__NOTOC__ Year 1972 (MCMLXXII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. Within the context of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) it was the longest year ever, as two leap seconds were added during this 366-day year, an event which has not since been repeated.

Events

January

January 1

* Kurt Waldheim becomes Secretary General of the United Nations.

* Pierre Hotel Robbery: Six men rob the safety deposit boxes of The Pierre Hotel in New York City of at least $4 million.

January 4

* The first scientific hand-held calculator (HP-35) is introduced (price $395).

* Rose Heilbron becomes the first woman judge at the Old Bailey in London.

January 5 – U.S. President Richard Nixon orders the development of a space shuttle program.

January 7

* An Iberian Airlines passenger plane crashes into a 250-meter peak on the island of Ibiza; 104 are killed.

* Howard Hughes speaks by telephone to denounce Clifford Irving's supposed biography of him.

January 9 – The RMS ''Queen Elizabeth'' is destroyed by fire in Hong Kong harbor.

January 10 – Father of The Nation Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman returns Bangladesh from Pakistan

January 13 – Prime Minister of Ghana Kofi Abrefa Busia is overthrown in a military coup.

January 14 – Queen Margaret II of Denmark succeeds her father, King Frederick IX, on the throne of Denmark.

January 16 – Super Bowl VI: The Dallas Cowboys defeat the Miami Dolphins 24–3.

January 19 – The Libertarian enclave Minerva on a platform in the South Pacific, sponsored by the Phoenix Foundation, declares independence. Soon neighboring Tonga annexes the area and dismantles the platform.

January 20 – President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto announces that Pakistan will immediately begin a nuclear weapons programme.

January 21 – A New Delhi bootlegger sells wood alcohol to a wedding party; 100 die.

January 24 – Japanese soldier Shoichi Yokoi is discovered in Guam; he had spent 28 years in the jungle.

January 25 – Shirley Chisholm, the first African American Congresswoman, announces her candidacy for President.

January 26

* Yugoslavian air stewardess Vesna Vulović is the only survivor when her plane crashes in Czechoslovakia. She survives after falling 10,160 meters (33,330 feet) in the tail section of the aircraft.

* The Aboriginal Tent Embassy is set up on the lawn of Parliament House in Canberra.

January 28 – Richard Chanfray claims he is the Count of St Germain on French television.

January 30

* Bloody Sunday: The British Army kills 14 unarmed nationalist civil rights marchers in Derry, Northern Ireland.

* Pakistan withdraws from the Commonwealth of Nations.

January 31 – King Birendra succeeds his father as King of Nepal.

February

February 2

* A bomb explodes at the British Yacht Club in West Berlin, killing Irwin Beelitz, a German boat builder.

* The German militant group Movement 2 June announces its support of the Provisional Irish Republican Army.

* Anti-British riots take place throughout Ireland. The British Embassy in Dublin is burned to the ground, as are several British-owned businesses.

February 3–February 13 – The 1972 Winter Olympics are held in Sapporo, Japan.

February 4 – ''Mariner 9'' sends pictures from Mars.

February 5

* U.S. airlines begin mandatory inspection of passengers and baggage.

* Bob Douglas becomes the first African American elected to the Basketball Hall of Fame.

February 9 – The British government declares a state of emergency over a miners' strike.

February 15

* President of Ecuador José María Velasco Ibarra is deposed for the fourth time.

* Phonorecords are granted U.S. federal copyright protection for the first time.

February 17 – Volkswagen Beetle sales exceed those of the Ford Model-T when the 15,007,034th Beetle is produced.

February 18 – The California Supreme Court voids the state's death penalty, commuting all death sentences to life in prison.

February 19 – Asama-Sansō incident: Five United Red Army members break into a lodge below Mount Asama, taking the wife of the lodge keeper hostage.

February 21 – The Soviet unmanned spaceship ''Luna 20'' lands on the Moon.

February 21–February 28 – U.S. President Richard M. Nixon makes an unprecedented 8-day visit to the People's Republic of China and meets with Mao Zedong.

February 22

* Aldershot bombing: An Official IRA bomb kills 7 in Aldershot, England.

* A Lufthansa plane is hijacked and taken to Aden. Passengers are released after a ransom of 16 million German marks is agreed.

February 23 – Angela Davis is released from jail. A Caruthers, California farmer, Rodger McAfee, helps her make bail.

February 24 – North Vietnamese negotiators walk out of the Paris Peace Talks to protest U.S. air raids.

February 26

* A coal sludge spill kills 125 people in Buffalo Creek, West Virginia.

* ''Luna 20'' comes back to Earth with 55 grams (1.94 oz) of lunar soil.

February 28 – The Asama-Sanso incident ends in a standoff between 5 members of the Japanese United Red Army and the authorities, in which 2 policemen are killed and 12 injured.

March

March 1

* The Thai province Yasothon is created after being split off from the Ubon Ratchathani Province.

* The Club of Rome publishes its report ''Limits to Growth''.

March 2

* The ''Pioneer 10'' spacecraft is launched from Cape Kennedy, to be the first man-made satellite to leave the solar system.

* Jean-Bédel Bokassa becomes President of the Central African Republic.

March 3 – Sculpted figures of Jefferson Davis, Robert E. Lee, and Stonewall Jackson are completed at Stone Mountain in the U.S. state of Georgia.

March 4

* Libya and the Soviet Union sign a cooperation treaty.

* The Organisation of the Islamic Conference Charter is signed (effective 28 February 1973).

March 5 – Greek composer Mikis Theodorakis leaves the Greek Communist Party.

March 13

* The United Kingdom and the People's Republic of China elevate diplomatic exchanges to the ambassadorial level after 22 years.

* Clifford Irving admits to a New York court that he had fabricated Howard Hughes' "autobiography".

March 16 – The first building of the Pruitt–Igoe housing development is destroyed.

March 19 – India and Bangladesh sign a friendship treaty.

March 22 – The 92nd U.S. Congress votes to send the proposed Equal Rights Amendment to the states for ratification.

March 24

* ''The Godfather'' is released in cinemas in the United States.

* The British government announces the prorogation of the Parliament of Northern Ireland and the introduction of 'Direct Rule' of Northern Ireland, after the Unionist government refuses to cede security powers.

March 25

* ''Après Toi'' sung by Vicky Leandros (music by Klaus Munro & Mario Panas, lyric by Klaus Munro & Yves Dessca) wins the Eurovision Song Contest 1972 for Luxembourg.

* ''Bewitched'' starring Elizabeth Montgomery and Dick Sargent aired its final episode, "The Truth, Nothing but the Truth, So Help Me Sam" on ABC.

March 26

* An avalanche on Mount Fuji kills 19 climbers.

* The last trolleybus system in the United Kingdom closes in Bradford, West Riding of Yorkshire after over 60 years of operation.

March 30 – Vietnam War: The Easter Offensive begins after North Vietnamese forces cross into the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) of South Vietnam.

April

April 7 – Vietnam War veteran Richard McCoy, Jr. hijacks a United Airlines jet and extorts $500,000; he is later captured.

April 10

* The U.S. and the Soviet Union join some 70 nations in signing the Biological Weapons Convention, an agreement to ban biological warfare.

* A 7.0 Richter scale earthquake kills 5,000 people in the Iranian province of Fars.

* The 44th Annual Academy Awards are held at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles.

April 13 – The Universal Postal Union decides to recognize the People's Republic of China as the only legitimate Chinese representative, effectively expelling the Republic of China administering Taiwan.

April 16

* ''Apollo 16'' (John Young, Ken Mattingly, Charlie Duke) is launched. During the mission, the astronauts achieve a lunar rover speed record of 18 km/h.

* Vietnam War – Nguyen Hue Offensive: Prompted by the North Vietnamese offensive, the United States resumes bombing of Hanoi and Haiphong.

April 17 – The first Boston Marathon in which women are officially allowed to compete.

April 22 – Sylvia Cook and John Fairfax finish rowing across the Pacific.

April 26 – The Lockheed L-1011 Tristar enters service with Eastern Airlines.

April 27 – A no-confidence vote against German Chancellor Willy Brandt fails under obscure circumstances.

April 29 – The fourth anniversary of the Broadway musical ''Hair'' is celebrated with a free concert at a Central Park bandshell, followed by dinner at the Four Seasons. There, 13 Black Panther protesters and the show's co-author, Jim Rado, are arrested for disturbing the peace and for using marijuana.

May

May

* The Burundian Genocide against the Hutu begins; more than 500,000 Hutus die.

May 2 – Fire in a silver mine in Idaho kills 91.

May 5 – An Alitalia DC-8 crashes west of Palermo, Sicily; 115 die.

May 7 – General elections are held in Italy.

May 8 – U.S. President Richard Nixon orders the mining of Haiphong Harbor in Vietnam.

May 13 – Fire in a nightclub atop the Sennichi department store in Osaka, Japan, kills 115.

May 15

* Okinawa is returned to Japan after 27 years of United States Military occupation.

* Governor George C. Wallace of Alabama is shot by Arthur Herman Bremer at a Laurel, Maryland political rally.

May 16 – The first financial derivatives exchange, the International Monetary Market (IMM), opens on the Chicago Mercantile Exchange.

May 18 – Four troopers of both SAS and SBS are parachuted onto the ''RMS Queen Elizabeth 2'', off Britain in the Atlantic, after a bomb threat and ransom demand, which turns out to be bogus.

May 19 – Three out of 6 bombs explode in the Springer Press building in Hamburg, Germany, injuring 17; the Red Army Faction claims responsibility.

May 21 – In Rome, Laszlo Toth attacks Michelangelo's "Pietà" statue with a sledgehammer, shouting that he is Jesus Christ.

May 22

* Ceylon becomes the republic of Sri Lanka under prime minister Sirimavo Bandaranaike, when its new constitution is ratified.

* Ferit Melen forms the new (interim) government of Turkey (35th government)

May 23 – The Tamil United Front (now known as Tamil United Liberation Front), a pro-Tamil organization, is founded.

May 24

* Rangers lift the Cup Winners Cup, defeating Dynamo Moscow in the final at the Nou Camp. Their supporters invade the pitch, with the team banned from defending the trophy the following season.

* A Red Army Faction bomb explodes in the Campbell Barracks of the U.S. Army Supreme European Command in Heidelberg, West Germany; 3 U.S. soldiers (Clyde Bonner, Ronald Woodard and Charles Peck) are killed.

* The Magnavox Odyssey video game system is first demoed, marking the dawn of the video game age; it goes on sale to the public in August.

May 26

* Richard Nixon and Leonid Brezhnev sign the SALT I treaty in Moscow, as well as the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty and other agreements.

* The Watergate first break-in, the "Ameritas dinner", fails.

* Wernher von Braun retires from NASA, frustrated by the agency's unwillingness to pursue a manned trans-orbital space program.

* Willandra National Park is established in Australia.

May 27 – A second Watergate break-in attempt fails.

May 30

* The Angry Brigade goes on trial in the United Kingdom.

* Three Japanese Red Army members kill 24 and injure 100 in Lod Airport, Israel.

June

June – Iraq nationalizes the Iraq Petroleum Company.

June 2 – Andreas Baader, Jan-Carl Raspe, Holger Meins and some other members of Red Army Faction are arrested in Frankfurt am Main after a shootout.

June 3 – Sally Priesand becomes the first female U.S. rabbi.

June 4 – Angela Davis is found not guilty of murder.

June 5–June 16 – The United Nations Conference on the Human Environment is held in Stockholm, Sweden

June 8 – Seven men and 3 women hijack a plane from Czechoslovakia to West Germany.

June 9 – The Black Hills flood kills 238 in South Dakota.

June 14–June 23 – Hurricane Agnes kills 117 on the U.S. East Coast.

June 15 – Ulrike Meinhof and Gerhard Müller of the Red Army Faction are arrested in a teacher's apartment in Langenhagen, West Germany.

June 15–June 18 – The first U.S. Libertarian Party National Convention is held in Denver, Colorado.

June 16 – 108 die as two passenger trains hit the debris of a collapsed railway tunnel near Soissons, France.

June 17

* Watergate scandal: Five White House operatives are arrested for burglarizing the offices of the Democratic National Committee.

* The United States returns Okinawa, occupied and governed since the World War II Battle of Okinawa, to Japan.

* Chilean president Salvador Allende forms a new government.

June 18

* Staines air disaster: 118 die when a Trident 1 jet airliner crashes 2 minutes after take off from London Heathrow Airport.

* West Germany beats the Soviet Union 3–0 to win Euro 72.

June 23 – Watergate Scandal: U.S. President Richard M. Nixon and White House chief of staff H. R. Haldeman are taped talking about using the C.I.A. to obstruct the F.B.I.'s investigation into the Watergate break-ins.

June 26 – Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney co-found Atari.

June 28 – U.S. President Richard Nixon announces that no new draftees will be sent to Vietnam.

June 29 – ''Furman v. Georgia'': The Supreme Court of the United States rules that the death penalty is unconstitutional.

June 30 – An extra leap second (23:59:60) is added to end the month.

July

July – U.S. actress Jane Fonda tours North Vietnam, during which she is photographed sitting on a North Vietnamese anti-aircraft gun.

July 1

* The Canadian ketch ''Vega'', flying the Greenpeace III banner, collides with the French naval minesweeper ''La Paimpolaise'' while in international waters, to protest French nuclear weapon tests in the South Pacific.

* The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms becomes independent from the IRS.

July 2 – Following Pakistan's surrender to India in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, both nations sign the historic Simla Agreement, agreeing to settle their disputes bilaterally.

July 4 – The first Rainbow Gathering is held in Colorado.

July 8 – The U.S. sells grain to the Soviet Union for $750 million.

July 10 – India's news agency reports that at least 24 people have been killed in separate incidents, in the Chandka Forest in India, by elephants.

July 10–July 14 – The Democratic National Convention meets in Miami Beach. Senator George McGovern, who backs the immediate and complete withdrawal of U.S. troops from South Vietnam, is nominated for President. He names fellow Senator Thomas Eagleton as his running mate.

July 15 – The Pruitt–Igoe housing development is demolished in Saint Louis, Missouri.

July 18 – Anwar Sadat expels 20,000 Soviet advisors from Egypt.

July 21

Bloody Friday: 22 bombs planted by the Provisional IRA explode in Belfast, Northern Ireland; nine people are killed and 130 seriously injured.

* Comedian George Carlin is arrested by Milwaukee police for public obscenity, for reciting his "Seven Words You Can Never Say On Television" at Summerfest.

* A collision between two trains near Sevilla, Spain kills 76 people.

July 23 – The United States launches Landsat 1, the first Earth-resources satellite.

July 25 – U.S. health officials admit that African-Americans were used as guinea pigs in the Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male.

July 29 – A national dock strike begins in Britain.

July 31 – The Troubles, Northern Ireland:

Operation Motorman, 4:00 AM: British Army begins to regain control of the "no-go areas" established by Irish republican paramilitaries in Belfast, Derry ("Free Derry") and Newry.

Claudy bombing (“Bloody Monday”), 10:00 AM: Three car bombs in Claudy, County Londonderry, kill nine. It becomes public knowledge only in 2010 that that a local Catholic priest was an IRA officer believed to be involved in the bombings but his rôle was covered up by the authorities.

August

August 1 – U.S. Senator Thomas Eagleton, the Democratic vice-presidential nominee, withdraws from the race after revealing he was once treated for mental illness.

August 4

* Arthur Bremer is jailed for 63 years for shooting George Wallace.

* Dictator Idi Amin declares that Uganda will expel 50,000 Asians with British passports to Britain within 3 months.

* A huge solar flare (one of the largest ever recorded) knocks out cable lines in U.S. It begins with the appearance of sunspots on August 2; an August 4 flare kicks off high levels of activity until August 10.

August 10 – A brilliant, daytime meteor skips off the Earth's atmosphere due to an Apollo asteroid streaking over the western US into Canada.

August 12 – The last U.S. ground troops are withdrawn from Vietnam.

August 14 – An East German Ilyushin airliner crashes near East Berlin; all 156 onboard perish.

August 16 – As part of a coup attempt, members of the Royal Moroccan Air Force fire upon, but fail to bring down, Hassan II of Morocco's plane while he is traveling back to Rabat.

August 21 – The Republican National Convention in Miami Beach, Florida renominates U.S. President Richard Nixon and Vice President Spiro Agnew for a second term.

August 22 – John Wojtowicz, 27, and Sal Naturile, 18, hold several Chase Manhattan Bank employees hostage for 17 hours in Gravesend, Brooklyn, N.Y, an event later dramatized in the film ''Dog Day Afternoon''.

August 26 – September 11 – The 1972 Summer Olympics are held in Munich, West Germany.

September

September 1 – Bobby Fischer defeats Boris Spassky in a chess match at Reykjavík, Iceland, becoming the first American to be world chess champion.

September 4 – The first episode of ''The Price Is Right'' is hosted on CBS by Bob Barker. ''Gambit'' and ''The Joker's Wild'' also premiere.

September 5–September 6 – Munich Massacre: Eleven Israeli athletes at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich are murdered after 8 members of the Arab terrorist group Black September invade the Olympic Village; 5 guerillas and 1 policeman are also killed in a failed hostage rescue.

September 10 – The Brazilian driver Emerson Fittipaldi wins the Italian Grand Prix at Monza and becomes the youngest Formula One World Champion.

September 14 – West Germany and Poland renew diplomatic relations.

September 17 – Uganda announces that there are Tanzanian troops in its territory.

