Jeffrey may refer to:

Jeffrey (name), a common English name:

''Jeffrey'' (film), a 1995 movie by Paul Rudnick, based on Rudnick's play of the same name

Jeffrey Racing Cars, British car manufacturer

A term for the car company Rambler

Jeffrey City, Wyoming

See also

Jeffery (disambiguation)

de:Jeffrey fr:Jeffrey ja:ジェフリー pt:Jeffrey

name	The Greek
media	The Wire
portrayer	Bill Raymond
creator	David Simon
gender	Male
first	"Ebb Tide" ''(episode 2.01)''
last	"–30–" ''(episode 5.10)''
occupation	International smuggling/Organized Crime Boss
footnotes	}}

The Greek is a fictional character on the HBO drama ''The Wire'', played by actor Bill Raymond. The Greek is the head of an international criminal organization involved in narcotics and human trafficking. The Greek is a mysterious figure involved in numerous criminal activities. His given name is never mentioned on the show, and though he is known only as "The Greek", he has stated (in the episode Port in a Storm) that he is not actually Greek. A quiet and unassuming man, the Greek prefers to keep a low profile, operating all of his business through his lieutenant Spiros "Vondas" Vondopoulos. His smuggling organization operated from a small diner in Baltimore for years, and while Vondas would conduct business the Greek would listen in quietly at the counter. Nick Sobotka, upon seeing the Greek identify himself, was amazed that the shadowy figure had been in plain sight the entire time.

Despite his calm appearance, the Greek is cunning and ruthless, and only interested in facts that make him more money. Series creator David Simon has said that The Greek is an embodiment of raw unencumbered capitalism. Anyone interfering in this process is eliminated immediately, and he prefers to leave victims headless and handless to hinder identification.

The Greek's smuggling operation includes importing sex trade workers, illicit drugs, stolen goods and chemicals for drug processing. He bribes union stevedores to move containers through the Baltimore port for him and uses his muscle, Sergei "Serge" Malatov, to run containers back and forth from the port to his warehouse, a front managed by "Double G" Glekas. The Greek supplies the major drug dealers in East Baltimore with pure cocaine and heroin, using Eton Ben-Eleazer to move his drugs. His chief client is Proposition Joe, but he is also affiliated with smaller drug dealing organizations like those run by "White Mike" McArdle. His sex trade interests in Baltimore include a brothel run by a madam named Ilona Petrovitch, bringing in girls from eastern Europe. He manages to avoid prosecution for his crimes because an FBI counter-terrorism agent named Kristos Koutris tips him off if a criminal investigation gets too close. It is suggested he and Vondas may serve as federal informants.

Biography

Season 2

thumb|right|250px|The Greeks The Greek began to draw police attention in Baltimore when his contact at the docks, Frank Sobotka, became the target of an investigation. At the same time a container of thirteen dead young women intended for the sex trade was discovered at the docks, triggering a high-profile homicide investigation. The container belonged to the Greek and the girls were killed by a crewman onboard the vessel that had delivered them. The ship's crew had been paying the girls for sex and when one of the girls refused, she was killed. The crewman responsible dumped her overboard and collapsed the air pipe to kill the remaining women. The Greek had Sergei track the crewman down, interrogated him personally, and had Vondas kill him.

As the investigation continued the police were able to link Eton and Sergei to the drug smuggling operation. When police began tracking containers as they left the port, The Greek and Vondas began to close down the operation temporarily by dumping their cell phones and stealing "clean" containers. Persuading Sobotka to keep the smuggling operation going he bought further protection from Agent Koutris by betraying a load of Colombian cocaine, giving him time to destroy incriminating evidence in the warehouse and Glekas' store.

The Greek recognized that the investigation was too extensive to stop and made plans to leave, sending Vondas to assure Proposition Joe that supply of drugs would continue albeit with new faces. He attempted to buy Sobotka's silence with promised legal aid for his son, but when he learned from Koutris that Frank was planning to turn informant he had the union man killed. Although Frank's nephew Nick Sobotka was able to identify The Greek in a photo and Sergei was pressured to give up the location of his hotel suite, Vondas and the Greek had already boarded a flight to Chicago. Aware that the Greek and Vondas were gone, the police left the investigation behind and moved on to the drug dealers he supplied.

Seasons 4 & 5

The Greek continued to supply "Proposition Joe" Stewart, who formed an organization with other drug dealers called the New Day Co-Op to provide The Greek's product to them in exchange for reduced violence and sharing of territory. When Omar Little steals an entire shipment of heroin from the Greek's men as it is being delivered to Stewart's people, Marlo Stanfield demands a meeting with Spiros "Vondas" Vondopoulos in order to allay his fears that Stewart was responsible. Once Stanfield is satisfied, he waits for the Major Crimes Unit's investigation into his activities to cease and then moves to establish a direct relationship with Vondas and the Greek. After getting in communication with Vondas through former soldier Sergei, Marlo eventually sells himself as Joe's replacement by convincing the Greek that he requires an insurance policy in the form of a replacement for Proposition Joe, in the event that anything should happen to him. Realizing that Stanfield will move against Stewart regardless of his approval, the Greek accepts Marlo's proposal to act as an "insurance policy," knowing that it will mean Joe's death.

