Name	Pepsi
Type	Cola
Manufacturer	PepsiCo.
Origin	United States
Area served	Worldwide
Introduced	1898 (as Brad's Drink)June 16, 1903 (as Pepsi-Cola)1961 (as Pepsi)
Related	Coca-Cola7 UpIrn BruCola TurkaBig Cola
Website	pepsi.com }}

Serv size us	12 fl oz
Serv size met	355 ml
# servings	1
Calories	150
Cal from fat	0
Total fat g	0
Sat fat g	0
Trans fat g	0
Cholesterol mg	0
Sodium mg	15
Potassium mg	0
Carb g	41
Fiber g	0
Sugars g	41
Protein g	0
Vit a	0
Vit c	0
Calcium	0
Iron	0 }}

Pepsi (stylized in lowercase as pepsi, formerly stylized in uppercase as PEPSI) is a carbonated soft drink that is produced and manufactured by PepsiCo. Created and developed in 1898 and introduced as "Brad's Drink", it was later renamed as Pepsi-Cola on June 16, 1903.

History

Pepsi was first introduced as "Brad's Drink" in New Bern, North Carolina, United States, in 1898 by Caleb Bradham, who made it at his home where the drink was sold. It was later labeled Pepsi Cola, named after the digestive enzyme pepsin and kola nuts used in the recipe. Bradham sought to create a fountain drink that was delicious and would aid in digestion and boost energy.

In 1903, Bradham moved the bottling of Pepsi-Cola from his drugstore to a rented warehouse. That year, Bradham sold 7,968 gallons of syrup. The next year, Pepsi was sold in six-ounce bottles, and sales increased to 19,848 gallons. In 1909, automobile race pioneer Barney Oldfield was the first celebrity to endorse Pepsi-Cola, describing it as "A bully drink...refreshing, invigorating, a fine bracer before a race." The advertising theme "Delicious and Healthful" was then used over the next two decades. In 1926, Pepsi received its first logo redesign since the original design of 1905. In 1929, the logo was changed again.

In 1931, at the depth of the Great Depression, the Pepsi-Cola Company entered bankruptcy - in large part due to financial losses incurred by speculating on wildly fluctuating sugar prices as a result of World War I. Assets were sold and Roy C. Megargel bought the Pepsi trademark. Eight years later, the company went bankrupt again. Pepsi's assets were then purchased by Charles Guth, the President of Loft Inc. Loft was a candy manufacturer with retail stores that contained soda fountains. He sought to replace Coca-Cola at his stores' fountains after Coke refused to give him a discount on syrup. Guth then had Loft's chemists reformulate the Pepsi-Cola syrup formula.

On three separate occasions between 1922 and 1933, the Coca-Cola Company was offered the opportunity to purchase the Pepsi-Cola company and it declined on each occasion.

Pepsi-Cola trademark

The original trademark application for Pepsi-Cola was filed on September 23, 1902 with registration approved on June 16, 1903. In the application's statement, Caleb Bradham describes the trademark as an, "arbitrary hyphenated word "PEPSI-COLA," and indicated that the mark was in continuous use for his business since August 1, 1901. The Pepsi-Cola's description is a flavoring-syrup for soda water. The trademark expired on April 15, 1994.

A second Pepsi-Cola trademark is on record with the USPTO. The application date submitted by Caleb Bradham for the second trademark is Saturday, April 15, 1905 with the successful registration date of April 15, 1906, over three years after the original date. Curiously, in this application, Caleb Bradham states that the trademark had been continuously used in his business "and those from whom title is derived since in the 1905 application the description submitted to the USPTO was for a tonic beverage. The federal status for the 1905 trademark is registered and renewed and is owned by Pepsico, Inc. of Purchase, New York.

Rise

During the Great Depression, Pepsi gained popularity following the introduction in 1936 of a 12-ounce bottle. Initially priced at 10 cents, sales were slow, but when the price was slashed to five cents, sales increased substantially. With a radio advertising campaign featuring the jingle "Pepsi-Cola hits the spot / Twelve full ounces, that's a lot / Twice as much for a nickel, too / Pepsi-Cola is the drink for you," arranged in such a way that the jingle never ends. Pepsi encouraged price-watching consumers to switch, obliquely referring to the Coca-Cola standard of six ounces per bottle for the price of five cents (a nickel), instead of the 12 ounces Pepsi sold at the same price. Coming at a time of economic crisis, the campaign succeeded in boosting Pepsi's status. From 1936 to 1938, Pepsi-Cola's profits doubled.

Pepsi's success under Guth came while the Loft Candy business was faltering. Since he had initially used Loft's finances and facilities to establish the new Pepsi success, the near-bankrupt Loft Company sued Guth for possession of the Pepsi-Cola company. A long legal battle, ''Guth v. Loft'', then ensued, with the case reaching the Delaware Supreme Court and ultimately ending in a loss for Guth.

Niche marketing

Walter Mack was named the new President of Pepsi-Cola and guided the company through the 1940s. Mack, who supported progressive causes, noticed that the company's strategy of using advertising for a general audience either ignored African Americans or used ethnic stereotypes in portraying blacks. He realized African Americans were an untapped niche market and that Pepsi stood to gain market share by targeting its advertising directly towards them. To this end, he hired Hennan Smith, an advertising executive "from the Negro newspaper field" to lead an all-black sales team, which had to be cut due to the onset of World War II. In 1947, Mack resumed his efforts, hiring Edward F. Boyd to lead a twelve-man team. They came up with advertising portraying black Americans in a positive light, such as one with a smiling mother holding a six pack of Pepsi while her son (a young Ron Brown, who grew up to be Secretary of Commerce) reaches up for one. Another ad campaign, titled "Leaders in Their Fields", profiled twenty prominent African Americans such as Nobel Peace Prize winner Ralph Bunche and photographer Gordon Parks.

Boyd also led a sales team composed entirely of blacks around the country to promote Pepsi. Racial segregation and Jim Crow laws were still in place throughout much of the U.S.; Boyd's team faced a great deal of discrimination as a result, from insults by Pepsi co-workers to threats by the Ku Klux Klan. On the other hand, they were able to use racism as a selling point, attacking Coke's reluctance to hire blacks and support by the chairman of Coke for segregationist Governor of Georgia Herman Talmadge. As a result, Pepsi's market share as compared to Coke's shot up dramatically. After the sales team visited Chicago, Pepsi's share in the city overtook that of Coke for the first time.

This focus on the market for black people caused some consternation within the company and among its affiliates. They did not want to seem focused on black customers for fear white customers would be pushed away. In a meeting at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, Mack tried to assuage the 500 bottlers in attendance by pandering to them, saying, "We don't want it to become known as a nigger drink." After Mack left the company in 1950, support for the black sales team faded and it was cut.

Marketing

From the 1930s through the late 1950s, "Pepsi-Cola Hits The Spot" was the most commonly used slogan in the days of old radio, classic motion pictures, and later television. Its jingle (conceived in the days when Pepsi cost only five cents) was used in many different forms with different lyrics.

With the rise of radio, Pepsi utilized the services of a young, up-and-coming actress named Polly Bergen to promote products, oftentimes lending her singing talents to the classic "...Hits The Spot" jingle.

Through the intervening decades, there have been many different Pepsi theme songs sung on television by a variety of artists, from Joanie Summers to The Jacksons to Britney Spears. (See Slogans)

In 1975, Pepsi introduced the Pepsi Challenge marketing campaign where PepsiCo set up a blind tasting between Pepsi-Cola and rival Coca-Cola. During these blind taste tests the majority of participants picked Pepsi as the better tasting of the two soft drinks. PepsiCo took great advantage of the campaign with television commercials reporting the results to the public.

In 1976 Pepsi, RKO Bottlers in Toledo, Ohio hired the first female Pepsi salesperson, Denise Muck, to coincide with the United States bicentennial celebration.

In 1996, PepsiCo launched the highly successful Pepsi Stuff marketing strategy. By 2002, the strategy was cited by Promo Magazine as one of 16 "Ageless Wonders" that "helped redefine promotion marketing."

In 2007, PepsiCo redesigned their cans for the fourteenth time, and for the first time, included more than thirty different backgrounds on each can, introducing a new background every three weeks. One of their background designs includes a string of repetitive numbers, "73774". This is a numerical expression from a telephone keypad of the word "Pepsi."

In late 2008, Pepsi overhauled their entire brand, simultaneously introducing a new logo and a minimalist label design. The redesign was comparable to Coca-Cola's earlier simplification of and bottle designs. Also in 2008 Pepsi teamed up with Google/YouTube to produce the first daily entertainment show on Youtube, Poptub. This daily show deals with pop culture, internet viral videos, and celebrity gossip. Poptub is updated daily from Pepsi.

In 2009, "Bring Home the Cup," changed to "Team Up and Bring Home the Cup." The new installment of the campaign asks for team involvement and an advocate to submit content on behalf of their team for the chance to have the Stanley Cup delivered to the team's hometown by Mark Messier.

Pepsi has official sponsorship deals with three of the four major North American professional sports leagues: the National Football League, National Hockey League and Major League Baseball. Pepsi also sponsors Major League Soccer. It also has the naming rights to the Pepsi Center, an indoor sports facility in Denver, Colorado.

Pepsi also has sponsorship deals in international cricket teams. The Pakistan cricket team is one of the teams that the brand sponsors. The team wears the Pepsi logo on the front of their test and ODI test match clothing.

On July 6, 2009, Pepsi announced it would make a $1 billion investment in Russia over three years, bringing the total Pepsi investment in the country to $4 billion.

In July 2009, Pepsi started marketing itself as Pecsi in Argentina in response to its name being mispronounced by 25% of the population and as a way to connect more with all of the population.

In October 2008, Pepsi announced that it would be redesigning its logo and re-branding many of its products by early 2009. In 2009, Pepsi, Diet Pepsi and Pepsi Max began using all lower-case fonts for name brands, and Diet Pepsi Max was re-branded as Pepsi Max. The brand's blue and red globe trademark became a series of "smiles," with the central white band arcing at different angles depending on the product until 2010. Pepsi released this logo in U.S. in late 2008, and later it was released in 2009 in Canada (the first country outside of the United States for Pepsi's new logo), Brazil, Bolivia, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Honduras, El Salvador, Colombia, Argentina, Puerto Rico, Costa Rica, Panama, Chile, Dominican Republic, the Philippines and Australia. In the rest of the world the new logo has been released in 2010. The old logo is still used in several markets internationally, and has been phased out most recently in France and Mexico. The UK started to use the new Pepsi logo on cans in an order different from the US can. In mid-2010, all Pepsi variants, regular, diet, and Pepsi Max, have started using only the medium-sized "smile" Pepsi Globe.

Pepsi and Pepsi Max cans and bottles in Australia now carry the localized version of the new Pepsi Logo. The word Pepsi and the logo are in the new style, while the word "Max" is still in the previous style. Pepsi Wild Cherry finally received the 2008 Pepsi design in March 2010.