September 18 – São Paulo Metro is inaugurated in Brazil.

September 19 – A parcel bomb sent to the Israeli Embassy in London kills 1 diplomat.

September 23 – Philippine president Ferdinand Marcos issues Proclamation No. 1081 placing the entire country under martial law. September 24 – An F-86 fighter aircraft leaving an air show at Sacramento Executive Airport fails to become airborne and crashes into a Farrell's Ice Cream Parlor, killing 12 children and 11 adults.

September 25 – Norwegian EC referendum, 1972: Norway rejects membership in the European Economic Community.

September 27 – The Joint Communique of the Government of Japan and the Government of the People's Republic of China is signed in Beijing.

September 28 – The Canadian national men's hockey team defeats the Soviet national ice hockey team in Game 8 of the 1972 Summit Series (French: La Série du Siècle, Russian: Суперсерия СССР — Канада), 6–5, to win the series 4–3–1.

September 29 – Sino-Japanese relations: Japan normalizes diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China after breaking official ties with the Republic of China (Taiwan).

October

October – The government of former President of Somalia Mohamed Siad Barre formally introduces the Somali alphabet as Somalia's official writing script.

October 1

The first publication reporting the production of a recombinant DNA molecule marks the birth of modern molecular biology methodology.

* Alex Comfort's bestselling manual ''The Joy of Sex'' is published.

October 2 – Denmark joins the European Community; the Faroe Islands stay out.

October 5 – The United Reformed Church is founded out of the Congregational and Presbyterian Churches.

October 6 – A train crash in Saltillo, Mexico kills 208 people.

October 8 – R. Sargent Shriver is chosen to replace Thomas Eagleton as the U.S. vice-presidential nominee of the Democratic Party.

October 12 – En route to the Gulf of Tonkin, a racial riot involving more than 200 sailors breaks out aboard the United States Navy aircraft carrier USS ''Kitty Hawk''; nearly 50 sailors are injured.

October 13 – Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571: A Fairchild FH-227D passenger aircraft transporting a rugby union team crashes at about 14,000' in the Andes mountain range, near the Argentina/Chile border. Sixteen of the survivors are found alive December 20 but they have had to resort to cannibalism to survive.

October 16

* A plane carrying U.S. Congressman Hale Boggs of Louisiana and 3 other men vanishes in Alaska. The wreckage has never been found, despite a massive search at the time.

* Rioting Maze Prison inmates cause a fire that destroys most of the camp.

October 17 – Elizabeth II visits Yugoslavia.

October 25

* The first female FBI agents are hired.

* Belgian Eddy Merckx sets a new world hour record in cycling in Mexico City.

October 26 – Following a visit to South Vietnam, U.S. National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger suggests that "peace is at hand."

October 28 – The Airbus A300 flies for the first time.

October 29 – The Black September group hijacks a Lufthansa Boeing 727 over Turkey, demanding the release of 3 comrades still held for the massacre of Israeli athletes at the Olympic Games.

October 30

* U.S. President Richard Nixon approves legislation to increase Social Security spending by US$5.3 billion.

* A commuter train collision in Chicago kills 45, injures hundreds.

November

November

* At a scientific meeting in Honolulu, Herbert Boyer and Stanley N. Cohen conceive the concept of recombinant DNA. They publish their results in November 1973 in PNAS. Separately in 1972, Paul Berg also recombines DNA in a test tube. Recombinant DNA technology has dramatically changed the field of biological sciences, especially biotechnology, and opened the door to genetically modified organisms.

* The Nishitetsu Lions baseball club, part of the NPB's Pacific League, is sold to the Fukuoka Baseball Corporation, a subsidiary of Nishi-Nippon Railroad. The team is renamed the Taiheiyo Club Lions.

November 5 – A group of Amerindians occupies the Bureau of Indian Affairs.

November 7 – U.S. presidential election, 1972: Republican incumbent Richard Nixon defeats Democratic Senator George McGovern in a landslide (the election had the lowest voter turnout since 1948, with only 55 percent of the electorate voting).

November 11 – Vietnam War – Vietnamization: The United States Army turns over the massive Long Binh military base to South Vietnam.

November 14 – The Dow Jones Industrial Average closes above 1,000 (1,003.16) for the first time.

November 16 – The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization adopts the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage

November 19 – Seán Mac Stíofáin, a leader of the Provisional Irish Republican Army, is arrested in Dublin after giving an interview to RTÉ.

November 22 – Vietnam War: The United States loses its first B-52 Stratofortress of the war.

November 28 – The last executions in Paris, France. Roger Bontems and Claude Buffet – the Clairvaux Mutineers – were guillotined at La Sante Prison by chief executioner Andre Obrecht (already suffering from Parkinson's Disease). Bontems had been found innocent of murder by the court, but as Buffet's accomplice was condemned to death anyway. President Georges Pompidou, in private an abolitionist, upheld both death sentences in deference to French public opinion.

November 29

* Atari kicks off the first generation of video games with the release of their seminal arcade version of ''Pong'', the first game to achieve commercial success.

The "tea house" Mellow Yellow opens on the Amstel River in Amsterdam, pioneering the legal sale of cannabis in the Netherlands.

November 30

* Vietnam War: White House Press Secretary Ron Ziegler tells the press that there will be no more public announcements concerning United States troop withdrawals from Vietnam due to the fact that troop levels are now down to 27,000.

* Cod War: British Foreign Secretary Sir Alec Douglas-Home says that Royal Navy ships will be stationed to protect British trawlers off Iceland.

December

December 2 – Edward Gough Whitlam becomes the first Labor Party Prime Minister of Australia for 23 years. He is sworn in on 5 December and his first action using executive power is to withdraw all Australian personnel from the Vietnam War.

December 7

* ''Apollo 17'' (Gene Cernan, Ronald Evans, Harrison Schmitt), the last manned Moon mission to date, is launched.

* The Provisional Irish Republican Army kidnaps Jean McConville in Belfast.

* Imelda Marcos is stabbed and seriously wounded by an assailant; her bodyguards shoot him.

December 8

* United Airlines Boeing 737 from Washington National to Chicago Midway crashes short of the runway, killing 43 of 61 passengers and 2 people on the ground.

* Over $10,000 cash is found in the purse of Watergate conspirator Howard Hunt's wife.

* International Human Rights Day is proclaimed by the United Nations.

December 11 – Apollo 17 lands on the Moon.

December 14 – Apollo program: Eugene Cernan is the last person to walk on the moon, after he and Harrison Schmitt complete the third and final Extra-vehicular activity (EVA) of Apollo 17. This is the last manned mission to the moon of the 20th Century.

December 15

* The Commonwealth of Australia ordains equal pay for women.

* The United Nations Environment Programme is established as a specialized agency of the United Nations.

December 16

* The Constitution of Bangladesh comes into effect.

* The Portuguese army kills 400 Africans in Tete, Mozambique.

December 19 – Apollo program: ''Apollo 17'' returns to Earth, concluding the program of lunar exploration.

December 21

* East Germany and West Germany recognize each other.

* ZANLA troopers attack Altera Farm in north-east Rhodesia.

December 22

* Two small earthquakes are felt at about 9:30 and 10:15 local time in Managua, Nicaragua.

* Australia establishes diplomatic relations with China and West Germany.

* A peace delegation that includes singer-activist Joan Baez and human rights attorney Telford Taylor visit Hanoi to deliver Christmas mail to American prisoners of war (they will be caught in the Christmas bombing of North Vietnam).

December 23

* A 6.25 Richter scale earthquake in Nicaragua kills 5,000–12,000 people in the capital, Managua; President Somoza is later accused of pocketing millions of dollars worth of foreign aid intended for relief.

* The Pittsburgh Steelers win their first ever post-season NFL game, defeating the Oakland Raiders 13–7, on a last second play that becomes known as The Immaculate Reception.

December 24 – Swedish Prime minister Olof Palme compares the American bombings of North Vietnam to Nazi massacres. The U.S. breaks diplomatic contact with Sweden.

December 25 – The Christmas bombing of North Vietnam causes widespread criticism of the U.S. and President Richard Nixon.

December 26 – Former United States President Harry S. Truman dies in Kansas City, Missouri.

December 28 – The bones of Martin Bormann are identified in Berlin.

December 29 – Eastern Air Lines Flight 401 crashes into the Everglades in Florida, killing 101 of 176 onboard.

December 31

* Roberto Clemente dies in a plane crash off the coast of Puerto Rico while en route to deliver aid to Nicaraguan earthquake victims.

* An extra leap second (23:59:60) is added to end the year.

* The US ban on the pesticide DDT takes effect.

Date unknown

The ''International Year of the Book'' is designated by UNESCO.

The last major epidemic of smallpox in Europe breaks out in Yugoslavia.

The United Kingdom begin to train Special Air Service for anti-terrorist duties.

The first women are admitted to Dartmouth College.

Colombian looters find Ciudad Perdida but keep it a secret until the government reveals it in 1975.

The Yellow River dries up for the first time in known history.

Worship of Norse gods is officially approved in Iceland.

The Second Cod War breaks out between the United Kingdom and Iceland.

The Climatic Research Unit is founded by climatologist Hubert Lamb at the University of East Anglia.

The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia bans the cultural organization Matica hrvatska, founded in 1842.

Births

January

January 1

* Barron Miles, defensive back for the BC Lions in the CFL

* Lilian Thuram, French football player

* Yoon Chan, South Korean actor

January 4 – Brad Zavisha, Canadian ice hockey player

January 10 – Thomas Alsgaard, Norwegian cross-country skier

January 11 – Amanda Peet, American actress

January 12 – Espen Knutsen, Norwegian hockey player

January 13

* Nicole Eggert, American actress

* Vitaly Scherbo, Belarusian gymnast

January 15

* Il Mi Chung, South Korean golfer

* Claudia Winkleman, British television presenter

* Yang Yong-eun, South Korean golfer

January 16

* Ruben Bagger, Danish footballer

* Ang Christou, Australian rules footballer

* Yuri Drozdov, Russian footballer

* Ezra Hendrickson, Vincentian footballer

* Salah Hissou, Moroccan long-distance runner

* Joe Horn, American football player

* Greg Page, Australian musician and actor

* Alen Peternac, Croatian footballer

January 17 – Ken Hirai, Japanese singer and songwriter

January 18 – Mike Lieberthal, American baseball player

January 19 – Angham, Egyptian singer, record producer and actress

January 21 – Billel Dziri, Algerian footballer

January 22 – Romi Park, Japanese voice actress

January 23

* Ewen Bremner, Scottish actor

* Marcel Wouda, Dutch swimmer

January 27

* Mark Owen, British pop singer (Take That)

* Keith Wood, Irish rugby player

* Wynne Evans, Welsh operatic tenor

February

February 2

* Klára Dobrev, wife of Hungarian Prime Minister Ferenc Gyurcsány

* Hendrick Ramaala, South African long-distance runner

* Hisashi Tonomura, Japanese musician

February 4 – Giovanni Silva De Oliveira, Brazilian footballer

February 5

* Mary, Crown Princess of Denmark

* Koriki Chōshū, Japanese comedian

February 8 – Big Show, American professional wrestler

February 9 – Norbert Rózsa, Hungarian swimmer

February 11

* Craig Jones, American musician

* Steve McManaman, British footballer

* Kelly Slater, American professional surfer

February 14

* Drew Bledsoe, American football player

* Rob Thomas, American singer-songwriter

* Big Daddy V, American professional wrestler

February 15 – Jaromír Jágr, Czech hockey player

February 16 – Jerome Bettis, American football player

February 17

* Billie Joe Armstrong, American rock musician and lead singer/guitarist (Green Day)

* Yuki Isoya, Japanese singer

* Philippe Candeloro, French figure skater

February 19 – Malky Mackay, Scottish footballer

February 21 – Seo Taiji, Korean musician

February 22

* Michael Chang, American tennis player

* Claudia Pechstein, German speed-skater

February 24 – Richard Chelimo, Kenyan athlete (d. 2001)

February 25 – Jaak Mae, Estonian cross-country skier

February 29 – Antonio Sabato Jr., Italian actor

March

March 3 – Darren Anderton, English footballer

March 4

* Pae Gil-Su, North Korean gymnast

* Ivy Queen, Puerto Rican composer and singer

* Jos Verstappen, Dutch race car driver

March 6 – Shaquille O'Neal, American basketball player

March 9

* Ronald Cheng, Hong Kong singer and actor

* Spencer Howson, Australian radio announcer

* Travis Lane Stork, American emergency room physician and television personality

March 10

* Takashi Fujii (Matthew Minami), Japanese television performer

* Matt Kenseth, American race car driver

* Michael Lucas, Russian gay pornographic actor and director

March 17

* Mia Hamm, American soccer player

* Paige Hemmis, American television personality

March 18 – Dane Cook, American comedian

March 21

* Chris Candido, American professional wrestler (d. 2005)

* Derartu Tulu, Ethiopian long-distance runner

March 22

* Elvis Stojko, Canadian figure skater

* Cory Lidle, American baseball player (d. 2006)

March 23

* Joe Calzaghe, Welsh boxer

* Judith Godrèche, French actress

March 27

* Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink, Dutch footballer

* Charlie Haas, American professional wrestler

* Ignacio Garrido, Spanish golfer

March 28 – Eby J. Jose, Indian journalist and human rights activist

March 29 – Junichi Suwabe Japanese voice actor

March 30 – Karel Poborsky, Czech Republic football player

April

April 3 – Jennie Garth, American actress

April 4 – Tag Adams, American gay pornographic film actor

April 5 – Junko Takeuchi, Japanese voice actress

April 8

* Sung Kang, Korean actor

* Ariel Hernandez, Cuban boxer

April 9 – Bernard Ackah, Ivorian mixed martial artist and comedian

April 11 – Jason Varitek, American baseball player

April 12 – Şebnem Ferah, Turkish singer and song-writer

April 13 – Mariusz Czerkawski, Polish ice hockey player

April 15 – Arturo Gatti, Canadian boxer (d. 2009)

April 16 – Conchita Martínez, Spanish tennis player

April 17

* Tony Boselli, American football player

* Jennifer Garner, American actress

* Muttiah Muralitharan, Sri Lankan cricketer

* Terran Sandwith, Canadian ice hockey player

April 19 – Rivaldo, Brazilian footballer

April 20

* Carmen Electra, American actress and singer

* Le Huynh Đuc, Vietnamese footballer

April 23 – Choky Ice, Hungarian porn actor

April 24

* Chipper Jones, American baseball player

* Chad I Ginsburg, American musician and record producer (CKY)

April 26 – Avi Nimni, Israeli footballer

May

May 1 – Julie Benz, American actress

May 2

* The Rock, American professional wrestler and actor

* Paul Adcock, English footballer

May 4 – Mike Dirnt, American rock musician and bassist (Green Day)

May 5 – James Cracknell, British Olympic winning rower

May 6

* Martin Brodeur, Canadian hockey goaltender

* Naoko Takahashi, Japanese long-distance runner

* Janne Blomqvist, Finnish swimmer

May 8 – Darren Hayes, Australian musician

May 10

* Radosław Majdan, Polish goalkeeper

* Katja Seizinger, German alpine skier

May 16 – Derek Mears, American actor/stuntman

May 17 – Tyson Cane, American gay pornographic actor

May 19

* Jenny Berggren, Swedish rock singer (Ace of Base)

* Claudia Karvan, Australian actress

May 20

* Busta Rhymes, American musician and actor

* Andreas Lundstedt, Swedish singer and actor (Alcazar)

May 21 – The Notorious B.I.G., American musician (d. 1997)

May 23 – Rubens Barrichello, Brazilian race car driver

May 25 – Jules Jordan, American pornographic movie director, actor, and producer

May 28 – Michael Boogerd, Dutch cyclist

May 29 – Stanislas Renoult, French singer

May 30

* Sōichirō Hoshi, Japanese voice actor

* Manny Ramírez, Dominican baseball player

May 31

* Dave Roberts, American baseball player

* Frode Estil, Norwegian cross-country skier

June

June 2 – Wayne Brady, American comedian

June 4

* Derian Hatcher, American ice hockey player

* Debra Stephenson, English actress

June 5

* Pavel Kotla, Polish conductor

* Mike Bucci, American professional wrestler

June 6 – Cristina Scabbia, Italian singer

June 7 – Karl Urban, New Zealand actor

June 8 – Chapman To, Hong Kong actor

June 10 – Steven Fischer, American film producer and director

June 14 – Matthias Ettrich, German computer scientist

June 15 – Andy Pettitte, American baseball player

June 17 – Iztok Čop, Slovenian rower

June 18 – Roger "Infernus" Tiegs, Norwegian black metal musician, original member of Gorgoroth

June 19 – Poppy Montgomery, Australian actress

June 21 – Irene van Dyk, South African–born netball player

June 22 – Miguel Del Toro, Mexican baseball player

June 23 – Zinedine Zidane, French footballer

June 24

* Robbie McEwen, Australian professional road bicycle racer

* Denis Žvegelj, Slovenian rower

June 25 – Carlos Delgado, Puerto Rican baseball player

June 28 – John Heidenreich, American professional wrestler

June 29

* Samantha Smith, American peace activist (d. 1985)

* Nawal Al Zoghbi, Lebanese singer

July

July 3 – Asha Gill, British-born television host

July 4

* Craig Spearman, New Zealand cricketer

* Alexei Shirov, Spanish chess Grandmaster

July 6 – Mark Gasser, British concert pianist

July 7

* Lisa Leslie, American basketball player

* Stoney Case, American football player

July 8 – Sourav Ganguly, Indian cricketer

July 10 – Sofía Vergara, Columbian-American actress and former TV personality/model