After Stewart's murder, Stanfield meets with Vondas to initiate their new business relationship. Stanfield's tenure proves short lived when he is forced into retirement by an investigation, and the other Co-Op members purchase the connection from Stanfield. In the closing scenes of the series finale, Slim Charles and Fat-Face Rick take over meeting with Vondas while the Greek listens quietly in the background.

References

Category:The Wire (TV series) characters Category:Fictional American people of Greek descent

name	Jeffrey Sachs
color	lightsteelblue
birth date	November 05, 1954
birth place	Detroit, Michigan
nationality	United States
alma mater	Harvard University
institution	Columbia University
field	Political economics, International Development
influences	John Maynard Keynes
opposed	William Easterly, Daron Acemoğlu, Dambisa Moyo
influenced	Nouriel Roubini, Jared Diamond
contributions	Shock therapy, Millennium Villages Project }}

Jeffrey David Sachs (; born November 5, 1954, in Detroit, Michigan) is an American economist and Director of the Earth Institute at Columbia University. One of the youngest economics professors in the history of Harvard University, Sachs became known for his role as an adviser to Eastern European and developing country governments in the implementation of so-called economic shock therapy during the transition from communism to a market system or during periods of economic crisis. Some of his recommendations have been considered controversial. Subsequently he has been known for his work on the challenges of economic development, environmental sustainability, poverty alleviation, debt cancellation, and globalization.

Sachs is the Quetelet Professor of Sustainable Development at Columbia's School of International and Public Affairs and a Professor of Health Policy and Management at Columbia's School of Public Health. He is Special Adviser to United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon, and the founder and co-President of the Millennium Promise Alliance, a nonprofit organization dedicated to ending extreme poverty and hunger. From 2002 to 2006, he was Director of the United Nations Millennium Project's work on the Millennium Development Goals, eight internationally sanctioned objectives to reduce extreme poverty, hunger, and disease by the year 2015. Since 2010 he has also served as a Commissioner for the Broadband Commission for Digital Development, which leverages broadband technologies as a key enabler for social and economic development. He is a member of the scientific committee of the Fundacion IDEAS, Spain's Socialist Party's think tank.

He has authored numerous books, including ''The End of Poverty'' and ''Common Wealth'', both New York Times bestsellers. He has been named one of ''Time Magazine'''s "100 Most Influential People in the World" twice, in 2004 and 2005.

Biography

Academic career

Sachs was raised in Oak Park, a suburb of Detroit, Michigan, and graduated from Oak Park High School. He attended Harvard College, where he received his B.A. ''summa cum laude'' in 1976. He went on to receive his M.A. and Ph.D. in economics from Harvard, and was invited to join the Harvard Society of Fellows while still a Harvard graduate student. In 1980, he joined the Harvard faculty as an Assistant Professor and was promoted to Associate Professor in 1982. A year later, at the age of 29, Sachs became a Full Professor of economics with tenure at Harvard.

During the next 19 years at Harvard, he became the Galen L. Stone Professor of International Trade, the Director of the Harvard Institute for International Development at the Kennedy School of Government (1995–1999), and the Director of the Center for International Development (1999–2002).

After the Center for International Development failed to attract sustainable funding or broad scholarly involvement, Sachs resigned from Harvard in March 2002 to become the Director of the Earth Institute at Columbia University in New York City. He is currently the Quetelet Professor of Sustainable Development, and he is also a professor for Columbia's Department of Economics and Department of Health Policy and Management. His classes are taught at the School of International and Public Affairs, the Mailman School of Public Health, and his course "Challenges of Sustainable Development" is taught at the undergraduate level.

Work on post-communist economies

Sachs is known for his work as an economic adviser to governments in Latin America, Eastern Europe, and the former Soviet Union. A trained macroeconomist, he advised a number of national governments in the transition from communism to market economies.

In 1985, Bolivia was undergoing hyperinflation and was unable to pay back its debt to the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Sachs, an economic adviser to the Bolivian government at the time, drew up an extensive plan, later known as shock therapy, to drastically cut inflation by liberalizing the Bolivian market, ending government subsidies, eliminating quotas, and linking the Bolivian economy to the US Dollar. After Sachs' plan was implemented, inflation fell from 11,750% to 15% per year from 1985 to 1987.

In 1990, the Polish government introduced shock therapy to break from communism. Sachs and ex-IMF economist David Lipton advised the rapid conversion of all property and assets from public to private ownership. After initial economic shortages and inflation, prices in Poland eventually stabilized.