In 2011, for New York Fashion Week, Diet Pepsi introduced a "skinny" can that is taller and has been described as a "sassier" version of the traditional can that Pepsi says was made in "celebration of beautiful, confident women." The company's equating of "skinny" and "beautiful" and "confident" is drawing criticism from brand critics, consumers who do not back the "skinny is better" ethos, and the National Eating Disorders Association, which said that it takes offense to the can and the company's "thoughtless and irresponsible" comments. PepsiCo Inc. is a Fashion Week sponsor. This new can was made available to consumers nationwide in March.

In April 2011, Pepsi announced that customers will be able to buy a complete stranger a soda at a new "social" vending machine, and even record a video that the stranger would see when they pick up the gift.

In May 2011, the week before Memorial Day, Pepsi launched a limited edition flavor called "Memorial Day Pepsi", with blueberry and cherry flavors added to the cola.

Rivalry with Coca-Cola

According to Consumer Reports, in the 1970s, the rivalry continued to heat up the market. Pepsi conducted blind taste tests in stores, in what was called the "Pepsi Challenge". These tests suggested that more consumers preferred the taste of Pepsi (which is believed to have more lemon oil, and less orange oil, and uses vanillin rather than vanilla) to Coke. The sales of Pepsi started to climb, and Pepsi kicked off the "Challenge" across the nation. This became known as the "Cola Wars".

In 1985,The Coca-Cola Company, amid much publicity, changed its formula. The theory has been advanced that New Coke, as the reformulated drink came to be known, was invented specifically in response to the Pepsi Challenge. However, a consumer backlash led to Coca-Cola quickly reintroducing the original formula as Coke "Classic".

According to ''Beverage Digest'''s 2008 report on carbonated soft drinks, PepsiCo's U.S. market share is 30.8 percent, while The Coca-Cola Company's is 42.7 percent. Coca-Cola outsells Pepsi in most parts of the U.S., notable exceptions being central Appalachia, North Dakota, and Utah. In the city of Buffalo, New York, Pepsi outsells Coca-Cola by a two-to-one margin.

Overall, Coca-Cola continues to outsell Pepsi in almost all areas of the world. However, exceptions include India; Saudi Arabia; Pakistan (Pepsi has been a dominant sponsor of the Pakistan cricket team since the 1990s); the Dominican Republic; Guatemala the Canadian provinces of Quebec, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island; and Northern Ontario.

Pepsi had long been the drink of Canadian Francophones and it continues to hold its dominance by relying on local Québécois celebrities (especially Claude Meunier, of ''La Petite Vie'' fame) to sell its product. PepsiCo used the slogan "here, it's Pepsi" (Ici, c'est Pepsi) to answer to Coca-cola publicity "Everywhere in the world, it's Coke" (Partout dans le monde, c'est Coke).

By most accounts, Coca-Cola was India's leading soft drink until 1977 when it left India after a new government ordered The Coca-Cola Company to turn over its secret formula for Coke and dilute its stake in its Indian unit as required by the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (FERA). In 1988, PepsiCo gained entry to India by creating a joint venture with the Punjab government-owned Punjab Agro Industrial Corporation (PAIC) and Voltas India Limited. This joint venture marketed and sold Lehar Pepsi until 1991 when the use of foreign brands was allowed; PepsiCo bought out its partners and ended the joint venture in 1994. In 1993, The Coca-Cola Company returned in pursuance of India's Liberalization policy. In 2005, The Coca-Cola Company and PepsiCo together held 95% market share of soft-drink sales in India. Coca-Cola India's market share was 52.5%.

In Russia, Pepsi initially had a larger market share than Coke but it was undercut once the Cold War ended. In 1972, PepsiCo company struck a barter agreement with the then government of the Soviet Union, in which PepsiCo was granted exportation and Western marketing rights to Stolichnaya vodka in exchange for importation and Soviet marketing of Pepsi-Cola. This exchange led to Pepsi-Cola being the first foreign product sanctioned for sale in the U.S.S.R.

Reminiscent of the way that Coca-Cola became a cultural icon and its global spread spawned words like "coca colonization", Pepsi-Cola and its relation to the Soviet system turned it into an icon. In the early 1990s, the term "Pepsi-stroika" began appearing as a pun on "perestroika", the reform policy of the Soviet Union under Mikhail Gorbachev. Critics viewed the policy as a lot of fizz without substance and as an attempt to usher in Western products in deals there with the old elites. Pepsi, as one of the first American products in the Soviet Union, became a symbol of that relationship and the Soviet policy. This was reflected in Russian author Victor Pelevin's book "Generation P".

In 1989, Billy Joel mentioned the rivalry between the two companies in the song "We Didn't Start The Fire". The line "Rock & Roll and Cola Wars" refers to Pepsi and Coke's usage of various musicians in their advertising campaigns. Coke used Paula Abdul, while Pepsi used Michael Jackson. They then continued to try to get other musicians to advertise their beverages.

In 1992, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Coca-Cola was introduced to the Russian market. As it came to be associated with the new system, and Pepsi to the old, Coca-Cola rapidly captured a significant market share that might otherwise have required years to achieve. By July 2005, Coca-Cola enjoyed a market share of 19.4 percent, followed by Pepsi with 13 percent.

Pepsi did not sell soft drinks in Israel until 1991. Many Israelis and some American Jewish organizations attributed Pepsi's previous reluctance to do battle to the Arab boycott. Pepsi, which has a large and lucrative business in the Arab world, denied that, saying that economic, rather than political, reasons kept it out of Israel.

Slogans

1939–1950: "Twice as Much for a Nickel"

1950: "More Bounce to the Ounce"

1950–1957: "Any Weather is Pepsi Weather"

1957–1958: "Say Pepsi, Please"

1958–1960: "Be Sociable, Have a Pepsi"

1961–1964: "Now Its Pepsi for Those Who Think Young" (jingle sung by Joanie Sommers)

1964–1967: "Come Alive, You're in the Pepsi Generation" (jingle sung by Joanie Sommers)

1967–1969: "(Taste that beats the others cold) Pepsi Pours It On".

1969–1975: "You've Got a Lot to Live, and Pepsi's Got a Lot to Give"

1975–1977: "Have a Pepsi Day"

1977–1980: "Join the Pepsi People (Feeling Free)"

1980–1981: "Catch That Pepsi Spirit" (David Lucas, composer)

1981–1983: "Pepsi's got your taste for life"

1983: "Its cheaper than Coke!"

1983–1984: "Pepsi Now! Take the Challenge!"

1984–1991: "Pepsi. The Choice of a New Generation" (commercial with Michael Jackson and The Jacksons, featuring the Pepsi version of "Billie Jean", "Bad" and "Black or White". "Black of White"'s was promoting the ''Dangerous World Tour''.)

1984–1988: "Diet Pepsi. The Choice of a New Generation"

1988–1989: "Diet Pepsi. The Taste That's Generations Ahead"

1989–1990: "Diet Pepsi. The Right One"

1989–1992: "Diet Pepsi. The Taste That Beats Diet Coke"

1986–1987: "We've Got the Taste" (commercial with Tina Turner)

1987–1990: "Pepsi's Cool" (commercial with Michael Jackson, featuring Pepsi version of Bad)

1990–1991: "You got the right one Baby UH HUH" (sung by Ray Charles for Diet Pepsi)

1990–1991: "Yehi hai right choice Baby UH HUH" (Hindi - meaning "This is the right choice Baby UH HUH") (India)

1991–1992: "Gotta Have It"/"Chill Out"

1992–1993: "Be Young, Have Fun, Drink Pepsi"

1993–1994: "Right Now" (Van Halen song for the Crystal Pepsi advertisement)

1994–1995: "Double Dutch Bus" (Pepsi song sung by Brad Bentz)

1995: "Nothing Else is a Pepsi"

1995–1996: "Drink Pepsi. Get Stuff." Pepsi Stuff campaign

1996–1997: "Pepsi: There's nothing official about it" (During the Wills World Cup (cricket) held in India/Pakistan/Sri Lanka)

1997–1998: "Generation Next" (with the Spice Girls)

1998–1999: "Its the cola" (100th anniversary commercial)

1999–2000: "For Those Who Think Young"/"The Joy of Pepsi-Cola" (commercial with Britney Spears/commercial with Mary J. Blige)

1999–2006: "Yeh Dil Maange More!" (Hindi - meaning "This heart asks for more") (India)

2003: "Its the Cola"/"Dare for More" (Pepsi Commercial)

2006–2007: "Why You Doggin' Me"/"Taste the one that's forever young" (Mary J. Blige)

2007–2008: "More Happy"/"Taste the once that's forever young" (Michael Alexander)

2000–present: "pepsi ye pyaas heh bari" ((Urdu) meaning "There is a lot of thrist" (Pakistan))

2008: "Pepsi Stuff" Super Bowl Commercial (Justin Timberlake)

2008: "Рepsi is #1" Тv commercial (Luke Rosin)

2008–present: "Something For Everyone"

2009–present: "Refresh Everything"/"Every Generation Refreshes the World"

2009–present: "Yeh hai youngistaan meri jaan" (Hindi - meaning "This is our young country my baby")

2009–present: "My Pepsi My Way"(India)

2009–present: "Refresca tu Mundo" (Spanish - meaning "Refresh your world") (Spanish Spoken countries in Latin America)

2010–present: "Every Pepsi Refreshes The World"

2010–present "Pepsi. Sarap Magbago." (Philippines - meaning "Its nice to change")

2010–2011 "Badal Do Zamana" (Urdu - meaning "Change The World" by CALL)(Pakistan)

2010–present: "Pode ser bom, pode ser muito bom, pode ser Pepsi" (Can be good, can be very good, can be Pepsi) - Brazil

2011–present: "Change the game" (Bangladesh, India for the 2011 Cricket World Cup)

2011–present "Dunya Hai Dil Walon Ki" (Pakistan-meaning World is For Lovers by Ali Zafar)

2011–present "Ici, c'est Pepsi" (Québec-meaning Here, it's pepsi

2011-present "Summer Time is Pepsi Time"

Pepsiman

Pepsiman is an official Pepsi mascot from Pepsi's Japanese corporate branch. The design of the Pepsiman character is attributed to Canadian comic book artist Travis Charest, created sometime around the mid 1990s. Pepsiman took on three different outfits, each one representing the current style of the Pepsi can in distribution. Twelve commercials were created featuring the character. His role in the advertisements is to appear with Pepsi to thirsty people or people craving soda. Pepsiman happens to appear at just the right time with the product. After delivering the beverage, sometimes Pepsiman would encounter a difficult and action oriented situation which would result in injury.

In 1996, Sega-AM2 released the Sega Saturn version of their arcade fighting game ''Fighting Vipers''. In this game Pepsiman was included as a special character, with his specialty listed as being the ability to "quench one's thirst". He does not appear in any other version or sequel. In 1999, KID developed a video game for the PlayStation entitled ''Pepsiman''. As the titular character, the player runs, skateboards, rolls, and stumbles through various areas, avoiding dangers and collecting cans of Pepsi all while trying to reach a thirsty person as in the commercials.

Variants

Ingredients

In the United States, Pepsi is made with carbonated water, high fructose corn syrup, caramel color, sugar, Phosphoric acid, caffeine, citric acid and natural flavors. A can of Pepsi (12 fl ounces) has 41 grams of carbohydrates (all from sugar), 30 mg of sodium, 0 grams of fat, 0 grams of protein, 38 mg of caffeine and 150 calories. The caffeine-free Pepsi-Cola contains the same ingredients but without the caffeine.