July 13 – Sean Waltman, American professional wrestler

July 21 – Catherine Ndereba, Kenyan long-distance runner

July 22 – Keyshawn Johnson, American football player

July 26 – Nathan Buckley, Australian rules footballer

July 27

* Maya Rudolph, American actress, comedian

* Takako Fuji, Japanese actress

* Takashi Shimizu, Japanese director

July 28 – Elizabeth Berkley, American actress

July 29 – Wil Wheaton, American actor

July 31 – Tami Stronach, Iranian-born dancer and former actress

August

August 1

* Devon Hughes, American professional wrestler

* Tanya Reid, Canadian actress

* Marc Costanzo, Canadian musician

August 2 – Kelly Richardson, Canadian contemporary artist

August 3 – Patrik Isaksson, Swedish singer and songwriter

August 6 – Geri Halliwell, British pop singer

August 7

* Sarah Cawood, British television presenter

* Brad Patton, Swedish gay pornographic actor

August 9 – A-Mei, Taiwanese singer

August 10 – Angie Harmon, American actress

August 11 – Jonathon Prandi, American model and actor

August 12 – Demir Demirkan, Turkish rock musician and songwriter

August 13 – Kevin Plank, American entrepreneur (Under Armour)

August 14 – Ed O'Bannon, American basketball player

August 15

* Ben Affleck, American actor

* Mikey Graham, Irish singer (Boyzone)

August 16

* Emily Robison, American country music performer (Dixie Chicks)

* Frankie Boyle, Scottish comedian

August 17 – Ken Ryker, American pornographic actor

August 18 – Leo Ku, Hong Kong actor and singer

August 19 – Sammi Cheng, Hong Kong singer and actress

August 20 – Chaney Kley, American actor (d. 2007)

August 22 – Jonathan Coachman, American World Wrestling Entertainment announcer

August 25 – Marvin Harrison, American football player

August 27 – Mike Smith, Canadian actor

August 29 – Bae Yong Joon, South Korean actor

August 30

* Cameron Diaz, American actress

* Pavel Nedvěd, Czech footballer

August 31 – Chris Tucker, American actor

September

September 2 – Sergei Zholtok, Latvian hockey player (d. 2004)

September 3 – Kim Joo-hyuk, South Korean actor

September 4 – Françoise Yip, Chinese-Canadian actress

September 6 – Anika Noni Rose, American actress

September 7 – Sean Daley, American Hip-Hop Musician (Atmosphere)

September 8

* Os du Randt, South African rugby player

* Lisa Kennedy Montgomery, American disc jockey and political satirist

* Tomokazu Seki, Japanese voice actor

September 9 – Natasha Kaplinsky, English newsreader

September 10

* Ghada Shouaa, Syrian athlete

* Rio Tahara, Japanese snowboarder

* Sara Groves, American Christian musician

September 12 – Budi Putra, Indonesian journalist, writer and blogger

September 13 – Kelly Chen, Hong Kong actress and singer

September 15 – Jimmy Carr, British comedian

September 16 – Sprent Dabwido, Nauruan politician

September 17 – Bobby Lee, American comedian

September 19

* Jim Druckenmiller, National Football League quarterback

* Ashot Nadanian, Armenian chess player, theoretician and coach

September 21

* Liam Gallagher, British singer (Oasis)

* Jon Kitna, American football player

September 22

* Matthew Rush, American gay pornographic actor

* Bob Sapp, American boxer and kickboxer

September 23 – Karl Pilkington, English radio producer

September 24 – Karyn Bosnak, American author

September 27

* Sylvia Crawley, American basketball player

* Gwyneth Paltrow, American actress

September 28 – Dita Von Teese, American burlesque artist

September 30

* Ari Behn, Norwegian author

* Shaan, Indian singer

October

October 1 – Jean Paulo Fernandes, Brazilian footballer

October 2 – Konstantinos Papadakis, Greek pianist

October 4 – Van Darkholme, Vietnamese-American gay pornographic actor, director, and photographer

October 5

* Grant Hill, American basketball player

* Aaron Guiel, Canadian baseball player

October 6

* Ko So-young, South Korean actress

* Anders Iwers, Swedish musician

October 9 – Etan Patz, American missing schoolboy

October 10 – Jun Lana, Filipino playwright and screenwriter

October 11 – Claudia Black, Australian actress

October 12 – Mechele Linehan, American murderer

October 17

* Eminem, American rapper and actor

* Wyclef Jean, Haitian rapper

* Tarkan, Turkish singer

* Sharon Leal, American actress and director

October 21

* Masakazu Morita, Japanese voice actor

* Evhen Tsybulenko, Ukrainian professor of international law

October 22 – D'Lo Brown, American professional wrestler

October 24

* Kim Ji-soo, South Korean actress

* Pat Williams, American football player

October 27

* Lee Clark, English footballer

* Elissa, Lebanese singer

* Brad Radke, American baseball player

* Marika Krook, Finnish singer (Edea)

* Maria de Lurdes Mutola, Mozambican athlete

October 28

*Terrell Davis, American football player

*Brad Paisley, American singer-songwriter and musician

October 29

* Tracee Ellis Ross, American actress

* Takafumi Horie, Japanese entrepreneur

* Gabrielle Union, American actress

October 31 – Matt Dawson, English rugby player and TV personality

November

November 1

* Toni Collette, Australian actress

* Jenny McCarthy, American actress and model

November 2

* Vladimir Vorobiev, Russian ice hockey player

* Samantha Womack, British actress

November 4 – Luís Figo, Portuguese footballer

November 6

* Thandie Newton, British actress

* Rebecca Romijn, American actress and model

November 7 – Danny Grewcock, British rugby player

November 9

* Naomi Shindou, Japanese voice actor

* Eric Dane, American actor

* Doug Russell, American sports media personality

November 10 – Shawn Green, American baseball player

November 11 – Ben Richards, British actor (The Bill)

November 13 – Takuya Kimura, Japanese actor

November 14

* Matt Bloom, American wrestler

* Josh Duhamel, American actor, model

November 23 – Alf-Inge Haaland, Norwegian footballer

November 28 – Jesper Strömblad, Swedish musician

November 29 – Andreas Goldberger, Austrian ski jumper

November 30 – Christopher Fitzgerald, American stage actor

December

December 1 – Norbert Wójtowicz, Polish historian and theologian

December 5 – Cole Youngblood, American pornographic actor

December 6 – Mónica Santa María, Peruvian model and TV host (d. 1994)

December 7

* Hermann Maier, Austrian skier

* Tammy Lynn Sytch, American wrestling manager and personality

December 9 – Tré Cool, American rock musician and drummer (Green Day)

December 10 – Brian Molko, American musician (Placebo)

December 11 – Daniel Alfredsson, Swedish NHL hockey player

December 12

* Joel Cahen, Israeli artist

* Wilson Kipketer, Danish athlete

December 13 – Chris Grant, Australian footballer

December 15 – Rodney Harrison, American football player

December 16 – Angela Bloomfield, New Zealand actress

December 19

* Alyssa Milano, American actress

* Warren Sapp, American football player

December 22 – Vanessa Paradis, French singer and actress

December 24 – Klaus Schnellenkamp, German-Chilean author

December 25 – Qu Yunxia, Chinese middle-distance runner

December 27 – Colin Charvis, Welsh rugby player

December 28 – Patrick Rafter, Australian tennis player

December 29 – Jude Law, British actor

December 30 – Kerry Collins, American football player

December 31 – Joey McIntyre, American actor and singer

Deaths

January

January 1 – Maurice Chevalier, French entertainer (b. 1888)

January 6 – Chen Yi, Chinese communist military commander and politician (b. 1901)

January 7 – John Berryman, American poet and scholar (b. 1914)

January 8

* Kenneth Patchen, American poet and painter (b. 1911)

* Wesley Ruggles, American film director (b. 1889)

January 9 – Ted Shawn, American dancer (b. 1891)

January 10 – Aksel Larsen, Danish politician (b. 1897)

January 14 – King Frederick IX of Denmark (b. 1899)

January 16 – Ross Bagdasarian, Sr., American record producer (''Alvin and the Chipmunks'') (b. 1919)

January 17

* Rochelle Hudson, American actress (b. 1916)

* Betty Smith, American writer (b. 1896)

January 18 – Clarence Earl Gideon, Defendant during civil rights court case (''Gideon v. Wainwright'') (b. 1910)

January 24 – Jerome Cowan, American actor (b. 1897)

January 26 – Mahalia Jackson, African-American gospel singer (b. 1911)

February

February 2 – Jessie Royce Landis, American actress (b. 1896)

February 3 – John Litel, American actor (b. 1892)

February 5 – Marianne Moore, American poet (b. 1887)

February 7 – Walter Lang, American film director (b. 1896)

February 11 – Jan Wils, Dutch architect (b. 1891)

February 19 – John Grierson, Scottish documentary filmmaker (b. 1898)

February 20

* Maria Goeppert-Mayer, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1906)

* Walter Winchell, American journalist (b. 1897)

February 21 – Zhang Guohua, Chinese general and politician (b. 1914)

February 22 – Tedd Pierce, American animator (b. 1906)

February 27 – Pat Brady, American actor (b. 1914)

March

March 13 – Tony Ray-Jones, British photographer (b. 1941)

March 20 – Marilyn Maxwell, American actress (b. 1921)

March 21 – David McCallum, Sr., British violinist and father of actor David McCallum (b. 1897)

March 24 – Cristobal Balenciaga, Spanish couturier (b. 1895)

March 27

* Sharkey Bonano, American jazz musician (b. 1904)

* M. C. Escher, Dutch artist (b. 1898)

March 29 – J. Arthur Rank, British industrialist and film producer (b. 1888)

April

April 2 – Gil Hodges, American baseball player (b. 1924)

April 3 – Ferde Grofé, American composer (b. 1882)

April 4

* Stefan Wolpe, German-born composer (b. 1902)

* Adam Clayton Powell, Jr., African-American politician (b. 1908)

April 5

* Brian Donlevy, American actor (b. 1901)

* Isabel Jewell, American actress (b. 1907)

April 7

* Betty Blythe, American actress (b. 1893)

* Abeid Karume, President of Zanzibar (b. 1905)

* August Zaleski, former President of Poland (b. 1883)

April 8 – Andrea Feldman, American actress (b. 1948)

April 9 – James F. Byrnes, United States Secretary of State and Justice of the Supreme Court (b. 1879)

April 11 – George H. Plympton, American screenwriter (b. 1889)

April 13 – Dorothy Dalton, American actress (b. 1893)

April 16 – Yasunari Kawabata, Japanese writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1899)

April 25 – George Sanders, British actor (b. 1906)

April 26 – Fernando Amorsolo, Filipino painter (b. 1892)

April 27 – Kwame Nkrumah, Ghanaian politician (b. 1909)

April 30 – Gia Scala, English actress (b. 1934)

May

May 2 – J. Edgar Hoover, American Federal Bureau of Investigation director (b. 1895)

May 3 – Bruce Cabot, American actor (b. 1904)

May 4 – Edward Calvin Kendall, American chemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1886)

May 5 – Frank Tashlin, American film director (b. 1913)

May 5 – Martiros Saryan, Armenian painter (b. 1880)

May 6 – Deniz Gezmiş, Turkish revolutionary (b. 1947)

May 13 – Dan Blocker, American actor (''Bonanza'') (b. 1928)

May 18 – Sidney Franklin, American film director (b. 1893)

May 22

* Cecil Day-Lewis, British poet (b. 1904)

* Margaret Rutherford, English actress (b. 1892)

May 23 – Richard Day, Canadian art director (b. 1896)

May 24

* Asta Nielsen, Danish silent film actress (b. 1881)

* Ismail Yasin, Egyptian comedian and actor (b. 1915)

May 28 – King Edward VIII of the United Kingdom (b. 1894)

May 31 – Walter Freeman, American physician (b. 1895)

June

June 12 – Edmund Wilson, American writer and critic (b. 1895)

June 13

* Clyde McPhatter, American singer (b. 1932)

* Georg von Békésy, Hungarian biophysicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1899)

* Stephanie von Hohenlohe, Austrian-born German World War II spy (b. 1891)

June 22 – Vladimir Durković, Serbian footballer (b. 1937)

June 25 – Jan Matulka, American painter, (b. 1890)

July

July 2 – Joseph Fielding Smith, 10th president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (b. 1876)

July 6 – Brandon De Wilde, American actor (b. 1942)

July 7 – King Talal, King of Jordan (b. 1909)

July 21 – Ralph Craig, American athlete (b. 1889)

July 24 – Lance Reventlow, American playboy and race car driver (b. 1936)

July 28 – Helen Traubel, American soprano (b. 1903)

August

August 7

* Joi Lansing, American actress (b. 1929)

* Tom Neal, American actor (b. 1914)

August 11 – Max Theiler, South African virologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1899)

August 14 – Oscar Levant, American pianist and actor (b. 1906)

August 16 – Pierre Brasseur, French actor (b. 1905)

August 19 – James Patterson, American actor (b. 1932)

August 26 – Francis Chichester, British sailor and aviator (b. 1901)

August 28 – Prince William of Gloucester (b. 1941)

September

September 5 (Munich massacre):

* Yossef Romano, Israeli weightlifter (b. 1940)

* Moshe Weinberg, Israeli wrestling coach (b. 1939)

September 6 (Munich massacre):

* Luttif Afif and four other Palestinian terrorists

* David Mark Berger, Israeli weightlifter (b. 1944)

* Ze'ev Friedman, Israeli weightlifter (b. 1944)

* Yossef Gutfreund, Israeli wrestling referee (b. 1932)

* Eliezer Halfin, Israeli wrestler (b. 1948)

* Amitzur Shapira, Israeli athletics coach (b. 1932)

* Kehat Shorr, Israeli shooting coach (b. 1919)

* Mark Slavin, Israeli wrestler (b. 1954)

* Andre Spitzer, Israeli fencing coach (b. 1945)

* Yakov Springer, Israeli weightlifting judge (b. c. 1921)

September 8 – Warren Kealoha, American Olympic swimmer (b. 1904)

September 11 – Max Fleischer, American animator (b. 1883)

September 12 – William Boyd, American actor (b. 1895)

September 14 – Lane Chandler, American actor (b. 1899)

September 15 – Geoffrey Fisher, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1887)

September 17 – Akim Tamiroff, Russian actor (b. 1899)

September 19 – Robert Casadesus, French pianist (b. 1899)

September 21 – Henry de Montherlant, French writer (b. 1896)

September 26

* Charles Correll, American radio actor (b. 1890)

* Robert E. Dolan, American composer (b. 1906)

October

October 1 – Louis Leakey, British paleontologist (b. 1903)

October 5 – Ivan Yefremov, Soviet paleontologist and science fiction author (b. 1907)

October 9 – Miriam Hopkins, American actress (b. 1902)

October 16 – Leo G. Carroll, English actor (b. 1886)

October 20 – Harlow Shapley, American astronomer (b. 1885)

October 24

* Jackie Robinson, African-American baseball player (b. 1919)

* Claire Windsor, American actress (b. 1892)

October 26 – Igor Sikorsky, Russian aviation engineer (b. 1889)

October 28 – Mitchell Leisen, American film director (b. 1898)

October 29 – Victor Milner, American cinematographer (b. 1893)

November

November 1 – Ezra Pound, American poet (b. 1885)

November 5 – Reginald Owen, English actor (b. 1887)

November 12 – Rudolf Friml, Czech composer (b. 1879)

November 13 – Margaret Webster, American actress (b. 1905)

November 14 – Martin Dies, Jr., American politician (b. 1900)

November 18 – Danny Whitten, American musician (b. 1943)

November 23 – Marie Wilson, American actress (b. 1916)

November 25 – Henri Coandă, Romanian aerodynamics pioneer (b. 1886)

November 28 – Havergal Brian, English composer (b. 1876)

November 29 – Carl Stalling, American composer (b. 1891)

November 30 – Hans Erich Apostel, Austrian composer (b. 1901)

December

December 2

* José Limón, Mexican choreographer (b. 1908)

* Yip Man, master of Wing Chun Kung Fu (b. 1893)

December 3 – Bill Johnson, American musician (b. 1872)

December 6 – Janet Munro, British actress (b. 1934)

December 9

* William Dieterle, German film director (b. 1893)

* Louella Parsons, American gossip columnist (b. 1881)

December 15 – Edward Earle, Canadian actor (b. 1882)

December 21 – Paul Hausser, German Waffen SS general (b. 1880)

December 22 – Jimmy Wallington, American radio personality (b. 1907)

December 24

* Charles Atlas, Italian-American strongman and sideshow performer (b. 1892)

* Gisela Richter, English art historian (b. 1882)

December 25 – C. Rajagopalachari, Indian politician and freedom-fighter. Last Governor-General of India (1948–50) (b. 1878)

December 26 – Harry S. Truman, 33rd President of the United States (b. 1884)

December 27 – Lester B. Pearson, 14th Prime Minister of Canada, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1897)

December 31 – Roberto Clemente, Puerto Rican Major League Baseball player (b. 1934)

