Coordinates	37°46′45.48″N122°25′9.12″N
Building name	Al Sadiq Mosque
Municipality	Chicago
Province	Illinois,
Geo
Religious affiliation	Islam
Website	www.ahmadiyya.us/
Architecture	yes
Architecture type	Mosque
Year completed	1922
Minaret height	}}

The Al Sadiq Mosque (''Wabash Mosque'') was commissioned in 1922 in the Bronzeville neighborhood in city of Chicago. This mosque was funded with the money donated by African-American converts and Ahmadis in India.

Chicago Muslim Mission

Mufti Muhammad Sadiq arrived in America on February 15, 1920 and established 1921 the Headquarters of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. Muhammad Sadiq started a monthly magazine called “The Moslem Sunrise”, which contained articles on Islam, contemporary issues of conscience and the names of new converts. This magazine still exists. Muhammad Sadiq attracted a substantial number of converts in his short stay in America, most notably in Detroit and Chicago between 1922 and 1923.

The Ahmadiyya Movement continued to grow and established more than 40 missions through America. Four Ahmadi mosques can be found in the region today, two predominantly African-American, two predominantly Indo-Pakistani. Chicago served as the movement's national headquarters until 1950. When it were moved to American Fazl Mosque in Washington, D.C..

Literature

''Ahmadiyya Muslim Mosques Around the World – A Pictorial Presentation'' (Khilafat Centenary Edition) by the USA Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, ISBN 1-882494-51-2, pg. 291

''Al-Nahl Special Issue on Dr. Mufti Muhammad Sadiq'

External links

Mosque Info

References

Category:Ahmadiyya Muslim Community mosques Category:Mosques in Illinois Category:Places of worship in Chicago, Illinois Category:1922 architecture

de:Al-Sadiq-Moschee es:Mezquita Al-Sadiq

Coordinates	37°46′45.48″N122°25′9.12″N
Name	Ja‘far al-Sādiq
Given name	Ja‘far ibn Muhammad ibn ‘Alī
Rank	Sixth Twelver/Musta‘lī ImāmFifth Nizārī Imām
Subtitle	Abū ‘Abdillāh
Birth	17th Rabī‘ al-Awwal 83 AH≈ 20 April 702 C.E.
Death	15th Shawwāl 148 AH≈ 14 December 765 C.E.
Birthplace	Medina
Buried	Jannatul Baqī‘, Medina
Duration	Before Imāmate: 31 years (83 - 114 AH)- 12 years with his grandfather Imām as-Sajjād- 19 years with his father Imām al-BāqirImāmate: 34 years([114 - 148 AH]
Titles	*as-Sādiq(Arabic which means the Truthful)*al-Fādhil(Arabic for Virtuous)*at-Tāhir(Arabic for Pure)*Altinci Ali(Turkish for Sixth Ali)
Spouse	Hamīdah al-Barbariyyah
Father	Muhammad al-Bāqir
Mother	Umm Farwa (Fatimah bint Al-Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr)
Children	Mūsá al-Kādhim ''(Twelver successor)''Ismā‘īl ibn Ja‘far ''(Ismaili successor)''Abdullah al-Aftah, Ishaq, 'Ali al-Uraidhi, al-Abbas, Muhammad al-Dibaj, Fatimah, Umm Farwah, Asmaa }}

Jaʿfar ibn Muhammad al-Sādiq () (702-765 C.E. or 17th Rabī‘ al-Awwal 83 AH - 25th Shawwāl 148 AH) was a descendant of Muhammad and a prominent Muslim jurist. He is revered as an Imam by the adherents of Shi'a Islam and as a renowned Islamic scholar and personality by Sunni Muslims. The Shi'a Muslims consider him to be the sixth Imam or leader and spiritual successor to Muhammad. The internal dispute over who was to succeed Ja'far as Imam led to schism within Shi'a Islam. Al-Sadiq was celebrated among his brothers and peers and stood out among them for his great personal merits. He is highly respected by both Sunni and Shi'a Muslims for his great Islamic scholarship, pious character, and academic contributions.

