil and Gas Compact Commission, and the Education Commission of the States. He is also a member of the Republican Governors Association and former chairman of the National Governors Association. Huckabee is presently the chairman of conservative PACs called the Vertical Politics Institute and Huck PAC.

Honors

Huckabee received two honorary doctoral degrees: a Doctor of Humane Letters, received from John Brown University in 1991, and a Doctor of Laws from Ouachita Baptist University in 1992.

In July 2010, Huckabee became a fundraiser on behalf of for-profit Victory College in Memphis Tennessee and was designated Chancellor of the Victory University Foundation, although he did not take up residence in Memphis.

Books

Huckabee has written or co-authored several books:

''Character is the Issue: How People With Integrity Can Revolutionize America'' (1997), a memoir (inspired by the crisis surrounding the incidents prior to his taking office as governor)

''Kids Who Kill'' (1998), a book about juvenile violence (inspired by the Jonesboro massacre, which took place during his tenure as governor)

''Living Beyond Your Lifetime'' (2000), a guide for leaving a personal legacy

''Quit Digging Your Grave with a Knife and Fork'' (2005), a health and exercise inspirational guide (based on his personal health experience) Publisher: Center Street

''From Hope to Higher Ground: 12 Steps to Restoring America's Greatness'' (2007) Publisher: Center Street

"De-Marketing Obesity" in the ''California Management Review'', (with Brian Wansink), 47:4 (Summer 2005), 6-18.

Huckabee also wrote the foreword to ''My Story Your Story His Story'' (2006) by Larry Toller

''Character Makes a Difference: Where I'm From, Where I've Been, and What I Believe'', by Mike Huckabee (2007)

''Do the Right Thing: Inside the Movement That's Bringing Common Sense Back to America'', by Mike Huckabee (2008)

''A Simple Christmas: Twelve Stories that Celebrate the True Holiday Spirit'', by Mike Huckabee (2009)

References

External links

Mike Huckabee ''official website''

Huckabee ''official Fox News talkshow website''

HuckPAC

Mike Huckabee 2012 Grassroots Forum

Campaign contributions at OpenSecrets.org

Profile in The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture

Category:1955 births Category:Living people Category:ABC Radio Networks Category:American bass guitarists Category:American health and wellness writers Category:American memoirists Category:American people of English descent Category:American political writers Category:American radio personalities Category:American television talk show hosts Category:Arkansas Republicans Category:Christian creationists Category:Commentators Category:Fox News Channel Category:Governors of Arkansas Category:Lieutenant Governors of Arkansas Category:Musicians from Arkansas Category:Ouachita Baptist University alumni Category:People from Hope, Arkansas Category:Republican Party state governors of the United States Category:Southern Baptist ministers Category:Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary alumni Category:United States presidential candidates, 2008 Category:Writers from Arkansas Category:Victory University Category:Fox News Channel people

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Coordinates	40°43′37″N73°38′59″N
name	Betty Hutton
birth name	Elizabeth June Thornburg
birth date	February 26, 1921
birth place	Battle Creek, Michigan, U.S.
death date	March 12, 2007
death place	Palm Springs, California, U.S.
years active	1939–2000
spouse	}}

Betty Hutton (February 26, 1921 – March 12, 2007) was an American stage, film, and television actress, comedienne and singer.

Early life

Hutton was born Elizabeth June Thornburg, daughter of a railroad foreman, Percy E. Thornburg (1896–1939) and his wife, the former Mabel Lum (1901–1967). While she was very young, her father abandoned the family for another woman. They did not hear of him again until they received a telegram in 1939, informing them of his suicide. Along with her older sister Marion, Betty was raised by her mother, who took the surname Hutton and was later billed as the actress Sissy Jones.

The three started singing in the family's speakeasy when Betty was 3 years old. Troubles with the police kept the family on the move. They eventually landed in Detroit, Michigan. (On one occasion, when Betty, preceded by a police escort, arrived at the premiere of ''Let's Dance'' (1950), her mother, arriving with her, quipped, "At least this time the police are in front of us!") Hutton sang in several local bands as a teenager, and at one point visited New York City hoping to perform on Broadway, where she was rejected.

A few years later, she was scouted by orchestra leader Vincent Lopez, who gave Hutton her entry into the entertainment business. In 1939 she appeared in several musical shorts for Warner Bros., and appeared in a supporting role on Broadway in ''Panama Hattie'' (starring Ethel Merman) and ''Two for the Show'', both produced by Buddy DeSylva.