Nobel Prizes

Physics – John Bardeen, Leon Neil Cooper, John Robert Schrieffer

Chemistry – Christian B. Anfinsen, Stanford Moore, William H. Stein

Physiology or Medicine – Gerald M. Edelman, Rodney R. Porter

Literature – Heinrich Böll

Peace – not awarded

Economics – John Hicks, Kenneth Arrow

References

1972 Coin Pictures

af:1972 am:1972 እ.ኤ.አ. ar:ملحق:1972 an:1972 frp:1972 ast:1972 gn:1972 av:1972 ay:1972 az:1972 bn:১৯৭২ zh-min-nan:1972 nî map-bms:1972 be:1972 be-x-old:1972 bh:१९७२ bcl:1972 bs:1972 br:1972 bg:1972 ca:1972 cv:1972 cs:1972 cbk-zam:1972 co:1972 cy:1972 da:1972 de:1972 et:1972 el:1972 myv:1972 ие es:1972 eo:1972 eu:1972 fa:۱۹۷۲ (میلادی) hif:1972 fo:1972 fr:1972 fy:1972 fur:1972 ga:1972 gv:1972 gd:1972 gl:1972 gan:1972年 xal:1972 җил ko:1972년 hy:1972 hi:१९७२ hr:1972. io:1972 ilo:1972 bpy:মারি ১৯৭২ id:1972 ia:1972 os:1972-æм аз is:1972 it:1972 he:1972 jv:1972 kn:೧೯೭೨ pam:1972 ka:1972 csb:1972 kk:1972 kw:1972 sw:1972 kv:1972 во ht:1972 (almanak gregoryen) ku:1972 krc:1972 джыл la:1972 lv:1972. gads lb:1972 lt:1972 m. lij:1972 li:1972 ln:1972 jbo:1972moi lmo:1972 hu:1972 mk:1972 mg:1972 ml:1972 mi:1972 mr:इ.स. १९७२ arz:1972 ms:1972 nah:1972 nl:1972 ne:१९७२ ja:1972年 nap:1972 no:1972 nn:1972 nrm:1972 nov:1972 oc:1972 mhr:1972 uz:1972 pa:੧੯੭੨ pi:१९७२ pnb:1972 pap:1972 tpi:1972 nds:1972 pl:1972 pt:1972 ty:1972 ksh:Joohr 1972 ro:1972 qu:1972 rue:1972 ru:1972 год sah:1972 se:1972 sq:1972 scn:1972 simple:1972 sk:1972 sl:1972 so:1972 ckb:١٩٧٢ sr:1972 sh:1972 su:1972 fi:1972 sv:1972 tl:1972 ta:1972 tt:1972 ел te:1972 tet:1972 th:พ.ศ. 2515 tr:1972 tk:1972 udm:1972 ар uk:1972 ur:1972ء vec:1972 vi:1972 vo:1972 fiu-vro:1972 wa:1972 zh-classical:一九七二年 vls:1972 war:1972 yi:1972 yo:1972 zh-yue:1972年 diq:1972 zea:1972 bat-smg:1972 zh:1972年

Coordinates	21°10′″N94°53′″N
name	Daniel Boone
birth date	October 22, 1734November 02, 1734 N.S.
birth place	Daniel Boone Homestead, Oley Valley, Berks County, Pennsylvania
death date	September 26, 1820
death place	Nathan Boone's house, Femme Osage Creek, Missouri
resting place	Frankfort Cemetery, Frankfort, Kentucky
signature	Daniel Boone Signature.svg }}

Daniel Boone (September 26, 1820) was an American pioneer, explorer, and frontiersman whose frontier exploits made him one of the first folk heroes of the United States. Boone is most famous for his exploration and settlement of what is now the Commonwealth of Kentucky, which was then beyond the western borders of the settled part of the Thirteen Colonies. This region legally belonged to both the Commonwealth of Virginia and to the American Indian Tribes at the time. Despite some resistance from American Indian tribes such as the Shawnee, in 1775 Boone blazed his Wilderness Road through the Cumberland Gap in the Appalachian Mountains from North Carolina and Tennessee into Kentucky. There he founded the village of Boonesborough, Kentucky, one of the first English-speaking settlements west of the Appalachians. Before the end of the 18th century, more than 200,000 European people migrated to Kentucky/Virginia by following the route marked by Boone.

Boone was a militia officer during the Revolutionary War (1775 – 82), which in Kentucky was fought primarily between the European settlers and the British-aided Native Americans. Boone was captured by Shawnee warriors in 1778, who after a while adopted him into their tribe. Later, he left the Indians and returned to Boonesborough in order to help defend the European settlements in Kentucky/Virginia.

Boone was elected to the first of his three terms in the Virginia General Assembly during the Revolutionary War, and fought in the Battle of Blue Licks in 1782, which was one of the final battles of the American Revolution. (Lord Cornwallis and all of his army of British troops had surrendered to Washington at Yorktown, Virginia, in mid-October 1781.)

Following the war, Boone worked as a surveyor and merchant but fell deeply into debt through failed Kentucky land speculation. Frustrated with all the legal problems resulting from his land claims, in 1799 Boone emigrated to eastern Missouri, where he spent most of the last two decades of his life (1800–20). Boone remains an iconic figure in American history. He was a legend in his own lifetime, especially after an account of his adventures was published in 1784, making him famous in America and Europe. After his death, he was frequently the subject of heroic tall tales and works of fiction. His adventures — real and legendary — were influential in creating the archetypal Western hero of American folklore. In American popular culture, he is remembered as one of the foremost early frontiersmen. The epic Daniel Boone mythology often overshadows the historical details of his life.

Youth

Daniel Boone was of English and Welsh descent. Because the Gregorian calendar was adopted during Boone's lifetime, his birth date is sometimes given as November 2, 1734, (the "New Style" date), although Boone continued to use the October date. Daniel's family belonged to the Religious Society of Friends, disparagingly called "Quakers" and persecuted in England for their unorthodox beliefs. His father, Squire (his first name, not a title) Boone (1696–1765) emigrated from the small town of Bradninch, Devon (near Exeter, England) to Pennsylvania in 1713, to join William Penn's colony of dissenters. Squire Boone's parents George and Mary Boone followed their son to Pennsylvania in 1717. In 1720, Squire, who worked primarily as a weaver and a blacksmith, married Sarah Morgan (1700–77), whose family members were Quakers from Wales, and settled first in Towamencin Township, Pennsylvania in 1708. In 1731, the Boones moved to the Oley Valley, near the modern city of Reading, Pennsylvania. There they built a log cabin, partially preserved today as the Daniel Boone Homestead. Daniel was born there, the sixth of eleven children.

Daniel Boone spent his early years on what was then the western edge of the Pennsylvania frontier. There were a number of American Indian villages nearby. The pacifist Pennsylvania Quakers generally had good relations with the Indians, but the steady growth of the white population compelled many Indians to relocate further west. Boone received his first rifle at the age of 12, and he learned his hunting skills from both local Europeans and American Indians, beginning his lifelong love of hunting. Folk tales often emphasized Boone's skills as a hunter. In one story, the young Boone was hunting in the woods with some other boys, when the howl of a panther scattered the boys, except for Boone. He calmly cocked his rifle and shot the predator through the heart just as it leaped at him. As with so many tales about Boone, the story may or may not be true, but it was told so often that it became part of the popular image of the man.

In Boone's youth, his family became a source of controversy in the local Quaker community that existed in what is now present day Lower Gwynedd Township, Pennsylvania. In 1742, Boone's parents were compelled to publicly apologize after their eldest child, Sarah, married John Willcockson, a "worldling" (non-Quaker). Squire Boone's apology was warranted in larger part because the couple had "kept company", and thus were considered "married without benefit of clergy". When Boone's oldest brother Israel also married a "worldling" in 1747, Squire Boone stood by his son and was therefore expelled from the Quakers, although his wife continued to attend monthly meetings with her children. Perhaps as a result of this controversy, in 1750 Squire sold his land and moved the family to North Carolina. Daniel Boone did not attend church again, although he considered himself to be a Christian, and he had all of his children baptized. The Boones eventually settled on the Yadkin River, in what is now Davie County, North Carolina, about two miles (3 km) west of Mocksville.

Because he spent so much time hunting in his youth, Boone received little formal education. According to one family tradition, a schoolteacher once expressed concern over Boone's education, but Boone's father was unconcerned, saying "let the girls do the spelling and Dan will do the shooting…." Boone received some tutoring from family members, though his spelling remained unorthodox. Historian John Mack Faragher cautions that the folk image of Boone as semiliterate is misleading, however, arguing that Boone "acquired a level of literacy that was the equal of most men of his times." Boone regularly took reading material with him on his hunting expeditions — the Bible and ''Gulliver's Travels'' were favorites — and he was often the only literate person in groups of frontiersmen. Boone would sometimes entertain his hunting companions by reading to them around the evening campfire.

Hunter, husband, and soldier

As a young man, Boone served with the British military during the French and Indian War (1754–1763), a struggle for control of the land beyond the Appalachian Mountains. In 1755, he was a wagon driver in General Edward Braddock's attempt to drive the French out of the Ohio Country, which ended the Braddock expedition at what is known as the Battle of the Monongahela. Boone returned home after the defeat, and on August 14, 1756, he married Rebecca Bryan, a neighbor in the Yadkin Valley. The couple initially lived in a cabin on his father's farm. They eventually had ten children.

In 1759, a conflict erupted between European colonists and the Cherokee Indians, their former allies in the French and Indian War. After the Yadkin Valley was raided by Cherokees, many families, including the Boones, fled to Culpeper County, Virginia. Boone served in the North Carolina militia during this "Cherokee Uprising", and his hunting expeditions deep into Cherokee territory beyond the Blue Ridge Mountains separated him from his wife for about two years.

Boone's chosen profession also made for long absences from home. He supported his growing family in these years as a market hunter. Almost every autumn, Boone would go on "long hunts", which were extended expeditions into the wilderness, lasting weeks or months. Boone would go on long hunts alone or with a small group of men, accumulating hundreds of deer skins in the autumn, and then trapping beaver and otter over the winter. The hunt followed along a network of bison migration trails, known as the Medicine Trails. The long hunters would return in the spring and sell their take to commercial fur traders.

Frontiersmen often carved messages on trees or wrote their names on cave walls, and Boone's name or initials have been found in many places. One of the best-known inscriptions was carved into a tree in present Washington County, Tennessee which reads "D. Boon Cilled a. Bar [killed a bear] on [this] tree in the year 1760". A similar carving is preserved in the museum of the Filson Historical Society in Louisville, Kentucky, which reads "D. Boon Kilt a Bar, 1803." However, because Boone spelled his name with the final "e", and the inconsistency of an 1803 date east of the Mississippi after Boone moved to Missouri in 1799, these particular inscriptions may be forgeries, part of a long tradition of phony Boone relics.

In 1762 Boone and his wife and four children moved back to the Yadkin Valley from Culpeper. By mid-1760s, with peace made with the Cherokees, immigration into the area increased, and Boone began to look for a new place to settle, as competition decreased the amount of game available for hunting. This meant that Boone had difficulty making ends meet; he was often taken to court for nonpayment of debts, and he sold what land he owned to pay off creditors. After his father's death in 1765, Boone traveled with his brother Squire and a group of men to Florida, which had become British territory after the end of the war, to look into the possibility of settling there. According to a family story, Boone purchased land near Pensacola, but Rebecca refused to move so far away from her friends and family. The Boones instead moved to a more remote area of the Yadkin Valley, and Boone began to hunt westward into the Blue Ridge Mountains.

Kentucky

Boone first reached Kentucky in the fall of 1767 while on a long hunt with his brother Squire Boone. Boone's first steps in Kentucky were near present day Elkhorn City. While on the Braddock expedition years earlier, Boone had heard about the fertile land and abundant game of Kentucky from fellow wagoner John Finley, who had visited Kentucky to trade with American Indians. Boone and Finley happened to meet again, and Finley encouraged Boone with more tales of Kentucky. At the same time, news had arrived about the Treaty of Fort Stanwix, in which the Iroquois had ceded their claim to Kentucky to the British. This, as well as the unrest in North Carolina due to the Regulator movement, likely prompted Boone to extend his exploration.

On May 1, 1769, Boone began a two-year hunting expedition in Kentucky. On December 22, 1769, he and a fellow hunter were captured by a party of Shawnees, who confiscated all of their skins and told them to leave and never return. The Shawnees had not signed the Stanwix treaty, and since they regarded Kentucky as their hunting ground, they considered white hunters there to be poachers. Boone, however, continued hunting and exploring Kentucky until his return to North Carolina in 1771, and returned to hunt there again in the autumn of 1772.

On September 25, 1773, Boone packed up his family and, with a group of about 50 emigrants, began the first attempt by British colonists to establish a settlement in Kentucky. Boone was still an obscure hunter and trapper at the time; the most prominent member of the expedition was William Russell, a well-known Virginian and future brother-in-law of Patrick Henry. On October 9, Boone's eldest son James and a small group of men and boys who had left the main party to retrieve supplies were attacked by a band of Delawares, Shawnees, and Cherokees. Following the Treaty of Fort Stanwix, American Indians in the region had been debating what to do about the influx of settlers. This group had decided, in the words of historian John Mack Faragher, "to send a message of their opposition to settlement…." James Boone and William Russell's son Henry were captured and gruesomely tortured to death. The brutality of the killings sent shock waves along the frontier, and Boone's party abandoned its expedition.

The massacre was one of the first events in what became known as Dunmore's War, a struggle between Virginia and, primarily, Shawnees of the Ohio Country for control of what is now West Virginia and Kentucky. In the summer of 1774, Boone volunteered to travel with a companion to Kentucky to notify surveyors there about the outbreak of war. The two men journeyed more than in two months in order to warn those who had not already fled the region. Upon his return to Virginia, Boone helped defend colonial settlements along the Clinch River, earning a promotion to captain in the militia as well as acclaim from fellow citizens. After the brief war, which ended soon after Virginia's victory in the Battle of Point Pleasant in October 1774, Shawnees relinquished their claims to Kentucky.

Following Dunmore's War, Richard Henderson, a prominent judge from North Carolina, hired Boone to travel to the Cherokee towns in present North Carolina and Tennessee and inform them of an upcoming meeting. In the 1775 treaty, Henderson purchased the Cherokee claim to Kentucky in order to establish a colony called Transylvania. Afterwards, Henderson hired Boone to blaze what became known as the Wilderness Road, which went through the Cumberland Gap and into central Kentucky. Along with a party of about thirty workers, Boone marked a path to the Kentucky River, where he founded Boonesborough. Other settlements, notably Harrodsburg, were also established at this time. Despite occasional Indian attacks, Boone returned to the Clinch Valley and brought his family and other settlers to Boonesborough on September 8, 1775.

American Revolution

Violence in Kentucky increased with the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War (1775 – 82). Native Americans who were unhappy about the loss of Kentucky in treaties saw the war as a chance to drive out the colonists. Isolated settlers and hunters became the frequent target of attacks, convincing many to abandon Kentucky. By late spring of 1776, fewer than 200 colonists remained in Kentucky, primarily at the fortified settlements of Boonesborough, Harrodsburg, and Logan's Station.

On July 14, 1776, Boone's daughter Jemima and two other teenage girls were captured outside Boonesborough by an Indian war party, who carried the girls north towards the Shawnee towns in the Ohio country. Boone and a group of men from Boonesborough followed in pursuit, finally catching up with them two days later. Boone and his men ambushed the Indians while they were stopped for a meal, rescuing the girls and driving off their captors. The incident became the most celebrated event of Boone's life. James Fenimore Cooper created a fictionalized version of the episode in his classic book ''The Last of the Mohicans'' (1826).

In 1777, Henry Hamilton, the British Lieutenant Governor of Canada, began to recruit American Indian war parties to raid the settlements in Kentucky. On April 24, Shawnee Indians led by Chief Blackfish attacked Boonesborough. A bullet struck Boone's leg, shattering his kneecap, but he was carried back inside the fort amid a flurry of bullets by Simon Kenton, a recent arrival at Boonesborough. Kenton became Boone's close friend as well as a legendary frontiersman in his own right.

While Boone recovered, the Shawnees kept up their attacks outside Boonesborough, destroying the surrounding cattle and crops. With the food supply running low, the settlers needed salt to preserve what meat they had, and so in January 1778 Boone led a party of thirty men to the salt springs on the Licking River. On February 7, 1778, when Boone was hunting meat for the expedition, he was surprised and captured by warriors led by Chief Blackfish of the Chilicothe Shawnee. Because Boone's party was greatly outnumbered, he persuaded his men to surrender rather than put up a fight.

Blackfish wanted to continue to Boonesborough and capture it, since it was now poorly defended, but Boone convinced him that the women and children were not hardy enough to survive a winter trek. Instead, Boone promised that Boonesborough would surrender willingly to the Shawnees the following spring. Boone did not have an opportunity to tell his men that he was bluffing in order to prevent an immediate attack on Boonesborough, however. Boone pursued this strategy so convincingly that many of his men concluded that he had switched his loyalty to the British.

Boone and his men were taken to Blackfish's town of Chillicothe where they were made to run the gauntlet. As was their custom, the Shawnees adopted some of the prisoners into the tribe to replace fallen warriors; the remainder were taken to Hamilton in Detroit. Boone was adopted into a Shawnee family at Chillicothe, perhaps into the family of Chief Blackfish himself, and given the name ''Sheltowee'' ("Big Turtle"). On June 16, 1778, when he learned that Blackfish was about to return to Boonesborough with a large force, Boone eluded his captors and raced home, covering the to Boonesborough in five days on horseback and, after his horse gave out, on foot.