Although he is perhaps most famous as the founder of Shi'a Islamic fiqh, known as Ja'fari jurisprudence, he had many other accomplishments. He was the teacher of many subsequent Muslim scholars such as the founders of both Sunni and Shi'a Islamic schools of jurisprudence. As well as being considered an Imam of the Shi'a, he is revered by the Naqshbandi Sunni Sufi chain. He was a polymath: an astronomer, alchemist, Imam, Islamic scholar, Islamic theologian, writer, philosopher, physician, physicist and scientist. He was also the teacher of the famous chemist, Jābir ibn Hayyān (Geber), and a contemporary of Abū Ḥanīfa, the founder of the Hanafi school of Sunni Islamic jurisprudence.

Birth and family life

Ja'far al-Sadiq was born in Medina to Umm Farwah bint Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr on 20 April 702 AD (17 Rabi' al-Awwal, 83 Anno Hegirae).

Ja'far Al-Sadiq has three titles; they are As-Sadiq, Al-Fadil, and At-Tahir. His father, Muhammad al-Baqir is considered by the Shi'a to be the fifth Shi’a Imam. His mother, Umm Farwa, was the grand-daughter of Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr, who was the son of Abu Bakr Siddiq, the first Caliph in Islam.

Ja'far al-Sadiq was 34 years old when his father was poisoned upon which, according to Shi'a tradition, he inherited the position of Imam.

Marriage and offspring

Jaf'ar married Fatima Al-Hasan, a descendant of Hasan ibn Ali, who bore him two sons Isma'il ibn Jafar (the Ismaili Imām-designate) and Abdullah al-Aftah.

Following his wife's death Al-Sadiq purchased a slave of Berber origin named Hamidah Khātūn (), freed her, trained her as an Islamic scholar, and then married her. She bore Mūsá al-Kāżim (the seventh Shi’ah Imam) and Muhammad al-Dibaj and was revered by the Shī‘ah, especially by women, for her wisdom.

Scholarly attainments

As a child, Ja'far Al-Sadiq studied under his grandfather, Zayn al-Abidin. After his grandfather's death, he studied under and accompanied his father, Muhammad al-Baqir, until Muhammad al-Baqir died in 733.

Ja'far Al-Sadiq became well versed in Islamic sciences, including Qur'an and Hadith. In addition to his knowledge of Islamic sciences, Ja'far Al-Sadiq was also an adept in natural sciences, mathematics, philosophy, astronomy, anatomy, alchemy and other subjects.

The foremost Islamic alchemist, Abu Musa Jabir ibn Hayyan, known in Europe as Geber, was Ja'far Al-Sadiq's most prominent student. Ja'far Al-Sadiq was known for his liberal views on learning, and was keen to have discourse with Scholars of other views.

Abū Ḥanīfa was an Islamic scholar and Jurist. He was a student of Ja'far Al-Sadiq, as was Malik ibn Anas, who quotes 12 hadiths from Jafar Sadiq in his famous Al-Muwatta.

Allamah ash-shibli writes in his book Siratu'n- Nu'man: "Abu Hanifah remained for a considerable period in the attendance of Ja'far as-Sadiq, acquiring from him a great deal of precious research on fiqh and hadith. Both the sects - Shi'ah and Sunni - believe that the source of Abu Hanifah's knowledge was mostly derived from his association with Ja'far as-Sadiq." He devoted his whole life to the cause of religious preaching and propagation of the teachings of Muhammed and never strove for power.

Scholars believed to have learned extensively from Ja'far Al-Sadiq:

#Jābir ibn Hayyān - known in Europe as Geber, a great alchemist. #Isma'il ibn Jafar - his son, the seventh Shi'ah Imam according to the Ismailis. #Musa al-Kadhim - his son, the seventh Shi’ah Imam according to the Twelvers #Ali al-Uraidhi ibn Ja'far al-Sadiq- his youngest son. #Mufadhal bin Amr- his Gate keeper and a prominent student

Sunni scholars who either attended Ja'far Al-Sadiq's lectures or learnt from him:

#Abū Ḥanīfa - founder of the Hanafi school of thought. #Malik ibn Anas - founder of the Maliki school of thought.