In late 1991, the Russian government invited Harvard to give advice on reproducing the Polish experience. Harvard economist Andrei Shleifer advised President Boris Yeltsin on privatization and macroeconomic issues during the early stages of Russia's reforms. Sachs resigned shortly thereafter.

Work on global economic development

More recently, Sachs has turned to global issues of economic development, poverty alleviation, health and aid policy, and environmental sustainability. He has written extensively on climate change, disease control, and globalization, and is one of the world's leading experts on sustainable development.

In his 2005 work, ''The End of Poverty'', Sachs wrote "Africa's governance is poor because Africa is poor." According to Sachs, with the right policies and key interventions, extreme poverty — defined as living on less than $1 a day — can be eradicated within 20 years. India and China serve as examples, with the latter lifting 300 million people out of extreme poverty during the last two decades. Sachs believes a key element to accomplishing this is raising aid from $65 billion in 2002 to $195 billion a year by 2015. He emphasizes the role of geography and climate, with much of Africa suffering from being landlocked and disease-prone. However, he stresses that these problems can be overcome.

Sachs suggests that with improved seeds, irrigation, and fertilizer, the crop yields in Africa and other places with subsistence farming can be increased from 1 ton/hectare to 3-5 tons/hectares. He reasons that increased harvests would significantly increase the income of subsistence farmers, thereby reducing poverty. Sachs does not believe that increased aid is the only solution. He also supports establishing credit and microloan programs, which are often lacking in impoverished areas. Sachs has also advocated the distribution of free insecticide-treated bed nets to combat malaria. The economic impact of malaria has been estimated to cost Africa US$12 billion per year. Sachs estimates that malaria can be controlled for US$3 billion per year, thus suggesting that anti-Malaria projects would be an economically justified investment.

From 2002 to 2006, Sachs was the Director of the UN Millennium Project and Special Advisor to then Secretary-General Kofi Annan on the Millennium Development Goals. Sachs founded the Millennium Villages Project, a plan dedicated to ending extreme poverty in various parts of sub-Saharan Africa through targeted agricultural, medical, and educational interventions. Along with philanthropist Ray Chambers, Sachs founded Millennium Promise, a nonprofit organization, to help the Earth Institute fund and operate the Millennium Villages Project.

Now a Special Adviser to current Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, Sachs is still a leading advocate for the Millennium Development Goals, frequently meeting with foreign dignitaries and heads of state. He has also become a close friend of international celebrities Bono and Angelina Jolie, both of whom have traveled to Africa with Sachs to witness the progress of the Millennium Villages.

Sachs has been a consistent critic of the IMF and its policies around the world. He has blasted the international bankers for what he sees as a pattern of ineffective investment strategies.

Criticisms

One of Sachs' strongest critics is William Easterly, a professor of economics at New York University. Easterly reproached ''The End of Poverty'' in his review for ''The Washington Post'', and Easterly's 2006 book ''White Man's Burden'' is an even more thorough rebuttal of Sachs' argument that poor countries are stuck in a "poverty trap" from which there is no escape, except by massively scaled-up foreign aid, though Sachs himself has clearly emphasized the need for a complex, multi-faceted, clinical and unique approach to economic development, of which increased and responsible foreign aid is nearly always a necessary but insufficient part. Easterly presents statistical evidence that he claims proves that many emerging markets attained their higher status without large amounts of foreign aid as Sachs proposes.

Another Sachs critic is Amir Attaran, a scientist and lawyer who holds the Canada Research Chair in Law, Population Health and Global Development at the University of Ottawa. Sachs and Attaran have worked closely as colleagues, including coauthoring a famous study in ''The Lancet'' documenting the dearth of foreign aid money to fight HIV/AIDS in the 1990s, which led to the creation of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. However, Sachs and Attaran part company in their opinion of the Millennium Development Goals, and Attaran argued in a paper published in ''PLoS Medicine'' and an editorial in the ''New York Times'' that the United Nations has misled people by setting specific, but immeasurable, targets for the MDGs (for example, to reduce maternal mortality or malaria). Sachs dismissed that view in a reply to ''PLoS Medicine'' by saying that only a handful of the MDGs are immeasurable, but Attaran then cited the United Nations' own data analysis (which the UN subsequently blocked from public access) showing that progress on a very large majority of the MDGs is never measured.

Sachs has also been criticized by leftists for having an overly neoliberal perspective on the economy. Nancy Holmstrom and Richard Smith pointed out that, in advising implementation of his shock therapy on the collapsing Soviet Union, Sachs "supposed the transition to capitalism would be a natural, virtually automatic economic process: start by abandoning state planning, free up prices, promote private competition with state-owned industry, and sell off state industry as fast as possible…". They go on to cite the drastic decreases in industrial output over the ensuing years, a nearly halving of the country's GDP and of personal incomes, a doubling of the suicide rate, and a skyrocketing unemployment rate. ''The Lancet'' has recently reported that rapid privatization of the Soviet Union caused a 12.8% death rate increase among males in just two years, a claim that ''The Economist'' attributed to alcoholism, though ''The Lancet'' article attributed the rise in alcoholism to changes in the economy.