The original Pepsi-Cola recipe was available from documents filed with the court at the time that the Pepsi-Cola Company went bankrupt in 1929. The original formula contained neither cola nor caffeine.

See also

Pepsi spokespersons

Pepsi Max Big One (Roller coaster)

Pepsi Orange Streak (Roller coaster)

Pepsi Python (Roller coaster)

Pepsi Billion Dollar Sweepstakes

Mountain Dew

AMP Energy

References

Further reading

''Beverage World Magazine'', January 1998, "Celebrating a Century of Refreshment: Pepsi — The First 100 Years"

Stoddard, Bob. ''Pepsi-Cola - 100 Years'' (1997), General Publishing Group, Los Angeles, CA, USA

"''History & Milestones''" (1996), Pepsi packet

Louis, J.C. & Yazijian, Harvey Z. "The Cola Wars" (1980), Everest House, Publishers, New York, NY, USA

External links

Pepsi website

Pepsi World

Pepsi Gallery - Pepsi Promotional site

Pepsico, Inc. at Knowmore.org

Pepsi page on PepsiCo UK & Ireland

Category:Cola Category:PepsiCo soft drinks Category:1883 introductions

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name	John Pilger
birth place	Sydney, Australia
residence	United Kingdom
nationality	Australian
occupation	Journalist, writer, documentary filmmaker
website	www.johnpilger.com
footnotes	}}

John Richard Pilger (born 9 October 1939) is a left-wing Australian journalist and documentary maker, based in London. He has twice won Britain's Journalist of the Year Award, and his documentaries have received academy awards in Britain and the US.

Since his early years as a war correspondent in Vietnam, Pilger has been a strong critic of Western foreign policy. He is particularly opposed to many aspects of United States foreign policy, which he regards as being driven by an imperialist agenda.

Life and career

Pilger was born in Bondi, a suburb of Sydney. He attended Sydney Boys High School, where he started a student newspaper, ''The Messenger''. He began as a copy boy with the ''Sydney Sun'' in 1958 and later moved to the city's ''Daily Telegraph''. In the early 1960s he was recruited by the British ''Daily Mirror''. He has been based in London ever since.

On 5 June 1968 he witnessed the assassination of Robert F. Kennedy. Pilger says "there's no question that there was another gunman".

During the ''Daily Mirror'' 's campaigning heyday Pilger became its star reporter, particularly on social issues. He was a war correspondent in Vietnam, Cambodia, Egypt, India, Bangladesh and Biafra. Later, TV documentaries and books cemented his reputation.

Activities of the military

Vietnam

"The Quiet Mutiny" in 1970 was the first of over 60 documentary films by Pilger. Filmed at Camp Snuffy, the film presented a character study of the common US soldier during the Vietnam War, revealing the shifting morale and open rebellion of Western troops. Pilger described the film as "something of a scoop" - it was the first documentary to show the open rebellion within the drafted ranks of the US military that led to the withdrawal of the land army in 1973. "When I flew to New York and showed it to Mike Wallace, the star reporter of CBS' ''60 Minutes'', he agreed. "Real shame we can't show it here"", Pilger said in an interview with the ''New Statesman''.

Further films about Vietnam followed on from "The Quiet Mutiny" - "Vietnam: Still America's War" (1974), "Do You Remember Vietnam?" (1978) and "Vietnam: The Last Battle" (1995)

Cambodia

In 1979, Pilger and two colleagues with whom he collaborated for many years, film director David Munro and photographer Eric Piper, entered Cambodia in the wake of the overthrow of the Pol Pot regime. The result was a series of world exclusives, the first of which occupied almost the entire ''Daily Mirror'', which sold out. This was followed by an ITV documentary, "Year Zero: the Silent Death of Cambodia", which brought to people's living rooms the suffering of the Khmer people. Some $45 million was raised, unsolicited, in mostly small donations following the showing of Year Zero, including almost £4 million raised by schoolchildren in the UK. This funded the first substantial relief to Cambodia, including life saving drugs like penicillin and the manufacture of clothes to replace the black uniforms people had been forced to wear. Thanks to "Year Zero", said Brian Walker, director of Oxfam, "a solidarity and compassion surged across our nation". Pilger and Munro went on to make another four films on Cambodia. During the filming of Cambodia Year One, they were warned that Pilger was on a Khmer Rouge 'death list' and, in one incident, they narrowly escaped an ambush. The British Film Institute (BFI) has described Year Zero as one of the ten most influential documentary films of the 20th century.

Pilger himself has described the British reaction to 'Year Zero' as follows:

The documentary as a television "event" can send ripples far and wide... 'Year Zero' not only revealed the horror of the Pol Pot years, it showed how Richard Nixon's and Henry Kissinger's "secret" bombing of that country had provided a critical catalyst for the rise of the Khmer Rouge. It also exposed how the west, led by the United States and Britain, was imposing an embargo, like a medieval siege, on the most stricken country on earth. This was a reaction to the fact that Cambodia's liberator was Vietnam - a country that had come from the wrong side of the Cold War and that had recently defeated the US. Cambodia's suffering was a wilful revenge. Britain and the US even backed Pol Pot's demand that his man continue to occupy Cambodia's seat at the UN, while Margaret Thatcher stopped children's milk going to the survivors of his nightmare regime. Little of this was reported. Had 'Year Zero' simply described the monster that Pol Pot was, it would have been quickly forgotten. By reporting the collusion of "our" governments, it told a wider truth about how the world was run. Within two days of 'Year Zero' going to air, 40 sacks of post arrived at ATV (later Central Television) in Birmingham - 26,000 first-class letters in the first post alone. The station quickly amassed £1m, almost all of it in small amounts. "This is for Cambodia," wrote a Bristol bus driver, enclosing his week's wage. Entire pensions were sent, along with entire savings. Petitions arrived at Downing Street, one after the other, for weeks. MPs received hundreds of thousands of letters, demanding that British policy change (which it did, eventually). And none of it was asked for. For me, the public response to 'Year Zero' gave the lie to clichés about "compassion fatigue", an excuse that some broadcasters and television executives use to justify the current descent into the cynicism and passivity of Big Brotherland. Above all, I learned that a documentary could reclaim shared historical and political memories, and present their hidden truths. The reward then was a compassionate and an informed public; and it still is."

In a 2007 speech, 'Freedom Next Time: Resisting the Empire', Pilger describes his experience with PBS executives who refused to air the film in the USA. In that speech he claims that Year Zero has never been broadcast in the USA.

The Times, 6 July 1991 reported on a libel case stemming out of Pilger's documentary "Cambodia - The Betrayal":

Two men who claimed that a television documentary accused them of being SAS members who trained Pol Pot's Khmer Rouge to lay mines, accepted "very substantial" libel damages in the High Court yesterday. Christopher Geidt and Anthony De Normann settled their action against the journalist John Pilger and Central Television on the third day of the hearing. Desmond Browne, QC, for Mr Pilger and Central Television, said his clients had not intended to allege the two men trained the Khmer Rouge to lay mines, but they accepted that was how the program had been understood.

East Timor

In 1993 Pilger slipped into East Timor and filmed "Death of a Nation: The Timor Conspiracy." The revelations of this film alerted the public to the horror of the Indonesian occupation of East Timor, which began in 1975. "Death of a Nation" prompted an international outcry and helped force Indonesian withdrawal from East Timor and eventual independence in 2000. When "Death of a Nation" was screened in Britain it was the highest rating documentary in 15 years and 4000 telephone calls per minute were recorded on the action line set up after the program. When "Death of a Nation" was screened in Australia in June 1994, Foreign Minister Gareth Evans declared that Pilger "had a track record of distorted sensationalism mixed with sanctimony." .

Diego Garcia

Pilger's 2004 film ''Stealing a Nation'' told the story of the people of the Chagos Islands in the Indian Ocean. In the 1960s and 70s, British governments expelled the entire population of the Chagos Archipelago, dumping them in the slums of Mauritius. The aim was to give the principal island of this Crown Colony, Diego Garcia, to the Americans who wanted it as a major military base, from where US planes have since bombed Afghanistan and Iraq. The International Criminal Court later described this act as "a crime against humanity". Pilger strongly criticised Tony Blair for not making any real response to the 2000 High Court ruling that the British expulsion of the island's natives to Mauritius in order to make way for a US Air Force base had been illegal.

In March 2005, ''Stealing a Nation'' was awarded Britain's most prestigious documentary prize, the Royal Television Society Award.

In May 2006, the UK High Court ruled in favour of the Chagossians in their battle to prove they were illegally removed by the UK government during the depopulation of Diego Garcia, paving the way for a return to their homeland. The leader of the Chagos Refugee Group, Olivier Bancoult, described it as a "special day, a day to remember". In May 2007, the UK Government's appeal against the 2006 High Court ruling was dismissed and they took the matter to the House of Lords. In October 2008, the House of Lords ruled in favour of the Government, overturning the original High Court ruling.

Political views

Criticism of Australia

Pilger has long been a critic of Australian government policy, particularly of what he regards as its inherent racism and the poor treatment of its indigenous population. Pilger wrote that the legislation that removed common law rights of Aborigines (Wik), "is just one of the disgraces that has given Australia the distinction of being the only developed country whose government has been condemned as racist by the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination."

World leaders

In addition to criticizing the policies of former United States President George W. Bush, Pilger has also taken aim at former British Prime Minister Tony Blair, whom he believes to be just as culpable as President Bush for the invasion and occupation of Iraq.

On 25 July 2005, Pilger ascribed blame for the 2005 London bombings that took place the same month to Blair, whose decision to follow Bush helped to generate the rage that he maintains precipitated those bombings.

In the same column a year later, Pilger described Blair as a war criminal for supporting Israel's actions during the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict. He also asserted that Blair gave permission to Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon in 2001 to initiate what would ultimately become Operation Defensive Shield.

Pilger has also criticised United States President Barack Obama, describing him as "a glossy Uncle Tom who would bomb Pakistan." and whose theme "was the renewal of America as a dominant, avaricious bully." Pilger asserts, "In his first 100 days, Obama has excused torture, opposed habeas corpus and demanded more secret government."

Latin America

His 2007 film ''The War on Democracy'' was Pilger's first cinema release and was named Best Documentary at the 2008 One World Media Awards. The film explores the historic and current relationship of Washington with Latin American countries such as Venezuela, Bolivia and Chile. Using, among other sources, archive footage sourced by Michael Moore's archivist Carl Deal, the film explores the role of US intervention, overt and covert, in toppling a series of governments in the region since the 1950s. This includes, for example, discussing reports of US involvement in the overthrow of the democratically elected Chilean government of Salvador Allende in 1973 and its replacement by the military dictatorship of General Pinochet. Pilger interviews several ex-CIA agents who purportedly took part in secret campaigns against democratic countries. He investigates the School of the Americas in the US state of Georgia, where Pinochet’s torture squads were reportedly trained along with tyrants and death squad leaders in Haiti, El Salvador, Brazil and Argentina.