Others that attended lectures by Ja'far Al-Sadiq:

#Wasil ibn Ata - founder of the Mu'tazili school of thought.

Jurisprudence

Ja'far al-Sadiq developed Ja'fari jurisprudence at about the same time its Sunni legal fiqh counterparts were being codified. It was distinguished from Sunni law "on matters regarding inheritance, religious taxes, commerce, and personal status."

Under the Umayyad rulers

Ja'far Al-Sadiq lived in violent times. Ja'far Al-Sadiq was considered by many Shia 'Ali ibn Abi Talib to be the sixth Shi'a imam, however, the Shi'ahs were considered heretics and rebels by the Umayyad caliphs. Many of Ja'far Al-Sadiq's relatives had died at the hands of the Umayyad. Shortly after his father's death, Ja'far Al-Sadiq's uncle, Zayd ibn Ali led a rebellion against the Umayyads. Ja'far Al-Sadiq did not participate, but many of his kinsmen, including his uncle, were killed, and others were punished by the Umayyad caliph. There were other rebellions during these last years of the Umayyad, before the Abbasids succeeded in grasping the caliphate and establishing the Abbasid dynasty in 750 CE, when Ja'far Al-Sadiq was 48 years old.

Many rebel factions tried to convince Ja'far al-Sadiq to support their claims. Ja'far Al-Sadiq evaded their requests without explicitly advancing his own claims. He is said to burned their letters (letters promising him the caliphate) commenting, "This man is not from me and cannot give me what is in the province of Allah". Ja'far Al-Sadiq's prudent silence on his true views is said to have established Taqiyya as a Shi'a doctrine. Taqiyya says that it is acceptable to hide one's true opinions if by revealing them, one put oneself or others in danger.

The incidents and difficulties, which come into human life can, measure and find out the extent of his energy and faith. The difficulties, which cropped up in the life of Ja'far Al-Sadiq and the patience and forbearance, which, he showed towards them, illuminated his personality and worth. Howsoever they (enemies) abused and teased him he showed patience and forbearance and admonished them. He never cursed or used foul language about them.

Under the Abbasid rulers

The new Abbasid rulers, who had risen to power on the basis of their claim to descent from Muhammad's uncle ‘Abbas ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib, were extremely suspicious of Ja'far, whom many considered to have a better claim to the caliphate. Ja'far was watched closely and, occasionally, imprisoned to cut his ties with his followers. Ja'far endured the persecution patiently and continued his study and writing wherever he found himself.

He died on 14 December, 765. He was poisoned by Al-Mansur. He is buried in Medina, in the famous Jannatul Baqee' cemetery.

Succession

After Ja'far al-Sadiq's death during the reign of the ‘Abbāsids, various Shī‘ī groups organised in secret opposition to their rule. Among them were the supporters of the proto-Ismā‘īlī community, of whom the most prominent group were called the "Mubārakiyyah".

There are hadīth which state that Ismā‘īl ibn Ja‘far "al-Mubārak" would be heir to the Imamate, as well as those that state Musa al-Kadhim was to be the heir. However, Ismā‘īl predeceased his father.

Some of the Shī‘ah claimed Ismā‘īl had not died, but rather gone into hiding, but the proto-Ismā‘īlī group accepted his death and therefore that his eldest son, Muḥammad ibn Ismā‘īl, was now Imām. Muḥammad remained in contact with this "Mubārakiyyah" group, most of whom resided in Kūfah.

In contrast, Twelvers don't believe that Isma'il ibn Jafar was ever given the ''nass'' ("designation of the Imamate"), but they acknowledge that this was the popular belief among the people at the time. Both Shaykh Tusi and Shaykh al-Sadūq did not believe that the divine designation was changed (called ''Bada'''), arguing that if matters as important as Imāmate were subject to change, then the basic fundamentals of belief should also be subject to change. Thus Twelvers accept that Mūsá al-Kāżim was the only son who was ever designated for Imāmate.