Accolades and affiliations

Sachs is the recipient of many awards and honors. In 2004 and 2005, he was named one of the 100 Most Influential People in the World by Time Magazine. He was also named one of the "500 Most Influential People in the Field of Foreign Policy" by the World Affairs Councils of America.

In February 2002, ''Nature Magazine'' stated that Sachs "has revitalized public health thinking since he brought his financial mind to it." In 1993 he was cited in the ''New York Times Magazine'' as "probably the most important economist in the world." In 1994, ''Time Magazine'' called him "the world's best-known economist." In 1997, the French magazine ''Le Nouvel Observateur'' cited Sachs as one of the world's 50 most important leaders on globalization.

In 2005, he received the Sargent Shriver Award for Equal Justice. In 2007, Sachs was awarded the Padma Bhushan, a high civilian honor bestowed by the Government of India. Also in 2007, he received the Cardozo Journal of Conflict Resolution International Advocate for Peace Award as well as the Centennial Medal from the Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences for his contributions to society.

From 2000 to 2001, Sachs was Chairman of the Commission on Macroeconomics and Health of the World Health Organization, and from 1999 to 2000 he served as a member of the International Financial Institution Advisory Commission established by the U.S. Congress. Sachs has been an adviser to the World Bank, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, the World Health Organization, the International Monetary Fund, and the United Nations Development Program. He is a member of the Institute of Medicine; the American Academy of Arts and Sciences; Harvard Society of Fellows; the Fellows of the World Econometric Society; the Brookings Panel of Economists; the National Bureau of Economic Research; and the Board of Adviser's of the Chinese Economists Society, among other international organizations.

Sachs has received honorary degrees from Connecticut College; Lehigh University; Pace University; the State University of New York; Cracow University of Economics; Ursinus College; Whitman College; the Mount Sinai School of Medicine; Ohio Wesleyan University; the College of the Atlantic; Southern Methodist University; Simon Fraser University; McGill University; Southern New Hampshire University; St. John's University; Iona College; University of St. Gallen in Switzerland; the Lingnan College of Hong Kong; and the University of Economics Varna in Bulgaria.

Sachs is first holder of the Royal Professor Ungku Aziz Chair in Poverty Studies at the Centre for Poverty and Development Studies at the University of Malaya in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia for 2007-2009. In addition, he holds an honorary professorship at the Universidad del Pacifico in Peru. He has lectured at the London School of Economics, the University of Oxford, and Yale University, as well as in Tel Aviv and Jakarta.

In early 2007, the ''Sachs for President Draft Committee'' was formed to encourage Sachs to run for President of the United States in the 2008 election.

In September 2008, ''Vanity Fair'' magazine ranked Sachs 98th on its list of 100 members of the New Establishment.

In July 2009, Sachs became a member of the SNV Netherlands Development Organisation's International Advisory Board.

Publications

Sachs is the author of hundreds of academic articles and many books, including two New York Times bestsellers: ''The End of Poverty: Economic Possibilities for Our Time'' (Penguin, 2005) and ''Common Wealth: Economics for a Crowded Planet'' (Penguin, 2008).

He currently writes a monthly foreign affairs column for Project Syndicate, a nonprofit association of newspapers around the world that is circulated in 145 countries. He is also a frequent contributor to major publications such as the ''Financial Times'', ''Scientific American'', and ''Time Magazine''.

Sachs is a frequent contributor to ''The Huffington Post'' where he writes commentary about aid issues such as G20 outcomes, as well as addressing his critics such as Dambisa Moyo and William Easterly.

Selected works

Sachs, Jeffrey (2008). ''Common Wealth: Economics for a Crowded Planet'' Penguin Press HC ISBN 978-1-59420-127-1

Humphreys, Macartan, Sachs, Jeffrey, and Stiglitz, Joseph (eds.). "Escaping the Resource Curse" Columbia University Press ISBN 978-0-231-14196-3

Sachs, Jeffrey (2005). ''The End of Poverty: Economic Possibilities for Our Time'' Penguin Press HC ISBN 1-59420-045-9

Sachs, Jeffrey (2003). ''Macroeconomics in the Global Economy'' Westview Press ISBN 0-631-22004-6

Sachs, Jeffrey (2002). ''A New Global Effort to Control Malaria (Science)'', Vol. 298, October 4, 2002

Sachs, Jeffrey (2002). ''Resolving the Debt Crisis of Low-Income Countries (Brookings Papers on Economic Activity)'', 2002:1