During Boone's absence, his wife and children (except for Jemima) had returned to North Carolina, assuming that he was dead. Upon his return to Boonesborough, some of the men expressed doubts about Boone's loyalty, since after surrendering the salt making party he had apparently lived quite happily among the Shawnees for months. Boone responded by leading a preemptive raid against the Shawnees across the Ohio River, and then by helping to successfully defend Boonesborough against a ten-day siege led by Blackfish, which began on September 7, 1778.

After the siege, Captain Benjamin Logan and Colonel Richard Callaway—both of whom had nephews who were still captives surrendered by Boone—brought charges against Boone for his recent activities. In the court-martial that followed, Boone was found "not guilty" and was even promoted after the court heard his testimony. Despite this vindication, Boone was humiliated by the court-martial, and he rarely spoke of it.

After the trial, Boone returned to North Carolina in order to bring his family back to Kentucky. In the autumn of 1779, a large party of immigrants came with him, including (according to tradition) the family of Abraham Lincoln's grandfather. Rather than remain in Boonesborough, Boone founded the nearby settlement of Boone's Station. Boone began earning money at this time by locating good land for other settlers. Transylvania land claims had been invalidated after Virginia created Kentucky County, and so settlers needed to file new land claims with Virginia. In 1780, Boone collected about $20,000 in cash from various settlers and traveled to Williamsburg to purchase their land warrants. While he was sleeping in a tavern during the trip, the cash was stolen from his room. Some of the settlers forgave Boone the loss; others insisted that he repay the stolen money, which took him several years to do.

A popular image of Boone which emerged in later years is that of the backwoodsman who had little affinity for "civilized" society, moving away from places like Boonesborough when they became "too crowded". In reality, however, Boone was a leading citizen of Kentucky at this time. When Kentucky was divided into three Virginia counties in November 1780, Boone was promoted to lieutenant colonel in the Fayette County militia. In April 1781, Boone was elected as a representative to the Virginia General Assembly, which was held in Richmond. In 1782, he was elected sheriff of Fayette County. Meanwhile, the American Revolutionary War continued. Boone joined General George Rogers Clark's invasion of the Ohio country in 1780, fighting in the Battle of Piqua on August 7. In October, when Boone was hunting with his brother Ned, Shawnees shot and killed Ned. Apparently thinking that they had killed Daniel Boone, the Shawnees beheaded Ned and took the head home as a trophy. In 1781, Boone traveled to Richmond to take his seat in the legislature, but British dragoons under Banastre Tarleton captured Boone and several other legislators near Charlottesville. The British released Boone on parole several days later. During Boone's term, Cornwallis surrendered at Yorktown in October 1781, but the fighting continued in Kentucky unabated. Boone returned to Kentucky and in August 1782 fought in the Battle of Blue Licks, in which his son Israel was killed. In November 1782, Boone took part in another Clark expedition into Ohio, the last major campaign of the war.

Businessman on the Ohio

After the Revolution, Boone resettled in Limestone (renamed Maysville, Kentucky in 1786), then a booming Ohio River port. In 1787, he was elected to the Virginia state assembly as a representative from Bourbon County. In Maysville, he kept a tavern and worked as a surveyor, horse trader, and land speculator. He was initially prosperous, owning seven slaves by 1787, a relatively large number for Kentucky at the time, which was dominated by small farms rather than large plantations. Boone became something of a celebrity while living in Maysville: in 1784, on Boone's 50th birthday, historian John Filson published ''The Discovery, Settlement And present State of Kentucke'', a book which included a chronicle of Boone's adventures.

Although the Revolutionary War had ended, the border war with American Indians north of the Ohio River soon resumed. In September 1786, Boone took part in a military expedition into the Ohio Country led by Benjamin Logan. Back in Limestone, Boone housed and fed Shawnees who were captured during the raid and helped to negotiate a truce and prisoner exchange. Although the Northwest Indian War escalated and would not end until the American victory at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794, the 1786 expedition was the last time Boone saw military action.

Boone began to have financial troubles while living in Maysville. According to the later folk image, Boone the trailblazer was too unsophisticated for the civilization which followed him and which eventually defrauded him of his land. Boone was not the simple frontiersman of legend, however: he engaged in land speculation on a large scale, buying and selling claims to tens of thousands of acres. The land market in frontier Kentucky was chaotic, and Boone's ventures ultimately failed because his investment strategy was faulty and because his sense of honor made him reluctant to profit at someone else's expense. According to Faragher, "Boone lacked the ruthless instincts that speculation demanded."

Frustrated with the legal hassles that went with land speculation, in 1788 Boone moved upriver to Point Pleasant, Virginia (now West Virginia). There he operated a trading post and occasionally worked as a surveyor's assistant. When Virginia created Kanawha County in 1789, Boone was appointed lieutenant colonel of the county militia. In 1791, he was elected to the Virginia legislature for the third time. He contracted to provide supplies for the Kanawha militia, but his debts prevented him from buying goods on credit, and so he closed his store and returned to hunting and trapping.

In 1795, he and Rebecca moved back to Kentucky, living in present Nicholas County on land owned by their son Daniel Morgan Boone. The next year, Boone applied to Isaac Shelby, the first governor of the new state of Kentucky, for a contract to widen the Wilderness Road into a wagon route, but the governor did not respond, and the contract was awarded to someone else. Meanwhile, lawsuits over conflicting land claims continued to make their way through the Kentucky courts. Boone's remaining land claims were sold off to pay legal fees and taxes, but he no longer paid attention to the process. In 1798, a warrant was issued for Boone's arrest after he ignored a summons to testify in a court case, although the sheriff never found him. That same year Kentucky named Boone County in his honor.

Missouri

In 1799, Boone moved out of the United States to a frontier area, at that time part of Spanish Louisiana, that eventually became the state of Missouri. The Spanish, eager to promote settlement in the sparsely populated region, did not enforce the legal requirement that all immigrants had to be Catholics. Boone, looking to make a fresh start, emigrated with much of his extended family to what is now St. Charles County. The Spanish governor appointed Boone "syndic" (judge and jury) and commandant (military leader) of the ''Femme Osage'' district. The many anecdotes of Boone's tenure as syndic suggest that he sought to render fair judgments rather than to strictly observe the letter of the law.

Boone served as syndic and commandant until 1804, when the area became part of the Louisiana Territory of the United States following the Louisiana Purchase. Because Boone's land grants from the Spanish government had been largely based on verbal agreements, he once again lost his land claims. In 1809, he petitioned Congress to restore his Spanish land claims, which was finally done in 1814. Boone sold most of this land to repay old Kentucky debts. When the War of 1812 came to the Missouri Territory, Boone's sons Daniel Morgan Boone and Nathan Boone took part, but by that time Boone was too old for militia duty.

Boone spent his final years in Missouri, often in the company of children and grandchildren. He hunted and trapped as often as his failing health allowed. According to one story, in 1810 or later Boone went with a group on a long hunt as far west as the Yellowstone River, a remarkable journey at his age, if true. In 1816, a United States officer at Fort Osage, on the Missouri, wrote, "We have been honored by a visit from ''Colonel Boon'', the first settler of Kentucky; he lately spent two weeks with us. . . . . He left this for the river Platt, some distance above. Col Boon is eighty-five years of age, five feet seven inches high, stoutly made, and active for one of his years; is still of vigorous mind, and is pretty well informed. He has taken part in all the wars of America, from before Braddock's war to the present hour." [Boston ''Recorder'', July 3, 1816] His obituary, printed in the Missouri ''Gazette'', October 3, 1820, says, "At the age of eighty, in company with one white man and a black man, whom he laid under strict injunction to return him to his family dead or alive, he made a hunting trip to the head waters of the Great Osage, where he was successful in trapping of beaver, and in taking other game." Other stories of Boone around this time have him making one last visit to Kentucky in order to pay off his creditors, although some or all of these tales may be folklore. American painter John James Audubon claimed to have gone hunting with Boone in the woods of Kentucky around 1810. Years later, Audubon painted a portrait of Boone, supposedly from memory, although skeptics have noted the similarity of this painting to the well-known portraits by Chester Harding. Boone's family insisted that he never returned to Kentucky after 1799, although some historians believe that Boone visited his brother Squire near Kentucky in 1810 and have therefore reported Audubon's story as factual.

Death

Daniel Boone died of natural causes on September 26, 1820, at Nathan Boone's home on Femme Osage Creek at age 85, just a few weeks short of his 86th birthday. His last words were, "I'm going now. My time has come." He was buried next to Rebecca, who had died on March 18, 1813. The graves, which were unmarked until the mid-1830s, were near Jemima (Boone) Callaway's home on Tuque Creek, about two miles (3 km) from the present-day Marthasville, Missouri. In 1845, the Boones' remains were supposedly disinterred and reburied in a new cemetery in Frankfort, Kentucky. Resentment in Missouri about the disinterment grew over the years, and a legend arose that Boone's remains never left Missouri. According to this story, Boone's tombstone in Missouri had been inadvertently placed over the wrong grave, but no one had ever corrected the error. Boone's relatives in Missouri, displeased with the Kentuckians who came to exhume Boone, kept quiet about the mistake, and they allowed the Kentuckians to dig up the wrong remains. There is no contemporary evidence that this actually happened, but in 1983, a forensic anthropologist examined a crude plaster cast of Boone's skull made before the Kentucky reburial and announced that it might be the skull of an African American. Negro slaves had also been buried at Tuque Creek, so it is possible that the wrong remains were mistakenly removed from the crowded graveyard. Both the Frankfort Cemetery in Kentucky and the Old Bryan Farm graveyard in Missouri claim to have Boone's remains. According to "The Boone Family" book by Hazel Atterbury Spraker (1982), "[Daniel] was buried near the body of his wife, in a cemetery established in 1803 by David Bryan, upon the bank of a small stream called Teuque Creek about one and one-half miles southeast of the present site of the town of Marthasville in Warren County, Missouri, it being at that time the only Protestant cemetery North of the Missouri River." {page 578}

Cultural legacy

Daniel Boone remains an iconic figure in American history, although his status as an early American folk hero and later as a subject of fiction has tended to obscure the actual details of his life. The general public remembers him as a hunter, pioneer, and "Indian-fighter", even if they are uncertain when he lived or exactly what he did. Many places in the United States are named for him, including the Daniel Boone National Forest, the Sheltowee Trace Trail, the town of Boone, North Carolina, and seven counties: Boone County,Ill., Boone County, Ind., Boone County, Neb., Boone County, W.Va., Boone County, Mo., Boone County, Ky., and Boone County, Arkansas. Today, there are schools named for Daniel Boone in many different places, including Birdsboro, Pa., Douglassville, Penn., Gray, Tenn., and Chicago.

The U.S. Navy's ''George Washington''-class Polaris submarine, USS ''Daniel Boone'', was named for Boone. This nuclear submarine was decommissioned in 1994, and she has been scrapped. She was a member of a class of 41 submarines, all of which were named for Great Americans from history, including the USS ''Lewis and Clark'', to mention two other frontiersmen of the Great West.

Boone's name has long been synonymous with the American outdoors. For example, the Boone and Crockett Club was a conservationist organization founded by Theodore Roosevelt in 1887, and the Sons of Daniel Boone was the precursor of the Boy Scouts of America.

Emergence as a legend

Boone emerged as a legend in large part because of John Filson's "The Adventures of Colonel Daniel Boon", part of his book ''The Discovery, Settlement And present State of Kentucke''. First published in 1784, Filson's book was soon translated into French and German, and made Boone famous in America and Europe. Based on interviews with Boone, Filson's book contained a mostly factual account of Boone's adventures from the exploration of Kentucky through the American Revolution. However, because the real Boone was a man of few words, Filson invented florid, philosophical dialogue for this "autobiography". Subsequent editors cut some of these passages and replaced them with more plausible—but still spurious—ones. Often reprinted, Filson's book established Boone as one of the first popular heroes of the United States.

Like John Filson, Timothy Flint also interviewed Boone, and his ''Biographical Memoir of Daniel Boone, the First Settler of Kentucky'' (1833) became one of the bestselling biographies of the 19th century. Flint greatly embellished Boone's adventures, doing for Boone what Parson Weems did for George Washington. In Flint's book, Boone fought hand-to-hand with a bear, escaped from Indians by swinging on vines (as Tarzan would later do), and so on. Although Boone's family thought that the book was absurd, Flint greatly influenced the popular conception of Boone, since these tall tales were recycled in countless dime novels and books aimed at young boys.

Much of Daniel Boone's life was covered by William Henry Bogart in his book ''Daniel Boone and the hunters of Kentucky''.

At least three well-known American entertainers have claimed kinship with Daniel Boone: the actor and singer Pat Boone; Richard Boone (1917 – 81) of the TV series, ''Have Gun, Will Travel''; and Randy Boone, one of the actors in the Western series, ''The Virginian''.

Ancestry.com indicates that Richard Boone is descended from George Boone (1738–1820), a brother of Daniel Boone.

The baseball-playing family of Ray Boone and his descendants are shown in ancestry.com to be descended from Daniel Boone through the line of a son, Daniel Morgan Boone.

Symbol and stereotype

Thanks to Filson's book, in Europe, Boone became a symbol of the "natural man" who lives a virtuous, uncomplicated existence in the wilderness. This was most famously expressed in Lord Byron's epic poem ''Don Juan'' (1822), which devoted a number of stanzas to Boone, including this one: :Of the great names which in our faces stare, ::The General Boon, back-woodsman of Kentucky, :Was happiest amongst mortals any where; ::For killing nothing but a bear or buck, he :Enjoyed the lonely vigorous, harmless days :Of his old age in wilds of deepest maze.

Byron's poem celebrated Boone as someone who found happiness by turning his back on civilization. In a similar vein, many folk tales depicted Boone as a man who migrated to more remote areas whenever civilization crowded in on him. In a typical anecdote, when asked why he was moving to Missouri, Boone supposedly replied, "I want more elbow room!" Boone rejected such an interpretation of his life, however. "Nothing embitters my old age," he said late in life, like "the circulation of absurd stories that I retire as civilization advances…."

Existing simultaneously with the image of Boone as a refugee from society was, paradoxically, the popular portrayal of him as civilization's trailblazer. Boone was celebrated as an agent of Manifest Destiny, a pathfinder who tamed the wilderness, paving the way for the extension of American civilization. In 1852, critic Henry Tuckerman dubbed Boone "the Columbus of the woods", comparing Boone's passage through the Cumberland Gap to Christopher Columbus's voyage to the New World. In popular mythology, Boone became the first to explore and settle Kentucky, opening the way for countless others to follow. In fact, other Americans had explored and settled Kentucky before Boone, as debunkers in the 20th century often pointed out, but Boone came to symbolize them all, making him what historian Michael Lofaro called "the founding father of westward expansion".

In the 19th century, when Native Americans were being displaced from their lands and confined on reservations, Boone's image was often reshaped into the stereotype of the belligerent, Indian-hating frontiersman which was then popular. In John A. McClung's ''Sketches of Western Adventure'' (1832), for example, Boone was portrayed as longing for the "thrilling excitement of savage warfare." Boone was transformed in the popular imagination into someone who regarded Indians with contempt and had killed scores of the "savages". The real Boone disliked bloodshed, however. According to historian John Bakeless, there is no record that Boone ever scalped Indians, unlike other frontiersmen of the era. Boone once told his son Nathan that he was certain of having killed only one Indian, during the battle at Blue Licks, although he believed that others may have died from his bullets in other battles. Even though Boone had lost two sons in wars with Indians, he respected Indians and was respected by them. In Missouri, Boone often went hunting with the very Shawnees who had captured and adopted him decades earlier. Some 19th-century writers regarded Boone's sympathy for Indians as a character flaw and therefore altered his words to conform to contemporary attitudes.

Fiction and Film

Boone's adventures, real and mythical, formed the basis of the archetypal hero of the American West, popular in 19th-century novels and 20th century films. The main character of James Fenimore Cooper's Leatherstocking Tales, the first of which was published in 1823, bore striking similarities to Boone; even his name, Nathaniel Bumppo, echoed Daniel Boone's name. As mentioned above, ''The Last of the Mohicans'' (1826), Cooper's second Leatherstocking novel, featured a fictionalized version of Boone's rescue of his daughter. After Cooper, other writers developed the Western hero, an iconic figure which began as a variation of Daniel Boone.

In the 20th century, Boone was featured in numerous comic strips, radio programs, and films, where the emphasis was usually on action and melodrama rather than historical accuracy. These are little remembered today; probably the most noteworthy is the 1936 film ''Daniel Boone'', with George O'Brien playing the title role.

Television

Audiences of the "baby boomer" generation are more familiar with the ''Daniel Boone'' television series, which ran from 1964 to 1970. In the popular theme song for the series, Boone was described as a "big man" in a "coonskin cap", and the "rippin'est, roarin'est, fightin'est man the frontier ever knew!" This did not describe the real Daniel Boone, who was not a big man and did not wear a coonskin cap. Boone was portrayed this way because Fess Parker, the tall actor who played Boone, was essentially reprising his role as Davy Crockett from an earlier TV series. That Boone could be portrayed as a Crockett, another American frontiersman with a very different persona, was another example of how Boone's image could be reshaped to suit popular tastes.