Career

When DeSylva became a producer at Paramount Pictures, Hutton was signed to a featured role in ''The Fleet's In'' (1942), starring Paramount's number one female star Dorothy Lamour. Hutton was an instant hit with the movie-going public. Paramount did not immediately promote her to major stardom, however, but did give her second leads in a Mary Martin film musical, ''Star Spangled Rhythm'' (1943), and another Lamour film. In 1943 she was given co-star billing with Bob Hope in ''Let's Face It'' and with the release of ''The Miracle of Morgan's Creek'' the following year, Hutton attained major stardom. By the time ''Incendiary Blonde'' was released in 1945, she had supplanted Lamour as Paramount's number one female box office attraction.

Hutton made 19 films from 1942 to 1952 including the hugely popular ''The Perils of Pauline'' in 1947. She was billed above Fred Astaire in the 1950 musical ''Let's Dance''. Hutton's greatest screen triumph came in ''Annie Get Your Gun'' (1950) for MGM, which hired her to replace an exhausted Judy Garland in the role of Annie Oakley. The film, with the leading role retooled for Hutton, was a smash hit, with the biggest critical praise going to Hutton. (Her obituary in The New York Times described her as "a brassy, energetic performer with a voice that could sound like a fire alarm.") Among her lesser known roles was an unbilled cameo in ''Sailor Beware'' (1952) with Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis, in which she portrayed Dean's girlfriend, Hetty Button.

In 1944, she signed a recording contract with Capitol Records (she was one of the earliest artists to do so). Later she became disillusioned with Capitol's management and moved to RCA Victor.

Her career as a Hollywood star ended due to a contract dispute with Paramount following the Oscar-winning ''The Greatest Show on Earth'' (1952) and ''Somebody Loves Me'' (1952), a biography of singer Blossom Seeley. The New York Times reported that the dispute resulted from her insistence that her husband at the time, Charles O'Curran, direct her next film. When the studio declined, Hutton broke her contract. Hutton's last completed film was a small one, ''Spring Reunion'', released in 1957, a drama in which she gave an understated, sensitive performance. Unfortunately, box office receipts indicated the public didn't want to see a subdued Hutton.

Hutton got work in radio, appeared in Las Vegas and in nightclubs, then tried her luck in the new medium of television. In 1954, an original musical TV spectacular written especially for Hutton, ''Satin and Spurs'', was an enormous flop with the public and the critics, despite being one of the first programs televised nationally by NBC in compatible color. In 1957, she appeared on a Dinah Shore show on NBC that also featured Boris Karloff; the program has been preserved on a kinescope. Desilu Productions took a chance on Hutton 1959, giving her a sitcom ''The Betty Hutton Show'', directed by Jerry Fielding. It quickly faded.

Hutton began headlining in Las Vegas and touring across the country. She returned to Broadway briefly in 1964 when she temporarily replaced a hospitalized Carol Burnett in the show ''Fade Out – Fade In''. In 1967 she was signed to star in two low-budget westerns for Paramount, but was fired shortly after the projects began. In the 1970s she portrayed Miss Hannigan in the original Broadway production of ''Annie'' while Alice Ghostly was on vacation.

Marriages

Hutton's first marriage was to camera manufacturer Ted Briskin on September 3, 1945. The marriage ended in divorce in 1950. Two daughters were born to the couple, Lindsay Diane Briskin (born 1946) and Candice Elizabeth Briskin (born 1948).

Hutton's second marriage in 1952 was to choreographer Charles O'Curran. They divorced in 1955. He died in 1984.

She married for the third time in 1955. Husband Alan W. Livingston, an executive with Capitol Records, was the creator of Bozo the Clown. They divorced five years later, although some accounts refer to the union as a nine-month marriage.

Her fourth and final marriage in 1960 was to jazz trumpeter Pete Candoli, a brother of Conte Candoli. Hutton and Candoli had one child, Carolyn Candoli (born 1962) and then divorced in 1967 (some accounts place the year as 1964).

Life after Hollywood

After the 1967 death of her mother in a house fire and the collapse of her last marriage, Hutton's depression and pill addictions escalated. She divorced her fourth husband, jazz trumpeter Pete Candoli, and declared bankruptcy. Hutton had a nervous breakdown and later attempted suicide after losing her singing voice in 1970. After regaining control of her life through rehab, and the mentorship of a Roman Catholic priest, Father Peter Maguire, Hutton converted to Roman Catholicism and took a job as a cook at a rectory in Portsmouth, Rhode Island. She made national headlines when it was revealed she was working in a rectory.