Sachs, Jeffrey (2001). '' The Strategic Significance of Global Inequality (The Washington Quarterly)'', Vol. 24, No. 3, Summer 2001

Sachs, Jeffrey (1997). ''Development Economics'' Blackwell Publishers ISBN 0-8133-3314-8

Sachs, Jeffrey and Pistor, Katharina. (1997). ''The Rule of Law and Economic Reform in Russia (John M. Olin Critical Issues Series (Paper))'' Westview Press ISBN 0-8133-3314-8

Sachs, Jeffrey (1994). ''Poland's Jump to the Market Economy (Lionel Robbins Lectures)'' MIT Press ISBN 0-262-69174-4

Sachs, Jeffrey (1993). ''Macroeconomics in the Global Economy'' Prentice Hall ISBN 0-13-102252-0

Sachs, Jeffrey (ed) (1991). ''Developing Country Debt and Economic Performance, Volume 1 : The International Financial System (National Bureau of Economic Research Project Report)'' University of Chicago Press ISBN 0-226-73332-7

Sachs, Jeffrey and Warwick McKibbin'' Global Linkages: Macroeconomic Interdependence and Co-operation in the World Economy'', Brookings Institution, June, 277 pages. (ISBN 0-8157-5600-3)

Sachs, Jeffrey (ed) (1989). ''Developing Country Debt and the World Economy (National Bureau of Economic Research Project Report)'' University of Chicago Press ISBN 0-226-73338-6

Bruno, Michael and Sachs, Jeffrey (1984), "Stagflation in the World Economy"

Personal

Sachs lives in New York City with his wife Sonia Ehrlich Sachs, a pediatrician. They have three children: Lisa, Adam, and Hannah Sachs.

See also

Gro Harlem Brundtland

Millennium Development Goals

Millennium Promise Alliance

Millennium Villages Project

Shock therapy (economics)

The Earth Institute at Columbia University

United Nations Millennium Project

References

External links

Official

Earth Institute at Columbia University

Other

A Bridge for the Carmakers (Washington Post, 2008-11-16).

Podcast, University of Sydney, Economics for a Crowded Planet Public lecture, Sydney Ideas, July 14, 2008

Common Wealth: Economics for a Crowded Planet, on BUniverse, Boston University's video lecture archive.

Jeffrey Sach's Reith lectures hosted by the Royal Society in London, during April and May 2007

Article on Jeff Sachs in the Yale Economic Review

Interview on PBS' Commanding Heights

Interview on The Colbert Report, March 2006

Economics for a Crowded Planet (video)

Jeffrey Sachs ''Charlie Rose'' interviews

Audio/Video recording of Jeffrey Sachs lecture as part of the University of Chicago World Beyond the Headlines series.

Sachs addresses Harvard Law students in the ''Harvard Law Record''

Asia Society Video: Jeffrey Sachs on Water Security Issues in Asia April 17, 2009

Jeffrey Sachs Speaker Biography on the World Business Forum where Sachs is a featured speaker for the 2009 event

Audio: Jeffrey Sachs in conversation on the BBC World Service discussion show ''The Forum''

Category:1954 births Category:Living people Category:People from Detroit, Michigan Category:People from Oakland County, Michigan Category:International finance economists Category:Development economists Category:American economists Category:Harvard University alumni Category:Harvard University faculty Category:Columbia University faculty Category:American people of German descent Category:United Nations officials Category:Development specialists Category:International development Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan Category:Green thinkers

bn:জেফ্রি স্যাক্স bs:Jeffrey Sachs cs:Jeffrey Sachs de:Jeffrey Sachs es:Jeffrey Sachs eo:Jeffrey Sachs fr:Jeffrey Sachs la:Galfridus Sachs nl:Jeffrey Sachs ja:ジェフリー・サックス no:Jeffrey Sachs pl:Jeffrey Sachs pt:Jeffrey Sachs ru:Сакс, Джеффри sk:Jeffrey Sachs fi:Jeffrey Sachs sv:Jeffrey Sachs tr:Jeffrey Sachs zh:傑佛瑞·薩克斯

name	Jeffrey Lewis
background	solo_singer
birth name	Jeffrey Lewis
born	November 20, 1975New York City, United States
genre	Anti-folk
years active	1997–present
label	Rough Trade
associated acts	Schwervon!, Kimya Dawson, Sufjan Stevens, Major Matt Mason USA, Jack Lewis, Adam Green
website	Official Site }}

Jeffrey Lewis (born November 20, 1975 in New York City) is an American singer/songwriter and comic book artist.

Early life

Lewis attended State University of New York at Purchase and graduated in 1997 with a degree in Literature. His Senior Literary Thesis was on the comic book ''Watchmen''.