This is the initial point of divergence between the proto-Twelvers and the proto-Ismā‘īlī. This disagreement over the proper heir to Ja‘far has been a point of contention between the two groups ever since. The split among the Mubārakiyyah came with Muḥammad's death. The majority of the group denied his death; they recognised him as the Mahdi. The minority believed in his death and would eventually emerge in later times as the Fāṭimid Ismā‘īlī, ancestors to all modern groups.

Another Shia branch that emerged around the figure of Ja'far al-Sadiq was the Tawussite Shia. Following the death of al-Sadiq, the Tawussite's denied that he died and instead believed in his Mahdism.

Another Shia branch claimed that al-Sadiq's eldest surviving son Abdullah al-Aftah was the Imam to succeed his father. This branch was known as the Fathites, some of whom believed that Abdullah also had a son, though most believed he died without issue.

Anecdotes

Someone once asked Ja'far Al-Sadiq to show him God. Ja'far Al-Sadiq replied, "Look at the sun." The man replied that he could not look at the sun because it was too bright.

Ja'far Al-Sadiq replied: "If you cannot see the created, how can you expect to see the creator?"

Timeline

|- |-

See also

Husayn ibn Ali

Ali al-Rida

Muhammad al-Taqi

Ali al-Hadi

Hasan al-Askari

Muhammad al-Mahdi

Al-Abbas ibn Ali

Qasim ibn Hasan

Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah

Aban ibn abi-Ayyash

Waqifite Shia

Notes

References

Muhammed Al-Husain Al-Mudaffar, ''Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq''.

Sayyid Mahdi as-Sadr, ''THE AHLUL-BAYT Ethical Role-Models''.

Mohammad Hussein il Adeeb, ''The Brief History of the Fourteen Infallibales''.

External links

Ja'far ibn Muhammad, an article of Encyclopædia Britannica Online

Imam Ja'far as-Sadiq's life according to a Sunni Sufi source (Naqshbandiya Mujaddidiya Khalidiya Haqqaniya Tariqa of Sufism)

Imam al-Sadiq by Shaykh Mohammed al-Husayn al-Muzaffar

Tawheed al-Mufadhdhal - as dictated by Imam Ja'far as-Sadiq to Al-Mufadhdhal

The Sixth Imam

Biography of the Sixth Imam by Sheikh al-Mufid

----

Category:Shi'a imams Category:Start-Class Islam-related articles Category:702 births Category:765 deaths Category:Alchemists of medieval Islam Category:Twelver imams

ar:جعفر الصادق az:Cəfər Sadiq bs:Džafer es-Sadik ca:Jàfar as-Sàdiq cs:Dža'far as-Sádik da:Jafar al-Sadiq de:Dschaʿfar as-Sādiq es:Ya`far as-Sadiq fa:جعفر صادق fr:Ja'far al-Sâdiq id:Ja'far ash-Shadiq it:Ja'far al-Sadiq he:ג'עפר א-צאדק jv:Ja'far al-Sadiq mzn:جعفر صادق nl:Jafer Sadiq ja:ジャアファル・サーディク ru:Джафар ас-Садик sv:Jafar as-Sadiq th:อัศศอดิก tr:Cafer-i Sadık uk:Джафар ас-Садик ur:جعفر الصادق

Coordinates	37°46′45.48″N122°25′9.12″N
Name	John Reed
Birth date	February 07, 1969
Birth place	TriBeCa, New York City
Nationality	American
Alma mater	Columbia University
Occupation	novelist
Website	''http://www.johnreed.tv''

John Reed (born February 7, 1969) is an American novelist. He is the author of four novels: ''A Still Small Voice'' (2000), ''Snowball's Chance'' (2002) with a preface by Alexander Cockburn, ''The Whole'' (2005), and ''All the World's a Grave: A New Play by William Shakespeare'' (2008). His fifth book, ''Tales of Woe'' (2010), is a collection of twenty-five stories, chronicling true stories of abject misery.

Biography

Born in 1969 in New York City, Reed is the son of artist David Reed and Judy Rifka. He attended Hampshire College, and received a Masters in Fine Art in Creative Writing from Columbia University. He teaches at The New School.