Notes

References

Atterbury Spraker, Hazel. "The Boone Family". Originally published Rutland, Vermont 1922, reprinted Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc. Baltimore, 1974, 1977, 1982; ISBN 0-8063-0612-2. A Genealogical History of the Descendants of George and Mary Boone who came to America in 1717, Also a biographical sketch of DANIEL BOONE, the pioneer.

Bakeless, John. ''Daniel Boone: Master of the Wilderness''. Originally published 1939, reprinted University of Nebraska Press, 1989; ISBN 0-8032-6090-3. The definitive Boone biography of its era, it was the first to make full use of the massive amount of material collected by Lyman Draper.

Brown, Meredith Mason. ''Frontiersman'', Louisisana State University Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0-8071-3356-9

Draper, Lyman. ''The Life of Daniel Boone'', edited by Ted Franklin Belue. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 1998; ISBN 0-8117-0979-5. Belue's notes provide a modern scholarly perspective to Draper's unfinished 19th century biography, which follows Boone's life up to the siege of Boonesborough.

Elliott, Lawrence. ''The Long Hunter: A New Life of Daniel Boone''. New York: Reader's Digest Press, 1976; ISBN 0-88349-066-8.

Faragher, John Mack. ''Daniel Boone: The Life and Legend of an American Pioneer''. New York: Holt, 1992; ISBN 0-8050-1603-1. The standard scholarly biography, examines both the history and the folklore.

Jones, Randell. ''In the Footsteps of Daniel Boone''. Blair: North Carolina, 2005. ISBN 0-89587-308-7. Guide to historical sites associated with Boone.

Lofaro, Michael. ''Daniel Boone: An American Life''. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 2003; ISBN 0-8131-2278-3. A brief biography, previously published (in 1978 and 1986) as ''The Life and Adventures of Daniel Boone''.

Further reading

Aron, Stephen. ''How the West was Lost: The Transformation of Kentucky from Daniel Boone to Henry Clay''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996. ISBN 0-8018-5296-X.

Hammon, Neal O., ed. ''My Father, Daniel Boone: The Draper Interviews with Nathan Boone''. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1999; ISBN 0-8131-2103-5. Draper's interviews with Nathan Boone.

Morgan, Robert. ''Boone: A Biography''. Chapel Hill, N.C.: Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill, 2007; ISBN 978-1-56512-455-4.

Reid, Darren R., ed. ''Daniel Boone and Others on the Kentucky Frontier: Autobiographies and Narratives, 1769-1795'' Jefferson: McFarland and Company, 2009; ISBN 978-0-7864-4377-2

Slotkin, Richard. ''Regeneration through Violence: The Mythology of the American Frontier, 1600–1860''. Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1973. ISBN 0-8195-4055-2.

Smith, Henry Nash. ''Virgin Land: The American West as Symbol and Myth''. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1950.

Sweeney, J. Gray. ''The Columbus of the Woods: Daniel Boone and the Typology of Manifest Destiny''. St. Louis, Mo.: Washington University Gallery of Art, 1992. ISBN 0-936316-14-4.

Thwaites, Reuben Gold. ''Daniel Boone''. The first modern biography, originally published in 1902 and often reprinted.

Brown, Meredith Mason. ''Frontiersman: Daniel Boone and the Making of America''. Baton Rouge, LA.: Louisiana State University Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0-8071-3356-9

External links

;Primary material

"The Adventures of Col. Daniel Boon" (sic) Filson's "autobiographical" memoir

''The Discovery, Settlement and present State of Kentucke'' The entire work by John Filson, including the "Appendix" life of Boone

Personal papers of Daniel Boone at the Wisconsin Historical Society searchable 32-volume collection of Boone manuscripts and correspondence, part of the Lyman Draper collection

Haldimand Collection 232 series of documents in relation with American War of Independence, from a British point of view.

Works about Daniel Boone at Internet Archive (scanned books original editions color illustrated)

;Other material

Kentucky gravesite, additional photographs

Daniel Boone birthplace, Berks County website

"Daniel Boone, The Extraordinary Life of a Common Man", genealogical information, photographs of Missouri gravesite, various other material

Category:1734 births Category:1820 deaths Category:People from Berks County, Pennsylvania Category:American people of English descent Category:American people of Welsh descent Category:American explorers Category:American folklore Category:American hunters Category:American pioneers Category:American surveyors Category:Boone County, Missouri Category:Kentucky militiamen in the American Revolution Category:Members of the Virginia House of Delegates Category:Pennsylvania colonial people Category:People from St. Charles County, Missouri Category:People of Kentucky in the American Revolution Category:People from Kentucky Category:People from Missouri Category:Tall tales Category:Burials at Frankfort Cemetery Category:Captives of Native Americans

ar:دانيال بون de:Daniel Boone es:Daniel Boone eo:Daniel Boone fr:Daniel Boone ko:대니얼 분 it:Daniel Boone he:דניאל בון ja:ダニエル・ブーン no:Daniel Boone pl:Daniel Boone (traper) pt:Daniel Boone ru:Бун, Даниэль sv:Daniel Boone tl:Daniel Boone

Coordinates	21°10′″N94°53′″N
Name	Dave Brubeck
Background	non_vocal_instrumentalist
Birth name	David Warren Brubeck
Born	December 06, 1920Concord, California
Instrument	Piano
Genre	JazzCool jazzWest Coast jazzThird stream
Occupation	PianistComposerBandleader
Years active	1940s–present
associated acts	Dave Brubeck Quartet
Associated artists	Paul DesmondGerry MulliganJoe MorelloEugene Wright
Religion	Catholicism }}

David Warren "Dave" Brubeck (born December 6, 1920) is an American jazz pianist. He has written a number of jazz standards, including "In Your Own Sweet Way" and "The Duke". Brubeck's style ranges from refined to bombastic, reflecting his mother's attempts at classical training and his improvisational skills. His music is known for employing unusual time signatures, and superimposing contrasting rhythms, meters, and tonalities.

His long-time musical partner, alto saxophonist Paul Desmond, wrote the Dave Brubeck Quartet's best remembered piece, "Take Five", which is in 5/4 time and has endured as a jazz classic on the top-selling jazz album, ''Time Out''. Brubeck experimented with time signatures throughout his career, recording "Pick Up Sticks" in 6/4, "Unsquare Dance" in 7/4, and "Blue Rondo à la Turk" in 9/8. He is also a respected composer of orchestral and sacred music, and wrote soundtracks for television such as ''Mr. Broadway'' and the animated mini-series ''This Is America, Charlie Brown''.

Early life and career

Brubeck was born in Concord, California and grew up in Ione. He is of English (maternal) and Swiss (paternal) ancestry His father, Howard "Pete" Brubeck, was a cattle rancher, and his mother, Elizabeth (née Ivey), who had studied piano in England under Myra Hess and intended to become a concert pianist, taught piano for extra money. Brubeck originally did not intend to become a musician (his two older brothers, Henry and Howard, were already on that track), but took lessons from his mother. He could not read sheet music during these early lessons, attributing this difficulty to poor eyesight, but "faked" his way through, well enough that this deficiency went mostly unnoticed.

Intending to work with his father on their ranch, Brubeck entered the College of the Pacific (now the University of the Pacific) studying veterinary science, but transferred on the urging of the head of zoology, Dr Arnold, who told him "Brubeck, your mind's not here. It's across the lawn in the conservatory. Please go there. Stop wasting my time and yours." Later, Brubeck was nearly expelled when one of his professors discovered that he could not read music. Several of his professors came forward, arguing that his ability with counterpoint and harmony more than compensated. The college was still afraid that it would cause a scandal, and agreed to let Brubeck graduate only after he promised never to teach piano.

After graduating in 1942, Brubeck was drafted into the army and served overseas in George Patton's Third Army. He was spared from service in the Battle of the Bulge when he volunteered to play piano at a Red Cross show; he was such a hit he was ordered to form a band. Thus he created one of the U.S. armed forces' first racially integrated bands, "The Wolfpack". While serving, Brubeck met Paul Desmond in early 1944. He returned to college after serving nearly four years in the army, this time attending Mills College and studying under Darius Milhaud, who encouraged him to study fugue and orchestration, but not classical piano. While on active duty, he received two lessons from Arnold Schoenberg at UCLA in an attempt to connect with High Modernism theory and practice. However, the encounter did not end on good terms since Schoenberg believed that every note should be accounted for, an approach which Brubeck could not accept.

After completing his studies under Milhaud, Brubeck helped to establish Berkeley, California's Fantasy Records. He worked with an octet (the recording bears his name only because Brubeck was the best-known member at the time), and a trio including Cal Tjader and Ron Crotty. Highly experimental, the group made few recordings and got even fewer paying jobs. The trio was often joined by Paul Desmond on the bandstand, at Desmond's prodding.

Quartet era

Following a near-fatal swimming accident which incapacitated him for several months, Brubeck organized The Dave Brubeck Quartet in 1951, with Desmond on saxophone. They took up a long residency at San Francisco's Black Hawk nightclub and gained great popularity touring college campuses, recording a series of albums with such titles as ''Jazz at Oberlin'' (1953), ''Jazz at College of the Pacific'' (1953), and Brubeck's debut on Columbia Records, ''Jazz Goes to College'' (1954). In that same year, he was featured on the cover of ''Time'' magazine, the second jazz musician to be so honored (the first was Louis Armstrong on February 21, 1949).

Early bassists for the group included Ron Crotty, Bob Bates, and Bob's brother Norman Bates; Lloyd Davis and Joe Dodge held the drum chair. In 1956, Brubeck hired Joe Morello, who had been working with Marian McPartland; Morello's presence made possible the rhythmic experiments that were to come. In 1958 Eugene Wright joined for the group's U.S. State Department tour of Europe and Asia; Wright would become a permanent member in 1959, making the "classic" Quartet's personnel complete.

Wright is African-American; in the late 1950s and early 1960s Brubeck canceled several concerts because the club owners or hall managers resisted the idea of an integrated band on their stages. He also canceled a television appearance when he found out that the producers intended to keep Wright off-camera.

In 1959, the Dave Brubeck Quartet recorded ''Time Out'', an album their label was enthusiastic about but nonetheless hesitant to release. Featuring the album art of S. Neil Fujita, the album contained all original compositions, almost none of which were in common time: 9/8, 5/4, 3/4, and 6/4 were used. Nonetheless, on the strength of these unusual time signatures (the album included "Take Five", "Blue Rondo à la Turk", and "Three To Get Ready"), it quickly went platinum.

''Time Out'' was followed by several albums with a similar approach, including ''Time Further Out: Miro Reflections'' (1961), using more 5/4, 6/4, and 9/8, plus the first attempt at 7/4; ''Countdown: Time in Outer Space'' (dedicated to John Glenn) (1962), featuring 11/4 and more 7/4; and ''Time Changes'' (1963), with much 3/4, 10/4 (which was really 5+5), and 13/4. These albums were also known for using contemporary paintings as cover art, featuring the work of Joan Miró on ''Time Further Out'', Franz Kline on ''Time in Outer Space'', and Sam Francis on ''Time Changes''.

A high point for the group was their 1963 live album ''At Carnegie Hall'', described by critic Richard Palmer as "arguably Dave Brubeck's greatest concert".

In the early '60s, Brubeck and his wife Iola developed a jazz musical, ''The Real Ambassadors'', based in part on experiences they and their colleagues had during foreign tours on behalf of the U.S. State Department. The soundtrack album, which featured Louis Armstrong, Lambert, Hendricks & Ross, and Carmen McRae was recorded in 1961; the musical itself was performed at the 1962 Monterey Jazz Festival.

At their peak in the early '60s, the Brubeck Quartet was releasing as many as four albums a year. Apart from the 'College' and the 'Time' series, Brubeck recorded four LPs featuring his compositions based on the group's travels, and the local music they encountered. ''Jazz Impressions of the USA'' (1956, Morello's debut with the group), ''Jazz Impressions of Eurasia'' (1958), ''Jazz Impressions of Japan'' (1964), and ''Jazz Impressions of New York'' (1964) are less well-known albums, but all are brilliant examples of the quartet's studio work, and they produced Brubeck standards such as "Summer Song," "Brandenburg Gate," "Koto Song," and "Theme From ''Mr. Broadway''." (Brubeck wrote, and the Quartet performed, the theme song for the Craig Stevens CBS drama series; the music from the series became material for the "New York" album.)

In 1961 Dave Brubeck appeared in a few scenes of the British Jazz/Beat film ''All Night Long'', which starred Patrick McGoohan and Richard Attenborough. Brubeck merely plays himself, and his piano playing includes closeups of his fingerings. Brubeck performs "It's a Raggy Waltz" from the ''Time Further Out'' album and duets briefly with bassist Charles Mingus in "Non-Sectarian Blues".

In the early 1960s Dave Brubeck was the program director of WJZZ-FM radio (now WEZN). He achieved his vision of an all jazz format radio station along with his friend and neighbor John E. Metts, one of the first African Americans in senior radio management.

The final studio album for Columbia by the Desmond/Wright/Morello quartet was ''Anything Goes'' (1966) featuring Cole Porter songs. A few concert recordings followed, and ''The Last Time We Saw Paris'' (1967) was the "Classic" Quartet's swansong.

Later career

Brubeck's disbanding of the Quartet at the end of 1967 allowed him more time to compose the longer, extended orchestral and choral works that were occupying his attention (to say nothing of Brubeck's desire to spend more time with his family). February 1968 saw the premiere of ''The Light in the Wilderness'' for baritone solo, choir, organ, the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra conducted by Erich Kunzel, and Brubeck improvising on certain themes within. The piece is an oratorio on Jesus's teachings. The next year, Brubeck produced ''The Gates of Justice'', a cantata mixing Biblical scripture with the words of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.

Further works followed, including the 1971 cantata ''Truth Is Fallen'' (now re-issued on CD by Collectables Records ), written in protest of the Vietnam War, and also dedicated to the memory of the Kent State shootings and Jackson State killings of May 1970. The work was premiered in Midland, Michigan on May 1, 1971 and released on LP in 1972.

Brubeck's jazz playing did not cease. He was quickly prevailed upon by Newport Jazz Festival producer George Wein to tour with Gerry Mulligan. A Brubeck "Trio" was soon formed: Jack Six on bass, and Alan Dawson on drums. From 1968 until 1973, The Dave Brubeck Trio featuring Gerry Mulligan performed extensively, releasing several concert albums (including one with guest Desmond) and one studio album.

In 1973 Brubeck formed another group with three of his sons, Darius on keyboards, Dan on drums, and Chris on electric bass or bass trombone. This group often included Perry Robinson, clarinet, and Jerry Bergonzi, saxophone. Brubeck would record and tour with this "Two Generations of Brubeck" group until 1978.

Brubeck and Desmond recorded an album of duets in 1975, then the Classic Quartet reassembled for a 25th anniversary reunion in 1976. Desmond died in 1977.

thumb|Dave Brubeck at Blue Note Jazz Club in 2011Brubeck's Quartet has remained vital, a primary creative outlet for the pianist. Bergonzi became a member and remained with the band until 1982. This version featured Chris Brubeck, and Randy Jones on drums. Jones joined in 1979 and is still with the band after over 30 years. Replacing Bergonzi was Brubeck's old friend Bill Smith, who knew Brubeck at Mills College and was a member of Brubeck's Octet in the late 1940s; he remained in the group through the '80s and recorded with it off and on until 1995. The best recording of this Smith/Brubeck/Jones Quartet is probably their remarkable ''Moscow Night'' concert of 1987, released on Concord Records.

The Quartet currently includes alto saxophonist and flautist Bobby Militello, bassist Michael Moore (who replaced Alec Dankworth), and Randy Jones.

In 1994, Brubeck was inducted into the ''Down Beat'' Jazz Hall of Fame.

Brubeck continues to write new works, including orchestral and ballet scores. He has worked extensively with the London Symphony Orchestra and tours about 80 cities each year.

At the 49th Monterey Jazz Festival in September 2006, Brubeck debuted his commissioned work, ''Cannery Row Suite'', a jazz opera drawn from the characters in John Steinbeck's American classic writing about Monterey's roots as a sardine fishing and packing town. Iola (''née'' Whitlock), Brubeck's wife since 1942, is his personal secretary, manager and lyricist, and co-authored the Cannery Row Suite with Dave. His performance of this as well as a number of jazz standards with his current quartet was the buzz of the Festival (an event Brubeck helped launch in 1958).

Because of his advancing years, Brubeck's touring has naturally decreased in activity. He announced at the end of 2008 that he would no longer tour internationally. On April 3, 2009, Brubeck was scheduled to play the album ''Time Out'' in its entirety to commemorate its 50th anniversary at the annual Brubeck Festival, but was not able to because of being in hospital with a viral infection. His son Darius filled in on piano with the rest of his quartet. A scheduled October, 2010 concert in St. Louis, MO was canceled after Brubeck's doctors advised against traveling and performing. He had a heart problem and was experiencing fatigue and dizziness. His doctors installed a pacemaker in his heart. His surgery was doing so well that his doctors said that he could resume his concert touring in November. He performed sold out shows at the Blue Note in New York City on Thanksgiving weekend, 2010, celebrating his 90th birthday.

Personal life

Four of Brubeck's six children are professional musicians. Darius, the eldest, is an accomplished pianist, producer, educator and performer. (He was named after Dave Brubeck's mentor Darius Milhaud.) Dan is a renowned percussionist, Chris is a multi-instrumentalist and composer. Matthew, the youngest, is a versatile cellist with an impressive list of composing and performance credits. Brubeck's children often join with him in concerts and in the recording studio.