Lewis also lectured on the topic of ''Watchmen'' at the Institute For Cultural Studies at the University of Leuven, Belgium, in 2000, and the text of his lecture ("The Dual Nature of Apocalypse in Watchmen") was published in the book ''The Graphic Novel'', edited by Jan Baetens, in 2001.

Starting in 2000, he spent about 2 years living in Austin, Texas, playing open mic nights, working odd jobs and distributing his autobiographical comics to local coffee shops.

Music

Several of his musical influences have been acknowledged in his songs such as "Williamsburg Will Oldham Horror", "The History of The Fall" and "The Chelsea Hotel Oral Sex Song", concerning the song by Leonard Cohen. Lewis' lyrics are complex and literate, often combining a nihilistic world-view with a hopeful message and sharp wit. Growing up on the Lower East Side of Manhattan Island his songs are also highly informed by his home surroundings, with songs name-dropping places such as Williamsburg, the FDR Drive and the East River.

Lewis is often regarded as part of the antifolk movement, first and foremost because he was one of the many bands and performers (including The Moldy Peaches, Major Matt Mason USA and Lach) who played in the 1990s at New York's Sidewalk Cafe and its biannual antifolk festivals and open mic events. His music also possesses certain traits of a perceived antifolk style - a downbeat self-deprecating humor, an off-kilter singing style, a mixture of acoustic and 'punk' songs which feature themes of everyday occurrences and feelings. Lewis himself does not mind the 'antifolk' tag: "I think it's a cool title. The fact that no one knows what it means, including me, makes it kind of mysterious and more interesting than saying that you’re a singer/songwriter or that you play indie rock."

After being signed by the British record label Rough Trade in 2001, Jeffrey Lewis released his first official album ''The Last Time I Did Acid I Went Insane''.

In 2003 he released the album ''It's the Ones Who've Cracked That the Light Shines Through,'' with drummer Anders Griffen. His third record, ''City and Eastern Songs'', was released in the UK in November 2005 and in the US in September 2006. All three of these albums also include his brother, Jack Lewis, who wrote and sang a number of the songs. In October 2007, Jeffrey released ''12 Crass Songs'', an album consisting entirely of songs written by the anarcho-pacifist British punk band Crass, reworked to match Jeffrey's antifolk style.

He has also performed and collaborated with Kimya Dawson of The Moldy Peaches as well as Diane Cluck. Some of his hand-drawn comics appear in the cover art of his CD releases.

In June 2008 Jeffrey Lewis with his brother Jack were the support act for Stephen Malkmus and the Jicks in Europe. Other well-known acts that Jeffrey has performed shows or whole tours with include Devendra Banhart, Jarvis Cocker, Black Dice, Adam Green, Thurston Moore, the Fall, Kimya Dawson, Beth Orton, Frank Black, the Fiery Furnaces, Daniel Johnston, Scout Niblett, the Mountain Goats, Dr. Dog, the Moldy Peaches, Cornershop, Trachtenburg Family Slideshow Players, Wooden Wand, the Cribs, Danielson, Herman Dune, Los Campesinos, and Super Furry Animals.

The New York Times online Op-Ed page "Measure For Measure" hired Jeffrey Lewis to write four short essays on the topic of songwriting, which were published at intervals in Fall/Winter 2008.

Artwork

Jeffrey has his own comic book series titled 'Fuff' (formerly called 'Guff') available via Olive Juice Music.

In March 2009, he designed the cover to the sixth issue of ''Bearded'' magazine.

Comics

''Reflections on Tomorrow thus a yesterday Flower Shall Doom'' (1998)

''The Worldwide Comix Scavenger Hunt vol 1'' (1998–2003)

''Reflections #2'' (1998–2003)

''Trip to Key West'' (1999)

''1999 European Travel Diary'' (1999)

''Jeff's Austin Diary'' (2001)

''Come to My Show'' (2004)

''Fuff # 1''

''Guff # 2''

''Guff # 3''

''Fuff # 4''

''Fuff # 5''

''Fuff # 6''

''Fuff # 7''

''Fuff # 8''

''The Art of Touring'' (2007)

''Comic book press kit for Mountain Goats' album 'Heretic Pride'' (2008)

Discography

Albums/EPs

''When Madman Was Good - Version One'' (1997)

''When Madman Was Good - Version Two'' (1998)

''Indie-Rock Fortune Cookie'' (1998)

''Journey to the Center of the Earth'' (1999)

''The Only Time I Feel Right Is When I'm Drawing Comic Books'' (2000)

''I Am, Of Course, Glad'' (2000)

''Kimya Dawson And Jeff Lewis'' (2001)

''Songs From Austin'' (2001)

''Diane Cluck And Jeffrey Lewis'' (2001)

''The Last Time I Did Acid I Went Insane'' (2001)

''Guitar Situations: Musical Conduct'' (2002)

''AntiFolk Collaborations Volume 1'' (2002)

''It's the Ones Who've Cracked That the Light Shines Through'' (2003)

''Jeffrey Lewis "Four Seasons" Box Set'' (2004)

''City and Eastern Songs'' (Jeffrey & Jack Lewis) (2005)

''Gas Money EP'' (2005) (split with Schwervon!)