Reed was an early contributor to, and subsequently an editor with, ''Open City'', a New York literary journal published by Robert Bingham, who later founded the book series.

Works

thumb|left|Reed in Brooklyn reading from his non-fiction ''Tales of Woe'', at the [[MTV|MTV Press/Brooklyn Rail launch party.]]He is affiliated with the ''New York Press'' and ''The Brooklyn Rail''. "Americans are extremely sophisticated in terms of narrative forms," said Reed in an interview. "We see it in commercials, we see it on TV, we see it in movies. But the narrative forms we're talking about are three acts, five acts, depending on how you want to look at it. They're all based on a Christian model of sin, suffering, redemption; which is not a large model."

A Still Small Voice

''A Still Small Voice'' (Delacorte 2000, Delta 2001), Reed’s first novel, is a historical novel based on the life of a girl growing up in Kentucky from 1850-1870.

Snowball's Chance

''Snowball's Chance'' (Roof Books 2002/2003), Reed’s second novel was a controversial send-up of George Orwell’s ''Animal Farm'', and ended in a cataclysmic attack on the “Twin Mills” (reminiscent of the 9/11 attack on the World Trade Center). It became a bestseller in the field of books by independent literary publishers.

The Whole, or, Duh Whole

''The Whole'', Reed’s third novel, parodied MTV and was released in 2005 by MTV Books (Simon & Schuster). The novel described a gigantic hole that appears in the middle of the country, which engulfs four states.

All the World's a Grave

Reed, in a new work, returns to the overhaul of canonical English writers in ''All the World's a Grave'', fall 2008, Penguin Books. The work, subtitled "''A New Play by William Shakespeare''", is a tragedy in five acts, a "mash-up" constructed of lines drawn from five Shakespeare tragedies and one Shakespeare history; Hamlet, King Lear, Macbeth, Othello, Romeo & Juliet and Henry V. In the "literary trick" (as described by Page Six of The New York Post) Shakespeare's lines are rearranged into a wholly new story, in which Prince Hamlet of Denmark goes to war to claim his bride and the daughter of King Lear, Juliet. Upon a triumphant return home, Hamlet discovers that his mother has murdered his father, and married Macbeth. Visited by his father's ghost, and goaded by the opportunistic Lieutenant Iago, Hamlet is driven mad by the erroneous belief that Juliet is having an affair with General Romeo.

References

External links

John Reed's website

All the World's a Grave'', book website.

Kill the beavers!, ''The Daily Telegraph'', November 22, 2002.

John Reed: Saint George and the Damn Truth, ''Moby Lives'', Nove,ber 10, 2003.

John Reed: The Whole, an excerpt, ''Brooklyn Rail'', January 2005.

Dinitia Smith: A Pig Returns to the Farm, Thumbing His Snout at Orwell, ''The New York Times'', November 25, 2002.

Cathy Young: Blaming the Victim, ''Reason.com'', December 3, 2002.

Andrea Scrima: Review of Tales of Woe, Rumpus, November 16, 2010.

Interview with Arthur Phillips on rewriting Shakespeare

Category:1969 births Category:Living people Category:American novelists Category:American humorists Category:Writers from New York Category:Hampshire College alumni Category:Columbia University alumni Category:George Orwell Category:The New School faculty

Coordinates	37°46′45.48″N122°25′9.12″N
background	#008000
name	Grand Ayatollah Hossein Vahid Khorasani
religion	Usuli Twelver Shia Islam
alias
location	Qom, Iran
title	Ayatollah
period	1972 - Present
post	Grand Ayatollah
birth date	January 01, 1921
birth place	Nishapur, Iran
website	www.vahid-khorasani.ir }}

Grand Ayatollah Hossein Vahid Khorasani ( , born January 1, 1921) is an Iranian Twelver Shia Marja. He was born in Nishapur, Iran and moved to Najaf, Iraq in 1960 and studied in seminaries of Grand Ayatollah Khoei until he moved back to Iran in 1972 and currently resides and teaches in the Seminary of Qom, Iran. He is also the father in law of Sadeq Larijani.