The film also explores the attempted overthrow of Venezuela's President Hugo Chávez in 2002 and how the people of Caracas rose up to force his return to power. It looks at the wider rise of populist governments across South America led by figures calling for loosening ties with Washington and a fairer redistribution of the continent's natural wealth. "[The film]" says Pilger, "is about the struggle of people to free themselves from a modern form of slavery". These people, he says, "describe a world not as American presidents like to see it as useful or expendable, they describe the power of courage and humanity among people with next to nothing. They reclaim noble words like democracy, freedom, liberation, justice, and in doing so they are defending the most basic human rights of all of us in a war being waged against all of us".

In May 2007, Pilger co-signed and put forward a letter supporting the refusal of the government of Venezuela under Hugo Chavez to renew the broadcasting licence of Venezuela's largest television network Radio Caracas Televisión (RCTV), as they openly supported a 2002 coup attempt against the democratically elected government. Pilger and other signatories suggest that if the BBC or ITV used their news broadcasts to publicly support a coup against the British government, they would suffer similar consequences. Human rights groups including Human Rights Watch, Reporters Without Borders and the Committee to Protect Journalists have described the RCTV decision as an effort to stifle freedom of expression.

Blockade of Gaza

In 2010, Pilger endorsed the Canadian Boat to Gaza , part of the Freedom Flotilla 2 which aims to end the Israeli blockade imposed on the Gaza Strip.

Other Pilger documentaries

Other documentaries have dealt with human rights issues in Burma, Australia, the Israeli-occupied territories, in Iraq as a consequence of UN sanctions and in Afghanistan.

Following broadcast on ITV in the UK, Pilger's 2002 documentary ''Palestine Is Still the Issue'' was criticised in the UK press for allegedly being inaccurate and biased. The UK television regulator, the Independent Television Commission (ITC), ordered an investigation. Based on the results of the investigation, the ITC rejected the complaints made about the film, stating:

The ITC raised with Carlton all the significant areas of inaccuracy critics of the programme alleged and the broadcaster answered them by reference to a range of historical texts. The ITC is not a tribunal of fact and is particularly aware of the difficulties of verifying 'historical fact' but the comprehensiveness and authority of Carlton's sources were persuasive, not least because many appeared to be of Israeli origin.

Pilger's documentary, the ITC added, "was not in breach of the ITC Programme Code... Adequate opportunity was given to a pro-Israeli government perspective."

The Media

Mainstream journalism

Pilger has a bi-weekly column in ''New Statesman'', which is his most frequent outlet. He is a strong critic of the institutions and economic forces that structure 'mainstream' journalism. In an address at Columbia University on 14 April 2006, he said:

During the Cold War, a group of Russian journalists toured the United States. On the final day of their visit, they were asked by their hosts for their impressions. 'I have to tell you,' said their spokesman, 'that we were astonished to find after reading all the newspapers and watching TV, that all the opinions on all the vital issues were by and large, the same. To get that result in our country, we imprison people, we tear out their fingernails. Here, you don't have that. What's the secret? How do you do it?'

Pilger said, while speaking to journalism students at the University of Lincoln, that mainstream journalism means corporate journalism, and as such represents vested corporate interests over those of the public.

He is particularly scornful of pro-Iraq war commentators on the liberal left, or 'liberal interventionists', such as Nick Cohen and David Aaronovitch.

In 2003 he was interviewed by the New Zealand journalist Kim Hill on her television show ''Face to Face With Kim Hill''. The interview became infamous in New Zealand. Pilger, being interviewed via a live-cross, complained that Hill had not researched him before the interview, saying "You waste my time because you have not prepared for this interview, as any journalist does, and I've done many interviews. The one thing is to prepare for them and this interview, frankly, is a disgrace." Hill, who had commenced the interview by proposing that the Iraq war was "a just war", eventually threw Pilger's book at his image on the screen.

Honours and awards

Sydney Peace Prize

Pilger has received human rights and journalism awards, including the Richard Dimbleby Award for factual reporting at the 1990 BAFTA Awards, as well as honorary doctorates. He was awarded the Sydney Peace Prize at a ceremony at the Sydney Opera House in November 2009. The jury’s citation reads as follows: "For work as an author, film-maker and journalist as well as for courage as a foreign and war correspondent in enabling the voices of the powerless to be heard. For commitment to peace with justice by exposing and holding governments to account for human rights abuses and for fearless challenges to censorship in any form."

Other awards

''Awards include:''

Descriptive Writer of the Year (1966)

Reporter of the Year (1967)

Journalist of the Year (1967)

International Reporter of the Year (1970)

News Reporter of the Year (1974)

Campaigning Journalist of the Year (1977)

Journalist of the Year (1979)

UN Media Peace Prize, Australia (1979 – 80)

UN Media Peace Prize and Gold Medal, Australia (1980 – 81)

TV Times Readers' Award (1979)

United Kingdom Academy Award (1990)

The George Foster Peabody Award, USA (1990)

American Television Academy Award ('Emmy') (1991)

British Academy of Film and Television Arts – The Richard Dimbleby Award (1991)

Reporters Sans Frontiers Award, France (1990)

International de Television Geneve Award (1995)

The Monismanien Prize, Sweden (2001)

The Sophie Prize for Human Rights, Norway (2003)

EMMA Media Personality of the Year (2003)

Royal Television Society – Best British Documentary for ''Stealing a Nation'' (2004)

One World Media Awards - TV Documentary Award for his ITV1 film ''The War on Democracy'', on the role of Washington in Latin American politics. (2008) Sydney Peace Prize, Australia (2009)

''Honorary degrees and academic appointments:''

Hon. D. Litt. (Staffordshire)

D. Phil. (Dublin City)

D. Arts (Oxford Brooks and Kingston)

D. Arts (University of Lincoln)

D. Arts (Rhodes University, South Africa)

Hon. LL.D. (St Andrews)

DUniv (Open University, UK)

Edward Wilson Fellow, Deakin University (Australia)

Visiting Professor, Cornell University, USA

Praise and criticism

Praise

In ''Breaking the Silence: The Television Reporting of John Pilger'', his appraisal of the journalist's documentaries, Anthony Hayward wrote, "For more than a generation, he has been an ever stronger voice for those without a voice and a thorn in the side of authority, the Establishment. His work, particularly his television documentaries, has also made him rare in being a journalist who is universally known, a champion of those for whom he fights and the scourge of politicians and others whose actions he exposes." Noam Chomsky said of Pilger: "John Pilger's work has been a beacon of light in often dark times. The realities he has brought to light have been a revelation, over and over again, and his courage and insight a constant inspiration." According to Harold Pinter, Nobel Laureate and member of the Stop the War Coalition, "John Pilger is fearless. He unearths, with steely attention to facts, the filthy truth, and tells it as it is... I salute him." Martha Gellhorn, the American novelist, journalist and war correspondent, said that "[John Pilger] has taken on the great theme of justice and injustice... He documents and proclaims the official lies that we are told and that most people accept or don't bother to think about. [He] belongs to an old and unending worldwide company, the men and women of conscience. Some are as famous as Tom Paine and William Wilberforce, some as unknown as a tiny group calling itself Grandmothers Against The Bomb.... If they win, it is slowly; but they never entirely lose. To my mind, they are the blessed proof of the dignity of man. John has an assured place among them. I'd say he is a charter member for his generation." John Simpson, the BBC's world affairs editor, has said, "A country that does not have a John Pilger in its journalism is a very feeble place indeed."

Criticism

The writer Christopher Hitchens has said of Pilger: "I remember thinking that his work from Vietnam was very good at the time. I dare say if I went back and read it again I’d probably still admire quite a lot of it. But there is a word that gets overused and can be misused – namely, anti-American – and it has to be used about him. So that for me sort of spoils it... even when I’m inclined to agree." Gerard Henderson, the Australian newspaper columnist (and a former Chief of Staff for John Howard), is one of Pilger's most outspoken critics and has accused him of "engaging in hyperbole against western democracies."

''The Economist's'' Lexington columnist commented on Pilger's account of the Arab uprising:

Next up is the egregious John Pilger, who thinks the Arab revolts show that the West in general and the United States in particular are "fascist":

The revolt in the Arab world is against not merely a resident dictator, but a worldwide economic tyranny, designed by the US Treasury and imposed by the US Agency for International Development, the IMF and the World Bank, which have ensured that rich countries such as Egypt are reduced to vast sweatshops, with 40 per cent of the population earning less than $2 a day. The people's triumph in Cairo was the first blow against what Benito Mussolini called corporatism, a word that appears in his definition of fascism.

I don't know why the formerly serious ''New Statesman'' gives Pilger house room (actually I do: depressingly, they sell a few more copies when he's on the cover). Maybe he hasn't noticed, but what most of the Arab protesters say they want are the very freedoms that they know full well, even if Pilger doesn't, to be available in the West. No doubt he believes they are labouring under some massive mind-control delusion engineered by the CIA.

The English writer Auberon Waugh, writing in ''The Spectator'' in the 1970s in response to an article Pilger had written alleging Thai complicity in child trafficking (whose research was challenged), coined the verb "to pilger", defined as: ''to present information in a sensationalist manner to reach a foregone conclusion''. The word was included in the Oxford Dictionary of New Words in 1991, but removed from the subsequent edition after Pilger complained and, according to some sources, threatened legal action. Noam Chomsky responded to Waugh's neologism by stating that "pilger" and "pilgerise" were "invented by journalists furious about his incisive and courageous reporting, and knowing that the only response they are capable of is ridicule."

Chronology

1958–62: Reporter, freelance writer, sports writer and sub-editor - ''Daily & Sunday Telegraph'', Sydney

1962: Freelance correspondent - Italy 1962

1962–63: Middle East desk, Reuters, London

1963–86: Reporter, sub-editor, feature writer and Chief Foreign Correspondent - ''Daily Mirror''

1969–71: Reporter, ''World in Action'', Granada Television

1974–81: Reporter/Producer, ATV

1987: A founder of ''News on Sunday'', London, and titular Editor-in-Chief but resigned before publication

1981 to present: Documentary film-maker, Central, Carlton Television and ITV

Bibliography

Books

''The Last Day'' (1975)

''Aftermath: The Struggles of Cambodia and Vietnam'' (1981)

''The Outsiders'' (1984)

''Heroes'' (1986)

''A Secret Country'' (1989)

''Distant Voices'' (1992 and 1994)

''Hidden Agendas'' (1998)

''Reporting the World: John Pilger's Great Eyewitness Photographers'' (2001)

''The New Rulers of the World'' (2002)

''Tell Me No Lies: Investigative Journalism and its Triumphs'' (ed.) Cape (2004)

''Freedom Next Time'' (2006)

Plays

''The Last Day'' (1983)

Selected documentaries

''Vietnam-The Quiet Mutiny'' 1971

''An Unfashionable Tragedy'' 1975

''Nobody's Children'' 1975

''Zap-The Weapon is Food'' 1976

''Do You Remember Vietnam'' 1978

''Year Zero: The Silent Death of Cambodia'' 1979

''The Mexicans'' 1980

''Heroes'' 1980

''Burp! Pepsi V Coke in the Ice Cold War'' 1984

''In Search Of Truth In Wartime'' 1982

''Nicaragua. A Nations Right to Survive'' 1983

''The Truth Game'' 1983

''The Secret Country-The First Australians Fight Back'' 1985

''Japan Behind the Mask'' 1987

''Cambodia: The Betrayal'' 1990

''War By Other Means'' 1992

''Cambodia: Return to Year Zero'' 1993

''Death of a Nation: The Timor Conspiracy'' (1994)

''Flying the Flag, Arming the World'' 1994

''Vietnam: the Last Battle'' (1995)

''Inside Burma: Land of Fear'' (1996)

''Breaking the Mirror - The Murdoch Effect'' (1997)

''Apartheid Did Not Die'' (1998)

''Welcome to Australia'' (1999)

''Paying the Price: Killing the Children of Iraq'' (2000)

''The New Rulers of the World'' (2001)

''Palestine Is Still the Issue'' (2002)

''Breaking the Silence: Truth and Lies in the War on Terror'' (2003)

''Stealing a Nation'' (2004)

''The War on Democracy'' (2007)

''The War You Don't See'' (2010)

References

See also

Media Lens

External links

John Pilger - official website

John Pilger at IMDb

''Freedom Next Time: Filmmaker & Journalist John Pilger on Propaganda, the Press, Censorship and Resisting the American Empire'', Democracy Now!, 7 August 2007. Listen and Watch.

