Anarchy (from ''anarchíā'', "without ruler") may refer to any of several political states, and has been variously defined by sources. Most often, the term "anarchy" describes the simple absence of publicly recognized government or enforced political authority. When used in this sense, anarchy may or may not imply political disorder or lawlessness within a society. In another sense, anarchy may not refer to a complete lack of authority or political organization, but instead refer to a social state characterized by a lack of a state, ruler, or libertarianism.

Anarchy as a result of state collapse

English Civil War

The tumult of the English Civil War (1641–1651) led to the term to be taken up in political philosophy. Anarchy was one of the issues at the Putney Debates of 1647: . :Thomas Rainsborough: I shall now be a little more free and open with you than I was before. I wish we were all true-hearted, and that we did all carry ourselves with integrity. If I did mistrust you I would not use such asseverations. I think it doth go on mistrust, and things are thought too readily matters of reflection, that were never intended. For my part, as I think, you forgot something that was in my speech, and you do not only yourselves believe that some men believe that the government is never correct, but you hate all men that believe that. And, sir, to say because a man pleads that every man hath a voice by right of nature, that therefore it destroys by the same argument all property -- this is to forget the Law of God. That there’s a property, the Law of God says it; else why hath God made that law, Thou shalt not steal? I am a poor man, therefore I must be oppressed: if I have no interest in the kingdom, I must suffer by all their laws be they right or wrong. Nay thus: a gentleman lives in a country and hath three or four lordships, as some men have (God knows how they got them); and when a Parliament is called he must be a Parliament-man; and it may be he sees some poor men, they live near this man, he can crush them -- I have known an invasion to make sure he hath turned the poor men out of doors; and I would fain know whether the potency of rich men do not this, and so keep them under the greatest tyranny that was ever thought of in the world. And therefore I think that to that it is fully answered: God hath set down that thing as to propriety with this law of his, Thou shalt not steal. And for my part I am against any such thought, and, as for yourselves, I wish you would not make the world believe that we are for anarchy.

:Oliver Cromwell: I know nothing but this, that they that are the most yielding have the greatest wisdom; but really, sir, this is not right as it should be. No man says that you have a mind to anarchy, but that the consequence of this rule tends to anarchy, must end in anarchy; for where is there any bound or limit set if you take away this limit , that men that have no interest but the interest of breathing shall have no voice in elections? Therefore I am confident on 't, we should not be so hot one with another.

As people began to theorize about the English Civil War, "anarchy" came to be more sharply defined, albeit from differing political perspectives:

1651 – Thomas Hobbes (''Leviathan)'' describes the natural condition of mankind as a war of all against all, where man lives a brutish existence. "For the savage people in many places of America, except the government of small families, the concord whereof dependeth on natural lust, have no government at all, and live at this day in that brutish manner." Hobbes finds three basic causes of the conflict in this state of nature: competition, diffidence and glory, "The first maketh men invade for gain; the second, for safety; and the third, for reputation". His first law of nature is that "that every man ought to endeavour peace, as far as he has hope of obtaining it; and when he cannot obtain it, that he may seek and use all helps and advantages of war". In the state of nature, "every man has a right to every thing, even to then go for one another's body" but the second law is that, in order to secure the advantages of peace, "that a man be willing, when others are so too… to lay down this right to all things; and be contented with so much liberty against other men as he would allow other men against himself". This is the beginning of contracts/covenants; performing of which is the third law of nature. "Injustice," therefore, is failure to perform in a covenant; all else is just.

1656 – James Harrington (''The Commonwealth of Oceana'') uses the term to describe a situation where the people use force to impose a government on an economic base composed of either solitary land ownership (absolute monarchy), or land in the ownership of a few (mixed monarchy). He distinguishes it from commonwealth, the situation when both land ownership and governance shared by the population at large, seeing it as a temporary situation arising from an imbalance between the form of government and the form of property relations.

French Revolution

Thomas Carlyle, Scottish essayist of the Victorian era known foremost for his widely influential work of history, ''The French Revolution'', wrote that the French Revolution was a war against both aristocracy ''and'' anarchy:

Meanwhile, we will hate Anarchy as Death, which it is; and the things worse than Anarchy shall be hated more! Surely Peace alone is fruitful. Anarchy is destruction: a burning up, say, of Shams and Insupportabilities; but which leaves Vacancy behind. Know this also, that out of a world of Unwise nothing but an Unwisdom can be made. Arrange it, Constitution-build it, sift it through Ballot-Boxes as thou wilt, it is and remains an Unwisdom,-- the new prey of new quacks and unclean things, the latter end of it slightly better than the beginning. Who can bring a wise thing out of men unwise? Not one. And so Vacancy and general Abolition having come for this France, what can Anarchy do more? Let there be Order, were it under the Soldier's Sword; let there be Peace, that the bounty of the Heavens be not spilt; that what of Wisdom they do send us bring fruit in its season!-- It remains to be seen how the quellers of Sansculottism were themselves quelled, and sacred right of Insurrection was blown away by gunpowder: wherewith this singular eventful History called French Revolution ends.