See also

Grand Ayatollah

External links

Grand Ayatollah Hossein Vahid Khorasani's official website

Category:People from Mashhad Category:1924 births Category:Living people Category:Iranian grand ayatollahs Category:People from Nishapur

ar:حسين وحيد الخراساني fa:حسین وحید خراسانی it:Hossein Vahid Khorasani ru:Вахид Хорасани

, fourth Caliph of Islam|Ali|}}

Coordinates	37°46′45.48″N122°25′9.12″N
Name	Hazrat Ali bin Dust bin
Birth name	Ali
Birth date	1964
Birth place	Kabul, Afghanistan
Residence	Jalalabad
Nationality	Afghanistan (Pashai)
Known for	Fighting against Arabs in Toorabora.
Education	PHD in Political sciences
Alma mater	Harwad university near Kabul
Occupation	warlord
Home town	Kashmond, Alingar district, Laghman Province.
Salary	AFN.1000
Height	8 ft
Weight	140 kg
Party	Northern Allience
Religion	Islam
Spouse	Zarina BB
Children	42
Footnotes	}}

Hajji Hazrat Ali bin Bahawal Sheir is a military commander in eastern Afghanistan.

Biography

He was born in 1964 and is an ethnic Pashai.

Hazrat Ali rose to prominence during the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan. As a commander for Hezb-e Islami Khalis he quickly became an important leader for the Pashai community. Hazrat Ali has also been described as an Afghan Army commander under the Soviet puppet regime.

During the war against the Taliban, Ali is said to have been aligned with Ahmad Shah Massoud. Following the fall of the Taliban Ali joined with two other leaders in the Jalalabad-Tora Bora region, Abdul Qadir and Mohammed Zaman to set up the Eastern Shura, a local provisional government. They were early backers of the first post-Taliban President Hamid Karzai.

The Pak Tribune described Ali as a "gangster" during the Fall 2004 Afghan Presidential election.

The ''Asia Times'' reports that, after the fall of the Taliban, Ali's troops executed hundreds of captured Arab prisoners with the complicity of U.S. special forces.

The ''Asia Times'' also reports that Ali was one of the warlords who allowed Bin Laden to escape from Tora Bora. :''"By the time the merciless American B-52 bombing raids were about to begin, bin Laden had already left Tora Bora - as a number of Afghan mujahideen confirmed to Asia Times Online at the time. They said they had seen him on the other side of the frontline in late November. Hazrat Ali, the warlord and then so-called minister of "law and order" in the Eastern Shura (traditional decision-making council) in Afghanistan, was outsourced by the Pentagon to go after bin Laden and al-Qaeda in Tora Bora. He bagged a handful of suitcases full of cash. He put on a show for the cameras. And significantly, he was barely in touch with the few Special Forces on the ground."

Hamid Karzai appointed Hazrat Ali as the Jalalabad police chief 2003 and was sacked on 2004 due to connection with talibans and some other militant groups. Ali ran for election in the fall of 2005 for election to the Wolesi Jirga, the Afghan Parliament, for a seat from Nangarhar. Ali won a seat for Nangrahar province.

Guantanamo detainees who served under Hazrat Ali

Guantanamo detainee Anwar Khan told his Administrative Review Board that he had fought against the Taliban, under the over-all command of Hazrat Ali. He claimed he had been arrested, and sent to Guantanamo when he was stopped at an American checkpoint and the soldiers were confused as to why he was carrying multiple ID cards.

Guantanamo detainee Awal Gul had been worked, reluctantly, for the Taliban, in administrative positions. He told his Tribunal of making multiple attempts to resign from the positions the Taliban had appointed him to. When the Taliban started to fall he took his chance and enlisted in Hazrat Ali's forces. However, a few months later, Ali forced him to surrender him to American forces.

References

Category:Members of the House of the People (Afghanistan) Category:Living people Category:People from Nangarhar Province Category:History of Nangarhar Province Category:1964 births Category:Pashai people fr:Haji Zaman Ghamsharik