Brubeck believed what he saw during World War II contradicted the Ten Commandments, and the war evoked a spiritual awakening. He became a Catholic in 1980, shortly after completing the Mass ''To Hope'' which had been commissioned by Ed Murray, editor of the national Catholic weekly ''Our Sunday Visitor''. Although he had spiritual interests before that time, he said, "I didn't convert to Catholicism, because I wasn't anything to convert from. I just joined the Catholic Church." In 1996, he received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. In 2006, Brubeck was awarded the University of Notre Dame's Laetare Medal, the oldest and most prestigious honor given to American Catholics, during the University's commencement. He performed "Travellin' Blues" for the graduating class of 2006.

Brubeck founded the Brubeck Institute with his wife Iola at their alma mater, the University of the Pacific in 2000. What began as a special archive, consisting of the personal document collection of the Brubecks has since expanded to provide fellowships and educational opportunities in jazz for students, also leading to having one of the main streets the school resides on named in his honor, Dave Brubeck Way.

On April 8, 2008, United States Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice presented Brubeck with a "Benjamin Franklin Award for Public Diplomacy" for offering an American "vision of hope, opportunity and freedom" through his music. "As a little girl I grew up on the sounds of Dave Brubeck because my dad was your biggest fan," said Rice. The State Department said in a statement that "as a pianist, composer, cultural emissary and educator, Dave Brubeck's life's work exemplifies the best of America's cultural diplomacy." At the ceremony Brubeck played a brief recital for the audience at the State Department. "I want to thank all of you because this honor is something that I never expected. Now I am going to play a cold piano with cold hands," Brubeck stated.

California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and First Lady Maria Shriver announced on May 28, 2008 that Brubeck would be inducted into the California Hall of Fame, located at The California Museum for History, Women and the Arts. The induction ceremony occurred December 10, and he was inducted alongside eleven other legendary Californians.

In September 2009, the Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts announced Brubeck as a Kennedy Center Honoree for exhibiting excellence in performance arts. The Kennedy Center Honors Gala took place on Sunday, December 6 (Brubeck's 89th birthday) and was broadcast nationwide on CBS on December 29 at 9:00 pm EST.

On September 20, 2009, at Monterey Jazz Festival, Brubeck was awarded an honorary Doctor of Music degree (D.Mus. ''honoris causa'') from Berklee College of Music.

On May 16, 2010, Brubeck was awarded an honorary Doctor of Music degree (honoris causa) from The George Washington University in Washington, DC. The ceremony took place on the National Mall.

On July 5, 2010, Brubeck was awarded the Miles-Davis Award at the Montreal International Jazz Festival.In 2010, Bruce Ricker and Clint Eastwood produced a documentary ''Dave Brubeck: In His Own Sweet Way'' about Brubeck for Turner Classic Movies (TCM) to commemorate his 90th birthday in December 2010.

Brubeck has become a supporter of the Jazz Foundation of America in their mission to save the homes and the lives of elderly jazz and blues musicians, including musicians that survived Hurricane Katrina. Brubeck supported the Jazz Foundation by performing in their annual benefit concert "A Great Night in Harlem" in 2006.

Discography

''Brubeck Trio with Cal Tjader, Volume 1'' (1949)

''Brubeck Trio with Cal Tjader, Volume 2'' (1949)

''Brubeck/Desmond'' (1951)

''Stardust'' (1951)

''Dave Brubeck Quartet'' (1951)

''Jazz at the Blackhawk'' (1952)

''Dave Brubeck/Paul Desmond'' (1952)

''Jazz at Storyville'' (live) (1952)

''featuring Paul Desmond In Concert'' (live) (1953)

''Two Knights at the Black Hawk'' (1953)

''Jazz at Oberlin'' (1953) Fantasy Records

''Dave Brubeck & Paul Desmond at Wilshire Ebell'' (1953)

''Jazz at the College of the Pacific'' (1953) Fantasy Records

''Jazz Goes to College'' (1954) Columbia Records

''Dave Brubeck at Storyville 1954'' (live) (1954)

''Brubeck Time'' (1955)

''Jazz: Red Hot And Cool'' (1955)

''Brubeck Plays Brubeck'' (1956)

''Dave Brubeck and Jay & Kai at Newport'' (1956)

''Jazz Impressions of the U.S.A.'' (1956)

''Plays and Plays and ...'' (1957) Fantasy Records

''Reunion'' (1957) Fantasy Records

''Jazz Goes to Junior College'' (live) (1957)

''Dave Digs Disney'' (1957)

''In Europe'' (1958)

''Complete 1958 Berlin Concert'' (released 2008)

''Newport 1958''

''Jazz Impressions of Eurasia'' (1958)

''Gone with the Wind'' (1959) Columbia Records

''Time Out'' (1959) Columbia Records/Legacy (RIAA: Platinum)

''Southern Scene'' (1960)

''The Riddle'' (1960)

''Brubeck and Rushing'' (1960)

''Brubeck a la Mode'' (1961) Fantasy Records

''Tonight Only with the Dave Brubeck Quartet'' (1961, with Carmen McRae)

''Take Five Live'' (1961, Live, Columbia Records, with Carmen McRae, released 1965)

''Near-Myth'' (1961) Fantasy Records

''Bernstein Plays Brubeck Plays Bernstein'' (1961)

''Time Further Out'' (1961) Columbia Records/Legacy

''Countdown—Time in Outer Space'' (1962) Columbia Records

''The Real Ambassadors'' (1962)

''Music From West Side Story'' (1962)

''Bossa Nova U.S.A.'' (1962)

''Brubeck in Amsterdam'' (1962, released 1969)

''At Carnegie Hall'' (1963)

''Brandenburg Gate: Revisited'' (1963) Columbia Records

''Time Changes (album)'' (1963)

''Dave Brubeck in Berlin'' (1964)

''Jazz Impressions of Japan'' (1964) Columbia Records/Legacy

''Jazz Impressions of New York'' (1964) Columbia Records/Legacy

''Angel Eyes'' (1965)

''My Favorite Things'' (1965)

''The 1965 Canadian Concert'' (released 2008)

''Time In'' (1966) Columbia Records

''Anything Goes'' (1966)

''Bravo! Brubeck!'' (1967)

''Buried Treasures'' (1967, released 1998)

''Jackpot'' (1967) Columbia Records

''The Last Time We Saw Paris'' (1968)

''Adventures in Time'' (Compilation, 1972) Columbia Records

''The Light in the Wilderness'' (1968)

''Compadres'' (1968)

''Blues Roots'' (1968)

''Brubeck/Mulligan/Cincinnati'' (1970)

''Live at the Berlin Philharmonie'' (1970)

''The Last Set at Newport'' (1971) Atlantic Records

''Truth is Fallen'' (1972)

''We're All Together Again For the First Time'' (1973)

''Two Generations of Brubeck'' (1973)

''Brother, the Great Spirit Made Us All'' (1974)

''All The Things We Are'' (1974)

''Brubeck & Desmond 1975: The Duets''

''DBQ 25th Anniversary Reunion'' (1976) A&M; Records

''The New Brubeck Quartet Live at Montreux'' (1978)

''A Cut Above'' (1978)

''La Fiesta de la Posada'' (1979)

''Back Home'' (1979) Concord Records

''A Place in Time'' (1980)

''Tritonis'' (1980)

''Paper Moon'' (1982)

''Concord on a Summer Night'' (1982)

''For Iola'' (1984)

''Marian McPartland's Piano Jazz with guest Dave Brubeck'' (1984, released 1993)

''Reflections'' (1985)

''Blue Rondo'' (1986)

''Moscow Night'' (1987)

''New Wine'' (1987, released 1990)

''The Great Concerts'' (Compilation, 1988)

''Quiet As The Moon'' (Charlie Brown soundtrack) (1991)

''Once When I Was Very Young'' (1991)

''Time Signatures: A Career Retrospective'' (Compilation, 1992) Sony Colombia Legacy

''Trio Brubeck'' (1993)

''Late Night Brubeck (1994)

''Just You, Just Me'' (solo) (1994)

''Nightshift'' (1995)

''Young Lions & Old Tigers (1995)

''To Hope! A Celebration'' (1996)

''A Dave Brubeck Christmas'' (1996)

''In Their Own Sweet Way'' (1997)

''So What's New?'' (1998)

''The 40th Anniversary Tour of the U.K.'' (1999)

''One Alone'' (2000)

''Double Live From the USA & UK'' (2001)

''The Crossing'' (2001)

''Vocal Encounters'' (Compilation, 2001) Sony Records

''Classical Brubeck'' (with the London Symphony Orchestra, 2003) Telarc

''Park Avenue South'' (2003)

''The Gates of Justice'' (2004)

''London Flat, London Sharp'' (2005) Telarc

''Indian Summer'' (2007) Telarc

''Live at the Monterey Jazz Festival 1958–2007'' (2008)

''Yo-Yo Ma & Friends'' Brubeck tracks: Joy to the World, Concordia. (2008)Sony BMG

Awards

Connecticut Arts Award (1987)

National Medal of Arts, National Endowment for the Arts (1994)

DownBeat Hall of Fame (1994)

Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award (1996)

Doctorate honoris causa University of Fribourg, Switzerland (2004)

Laetare Medal (University of Notre Dame) (2006)

BBC Jazz Lifetime Achievement Award (2007)

Benjamin Franklin Award for Public Diplomacy (2008)

Inducted into California Hall of Fame (2008)

Kennedy Centre Honour (2009) George Washington University Honorary Degree (2010)

Honorary Fellow of Westminster Choir College, Princeton, New Jersey (2011)

References

Photographs, documents, and video clips of oral history interviews from the Brubeck Collection are available at the University of the Pacific Library's Digital Collections.

Bibliography

Isenberg, Barbara. ''State of the Arts: California Artists Talk About Their Work.'' 2005

External links

Dave Brubeck.com

2004 WNYC Interview with Brubeck

Dave Brubeck Collection at the University of the Pacific Library's Holt-Atherton Special Collections

''Rediscovering Dave Brubeck'', PBS, December 16, 2001 documentary

Dave Brubeck Discography Project

The Brubeck Institute

Biography, photos, CDs and concert review of Dave Brubeck by cosmopolis.ch

Discography at SonyBMG Masterworks

Dave Brubeck Quartet Discography at SonyBMG Masterworks

[ Dave Brubeck at AllMusic]

Musical Prayers Dave Brubeck, TIME Magazine

theartsdesk Q&A;: Dave Brubeck at 90 (December 3, 2010)

Dave Brubeck – Unsquare Dance

Category:American jazz composers Category:American jazz pianists Category:American jazz songwriters Category:American military personnel of World War II Category:American Roman Catholics Category:Concord Records artists Category:Converts to Roman Catholicism Category:Cool jazz pianists Category:Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners Category:Kennedy Center honorees Category:Musicians from California Category:Musicians from the San Francisco Bay Area Category:People from Concord, California Category:United States Army soldiers Category:United States National Medal of Arts recipients Category:University of the Pacific (United States) alumni Category:West Coast jazz pianists Category:1920 births Category:Living people

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Coordinates	21°10′″N94°53′″N
name	Uriah Heep
series	David Copperfield
creator	Charles Dickens
gender	Male
occupation	Moneylender
nationality	British }}

Uriah Heep is a fictional character created by Charles Dickens in his novel ''David Copperfield''.

The character is notable for his cloying humility, obsequiousness, and insincerity, making frequent references to his own "'umbleness". His name has become synonymous with being a yes man. He is the central antagonist of the later part of the book.

In book

David first meets the 15-year-old Heep when he is living with Mr. Wickfield and his daughter Agnes, in chapter 15: :''[Uriah's face] was quite as cadaverous as it had looked in the window, though in the grain of it there was that tinge of red which is sometimes to be observed in the skins of red-haired people. It belonged to a red-haired person—a youth of fifteen, as I take it now, but looking much older—whose hair was cropped as close as the closest stubble; who had hardly any eyebrows, and no eyelashes, and eyes of a red-brown, so unsheltered and unshaded, that I remember wondering how he went to sleep. He was high-shouldered and bony; dressed in decent black, with a white wisp of a neckcloth; buttoned up to the throat; and had a long, lank, skeleton hand, which particularly attracted my attention, as he stood at the pony's head, rubbing his chin with it, and looking up at us in the chaise.''

Uriah has been employed as clerk to Wickfield for four years, since he was eleven. Uriah's father, who instilled him with the need to be humble, died when Uriah was ten, and for the first part of the novel he lives alone with his mother in their "umble abode". Copperfield takes an immediate and permanent dislike to Uriah, in spite of the latter's persistent, if insincere attempts to win his friendship. Uriah addresses Copperfield as "Master Copperfield" well into their adulthood, an indication of his true patronising view.

Uriah is repeatedly mentioned as ugly and repulsive, even in his youth - tall, lank and pale with red hair and lashless eyes. He may be albino, according to frequent mentions of his pale skin and red eyes, though this is never clearly stated. Dickens negatively emphasizes Uriah's movements as well, described as jerking and writhing; this leads some literary scholars to believe Dickens is describing a form of dystonia, a muscular disorder, to increase Uriah's snakelike character. Uriah explains in another part of the book that his ambition and greed are fueled by resentment from the double-standard of his schooling and from his treatment as a child, and by encouragement from his parents. As Uriah works for Wickfield for the next five or so years, he teaches himself law at night, and by blackmailing Mr. Wickfield, gains control over his business.

He eventually succeeds in having himself made a full partner in the business. His eventual ambition is to marry Agnes and gain control of the Wickfield fortune. Like most of Dickens' villains, greed is his main motivation. Heep is eventually stymied by Mr. Micawber and Tommy Traddles, with help from David and Agnes. Once his fraud and treachery are unmasked, he persists in hounding Micawber and Copperfield. Towards the end of the novel, he is last seen in Mr. Creakle’s prison where we find that he has returned to his "umble" ways, and puts himself forward as a model prisoner. He is said to be sentenced for transportation for life, which likely means he will eventually be sent to one of the penal colonies in Australia.

Origins

Much of ''David Copperfield'' is autobiographical and some scholars believe Heep's mannerisms and physical attributes to be based on Hans Christian Andersen whom Dickens met shortly before writing the novel. Uriah Heep's schemes and behaviour are more likely based on Thomas Powell, employer to a friend of Dickens, Thomas Chapman. Powell "...ingratiated himself into the Dickens household" and was discovered to be a forger and a thief, having embezzled £10,000 from his employer. He later attacked Dickens in pamphlets, calling particular attention to Dickens' social class and background. Powell was later deemed a lunatic.

The characteristics of grasping manipulation and insincerity can lead to a person being labelled "a Uriah Heep" as Lyndon Johnson is called in Robert Caro's biography. Seymour Fleming, a character in the play Babes in Arms, is also called thus. Author Philip Roth once compared President Richard Nixon to Uriah Heep. More recently, the historian Tony Judt used the term to describe Marshall Petain of French Vichy government shame.

Film and television

In film and television adaptations, the character has been played by, amongst others, Roland Young (1935), Colin Jeavons (1966), Ron Moody (1970), Martin Jarvis (1974), Paul Brightwell (1986), Nicholas Lyndhurst (1999), Frank MacCusker (2000) and Simon Pegg (2009).

Cultural references

The British rock band Uriah Heep is named after the character.

In the BBC television series ''Blake's 7'', the computer character Slave was described by Peter Tuddenham, who voiced it, as "...a Uriah Heep type of character...."

References

External links

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Coordinates	21°10′″N94°53′″N
Name	Donny Osmond
Background	solo_singer
Birth name	Donald Clark Osmond
Birth date	December 09, 1957
Origin	Ogden, Utah, US
Genre	Vocal, pop, rock, R&B;, bubblegum, blue-eyed soul, comedy, musical theatre
Occupation	Singer, songwriter, musician, actor, television host, dancer, radio personality, author
Years active	1961–present
Label	Universal
Associated acts	Marie Osmond, The Osmonds, Dweezil Zappa
Website	}}

Donald Clark "Donny" Osmond (born December 9, 1957) is an American singer, musician, actor, dancer, radio personality, and former teen idol. Osmond has also been a talk and game show host, record producer and author. In the mid 1960s, he and four of his elder brothers gained fame as the Osmond Brothers on the long running variety program, ''The Andy Williams Show''. Donny went solo in the early 1970s covering such hits as "Go Away Little Girl" and "Puppy Love."

For over thirty five years, he and younger sister Marie have gained fame as Donny & Marie, partly due to the success of their 1976–79 self-titled variety series, which aired on ABC. The duo also did a 1998–2000 talk show and have been headlining in Las Vegas since 2008. Between a highly successful teen career in the 1970s, and his rebirth in the 1990s, Osmond's career was stymied during the 1980s by what some have perceived as his "boy scout" image. Osmond stated on the May 1, 2009 ''Larry King Live'' show that longtime friend Michael Jackson suggested he change his name to boost his image. Osmond's agent even suggested that spreading false rumors about drug arrest charges might recharge his career. Osmond felt said allegations would have familial ramifications, and couldn't reconcile how lying to create a nefarious drug image could be explained to his children, nieces and nephews. In 1989, Osmond had two big-selling recordings, the first of which, "Soldier of Love," was initially credited to a "mystery artist" by some radio stations.

From 1992–1997 Osmond played Joseph in the Toronto production of ''Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat''. Creator Andrew Lloyd Webber, impressed by Osmond's talents and the show's successful six year run, chose him for the 1999 film version.

In 2009, Osmond won the ninth season of ''Dancing with the Stars''.