In 1974, a well-publicized "Love-In for Betty Hutton" was held at New York City's Riverboat Restaurant, emceed by comedian Joey Adams, with several old Hollywood pals on hand. The event raised $10,000 (USD) for Hutton and gave her spirits a big boost. Steady work, unfortunately, still eluded her.

Hutton appeared in an interview with Mike Douglas and a brief guest appearance in 1975 on ''Baretta''. In 1977, Hutton was featured on ''The Phil Donahue Show''. Hutton was then happily employed as hostess at a Newport Rhode Island jai alai arena.

She also appeared on Good Morning America which led to a 1978 televised reunion with her two daughters. Hutton began living in a shared home with her divorced daughter and grandchildren in California, but returned to the East Coast for a three week return to the stage. She followed Dorothy Loudon as the evil Miss Hannigan in ''Annie'' on Broadway in 1980. Hutton's rehearsal of the song "Little Girls" was featured on ''Good Morning America''.

A ninth grade drop-out, Hutton went back to school and earned a Master's Degree in psychology from Salve Regina University. During her time at college, Hutton became friends with Kristin Hersh and attended several early Throwing Muses concerts. Hersh would later write the song "Elizabeth June" as a tribute to her friend, and wrote about their relationship in further detail in her memoir, ''Rat Girl''.

Her last known performance, in any medium, was on ''Jukebox Saturday Night,'' which aired on PBS in 1983. Hutton stayed in New England and began teaching comedic acting at Boston's Emerson College. She became estranged again from her daughters.

After the death of her ally, Father Maguire, Hutton returned to California moving to Palm Springs, in 1999, after decades in New England. Hutton hoped to grow closer with her daughters and grandchildren, as she told Robert Osborne on TCM's ''Private Screenings'' in April 2000, though her children remained distant. She told Osborne that she understood their hesitancy to accept a now elderly mother. The TCM interview first aired on July 18, 2000. The program was rerun as a memorial on the evening of her death in 2007, and again on July 11, 2008, April 14, 2009, and as recently as January 26, 2010.

Death

Hutton lived in Palm Springs, California until her death, at 86, from colon cancer complications. Hutton is buried at Desert Memorial Park in Cathedral City, California.

For her contribution to the motion picture industry, Betty Hutton has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame located at 6253 Hollywood Boulevard.

Hit songs

! Year	! Title	! Chart peak	! Catalog number	! Notes
	"Old Man Mose"			with Vincent Lopez Orchestra
"Igloo"	15	Bluebird 10300	with Vincent Lopez Orchestra
"The Jitterbug"		Bluebird 10367	with Vincent Lopez Orchestra
	"Arthur Murray Taught Me Dancing In A Hurry"
"I'm Doin' It For Defense"
	"Murder, He Says"
"The Fuddy Duddy Watchmaker"
	"Bluebirds In My Belfry"
"His Rocking Horse Ran Away"	7	Capitol 155	with Paul Weston Orchestra
	5	Capitol 155	with Paul Weston Orchestra
	"Stuff Like That There"	4	Capitol 188	with Paul Weston Orchestra
"What Do You Want To Make Those Eyes At Me For?"	15	Capitol 211	with Paul Weston Orchestra
"(Doin' It) The Hard Way"		Capitol 211	with Paul Weston Orchestra
"Doctor, Lawyer, Indian Chief"	1	Capitol 220	with Paul Weston Orchestra
"A Square In The Social Circle"		Capitol 220	with Paul Weston Orchestra
1946	"My Fickle Eye"	21	RCA Victor 20-1915	with Joe Lilley Orchestra
	"Poppa, Don't Preach To Me"		Capitol 380	with Joe Lilley Orchestra
"I Wish I Didn't Love You So"		Capitol 409	with Joe Lilley Orchestra
1949	"(Where Are You?) Now That I Need You"		Capitol 620	with Joe Lilley Orchestra
	"Orange Colored Sky"	24	RCA Victor 20-3908	with Pete Rugolo Orchestra
"Can't Stop Talking"		RCA Victor 20-3908	with Pete Rugolo Orchestra
"A Bushel and a Peck" (duet with Perry Como)	3	RCA Victor 20-3930	with Mitchell Ayres Orchestra
			RCA Victor 20-4179	with Pete Rugolo Orchestra
	24	RCA Victor 20-4225	with Henri René Orchestra
1953	"Goin' Steady"	21	Capitol 2522	with Nelson Riddle Orchestra
1954	"The Honeymoon's Over" (duet with Tennessee Ernie Ford)	16	Capitol 2809	with Billy May Orchestra
1956	"Hit the Road to Dreamland"		Capitol 3383	with Vic Schoen Orchestra