John Pilger at Random House Australia

John Pilger: There Is a War on Journalism - video interview by ''Democracy Now!''

John Pilger: Global Support for WikiLeaks is "Rebellion" Against U.S. Militarism - video report by ''Democracy Now!''

Category:1939 births Category:Australian documentary filmmakers Category:Australian expatriates in the United Kingdom Category:Australian freelance journalists Category:Australian journalists Category:Investigative journalists Category:Living people Category:People from Sydney Category:People educated at Sydney Boys High School Category:War correspondents

bn:জন পিলজার cs:John Pilger cy:John Pilger de:John Pilger es:John Pilger fr:John Pilger it:John Pilger nl:John Pilger no:John Pilger pt:John Pilger ru:Пилджер, Джон fi:John Pilger sv:John Pilger

name	Faye Emerson
birth name	Faye Margaret Emerson
birth date	July 08, 1917
birth place	Elizabeth, Louisiana, U.S.
death date	March 09, 1983
death place	Deya, Majorca, Spain
spouse	Skitch Henderson (1950-1957)Elliott Roosevelt (1944-1950) 2 childrenWilliam Crawford (1938-1942) 1 child
years active	1941-1961 }}

Faye Margaret Emerson (July 8, 1917 – March 9, 1983) was an American film actress and television interviewer, known as "The First Lady of Television". She acted in many Warner Brothers films beginning in 1941. In 1944, she played one of her more memorable roles as Zachary Scott's ex in ''The Mask of Dimitrios.'' She was born to Lawrence and Emma (Smythe) in the tiny community of Elizabeth, Allen Parish in southwestern Louisiana.

In 1948, she made a move to television and began acting in various anthology series, including ''The Chevrolet Tele-Theatre'', ''The Philco Television Playhouse'', and ''Goodyear Television Playhouse''. She served as host for several short-lived talk shows and musical/variety shows, including ''Paris Cavalcade of Fashions'' (1948) and ''The Faye Emerson Show'' (CBS, 1950).

Although ''The Faye Emerson Show'' only lasted one season, it gave her wide exposure because her time slot immediately followed the ''CBS Evening News'' and alternated weeknights with the popular ''The Perry Como Show''. According to author Gabe Essoe in ''The Book of TV Lists,'' on one of the show's segments, her low-cut gown slipped and "she exposed her ample self coast to coast." The show was broadcast from a studio CBS built on the sixth floor of the Stork Club building. The studio, a complete replica of the Stork Club's Cub Room, was built for ''The Stork Club'', also seen on CBS beginning in 1950.

After ''The Faye Emerson Show'', she continued in TV with other talk shows, including ''Wonderful Town, U.S.A.'' (1951), ''Author Meets the Critics'' (1952), and ''Faye and Skitch'' (1953). She also made numerous guest appearances on various variety shows and game shows.

Emerson hosted or appeared on so many talk shows—usually wearing long, low-cut gowns—and game shows, such as ''I've Got a Secret'', that she was known as "The First Lady of Television." The glamorous Emerson was so popular in the early 1950s that it was rumored that the newly created Emmy Award was named after her.

She was once married to Elliott Roosevelt, son of U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Emerson was later married to bandleader Skitch Henderson in the 1950s. Once a Hollywood starlet enjoying the show business spotlight, the wealthy Emerson moved to Spain and spent the rest of her life in seclusion. She died of stomach cancer in Deià, Mallorca, in 1983 at the age of sixty-five.

Filmography

Features

''Affectionately Yours'' (1941)

''The Nurse's Secret'' (1941)

''Bad Men of Missouri'' (1941)

''Manpower'' (1941)

''Nine Lives Are Not Enough'' (1941)

''Blues in the Night'' (1941)

''Wild Bill Hickok Rides'' (1942)

''Lady Gangster'' (1942)

''Murder in the Big House'' (1942)

''Juke Girl'' (1942)

''Secret Enemies'' (1942)

''Air Force'' (1943)

''The Hard Way'' (1943)

''Find the Blackmailer'' (1943)

''The Desert Song'' (1943)

''Destination Tokyo'' (1943)

''In Our Time'' (1944)

''Uncertain Glory'' (1944)

''Between Two Worlds'' (1944)

''The Mask of Dimitrios'' (1944)

''Crime by Night'' (1944)

''The Very Thought of You'' (1944)

''Hollywood Canteen'' (1944)

''Hotel Berlin'' (1945)

''Danger Signal'' (1945)

''Her Kind of Man'' (1946)

''Nobody Lives Forever'' (1946)

''Guilty Bystander'' (1950)

''Main Street to Broadway'' (1953)

''A Face in the Crowd'' (1957)

Short subjects

''At the Stroke of Twelve'' (1941)

''Women at War'' (1943)

''Food and Magic'' (1943)

References

External links

Category:1917 births Category:1983 deaths Category:People from Elizabeth, Louisiana Category:American film actors Category:American television actors Category:Actors from Louisiana Faye Emerson Category:Deaths from stomach cancer Category:Cancer deaths in Spain

de:Faye Emerson fr:Faye Emerson

name	Mario Maurer
birth name	Mario Maurer
birth date	December 04, 1988
birth place	Thailand
occupation	Actor, model, singer
othername	Nuttavut Maurer
years active	2004-present
website	http://www.ohohmario.com/ }}

Mario Maurer (, born December 4, 1988 in Thailand) is a Thai model and actor. He is best known for his lead roles in the 2007 film, ''The Love of Siam'' and the 2011 sleeper hit, ''First Love (A Little Thing Called Love)''.

Biography

Mario Maurer was born in Bangkok, Thailand. He is of Chinese and German descent He attended school at St. Dominic School in Bangkok and now is studying in Ramkhamhaeng University, majoring in Communication Arts. Maurer is a Roman Catholic. At the age of 16, Maurer became a model doing photo shoots, commercials and music videos. In 2007, he made his feature film debut in a leading role in ''The Love of Siam'', written and directed by Chukiat Sakweerakul. The role "Tong" brought him many accolades and instant fame far beyond Thailand's borders. Commenting on his new-found fame, "I didn't want to do it, Acting wasn't on my list to do." He decided to do the movie because he trusted the director "Chukiat" and the movie would give him many opportunities. He'd be making money to help his family. He became famous in this film because of his gay role. The film's promotion did not play up its homosexual romance. Nonetheless, most critics have given extremely positive reviews. When asked about his kissing scenes with Witwisit Hirunwongkul in ''The Love of Siam'', Maurer said, "I was nervous. I've never kissed a man and kissing is not something you do every day." Maurer has been nominated for an Asian Film Awards in the category of Best Supporting Actor for his performance in ''The Love of Siam'', but lost to Sun Hong-Lei for ''Mongol''. He won the Best Actor award in Southeast Asian film category at the 10th Cinemanila International Film Festival. His performance was described as "Mature acting choices within a wide range of situations. Beneath a calm and placid external demeanor his performance he displayed a rich inner struggle dealing with emotional burdens, with family, friends, his social circle and his romantic and sexual awakening."

He won the Best Actor award in Starpics Thai Films Awards and also nominated in Bangkok Critics Assembly and Star Entertainment Awards.

Director Bhandit Rittakol had approached Maurer for ''Boonchu 9'', but he was tied up with other projects. He has been cast in the 2008 film by Chatchai Naksuriya, ''Friendship''. The film is set around 1983. Maurer starring opposite Apinya Sakuljaroensuk, as 12th grade student. That same year he appeared in a segment of the four-story anthology ''4 Romance'' (segment "Joob" or Kiss) directed by Rashane Limtrakul Maurer's projects after 2008 include a comedy-horror film written and directed by Yuthlert Sippapak, ''Rahtree Reborn'', scheduled for release in April 2009, in which he starred opposite Chermarn Boonyasak.

Other work

His brother Marco, teamed up in a hip-hop duo "PsyCho & Lil’Mario" with Mario. They have released their debut ''PsyCho & Lil’Mario: Dem Crazy Boyz'' on October 31, 2007. He worked as a hypeman in this album. But Maurer later described "It was just for fun. I know myself - I'm not a singer. That's not my dream." Maurer participated in endorsements for the first time for Exit Rollon and other popular brands such as The Pizza Company, Sugus, Foremost and now he acted as the presenter for Honda Jazz, Pepsi, Dutchmill and Sony Ericsson. In July 2011, he signed to become an endorser for the Philippine clothing brand, Penshoppe

Personal life

Maurer is the son of German father, Roland, and a Thai Chinese mother, Warunya. His father had a business exporting deodorant made from alum.He has an elder brother, Germany-born Marco, a rapper who is currently signed with the recording label N.Y.U. Club.

Filmography

! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
2007	''The Love of Siam''	Tong
		Singha
''4 Romance''	Beaver	Segment "Joob" or Kiss
''Saranair Siblor''	Ekap	สาระแนสิบล้อ
2009	''Rahtree Reborn''	Rang
2009	''Rahtree Revenge''	Rang
2010	''Autumn Destiny''	Kim Min Ho
2010	''First Love (A Little Thing Called Love)''	Shone
2010	''Saranae Hen Pee''	TBA
2011		Shone
2011	''You and me friend till we die''	Christopher

References

External links

Category:1988 births Category:Living people Mario Maurer Mario Maurer Mario Maurer Mario Maurer Category:Thai Roman Catholics

de:Mario Maurer es:Mario Maurer id:Mario Maurer jv:Mario Maurer ms:Mario Maurer pam:Mario Maurer fi:Mario Maurer th:มาริโอ้ เมาเร่อ vi:Mario Maurer zh:马里奥·毛瑞尔

name	James Dean
birthname	James Byron Dean
birth date	February 08, 1931
birth place	Marion, Indiana, U.S.
death date
death place	Cholame, California, U.S.
othername	Jimmy Dean
occupation	Actor
yearsactive	1951–1955 }}

James Byron Dean (February 8, 1931 – September 30, 1955) was an American film actor. He is a cultural icon, best embodied in the title of his most celebrated film, ''Rebel Without a Cause'' (1955), in which he starred as troubled Los Angeles teenager Jim Stark. The other two roles that defined his stardom were as loner Cal Trask in ''East of Eden'' (1955), and as the surly farmer, Jett Rink, in ''Giant'' (1956). Dean's enduring fame and popularity rests on his performances in only these three films, all leading roles. His premature death in a car crash cemented his legendary status.