Early life

Osmond was born in Ogden, Utah, the seventh son of Olive May Osmond (née Davis) and George Virl Osmond. He is the brother of Alan, Jay, Jimmy, Merrill, Wayne, Marie, Tom, and Virl Osmond. Alan, Jay, Merrill, Wayne, and Donny were members of the popular singing group The Osmonds (also known as The Osmond Brothers, which later included tracks with youngest brother Jimmy as well). Donny was raised as a Mormon in Utah along with his siblings. Osmond later traced his family ancestry back to Merthyr Tydfil in Wales; his journey was documented in a BBC Wales program, ''Donny Osmond Coming Home''. On the BBC's ''The One Show'' a plaque was unveiled in the town commemorating 'the ancestors of Donny Osmond'.

Music career

Teen idol: 1971–1978

The father of Andy Williams saw the Osmond Brothers (Alan, Wayne, Merrill and Jay) perform on a Disneyland televised special as a barbershop quartet. In short order, the group was invited to audition for ''The Andy Williams Show''. They soon became regulars on the show and gained popularity quickly. Donny made his debut on the show at the age of 5 singing "You Are My Sunshine". The brothers continued to perform on the show throughout the 1960s along with a few visits from their sister Marie. In the early 1970s, the Osmonds, via recording and virtually constant touring, sold over 50 million records in a single 12-month period, making the most successful, and fatigued, of the early Seventies touring groups.

Donny became a teen idol in the early 1970s as a solo singer, while continuing to sing with his older brothers. He, Bobby Sherman, and David Cassidy were the biggest "Cover Boy" pop stars for ''Tiger Beat'' magazine in the early 1970s. He had his first solo hit with "Sweet and Innocent", which peaked at #7 in the U.S. in 1971. His solo songs "Go Away Little Girl" (1971) (#1 in the U.S.), "Puppy Love" (U.S. #3), and "Hey Girl/I Knew You When" (U.S. #9) (1972) vaulted him into international fame. The fame was further advanced by his appearance on the ''Here's Lucy'' show, where he sang "Too Young" to Lucille Ball's niece, played by Eve Plumb, and sang with Lucie Arnaz ("I'll Never Fall in Love Again").

Comeback: 1989–1990

In the 1980s, Osmond re-invented himself as a solo vocal artist and abandoned the earlier television show image crafted to appeal to young viewers. He made an unlikely appearance as one of several celebrities and unknowns auditioning to sing for guitarist Jeff Beck in the video for Beck's 1985 single "Ambitious", followed in 1986 by an equally unlikely cameo in the animated Luis Cardenas music video Runaway. He spent several years as a performer, before hiring the services of music and entertainment guru Steven Machat, who got Donny together with Peter Gabriel to see whether Machat and Gabriel could turn the TV image of Osmond into a contemporary young pop act. They succeeded with the hit song Soldier of Love, returning Osmond to the US charts in 1989 with the Billboard Hot 100 #2 song "Soldier of Love" and its top twenty follow-up "Sacred Emotion". The campaign to market "Soldier Of Love" received considerable airplay with the singer being presented as a 'mystery artist', before his identity was later revealed. Launching an extensive tour in support of the Eyes Don't Lie record, he enlisted Earth Wind & Fire and Kenny Loggins guitarist Dick Smith along with keyboardist Marc Jackson.

Donny was often reluctant to perform his earliest songs, in particular "Go Away Little Girl", but was convinced to sing the song live for KLOS-FM's 'Mark & Brian Christmas Show' on December 21, 1990.

Current music career: 1991–2010

Osmond was the guest vocalist on Dweezil Zappa's star-studded version of the Bee Gees' "Stayin' Alive" which appeared on Zappa's 1991 album ''Confessions''. The song also included guitar solos from Zakk Wylde, Steve Lukather, Warren DeMartini, Nuno Bettencourt, and Tim Pierce. Osmond sang "No One Has To Be Alone", but the song was heard at the end of the film ''The Land Before Time IX: Journey to Big Water''. He also sang "I'll Make a Man Out of You" for Disney's Mulan

In the 2000s, he released a Christmas album, an album of his favorite Broadway songs, and a compilation of popular love songs. In 2004, he returned to the UK Top 10 for the first time as a solo artist since 1973, with the George Benson-sampling "Breeze On By", co-written with former teen idol Gary Barlow, from the 1990s UK boy band Take That, reaching number 8.

In early 2011 he is scheduled to record a new album with legendary producer Todd Rundgren.

Donny & Marie in Las Vegas

Following Marie's stint on Dancing with the Stars in 2007, the pair teamed up for a limited engagement in Las Vegas at the MGM Grand Las Vegas. Beginning September 2008, Donny and Marie began playing the 750-seat showroom at the Flamingo Hotel. "Donny & Marie" is a 90-minute show. The singing siblings are backed by eight dancers and a nine piece band. Donny and Marie sing together at the beginning and end of the show, and have solo segments in between.

Film, radio and television

Hosting

Donny & Marie

In the mid 1970s, he and Marie co-hosted ''The Mike Douglas Show'' for a week, and were later offered a show of their own, ''The Donny & Marie Show'', a television variety series which aired on ABC between 1976 and 1979.

Donny and Marie also co-hosted a talk show together 20 years later. Though ratings were high and they were nominated for an award as best talk show, the series was canceled. In a 1999 episode featuring Jefferson Starship promoting their album ''Windows of Heaven'', the hosts performed a rendition of "Volunteers" live with the band.

Other hosting opportunities

Osmond went on to host ''Pyramid'', a syndicated version of the Dick Clark-hosted television game show that ran two seasons in the US from 2002–2004, and a British version of ''Pyramid'' on Challenge in 2007.

Osmond returned to ABC as host of ''The Great American Dream Vote'', a prime-time reality/game show that debuted in March 2007. After earning lackluster ratings in its first two episodes, the program was cancelled.

Osmond hosted the British version of the game show ''Identity'' on BBC Two during the daytime.

On April 11, 2008, Osmond also hosted the 2008 Miss USA pageant along with his sister Marie from Las Vegas.

Osmond appeared on ''Entertainment Tonight'' as a commentator covering the ABC show ''Dancing with the Stars'' during his sister Marie's run as a contestant on the 5th season of the American version of the popular show in Fall of 2007. He was seen at week 7 of the competition in tears in the audience watching Marie do a rumba after his and Marie's father died.

Radio

In January 2010 it was announced that Osmond would host his own syndicated radio show in a deal with McVay Syndication and Citadel Media. Versions of 'The Donny Osmond Show' now air across America, Canada, Australia and the UK.

The show is already rating #1 in numerous markets and is currently one of the fastest growing radio propositions.

The UK edition of the show is co-produced by London-based radio production & syndication company Blue Revolution. Through this partnership the first UK network to carry 'The Donny Osmond Show' is Celador-owned The Breeze, which has outlets in Portsmouth, Southampton, Isle of Wight, Winchester and Bristol.

Another UK radio station is now carrying 'The Donny Osmond Show'. 96.2 The Revolution in Manchester runs their own custom version of the program between 10 am – 1 pm (GMT/BST).

Music

Osmond's name was used in the lyrics of Alice Coopers song "Department of Youth" near the end. Cooper asks the kids doing the background vocals "who gave them the power", where the kids reply "Donny Osmond".

Musical theatre

His first foray into Broadway musical theatre was the lead role in a revival of the 1904 George M. Cohan show ''Little Johnny Jones''. Osmond replaced another former teen idol, David Cassidy, who left the show while it was on its pre-Broadway tour. After 29 previews and only 1 performance, the show closed on March 21, 1982.

Osmond found success in musical theatre through much of the 1990s when he starred in ''Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat'' for over 2,000 performances. During his performances for the musical, he suffered from Social Anxiety Disorder, which caused him to feel light-headed and extremely nervous during his performances.

He returned to Broadway on September 19, 2006, in the role of Gaston in Disney's ''Beauty and the Beast''. He was scheduled to perform for nine weeks but due to popular demand he extended his run through December 24. Liz Smith of the New York Post wrote "I am here to tell you he is charmingly campy, good-looking and grand as the villain "Gaston", patterned after our old friend Elvis and noting "Donny is divine". On July 29, 2007, Osmond played Gaston again for the final performance of ''Beauty and the Beast''.

Donny and his sister Marie recently starred in a new holiday production called ''Donny & Marie – A Broadway Christmas'', which was originally scheduled to play on Broadway at the Marquis Theatre from December 9 – 19, 2010. The show was then extended till December 30, 2010 and again till January 2, 2011. Donny & Marie-Christmas in Chicago is scheduled to play the Ford Center/Oriental Theatre in Chicago, Illinois from December 6, 2011 – December 24, 2011. It will be similar to the 2010 Broadway shows.

Film

In the animated television series ''Johnny Bravo'', Osmond voiced himself as a recurring character. He has also done guest spots on numerous other television shows such as ''Friends'', ''Diagnosis: Murder'', and Hannah Montana. He also appeared in a Pepsi Twist commercial during the Super Bowl with his sister, Marie, and Ozzy and Sharon Osbourne. In 1982, he co-starred with Priscilla Barnes and Joan Collins in the television movie ''The Wild Women of Chastity Gulch'' for Aaron Spelling.

In 1998, Donny Osmond was chosen to be the singing voice of Shang in ''Walt Disney'''s ''Mulan''. He sang "I'll Make a Man Out of You".

Also in 1999, he starred in the movie version of ''Joseph and the Technicolor Dreamcoat'' by Andrew Lloyd Webber's request who said, "to me there is no better selection". In addition to playing the role of Joseph, he played with a cobra snake puppet during the "Poor, Poor Joseph" musical number.

Osmond remarked in an interview recently that with his movie appearance on ''College Road Trip'' and upcoming appearances on two Disney Channel shows that he would coming about full circle since he and his family were discovered by Walt Disney.

Osmond appears in the music video of "Weird Al" Yankovic's song "White & Nerdy". The song is a parody of Chamillionaire's "Ridin'"; Osmond's role is analogous to that of Krayzie Bone's role in the original video. Yankovic asked Osmond to appear because "if you have to have a white and nerdy icon in your video, like who else do you go for?"

Dancing with the Stars

Osmond and professional Kym Johnson were paired for the ninth season of Dancing with the Stars; he participated in the show to prove he was a better dancer than his sister. It was very difficult for him to manage to get to rehearsals and host his show in Las Vegas with sister Marie. For the first week, the two were assigned to dance a Foxtrot and a 30-second Salsa. His Foxtrot was said to be "too theatrical" and was scored 20/30 from the judges. He however managed to maintain a good score when his Salsa scored 10 points and was safe that week. He danced a Jive the following week which was guest judged by Baz Luhrman. He scored 25 and was scored 2nd place, called first to be safe. That following week he danced a Rumba and scored 21. After his comments he "attacked" openly homosexual judge Bruno Tonioli, first kissing him, before embracing him and tipping him back in a mock-passionate move after Bruno called Donny's dance "a bit airy fairy". The following week introduced 4 new dances including the Charleston which he danced and scored 24. That following week, the two danced an Argentine Tango which scored 29/30, the highest scored dance to date until it was beaten by then leader topping scorer and future runner-up Mýa and her 70s-themed Samba. He had also received that week's encore. Following that week, Osmond and Johnson danced a train-station themed Jitterbug and was scored a 24. He then danced a Mambo against all couples and was eliminated 6th receiving 7 points for a total of 31/40. The following week, he danced a Quickstep which he quotes "was one of the worst moments of my life" and scored 24 and a Team Tango along with Joanna Krupa and Kelly Osbourne and received 28/30 and the encore. In the 8th week of competition, Osmond was required to dance a Ballroom and decade-themed Latin dance. His Ballroom Viennese Waltz received 26 but his 1980s themed Paso Doble received 24 being quoted by judge Len Goodman as "the most scariest, bizarre Paso Doble we've ever seen" being awarded last place on the judges' leaderboard for the first time. Following that week, he danced a Tango and got advice from past runner-up Gilles Marini. He got tangled in Johnson's dress and received 21 and saying the cause was that "I saw Marie". He then danced a samba to a song originally recorded by his brothers and himself called "One Bad Apple", receiving 26 and a Jitterbug scored 27. He once again was scored last place. For the finals week, he danced a Cha-Cha-Cha (27), a Megamix dance alongside Mya and Kelly Osbourne (28), the only perfect-scoring Freestyle (30) and a repeat of his Argentine Tango (30) and won the competition. As he accepted his trophy, he hugged fellow finalist Mya and grabbed his wife, Debbie on stage.

Foxtrot/"All That Jazz (song)Salsa (dance)

!Week	!Dance & Song	Carrie Ann Inaba>Carrie Ann'sScore	!Len Goodman	Bruno'sScore	!Result
1	All That Jazz" ||	7	6	7	N/A
1	Salsa Relay/"Get Busy"|| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|Awarded 10 Points	Safe
2	Jive (dance)	8	9	8	Safe
3		7	7	7	Safe
4		8	8	8	Safe
5	[[Argentine Tango/"Tango a Pugliese"	10	9	10	Safe
5		N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
6	Jitterbug/"Choo Choo Ch'Boogie"	8	8	8	Safe
6		Awarded 7 Points			Safe
7	Quickstep/"Sing, Sing, Sing"	8	8	8	Safe
7	Team Tango (dance)	9	9	10	Safe
8	[[Viennese Waltz/"You Don't Know Me"	9	8	9	Safe
8	1980s Paso Doble/"You Spin Me Round (Like a Record)"	8	8	8	Safe
9		7	7	7	Safe
9	Samba/"One Bad Apple"	8	9	9	Safe
9	Jitterbug/"Jump Shout Boogie"	9	9	9	Safe
10		Awarded 28 Points			Winner
10		10	10	10	Winner
10	Argentine Tango/"Tango a Pugliese"	Awarded 30 Points			Winner

Other projects

Donny and Marie were part of a [[Pepsi Twist">cha-cha-cha (dance) 9 9 9 Winner 10 Megamix/"[[You and Me (Lifehouse song) Awarded 28 Points Winner 10 10 10 10 Winner 10 Argentine Tango/"Tango a Pugliese" Awarded 30 Points Winner

Other projects

Donny and Marie were part of a Osbourne family. Osmond appeared in the North American version commercial for the PlayStation 2 video game Buzz! the Mega Quiz.

Donny and Marie began a six month run as the new headlining act at the Flamingo hotel in Las Vegas, on September 9, 2008. On October 27, 2008, the Flamingo announced that Donny and Marie's contract had been extended until October 2010. Then on July 30, 2009, Donny & Marie made an announcement on NBC's Today Show that they had again extended their contract to go until October 2012.

On December 15, 2009, he appeared on The Paul O'Grady Show, along with his sister, Marie, being interviewed by the Channel 4 resident dinner lady, Susan.

Image struggle

Osmond states that he has had a tremendous public image struggle since ''Donny & Marie'' ended in 1979. He has been described as 'unhip', as a 'boy scout', and has been the butt of innumerable jokes, including appearing in the video "White & Nerdy" at the request of his friend, Yankovic, since he was 'the whitest guy [he] could think of'. His image has seemed such a liability that one professional publicist even suggested that Osmond purposefully get arrested for drug possession in order to change his image. In March 2010, Osmond criticized Lady Gaga and Beyoncé for using profanity and sex in their Telephone video.

Personal life

Osmond married Debra Glenn (born in Billings, Montana on February 26, 1959) on May 8, 1978, in the Salt Lake Temple. Together they have five sons: Donald Clark Osmond, Jr. (b. July 31, 1979), Jeremy James Osmond (b. June 8, 1981), Brandon Michael Osmond (b. January 29, 1985), Christopher Glenn Osmond (b. December 12, 1990), and Joshua Davis Osmond (b. February 16, 1998).

Osmond became a grandfather on August 21, 2005, when his second son Jeremy and daughter-in-law Melisa (married 2002) had a son, Dylan James Osmond. His granddaughter Emery Anne was born on February 25, 2008. Osmond's third son Brandon married Shelby Hansen in 2008. Their son, Daxton Michael was born on June 18, 2010. Donny's son, Don (Donald Clark Osmond, Jr), married Jessica Nelson on October 1, 2010, in the Salt Lake Temple.

Like the rest of his family, he is a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. In retrospect, he has written, "It would have been nice to be able to have served a regular full-time mission, but when I was of that age, my career was such that everyone, including my parents and the leaders of the church, thought that I could do a lot of good in the world by continuing being in the public eye, by living an exemplary life and sharing my beliefs in every way that I could". He continues sharing his beliefs in an extensive letters-and-comments portion of his website.

In the aftermath of Proposition 8 in California, which received large Mormon support, Osmond stated that he opposes same-sex marriage but that he condemns homophobia. He believes that homosexual and lesbian Mormons should be accepted in the church if they remain celibate.

He has stated on his website that:

Discography

References

External links

Interview on Reel.com

Donny Osmond Interview on Fox News Radio

Donny Osmond in ''I Dreamed A Dream: The Susan Boyle Story''

Osmondheaven Popular Fan Site

Category:1957 births Category:Actors from Utah Category:American child singers Category:American film actors Category:American game show hosts Category:American Latter Day Saints Category:American musical theatre actors Category:American musicians of English descent Category:American people of Welsh descent Category:American pop singers Category:American television actors Category:Living people Category:MGM Records artists Category:Musicians from Utah Category:Participants in American reality television series Category:People from Ogden, Utah Category:Reality show winners Category:The Osmonds members

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