''Tapes From The Crypt'' (2006)

''12 Crass Songs'' (2007)

''City and Eastern Tapes'' (2008)

'''Em Are I'' (Jeffrey Lewis & the Junkyard) (2009)

''Come On Board'' (Peter Stampfel & Jeffrey Lewis) ( January 2011)

''A Turn In The Dream-Songs'' (''to be released'' - October 2011)

Singles

''The Chelsea Hotel Oral Sex Song'' (2001)

''Back When I Was Four'' (2002)

''Graveyard/Spirit of Love'' (2002)

''No LSD Tonight/Don't Let The Record Label Take You Out To Lunch'' (2003)

''Williamsburg Will Oldham Horror'' (2005)

''Had It All'' (2005)

''To Be Objectified'' (2009)

''Roll Bus, Roll'' (2010)

Compilation Appearances

''Antifolk Vol. 1'' (2002) - "You Don't Have To Be A Scientist To Do Experiments on Your Own Heart

''Call It What You Want This Is Antifolk'' (2002) - So Long (I'm Gonna Go Draw All Alone In My Shack)

''Stop Me If You Think You've Heard This One Before'' (2003) -'' "Part-Time Punks"

''The Art Star Sounds Compilation'' (2005) - "Williamsburg Will Oldham Horror"

''Still Unravished- A Tribute to June Brides'' (2006) - Waiting For A Change

''Anticomp Folkilation'' (2007) - "The River" (with Diane Cluck)

External links

The official Jeffrey Lewis website

Russian-english podcast about Jeffrey Lewis in Moscow

References

Category:1975 births Category:Living people Category:American male singers Category:Songwriters from New York Category:Anti-folk musicians Category:American comics artists Category:American folk singers Category:Rough Trade Records artists Category:State University of New York at Purchase alumni

cy:Jeffrey Lewis de:Jeffrey Lewis fr:Jeffrey Lewis no:Jeffrey Lewis

: ''Palace Music redirects here. For the racehorse, see Palace Music (horse)''

name	Bonnie 'Prince' Billy
background	solo_singer
birth name	William Oldham
alias	Bonnie 'Prince' Billy
born	December 24, 1970 (age 40)
origin	Louisville, Kentucky, U.S.
genre	Folk, alternative country, country
years active	1993–present
label	Drag City, Domino, Spunk
website	www.bonnieprincebilly.com
notable instruments	}}

Will Oldham (born December 24, 1970), better known by the stage name Bonnie 'Prince' Billy, is an American singer-songwriter and actor. From 1993 to 1997, he performed and recorded under variations of the Palace name, including the Palace Brothers, Palace Songs, and Palace Music. After releasing material under his own name, he adopted the "Bonnie 'Prince' Billy" moniker for the majority of his output since 1998.

Music

Oldham is known for his "do-it-yourself punk aesthetic and blunt honesty," and his music has been likened to Americana, folk, roots, country, punk, and indie rock. He has been called an "Appalachian post-punk solipsist", with a voice that has been described as "a fragile sort-of warble frittering around haunted melodies in the American folk or country tradition."

Will Oldham first performed and recorded under various permutations of the Palace name, including Palace Brothers, Palace Songs, Palace Music, and simply Palace. Regarding the name changes during this period (1993–1997), Oldham said:

Beginning in 1998, Oldham has primarily used the moniker Bonnie 'Prince' Billy, which draws inspiration from several sources: }}

Oldham has explained that "the primary purpose of the pseudonym is to allow both the audience and the performer to have a relationship with the performer that is valid and unbreakable."

Discography

''There Is No-One What Will Take Care of You'' – Palace Brothers (1993)

''Days in the Wake'' – Palace Brothers (1994)

''Viva Last Blues'' – Palace Music (1995)

''Arise Therefore'' – Palace Music (1996)

''Joya'' – Will Oldham (1997)

''I See a Darkness'' – Bonnie 'Prince' Billy (1999)

''Ease Down the Road'' – Bonnie 'Prince' Billy (2001)

''Master and Everyone'' – Bonnie 'Prince' Billy (2003)

''Sings Greatest Palace Music'' – Bonnie 'Prince' Billy (2004)

''Superwolf'' – Matt Sweeney & Bonnie 'Prince' Billy (2005)

''Summer in the Southeast'' - Bonnie 'Prince' Billy (2005)

''The Brave and the Bold'' – Tortoise & Bonnie 'Prince' Billy (2006)

''The Letting Go'' – Bonnie 'Prince' Billy (2006)