Dean was the first actor to receive a posthumous Academy Award nomination for Best Actor and remains the only actor to have had two posthumous acting nominations. In 1999, the American Film Institute ranked Dean the 18th best male movie star on their AFI's 100 Years...100 Stars list.

Early life

James Dean was born on February 8, 1931, at the Seven Gables apartment house in Marion, Indiana, to Winton Dean and Mildred Wilson. Six years after his father had left farming to become a dental technician, James and his family moved to Santa Monica, California. The family spent several years there, and by all accounts young Dean was very close to his mother. According to Michael DeAngelis, she was "the only person capable of understanding him". He was enrolled at Brentwood Public School in the Brentwood neighborhood of Los Angeles until his mother died of cancer when Dean was nine years old.

Unable to care for his son, Winton Dean sent James to live with Winton's sister Ortense and her husband Marcus Winslow on a farm in Fairmount, Indiana, where he was raised in a Quaker background. Dean sought the counsel and friendship of Methodist pastor Rev. James DeWeerd. DeWeerd seemed to have had a formative influence upon Dean, especially upon his future interests in bullfighting, car racing, and the theater. According to Billy J. Harbin, "Dean had an intimate relationship with his pastor... which began in his senior year of high school and endured for many years." Their sexual relationship was earlier suggested in the 1994 book, ''Boulevard of Broken Dreams: the life, times, and legend of James Dean'' by Paul Alexander. In 2011, it was reported that he once told Elizabeth Taylor, his co-star in ''Giant'', that he was sexually abused by a minister two years after his mother's death.

In high school, Dean's overall performance was mediocre. However, he was a popular school athlete, having successfully played on the baseball and basketball teams and studied drama and competed in forensics through the Indiana High School Forensic Association. After graduating from Fairmount High School on May 16, 1949, Dean moved back to California with his beagle, Max, to live with his father and stepmother. He enrolled in Santa Monica College (SMC) and majored in pre-law. Dean transferred to UCLA and changed his major to drama, which resulted in estrangement from his father. He pledged the Sigma Nu fraternity but was never initiated. While at UCLA, he was picked from a pool of 350 actors to land the role of Malcolm in ''Macbeth''. At that time, he also began acting with James Whitmore's acting workshop. In January 1951, he dropped out of UCLA to pursue a full-time career as an actor.

Acting career

Dean's first television appearance was in a Pepsi Cola television commercial. He quit college to act full time and was cast as John the Beloved Disciple in ''Hill Number One'', an Easter television special, and three walk-on roles in movies, ''Fixed Bayonets!'', ''Sailor Beware'', and ''Has Anybody Seen My Gal?'' His only speaking part was in ''Sailor Beware'', a Paramount comedy starring Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis; Dean played a boxing trainer. While struggling to get jobs in Hollywood, Dean also worked as a parking lot attendant at CBS Studios, during which time he met Rogers Brackett, a radio director for an advertising agency, who offered him professional help and guidance in his chosen career, as well as a place to stay.

In October 1951, following actor James Whitmore's and his mentor Rogers Brackett's advice, Dean moved to New York City. There he worked as a stunt tester for the game show ''Beat the Clock''. He also appeared in episodes of several CBS television series, ''The Web'', ''Studio One'', and ''Lux Video Theatre'', before gaining admission to the legendary Actors Studio to study method acting under Lee Strasberg. Proud of this accomplishment, Dean referred to the Studio in a 1952 letter to his family as "The greatest school of the theater. It houses great people like Marlon Brando, Julie Harris, Arthur Kennedy, Mildred Dunnock. ... Very few get into it ... It is the best thing that can happen to an actor. I am one of the youngest to belong."

Dean's career picked up and he performed in further episodes of such early 1950s television shows as ''Kraft Television Theatre'', ''Robert Montgomery Presents'', ''Danger'', and ''General Electric Theater''. One early role, for the CBS series ''Omnibus'' in the episode "Glory in the Flower", saw Dean portraying the type of disaffected youth he would later immortalize in ''Rebel Without a Cause''. (This summer 1953 program was also notable for featuring the song "Crazy Man, Crazy", one of the first dramatic TV programs to feature rock and roll.) Positive reviews for Dean's 1954 theatrical role as "Bachir", a pandering North African houseboy, in an adaptation of André Gide's book ''The Immoralist'', led to calls from Hollywood.

''East of Eden''

thumb|With Julie Harris in ''East of Eden'' (1955)In 1953, director Elia Kazan was looking for a substantive actor to play the emotionally complex role of 'Cal Trask', for screenwriter Paul Osborn's adaptation of John Steinbeck's 1952 novel ''East of Eden''. The lengthy novel had dealt with the story of the Trask and Hamilton families over the course of three generations, focusing especially on the lives of the latter two generations in Salinas Valley, California, from the mid-19th century through the 1910s.

In contrast, the film chose to deal predominantly with the character of Cal Trask. Initially seeming more aloof and emotionally troubled than his twin brother Aron, Cal is quickly seen to be more worldly, aware, business savvy, and even sagacious than their pious and constantly disapproving father (played by Raymond Massey) seeking to invent vegetable refrigeration, and estranged mother, whom Cal discovers is a brothel-keeping 'madame' (Jo Van Fleet). Elia Kazan said of Cal before casting, "I wanted a Brando for the role". Osborn suggested Dean, who then met with Steinbeck; the future Nobel laureate did not like the bold youth personally, but thought him perfect for the part. Kazan set about putting the wheels in motion to cast the relatively unknown young actor in the role; on April 8, 1954, Dean left New York City and headed for Los Angeles to begin shooting.

Dean's performance in the film foreshadowed his role as Jim Stark in ''Rebel Without A Cause''. Both characters are angst-ridden protagonists and misunderstood outcasts, desperately craving approval from a father figure.

Much of Dean's performance in the film is unscripted, including his dance in the bean field and his fetal-like posturing while riding on top of a train-car (after searching out his mother in a nearby town). The most famous improvisation during the film was when Cal's father rejects his gift of $5,000 (offered in reparation for his father's business loss). Instead of running away from his father as the script called for, Dean instinctively turned to Massey and, crying, embraced him. This cut and Massey's shocked reaction were kept in the film by Kazan.

For the 1955 Academy Awards, Dean received a posthumous nomination for Best Actor in a Leading Role for his performance in ''East of Eden'', the first official posthumous acting nomination in Academy Awards history. (Jeanne Eagels was unofficially nominated for Best Actress in 1929, when the rules for selection of the winner were different.)

''Rebel Without a Cause''

Dean quickly followed up his role in ''Eden'' with a starring role in ''Rebel Without a Cause'', a film that would prove to be hugely popular among teenagers. The film is often cited as an accurate representation of teenage angst. It co-starred teen actors Natalie Wood, Sal Mineo, and Dennis Hopper and was directed by Nicholas Ray.

''Giant''

''Giant'', which was posthumously released in 1956, saw Dean play a supporting role to Elizabeth Taylor and Rock Hudson. This was due to his desire to avoid being typecast as Jim Stark and Cal Trask. In the film, he plays Jett, an oil-rich Texan. His role was notable in that, in order to portray an older version of his character in one scene, Dean dyed his hair gray and shaved some of it off to give himself a receding hairline.

''Giant'' would be Dean's last film. At the end of the film, Dean was supposed to make a drunken speech at a banquet; this is nicknamed the 'Last Supper' because it was the last scene before his sudden death. Dean mumbled so much that the scene had to later be re-recorded by his co-stars because Dean had died before the film was edited.

For the 1956 Academy Awards, Dean received his second posthumous Best Actor Academy Award nomination for his role in ''Giant''.

Racing career and 'Little Bastard'

When Dean got the part in ''East of Eden'', he bought himself a red race-prepared MG TD and, shortly afterwards, a white Ford Country Squire Woodie station wagon. Dean upgraded his MG to a 1954 Porsche 356 Speedster, which he raced. Dean came in second in the Palm Springs Road Races in March 1955 after a driver was disqualified; he came in third in May 1955 at Bakersfield and was running fourth at the Santa Monica Road Races later that month until he retired with an engine failure.

During filming of ''Rebel Without a Cause'', Dean traded in the 356 Speedster for one of only 90 Porsche 550 Spyders. He was contractually barred from racing during the filming of ''Giant'', but with that out of the way, he was free to compete again. The Porsche was in fact a stopgap for Dean, as delivery of a superior Lotus Mk. X was delayed and he needed a car to compete at the races in Salinas, California.

Dean's 550 was customized by George Barris, who would go on to design the Batmobile. Dean's Porsche was numbered 130 at the front, side and back. The car had a tartan on the seating and two red stripes at the rear of its wheelwell. The car was given the nickname 'Little Bastard' by Bill Hickman, his language coach on ''Giant.'' Dean asked custom car painter and pin striper Dean Jeffries to paint ''Little Bastard'' on the car. When Dean introduced himself to actor Alec Guinness outside a restaurant, he asked him to take a look at the Spyder. Guinness thought the car appeared 'sinister' and told Dean: 'If you get in that car, you will be found dead in it by this time next week.' This encounter took place on September 23, 1955, seven days before Dean's death.

Personal relationships

Screenwriter William Bast was one of Dean's closest friends, a fact acknowledged by Dean's family. According to Dean's first biographer (1956), Bast was his roommate at UCLA and later in New York, and knew Dean throughout the last five years of his life. Fifty years after Dean's death, he stated that their friendship had included some sexual intimacy.

Early in Dean's career, after Dean signed his contract with Warner Brothers, the studio's public relations department began generating stories about Dean's liaisons with a variety of young actresses who were mostly drawn from the clientele of Dean's Hollywood agent, Dick Clayton. Studio press releases also grouped "Dean together with two other actors, Rock Hudson and Tab Hunter, identifying each of the men as an 'eligible bachelor' who has not yet found the time to commit to a single woman: 'They say their film rehearsals are in conflict with their marriage rehearsals.'"

Shortly before filming began on ''East of Eden'', Dean befriended horse trainer Monty Roberts. Roberts introduced Dean to the area and the two became close friends. Dean had planned to meet with Roberts shortly after the race on September 30 to discuss plans for the construction of a ranch, which would be owned by Dean but managed by Roberts. Roberts and his wife were the first people to learn of Dean's death through a telephone call placed by Dean's mechanic, Rolf Wütherich, immediately following the incident, in which Wütherich mumbled through a broken jaw that Dean had died. Roberts and his family did not attend Dean's funeral because, although the two considered themselves 'brothers', their friendship was unknown to Dean's family.