Armand II, duke of Aiguillon came before the National Assembly in 1789 and shared his views on the anarchy:

I may be permitted here to express my personal opinion. I shall no doubt not be accused of not loving liberty, but I know that not all movements of peoples lead to liberty. But I know that great anarchy quickly leads to great exhaustion and that despotism, which is a kind of rest, has almost always been the necessary result of great anarchy. It is therefore much more important than we think to end the disorder under which we suffer. If we can achieve this only through the use of force by authorities, then it would be thoughtless to keep refraining from using such force.

Armand II was later exiled because he was viewed as being opposed to the revolution's violent tactics.

Professor Chris Bossche commented on the role of anarchy in the revolution:

In The French Revolution, the narrative of increasing anarchy undermined the narrative in which the revolutionaries were striving to create a new social order by writing a constitution.

Jamaica 1720

Sir Nicholas Lawes, Governor of Jamaica, wrote to John Robinson, the Bishop of London, in 1720: :"As to the Englishmen that came as mechanics hither, very young and have now acquired good estates in Sugar Plantations and Indigo& co., of course they know no better than what maxims they learn in the Country. To be now short & plain Your Lordship will see that they have no maxims of Church and State but what are absolutely anarchical." In the letter Lawes goes on to complain that these "estated men now are like Jonah's gourd" and details the humble origins of the "creolians" largely lacking an education and flouting the rules of church and state. In particular, he cites their refusal to abide by the Deficiency Act, which required slave owners to procure from England one white person for every 40 enslaved Africans, thereby hoping to expand their own estates and inhibit further English/Irish immigration. Lawes describes the government as being "anarchical, but nearest to any form of Aristocracy". "Must the King's good subjects at home who are as capable to begin plantations, as their Fathers, and themselves were, be excluded from their Liberty of settling Plantations in this noble Island, for ever and the King and Nation at home be deprived of so much riches, to make a few upstart Gentlemen Princes?"

Anarchy in the Russian Civil War

During the Russian Civil War - which initially started as a confrontation between the Communists and Monarchists - on the territorry of today's Ukraine a new force emerged, namely the Anarchist Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine led by Nestor Makhno. The Ukrainian Anarchist during the Russian Civil War (also called the "Black Army") organized the Free Territory of Ukraine, an anarchist society, committed to resisting state authority, whether capitalist or communist. This project was cut short by the consolidation of Bolshevik power. Makhno was described by anarchist theorist Emma Goldman as "an extraordinary figure" leading a revolutionary peasants' movement. During 1918 most of Ukraine was controlled by the forces of the Central Powers, which were unpopular among the people. In March 1918, the young anarchist Makhno's forces and allied anarchist and guerrilla groups won victories against German, Austrian, and Ukrainian nationalist (the army of Symon Petlura) forces, and units of the White Army, capturing a lot of German and Austro-Hungarian arms. These victories over much larger enemy forces established Makhno's reputation as a military tactician; he became known as ''Batko'' (‘Father’) to his admirers. At this point, the emphasis on military campaigns that Makhno had adopted in the previous year shifted to political concerns. The first ''Congress of the Confederation of Anarchists Groups'', under the name of ''Nabat'' ("the Alarm Drum"), issued five main principles: rejection of all political parties, rejection of all forms of dictatorships (including the dictatorship of the proletariat, viewed by Makhnovists and many anarchists of the day as a term synonymous with the dictatorship of the Bolshevik communist party), negation of any concept of a central state, rejection of a so-called "transitional period" necessitating a temporary dictatorship of the proletariat, and self-management of all workers through free local workers' councils (soviets). While the Bolsheviks argued that their concept of dictatorship of the proletariat meant precisely "rule by workers' councils," the Makhnovist platform opposed the "temporary" Bolshevik measure of "party dictatorship." The ''Nabat'' was by no means a puppet of Mahkno and his supporters, from time to time criticizing the Black Army and its conduct in the war.