''Wai Notes'' – Dawn McCarthy and Bonny Billy (2007)

''Wilding in the West'' – Bonnie "Prince" Billy (2007)

''Lie Down in the Light'' – Bonnie 'Prince' Billy (2008)

''Is It The Sea?'' – Bonnie 'Prince' Billy with Harem Scarem and Alex Neilson (2008)

''Beware'' - Bonnie 'Prince' Billy (2009)

''Funtown Comedown'' - Bonny Billy and the Picket Line (2009)

''The Wonder Show of the World'' - Bonnie 'Prince' Billy and the Cairo Gang (2010)

Response

Some of his albums, such as ''There Is No-One What Will Take Care of You'' (1993), ''Viva Last Blues'' (1995), and ''I See a Darkness'' (1999), have appeared on greatest albums lists.

He is mentioned in the lyrics of the Biffy Clyro song "Saturday Superhouse" and is the main character in the song "Williamsburg Will Oldham Horror" by New York anti-folk artist Jeffrey Lewis.

Johnny Cash recorded a version of "I See a Darkness" on his American Recordings disc, ''American III: Solitary Man'' (2000). Oldham provided backing vocals.

Steve Adey also covered "I See a Darkness" on his 2006 LP ''All Things Real''.

Mark Kozelek recorded a version of Oldham's "New Partner" on his 2008 disc, ''The Finally LP''.

Katatonia covered "Oh How I Enjoy the Light" on their 2001 EP ''Tonight's Music''.

In 2009 Mark Lanegan and Soulsavers recorded a cover version of "You Will Miss Me When I Burn". The release is a split single, backed with the Lanegan penned "Sunrise" featuring vocals by Oldham.

Film

Will Oldham began his acting career at the age of 17, when he portrayed a teen preacher in John Sayles's film about an Appalachian mining community, ''Matewan'' (1987). Oldham moved to Hollywood to pursue acting in the late 1980s, and landed roles in a couple of films. However, he quickly became disillusioned with the film industry and quit in 1989. He has since had several minor roles in independent films, such as ''Julien Donkey-Boy'' (1999), ''Junebug'' (2005), and ''The Guatemalan Handshake'' (2006). Oldham took a lead role in ''Old Joy'', which was featured at SXSW XX and opened at New York's Film Forum on September 20, 2006. Will Oldham also played the role of a preacher in the "Horse Apples" special of WonderShowzen in series 2 of the show. In 2009, he has been the narrator of "Madam and Little Boy", a documentary film about atomic weapons directed by Swedish artist Magnus Bärtås. In 2010, Oldham had a small part in ''Jackass 3D'' as a gorilla trainer. Oldham revealed that he had to write a theme song in the style of a Saturday morning cartoon show for filmmaker Lance Bangs' life to get the role.

Filmography

''Matewan'' (1987), directed by John Sayles

''Everybody's Baby: The Rescue of Jessica McClure'' (1989) (TV movie)

''Thousand Pieces of Gold'' (1991)

''Elysian Fields'' (1993)

''Radiation'' (1998)

''Julien Donkey-Boy'' (1999) (uncredited role), directed by Harmony Korine

''Slitch'' (2003), directed by Dianne Bellino

''Tripping with Caveh'' (2004), directed by Caveh Zahedi

''Junebug'' (2005)

''The Guatemalan Handshake'' (2006)

''Old Joy'' (2006)

''Wendy and Lucy (2008)

''Madam and Little Boy'' (2009)

''Jackass 3D'' (2010)

''Pioneer'' (2011)

Photography

Will Oldham shot the black-and-white cover photograph of Slint's 1991 album ''Spiderland''. The photo depicts members of the band treading water in the lake of an abandoned quarry.

Oldham also featured as guest aesthetic designer for the North American literary magazine Zoetrope All Story (vol 11, no 1) in 2007. In a note contained in the issue, he jokes that it would be "really magnificent to imagine this issue as a cocktail party at which all of the contributors, word and image, are present. add a bowl of keys and some mushroom cookies and i am there. [sic]"

References

External links

Bonnie 'Prince' Billy official website

Will Oldham at Drag City (record label)

Bonnie 'Prince' Billy at Domino Records (record label)

The Royal Stable - Fan site with news, photos, tour dates, etc.

The Pulpit - Fan site with some lyrics and tablature

Daytrotter session

Freewilliamsburg.com interview

Bonnie 'Prince' Billy as Guest DJ at NPR Music

The Pretender - Profile of Will Oldham in The New Yorker

www.music-illuminati.com - Interview

Category:1970 births Category:American alternative country singers Category:American country guitarists Category:American country singer-songwriters Category:American folk guitarists Category:American folk singers Category:Brown University alumni Category:Drag City artists Category:Living people Category:Musicians from Kentucky Category:People from Louisville, Kentucky

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