Dean's best-remembered relationship was with young Italian actress Pier Angeli, whom he met while Angeli was shooting ''The Silver Chalice'' on an adjoining Warner lot, and with whom he exchanged items of jewelry as love tokens. Angeli's mother was reported to have disapproved of the relationship because Dean was not Roman Catholic. In his autobiography, ''East of Eden'' director Elia Kazan, while dismissing the notion that Dean could possibly have had any success with women, paradoxically alluded to Dean and Angeli's "romance", claiming that he had heard them loudly making love in Dean's dressing room. For a very short time the story of a Dean-Angeli love affair was even promoted by Dean himself, who fed it to various gossip columnists and to his co-star, Julie Harris, who in interviews has reported that Dean told her about being madly in love with Angeli. However, in early October 1954, Angeli unexpectedly announced her engagement to Italian-American singer Vic Damone, to Dean's expressed irritation. Angeli married Damone the following month, and gossip columnists reported that Dean, or someone dressed like him, watched the wedding from across the road on a motorcycle. However, when Bast questioned him about the reports, Dean denied that he would have done anything so "dumb", and Bast, like Paul Alexander, believes the relationship was a mere publicity stunt. Pier Angeli only talked once about the relationship in her later life in an interview, giving vivid descriptions of romantic meetings at the beach. Dean biographer John Howlett said these read like wishful fantasies, as Bast claims them to be.

Actress Liz Sheridan claims that she and Dean had a short affair in New York. In her memoir, she also states that Dean was having a sexual involvement with director Rogers Brackett, and describes her negative response to this situation. However, again Bast is skeptical whether this was a true love affair and says Dean and Sheridan did not spend much time together.

Dean avoided the draft by registering as a homosexual, then classified by the US government as a mental disorder. When questioned about his orientation, he is reported to have said, "No, I am not a homosexual. But, I'm also not going to go through life with one hand tied behind my back."

Death

On September 30, 1955, Dean and his mechanic Rolf Wütherich set off from Competition Motors, where they had prepared his Porsche 550 Spyder that morning for a sports car race at Salinas, California. Dean originally intended to trailer the Porsche to the meeting point at Salinas, behind his new Ford Country Squire station wagon, crewed by Hickman and photographer Sanford Roth, who was planning a photo story of Dean at the races. At the last minute, Dean drove the Spyder, having decided he needed more time to familiarize himself with the car. At 3:30 p.m., Dean was ticketed in Mettler Station, Kern County, for driving in a zone. The driver of the Ford was ticketed for driving over the limit, as the speed limit for all vehicles towing a trailer was . Later, having left the Ford far behind, they stopped at Blackwells Corner in Lost Hills for fuel and met up with fellow racer Lance Reventlow.

After leaving Lost Hills, Dean was driving west on U.S. Route 466 (later State Route 46) east of Cholame, San Luis Obispo County, when a black-and-white 1950 Ford Custom Tudor coupe, driven from the opposite direction by 23-year-old Cal Poly student Donald Turnupseed (1932-1995), moved to take the fork onto State Route 41 and crossed into Dean's lane. The two cars hit almost head-on. According to a story in the October 1, 2005, edition of the ''Los Angeles Times'', California Highway Patrol officer Ron Nelson and his partner had been finishing a coffee break in Paso Robles, when they were called to the scene of the accident, where they saw an unconscious, heavily breathing Dean being placed into an ambulance. Paramedics were attending to Wütherich who had been thrown from the car and was lying on the shoulder of the road next to the mangled Porsche Spyder barely conscious, but survived with a broken jaw and other injuries. Dean was taken to Paso Robles War Memorial Hospital, where he was pronounced dead on arrival at 5:59 p.m. by the attending emergency room physician. His last known words, uttered right before impact when Wütherich told Dean to slow down when they saw the Ford coupe in front of them about to drive into their lane, were said to have been: "That guy's gotta stop... He'll see us."

According to the postmortem, it is believed that Dean's head struck the front grill of the other car. This impact and the accompanying crash resulted in Dean suffering a broken neck, plus multiple fractures of the jaw, arms and legs, as well as massive internal injuries. He is believed to have died around 10 minutes after the crash upon examination in the ambulance. For years, there were rumors a photographer friend, traveling to the race in another car, took photos of Dean trapped in the car dead or dying. Such photos never surfaced in public.

Contrary to reports of Dean's speeding, which persisted decades after his death, Nelson said "the wreckage and the position of Dean's body indicated his speed was more like 55 mph (88 km/h)." Turnupseed received a gashed forehead and bruised nose and was not cited by police for the accident. He was interviewed by the ''Tulare Advance-Register'' newspaper immediately following the crash, saying that he had not seen Dean's car approaching, but after that, refused to ever again speak publicly about the accident. He went on to own and operate an electrical contracting business and died of lung cancer in 1995. Wütherich died in a road accident in Germany in 1981 after surviving several suicide attempts.

While completing ''Giant'', and to promote ''Rebel Without a Cause'', Dean filmed a short interview with actor Gig Young for an episode of ''Warner Bros. Presents'' in which Dean, instead of saying the popular phrase "The life you save may be your own" instead ad-libbed "The life you might save might be mine." [sic] Dean's sudden death prompted the studio to re-film the section, and the piece was never aired—though in the past several sources have referred to the footage, mistakenly identifying it as a public service announcement. (The segment can, however, be viewed on both the 2001 VHS and 2005 DVD editions of ''Rebel Without a Cause'').

Memorial

James Dean is buried in Park Cemetery in Fairmount, Indiana. In 1977, a Dean memorial was built in Cholame, California. The stylized sculpture is composed of concrete and stainless steel around a tree of heaven growing in front of the Cholame post office. The sculpture was made in Japan and transported to Cholame, accompanied by the project's benefactor, Seita Ohnishi. Ohnishi chose the site after examining the location of the accident, now little more than a few road signs and flashing yellow signals. The original Highway 41 and 46 junction where the accident occurred is now a pasture, and the two roadways were realigned to make the intersection safer. In September, 2005, the intersection of Highways 41 and 46 was dedicated as the James Dean Memorial Junction as part of the commemoration of the 50th anniversary of his death. (Maps of the intersection )

The dates and hours of Dean's birth and death are etched into the sculpture, along with a handwritten description by Dean's friend William Bast of one of Dean's favorite lines from Antoine de Saint Exupéry's ''The Little Prince''—"What is essential is invisible to the eye."

Documentary

On Feb. 15, 2009, all three CHP officers who dealt with James Dean on the day of his death—Officer Otie Hunter, who ticketed Dean for speeding; and Officers Ernie Tripke and Ronald Nelson, who investigated the fatal crash—participated in an SCVTV documentary coproduced by the Santa Clarita Valley Historical Society and shared their memories of that fateful day. The Stuff of Legend: James Dean's Final Ride (Documentary).

Legacy and iconic status

Impact on culture and media

American teenagers at the time of Dean's major films identified with Dean and the roles he played, especially in ''Rebel Without A Cause'': the typical teenager, caught where no one, not even his peers, can understand him. Joe Hyams says that Dean was "one of the rare stars, like Rock Hudson and Montgomery Clift, whom both men and women find sexy." According to Marjorie Garber, this quality is "the undefinable extra something that makes a star." Dean's iconic appeal has been attributed to the public's need for someone to stand up for the disenfranchised young of the era, and to the air of androgyny that he projected onscreen. Dean's "loving tenderness towards the besotted Sal Mineo in ''Rebel Without a Cause'' continues to touch and excite gay audiences by its honesty. The ''Gay Times'' Readers' Awards cited him as the male gay icon of all time."

Dean is mentioned or featured in various songs, which include titles such as "Allure" by Jay-Z, "American Boy" by Chris Isaak, "American Pie" by Don McLean, "A Young Man is Gone" by The Beach Boys, "Bla bla bla (Blah Blah Blah)" by Perfect, "Chciałbym umrzeć jak James Dean (lit. I Wish to Die Like James Dean)" by Partia, "Come Back Jimmy Dean" by Bette Midler, "Daddy's Speeding" by Suede, "Electrolite" by R.E.M., "Famous" by Scouting for Girls, "Five Years Time" by Noah & The Whale, "Flip-Top Box" by Self, "Girl on TV" by LFO, "Hello my Hate" by Black Veil Brides, "Jack and Diane" by John Mellencamp, "James Dean" by Bonnie Tyler, "James Dean (I Wanna Know)" by Daniel Bedingfield, "James Dean" by That Handsome Devil, "James Dean" by the Eagles, "Jim Dean of Indiana" by Phil Ochs, "Jimmy Dean" by Icehouse, "Lost on Highway 46" by Sham 69, "Choke On This" by Senses Fail, "Mr. James Dean" by Hilary Duff, "My Kind of Girl" by Collin Raye, "My Shine" by Childish Gambino, "Peach Trees" by Rufus Wainwright, "Picture Show" by John Prine, "Rather Die Young" by Beyoncé, "Rock On" by David Essex, "Rockstar" by Nickelback, "Speechless" by Lady GaGa, "Teenage Wildlife" by AJ McLean of the Backstreet Boys, "These Days" by Bon Jovi, "Under the Gun" by The Killers, "Vogue" by Madonna, "Walk on the Wild Side" by Lou Reed, and "We Didn't Start The Fire" by Billy Joel.

In addition, he is often noted within television shows, films, books and novels. In an episode of ''Degrassi: The Next Generation'', the character Liberty likens the rebellious, anti-social Sean Cameron to James Dean. On the sitcom ''Happy Days'', Fonzie has a picture of Dean in his closet next to his mirror. A picture of Dean also appears on Rizzo's wall in the film ''Grease''. On the American version of the TV series ''Queer as Folk'', the main character Brian Kinney mentions James Dean together with Cobain and Hendrix, saying, "They're all legends. They'll always be young, and they will always be beautiful". In the alternate history book ''Homeward Bound'' by Harry Turtledove, Dean is stated to have not died in a car crash and to have made several more films, including ''Rescuing Private Ranfall'', based on ''Saving Private Ryan''.

Dean's estate still earns about $5,000,000 per year, according to ''Forbes Magazine''.

On April 20, 2010, a long "lost" live episode of the ''General Electric Theater'' featuring James Dean was uncovered by NBC writer Wayne Federman while working on a ''Ronald Reagan'' television retrospective. The episode, originally broadcast in December 1954, drew international attention and highlights were featured on numerous national media outlets including: ''The CBS Evening News'', ''NBC Nightly News'', and ''Good Morning America''. It was later revealed that some footage from the episode, entitled ''The Dark, Dark Days'', was first featured in the 2005 documentary, ''James Dean: Forever Young''.

Speculated sexual orientation

Today, Dean is often considered an icon because of his "experimental" take on life, which included his ambivalent sexuality. There have been several accounts of Dean's sexual relationships with both men and women.

William Bast, one of Dean's closest friends, He recently published a revealing update of his first book, in which, after years of successfully dodging the question as to whether he and Dean were sexually involved, he finally stated that they were. In this second book, Bast describes the difficult circumstances of their involvement and also deals frankly with some of Dean's other reported homosexual relationships, notably the actor's friendship with Rogers Brackett, the influential producer of radio dramas who encouraged Dean in his career and provided him with useful professional contacts.

Journalist Joe Hyams suggests that any homosexual activity Dean might have been involved in appears to have been strictly "for trade", as a means of advancing his career. Val Holley notes that, according to Hollywood biographer Lawrence J. Quirk, gay Hollywood columnist Mike Connolly "would put the make on the most prominent young actors, including Robert Francis, Guy Madison, Anthony Perkins, Nick Adams and James Dean." However, the "trade only" notion is debated by Bast and other Dean biographers. Aside from Bast's account of his own relationship with Dean, Dean's fellow biker and "Night Watch" member John Gilmore claims he and Dean "experimented" with homosexual acts on one occasion in New York, and it is difficult to see how Dean, then already in his twenties, would have viewed this as a "trade" means of advancing his career.