Filmography

{|class="wikitable" width=67% |+ Motion pictures ! width=7%| Year ! width=20%| Film ! width=20%| Role ! width=20%| Notes |- | 1938 | ''Queens of the Air'' | Herself | film short |- | rowspan=3|1939 | ''Vincent Lopez and His Orchestra'' | Herself | film short |- | ''Three Kings and a Queen'' | Herself | film short |- | ''Public Jitterbug No. 1'' | Public Jitterbug No. 1 | film short |- | 1940 | ''One for the Book'' | Cinderella | film short |- | rowspan=2|1942 | ''The Fleet's In'' | Bessie Day | |- | ''Star Spangled Rhythm'' | Polly Judson | |- | rowspan=3|1943 | ''Happy Go Lucky'' | Bubbles Hennessy | |- | ''Let's Face It'' | Winnie Porter | |- | ''Strictly G.I.'' | Herself | film short |- | rowspan=4|1944 | ''The Miracle of Morgan's Creek'' | Trudy Kockenlocker | |- | ''And the Angels Sing'' | Bobby Angel | |- | ''Skirmish on the Home Front'' | Emily Average | film short |- | ''Here Come the Waves'' | Susan Allison / Rosemary Allison | |- | rowspan=4|1945 | ''Incendiary Blonde'' | Texas Guinan | |- | ''Duffy's Tavern'' | Herself | cameo |- | ''The Stork Club'' | Judy Peabody | |- | ''Hollywood Victory Caravan'' | Herself | film short |- | 1946 | ''Cross My Heart'' | Peggy Harper | |- | 1947 | ''The Perils of Pauline'' | Pearl White | |- | 1948 | ''Dream Girl'' | Georgina Allerton | |- | 1949 | ''Red, Hot and Blue'' | Eleanor "Yum-Yum" Collier | |- | rowspan=2|1950 | ''Annie Get Your Gun'' | Annie Oakley | |- | ''Let's Dance'' | Kitty McNeil | |- | rowspan=3|1952 | ''The Greatest Show on Earth'' | Holly | |- | ''Sailor Beware'' | Hetty Button | uncredited cameo |- | ''Somebody Loves Me'' | Blossom Seeley | |- | 1957 | ''Spring Reunion'' | Margaret "Maggie" Brewster | |} {|class="wikitable" width=67% |+ Television ! width=7%| Year ! width=20%| Film ! width=20%| Role ! width=20%| Notes |- | 1958 | ''That's My Mom'' | | 1 episode (unaired pilot) |- | 1959–60 | ''The Betty Hutton Show'' | Goldie Appleby | 30 episodes |- | 1964 | ''The Greatest Show on Earth'' | Julia Dana | 1 episode |- | 1964–65 | ''Burke's Law'' | Carlene GloryRena Zito | 2 episodes |- | 1965 | ''Gunsmoke'' | Molly McConnell | 1 episode |- | 1977 | ''Baretta'' | Velma | 1 episode |}

Awards and nominations

Year	Award	Result	Category	Film
1944	Golden Apple Awards	Won	Most Cooperative Actress	-
1951	Golden Globe Award	Nominated		''Annie Get Your Gun''
1950	Photoplay Awards	Won	Most Popular Female Star	''Annie Get Your Gun''

References

Further reading

Gene Arceri ''Rocking Horse, a Personal Biography of Betty Hutton'', 2009, BearManor Media

Betty Hutton ''Backstage You Can Have: My Own Story'', 2009 The Betty Hutton Estate

External links

BettyHuttonEstate The Betty Hutton Estate

satinsandspurs.com The Betty Hutton Website

Betty Hutton at who2.com

Time Magazine article, April 24, 1950

Denny Jackson's Betty Hutton Page (fan site)

Betty Hutton at BroadwayWorld.com

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