In 1918, after recruiting large numbers of Ukrainian peasants, as well as numbers of Jews, anarchists, ''naletchki'', and recruits arriving from other countries, Makhno formed the Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine, otherwise known as the Anarchist Black Army. At its formation, the Black Army consisted of about 15,000 armed troops, including infantry and cavalry (both regular and irregular) brigades; artillery detachments were incorporated into each regiment. From November 1918 to June 1919, using the Black Army to secure its hold on power, the Makhnovists attempted to create an anarchist society in Ukraine, administered at the local level by autonomous peasants' and workers' councils.

New relationships and values were generated by this new social paradigm, which led Makhnovists to formalize the policy of free communities as the highest form of social justice. Education was organized on Francisco Ferrer's principles, and the economy was based upon free exchange between rural and urban communities, from crop and cattle to manufactured products, according to the science proposed by Peter Kropotkin.

Makhno called the Bolsheviks dictators and opposed the "Cheka [secret police]... and similar compulsory authoritative and disciplinary institutions" and called for "[f]reedom of speech, press, assembly, unions and the like". The Bolsheviks accused the Makhnovists of imposing a formal government over the area they controlled, and also said that Makhnovists used forced conscription, committed summary executions, and had two military and counter-intelligence forces: the Razvedka and the Kommissiya Protivmakhnovskikh Del (patterned after the Cheka and the GRU). However, later historians have dismissed these claims as fraudulent propaganda.

The Bolsheviks claimed that it would be impossible for a small, agricultural society to organize into an anarchist society so quickly. However, Eastern Ukraine had a large amount of coal mines, and was one of the most industrialised parts of the Russian Empire.

Spain 1936

After General Francisco Franco declared war on the Spanish government in 1936 (Spanish Civil War) the government lost control over much of Spain. Resistance to the rebels was often organized through the confederation of anarcho-syndicalist trade unions, the ''Confederación Nacional del Trabajo'' (CNT) and the Iberian Anarchist Federation, the ''Federación Anarquista Ibérica'' (FAI). The Spanish Revolution occurred almost immediately after the failed coup of Franco, leading to the formation of worker's collectives all over Republican Spain. This has been hailed as the best example of a functioning anarchist system . The government was subsequently defeated by Franco, leading to almost 40 years of Francoist dictatorship in Spain.

Somalia

Before the Islamic Courts Union took control, large parts of southern Somalia were effectively functioning without a central government. However, an economic survey by the World Bank found that distribution of wealth in the country was more equitable, and the extent of extreme poverty was lower than that found in nominally more stable West African nations. According to the same paper, although southern Somalia was effectively operating without a federal government before the rise to prominence of the Islamic Courts Union, it was not an anarchist society in the sense that society was more or less chaotic than organized non-coercively. Despite this, a libertarian think tank reported that living standards in Somalia increased – in absolute terms, relative to the pre-Somali Civil War era, and relative to other nations in Africa – during this period. Economist Peter Leeson attributes the rather astounding increase in economic activity since the rise of statelessness to the security in life, liberty and property provided by Somali customary law — the Xeer — in most parts of Somalia, which ensures for a relative free market.

The Transitional Federal Government, internationally recognized as the government of Somalia, is allied with the Islamic Courts Union and the Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia, and backed by the United Nations, the African Union and the United States. It is currently battling various insurgent groups to regain control of the southern half of the country and restore national institutions.

Anarchy interpreted in political philosophy

Anarchism

Anarchists are those who advocate the absence of the state, arguing that inherent human nature would allow people to come together in agreement to form a functional society allowing for the participants to freely develop their own sense of morality, ethics or principled behaviour. The rise of anarchism as a philosophical movement occurred in the mid 19th century, with its idea of freedom as being based upon political and economic self-rule. This occurred alongside the rise of the nation-state and large-scale industrial state capitalism or state-sponsored corporatism, and the political corruption that came with their successes.

Although anarchists share a rejection of the state, they differ about economic arrangements and possible rules that would prevail in a stateless society, ranging from no ownership, to complete common ownership, to supporters of private property and capitalist free market competition. For example, some forms of anarchism, such as that of anarcho-collectivism, anarcho-communism or anarcho-syndicalism not only seek rejection of the state, but also other systems which they perceive as authoritarian, which include capitalism, capitalist markets, and title-based property ownership. In opposition, a political philosophy known as free-market anarchism, contemporary individualist anarchism or anarcho-capitalism, argues that a society without a state is a free market capitalist system that is voluntarist in nature.

The word "anarchy" is often used by non-anarchists as a pejorative term, intended to connote a lack of control and a negatively chaotic environment. However, anarchists still argue that anarchy does not imply nihilism, anomie, or the total absence of rules, but rather an anti-statist society that is based on the spontaneous order of free individuals in autonomous communities.