Screenwriter Gavin Lambert, himself homosexual and part of the Hollywood gay circles of the 1950s and 1960s, described Dean as being homosexual. ''Rebel'' director Nicholas Ray is on record as saying that Dean was homosexual. Additionally, William Bast and biographer Paul Alexander conclude that Dean was homosexual, while John Howlett concludes that Dean was "certainly bisexual". George Perry's biography reduces these aspects of Dean's sexuality to "experimentation". Still, Hyams and Paul Alexander also claim that Dean's relationship with pastor De Weerd had a sexual aspect, too. Bast also shows that Dean had knowledge of gay bars and customs. Consequently, Robert Aldrich and Garry Wotherspoon's book ''Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History: From World War II to the Present Day'' (2001) includes an entry on James Dean.

The "curse" of "Little Bastard"

Since Dean's death, a "legend" has arisen that his Porsche 550 Spyder was "cursed" and supposedly injured or killed several others in the years following his death.

One version of the tale goes as follows:

The famous car customizer George Barris bought the wreck for $2,500, only to have it slip off its trailer and break a mechanic's leg. Soon afterwards, Barris sold the engine and drive-train, respectively, to physicians Troy McHenry and William Eschrid. While racing against each other, the former would be killed instantly when his vehicle spun out of control and crashed into a tree, while the latter would be seriously injured when his vehicle rolled over while going into a curve. Barris later sold two tires, which malfunctioned as well. The tires, which were unharmed in Dean's accident, blew up simultaneously causing the buyer's automobile to go off the road. Subsequently, two young would-be thieves were injured while attempting to steal parts from the car. When one tried to steal the steering wheel from the Porsche, his arm was ripped open on a piece of jagged metal. Later, another man was injured while trying to steal the bloodstained front seat. This would be the final straw for Barris, who decided to store "Little Bastard" away, but was quickly persuaded by the California Highway Patrol (CHP) to lend the wrecked car to a highway safety exhibit. The first exhibit from the CHP featuring the car ended unsuccessfully, as the garage storing the Spyder went up in flames, destroying everything except the car itself, which suffered almost no damage whatsoever from the fire. The second display, at a Sacramento high school, ended when the car fell, breaking a student's hip. "Little Bastard" caused problems while being transported several times. On the way to Salinas, the truck containing the vehicle lost control, causing the driver to fall out, only to be crushed by the Porsche after it fell off the back. On two separate occasions, once on a freeway and again in Oregon, the car came off other trucks, although no injuries were reported, another vehicle's windshield was shattered in Oregon. Its last use in a CHP exhibit was in 1959. In 1960, when being returned to George Barris in Los Angeles, California, the car mysteriously vanished. It has not been seen since.

While it has proven impossible thus far to confirm or deny all the claims in this legend, it suffers from several clear factual errors. Barris was not the initial purchaser of the wrecked 550. Rather the doctors Troy McHenry and William Eschrid, both 550 Spyder owners, purchased the car directly from the insurance company. They removed the drivetrain, steering and other mechanical components to use as spares in their cars, then sold the shell to George Barris. William Eschrid used the engine in his Lotus race car. Troy McHenry was killed at a race at Pomona 1956 when the Pitman arm in his 550's steering failed; however this was not one of the "cursed" parts fitted to his 550.

Historic Auto Attractions in Roscoe, Illinois has claimed to have the last known piece of Dean's Spyder (a small chunk a few square inches in size). However this is untrue, as several other large parts are known to exist. The passenger door was on display at the Volo Auto Museum. The engine (#90059) is reported to still be in the possession of the son of the late Dr. Eschrich. Lastly the restored transaxle–gearbox assembly of the Porsche (#10046) is known to be in the possession of car collector Jack Styles.

Filmography

Year	Film	Role	Notes
	''Fixed Bayonets!''	Doggie	(uncredited)
rowspan="2"		Boxing opponent's second	(uncredited)
	Youth at soda fountain	(uncredited)
	''Trouble Along the Way''	Extra	(uncredited)
rowspan="2"		Cal Trask	Nominated – Academy Award for Best ActorNominated – BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role
''[[Rebel Without a Cause''	Jim Stark
		Jett Rink

Stage

Broadway

''See the Jaguar'' (1952)

''The Immoralist'' (1954) – based on the book by André Gide

Off-Broadway

''The Metamorphosis'' (1952) – based on the novella by Franz Kafka

''The Scarecrow'' (1954)

''Women of Trachis'' (1954) – translation by Ezra Pound

''La Légende de Jimmy'' (1990) – Musical by Michel Berger and Luc Plamondon

Television

''Father Peyton's Family Theater'', "Hill Number One" (Easter Sunday, April 1, 1951)

''The Web'', "Sleeping Dogs" (February 20, 1952)

''Studio One'', "Ten Thousand Horses Singing" (March 3, 1952)

''Lux Video Theatre'', "The Foggy, Foggy Dew" (March 17, 1952)

''Kraft Television Theatre'', "Prologue to Glory" (May 21, 1952)

''Studio One'', "Abraham Lincoln" (May 26, 1952)

''Hallmark Hall of Fame'', "Forgotten Children" (June 2, 1952)

''The Kate Smith Show'', "Hounds of Heaven" (January 15, 1953)

''Treasury Men In Action'', "The Case of the Watchful Dog" (January 29, 1953)

''You Are There'', "The Capture of Jesse James" (February 8, 1953)

''Danger'', "No Room" (April 14, 1953)

''Treasury Men In Action'', "The Case of the Sawed-Off Shotgun" (April 16, 1953)

''Tales of Tomorrow'', "The Evil Within" (May 1, 1953)

''Campbell Soundstage'', "Something For An Empty Briefcase" (July 17, 1953)

''Studio One Summer Theater'', "Sentence of Death" (August 17, 1953)

''Danger'', "Death Is My Neighbor" (August 25, 1953)

''The Big Story'', "Rex Newman, Reporter for the Globe and News" (September 11, 1953)

''Omnibus'', "Glory In Flower" (October 4, 1953)

''Kraft Television Theatre'', "Keep Our Honor Bright" (October 14, 1953)

''Campbell Soundstage'', "Life Sentence" (October 16, 1953)

''Kraft Television Theatre'', "A Long Time Till Dawn" (November 11, 1953)

''Armstrong Circle Theater'', "The Bells of Cockaigne" (November 17, 1953)

''Robert Montgomery Presents the Johnson's Wax Program'', ''Harvest'' (November 23, 1953)

''Danger'', "The Little Women" (March 30, 1954)

''Philco TV Playhouse'', "Run Like A Thief" (September 5, 1954)

''Danger'', "Padlocks" (November 9, 1954)

''General Electric Theater'', "I'm A Fool" (November 14, 1954)

''General Electric Theater'', "The Dark, Dark Hour" (December 12, 1954)

''The United States Steel Hour'', "The Thief" (January 4, 1955)

''Lux Video Theatre'', "The Life of Emile Zola" (March 10, 1955) – appeared in a promotional interview for ''East of Eden'' shown after the program aired

''Schlitz Playhouse of Stars'', "The Unlighted Road" (May 6, 1955)

Biographical films

''James Dean: Portrait of a Friend'' aka ''James Dean'' (1976) ''James Dean: The First American Teenager'' (1976), a television biography that includes interviews with Sal Mineo, Natalie Wood and Nicholas Ray. ''Sense Memories'' (PBS ''American Masters'' television biography) (2005) ''Forever James Dean'' (1988), Warner Home Video (1995)

''James Dean'' (fictionalized TV biographical film) (2001)

''James Dean – Kleiner Prinz, Little Bastard'' aka ''James Dean – Little Prince, Little Bastard'', German television biography, includes interviews with William Bast, Marcus Winslow Jr, Robert Heller (2005) ''James Dean: The Final Day'' features interviews with William Bast, Liz Sheridan and Maila Nurmi. Dean's bisexuality is openly discussed. Episode of ''Naked Hollywood'' television miniseries produced by The Oxford Film Company in association the BBC, aired in the US on the A&E; Network, 1991. ''Living Famously: James Dean'', Australian television biography includes interviews with Martin Landau, Betsy Palmer, William Bast, and Bob Hinkle (2003, 2006). ''James Dean – Mit Vollgas durchs Leben'', Austrian television biography includes interviews with Rolf Weutherich and William Bast (2005). ''James Dean – Outside the Lines'' (2002), episode of ''Biography'', US television documentary includes interviews with Rod Steiger, William Bast, and Martin Landau (2002).

References

Further reading

Alexander, Paul: ''Boulevard of Broken Dreams: The Life, Times, and Legend of James Dean ''. Viking, 1994. ISBN 0670849510

Bast, William : ''James Dean: A Biography''. Ballantine Books, 1956.

Bast, William : ''Surviving James Dean''. Barricade Books, 2006. ISBN 1-56980-298-X

Dalton, David : ''James Dean-The Mutant King: A Biography''. Chicago Review Press, 2001. ISBN 1-55652-398-X

Frascella, Lawrence and Weisel, Al : ''Live Fast, Die Young: The Wild Ride of Making Rebel Without a Cause''. Touchstone, 2005. ISBN 0-7432-6082-1

Gilmore, John : ''Live Fast-Die Young: Remembering the Short Life of James Dean''. Thunder's Mouth Press, 1998. ISBN 1-56025-169-7

Gilmore, John: ''The Real James Dean''. Pyramid Books, 1975. ISBN 0-515-03814-8

Holley, Val: ''James Dean: The Biography''. St. Martin's Griffin, 1996. ISBN 0-312-15156-X

Howell, John: ''James Dean: A Biography''. Plexus Publishing, 1997. Second Revised Edition. ISBN 0859652432

Hyams, Joe; Hyams, Jay: ''James Dean: Little Boy Lost''. Time Warner Publishing, 1992. ISBN 0446516430

Martinetti, Ronald: ''The James Dean Story'', Pinnacle Books, 1975. ISBN 0-523-00633-0

Morrissey: ''James Dean Is Not Dead''. Babylon books, 1983. ISBN 0907188060

Perry, George: ''James Dean''. DK Publishing, 2005. ISBN 1-4053-0525-8

Sheridan, Liz: ''Dizzy & Jimmy: My Life With James Dean : A Love Story''. HarperCollins Canada / Harper Trade, 2000. ISBN 0-06-039383-1

Spoto, Donald: ''Rebel: The Life and Legend of James Dean''. Harpercollins, 1996. ISBN 0-06-017656-3

External links

AMC's James Dean Photo Gallery: Living Fast and Dying Young

James Dean.com link to "Official" CMG James Dean website

10 James Dean Essentials: Photo Essay on AMCtv.com

James Dean: Hollywood's Rebel Icon - slideshow by ''Life magazine''

Mad about the boy on the Guardian Unlimited.

James Dean Gallery site

, includes photos of Dean's Tombstone.

James Dean at American Legends.

JamesDeanArchives.com

William Bast, Dean's biographer.

The Stuff of Legend: James Dean's Final Ride (Documentary)

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