Immanuel Kant's societal categories

The German philosopher Immanuel Kant defined "Anarchy" in his article about anthropology in the chapter "Freiheit und Gesetz" (http://korpora.zim.uni-duisburg-essen.de/kant/aa07/330.html) as follows:

A Law And Freedom without Violence (Anarchy) B Law And Violence without Freedom (Despotism) C Violence without Freedom And Law (Barbarism) D Violence with Freedom And Law (Republic)

Anthropological study of anarchy

Some anarchist anthropologists, such as David Graeber and Pierre Clastres, consider societies such as those of the Bushmen, Tiv and the Piaroa to be anarchies in the sense that they explicitly reject the idea of centralized political authority.

Other anthropologists, such as Marshall Sahlins and Richard Borshay Lee, have repudiated the idea of hunter-gatherer societies being a source of scarcity and brutalization; describing them as "affluent societies".

The evolutionary psychologist Steven Pinker writes:

Adjudication by an armed authority appears to be the most effective violence-reduction technique ever invented. Though we debate whether tweaks in criminal policy, such as executing murderers versus locking them up for life, can reduce violence by a few percentage points, there can be no debate on the massive effects of having a criminal justice system as opposed to living in anarchy. The shockingly high homicide rates of pre-state societies, with 10 to 60 percent of the men dying at the hands of other men, provide one kind of evidence. Another is the emergence of a violent culture of honor in just about any corner of the world that is beyond the reach of law. ..The generalization that anarchy in the sense of a lack of government leads to anarchy in the sense of violent chaos may seem banal, but it is often over-looked in today's still-romantic climate.

Some authors, such as Montague David Eder, question this view of evolution, where humanity was able to reinvent itself in the last ten thousand years, to better fulfill its needs (see Myth of Progress).

Some Anarcho-primitivists believe that this concept is used to justify the values of modern industrial society and move individuals further from their natural habitat and natural needs. John Zerzan has noted the existence of tribal societies with less violence than "advanced" societies. Zerzan and Theodore Kaczynski have talked about other forms of violence against the individual in advanced societies, generally expressed by the term "social anomie", that result from the system of monopolized security. These authors do not dismiss the fact that humanity is changing while adapting to its different social realities, but consider the situation anomalous. The two results are (1) that we either disappear or (2) become something very different from what we have come to value in our nature. It has been suggested that this shift towards civilization, through domestication, has caused an increase in diseases, labor, and psychological disorders. In contrast, Pierre Clastres maintains that violence in primitive societies is a natural way for each community to maintain its political independence, while dismissing the state as a natural outcome of the evolution of human societies.

Lists of ungoverned communities

Ungoverned communities

Icelandic Commonwealth (930 - 1262, CE)

Gaelic Ireland

Libertatia (late 17th century)

Freetown Christiania, Denmark, (September 26, 1971–2004)

Abahlali baseMjondolo - South African social movement

Anarchy in the United States

Anarchy in Somalia

Drop City- first rural "hippie commune"

Hungarian Revolution of 1956 - decentralized society briefly formed during anti-government revolution

Kibbutz - community movement in Israel initially influenced by anarchist philosophy

Anarchist communities

Anarchists have been involved in a wide variety of communities. While there are only a few instances of large scale "anarchies" that have come about from explicitly anarchist revolutions, there are also examples of intentional communities founded by anarchists.

See also

References

External links

Who Needs Government? Pirates, Collapsed States, and the Possibility of Anarchy, August 2007 issue of Cato Unbound focusing on Somali anarchy.

"Historical Examples of Anarchy without Chaos", a list of essays hosted by royhalliday.home.mingspring.com.

''On the Steppes of Central Asia'', by Matt Stone. Online version of book, hosted by Anarchism.net.

Emma Goldman, ''Anarchism and Other Essays''

Category:Anarchist theory Category:Economies

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Coordinates	41°52′55″N87°37′40″N
Name	Peter Leeson
Birth date	July 29, 1979
Fields	Economics
Workplaces	London School of EconomicsGeorge Mason University
Alma mater	Hillsdale CollegeGeorge Mason University
Known for	''The Invisible Hook''
Signature
Footnotes	}}

Peter T. Leeson (born July 29, 1979) is BB&T; Professor for the Study of Capitalism at the Mercatus Center, George Mason University He authored ''The Invisible Hook: The Hidden Economics of Pirates'', a book in which he uses rational choice theory to examine the economic conditions and incentives that influenced pirate behavior and resulted in their being pioneers of democracy.

Education

After earning a B.A. at Hillsdale College in 2001, Leeson entered the Ph.D. program in economics at George Mason University. After time as Visiting Fellow in Political Economy at Harvard University in 2004, he earned his doctoral degree from George Mason in 2005. Leeson completed a post-doctoral fellowship as an F.A. Hayek fellow at the London School of Economics.

Career in economics

After returning from London in 2005, Leeson accepted a position as an Assistant Professor of Economics at West Virginia University, where he remained for two years. In 2007, he left WVU to accept a position as BB&T; Professor for the Study of Capitalism at George Mason University. He is also a Senior Scholar at GMU's Mercatus Center.

Besides his teaching and research positions at George Mason, Leeson is a Distinguished Scholar at the Center for the Study of Political Economy at Hampden-Sydney College, a Research Fellow of the Independent Institute, and serves on the Executive Committee of the Society for the Development of Austrian Economics. He is also a member of the Board of Scholars of the Virginia Institute for Public Policy, Associate Editor of the ''Review of Austrian Economics'', and an Adjunct Scholar at the Mackinac Center for Public Policy.

Much of Leeson's research examines self-enforcing exchange and private social structures. Leeson has posed consequentialist arguments for anarcho-capitalism, asserting that,

"the case for anarchy derives its strength from empirical evidence, not theory.... Despite... significant arenas of anarchy we do not observe perpetual world war in the absence of global government, shriveling international commerce in the absence of supranational commercial law, or even deteriorating standards of living in Somalia. On the contrary, peace overwhelmingly prevails between the world’s countries, international trade is flourishing, and Somali development has improved under statelessness."

The Fund for the Study of Spontaneous Orders, which is administered by the Atlas Economic Research Foundation, awarded Leeson its Hayek Prize in 2006, noting of his scholarship that,

"Leeson has concentrated on the study of the problem of order where no formal law exists, showing how in such diverse situations as trade among strangers, banditry in colonial West Central Africa and modern Somalia, and life in pirate societies over the ages often informal rules emerge that allow order to be preserved without heavy handed government control."

Economics of piracy

In the wake of the Maersk Alabama hijacking, Leeson's book and numerous articles on the topic of piracy have drawn substantial media attention. In an article published by National Public Radio, he said that "early 18th century pirates, men like Blackbeard, "Black Bart" Roberts, and "Calico" Jack Rackam, were not only thieves. They were also early experimenters with some of the modern world's most cherished values, such as liberty, democracy, and equality."

Although Leeson is careful to note that he does not praise the criminal actions of pirates, he argues that their self-organization is a useful illustration of how even criminal conduct is based on rational self-interest. In an interview published by ''The New York Times'', Leeson summarized his thesis:

"The idea of the invisible hook is that pirates, though they’re criminals, are still driven by their self-interest. So they were driven to build systems of government and social structures that allowed them to better pursue their criminal ends.... The reason that the criminality is driving these structures is because they can’t rely on the state to provide those structures for them. So pirates, more than anyone else, needed to figure out some system of law and order to make it possible for them to remain together long enough to be successful at stealing."

Personal life

He has a tattoo of a supply and demand curve on his right biceps.

Books

''The Invisible Hook: The Hidden Economics of Pirates''. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009. ISBN 978-0691137476

''Media, Institutional Change, and Economic Development'' (with C. Coyne). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2009.

''The Economic Role of the State'' (ed. with P. Boettke). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, under contract.

''The Legacy of Ludwig von Mises: Theory and History'' (ed. with P. Boettke). 2 vols. Aldershot: Edward Elgar, 2006. ISBN 978-1840644029

References

External links

Peter Leeson's website

Interview at ReasonTV on ''The Invisible Hook''

Audio interview with Leeson at National Review Online

Category:Austrian School economists Category:American academics Category:American economists Category:Anarcho-capitalists Category:American anarchists Category:Living people Category:George Mason University alumni Category:George Mason University faculty Category:Harvard University alumni Category:Hillsdale College alumni Category:1979 births

es:Peter Leeson pt:Peter Leeson ru:Питер Лисон sv:Peter T. Leeson

Coordinates	41°52′55″N87°37′40″N
Name	Ski Beatz
Background	non_performing_personnel
Alias	DJ Ski, MC Willski
Origin	Greensboro, North Carolina
Instrument	Percussion, synthesizer, keyboards, bass, turntables
Genre	Hip hop
Occupation	Rapper, Record producer
Years active	1989–present
Label	Now City RecordsBlu Roc
Associated acts	DJ Clark Kent, Jay-Z, Camp Lo, Curren$y Young Uno The Bizzie Boyz }}

David Willis, otherwise known as DJ Ski and Ski Beatz, is an American record producer mainly working in hip hop.

Biography

Discovered by DJ Clark Kent, Ski was originally known as "MC Will-Ski". In the 1990s, he was a member of the group Original Flavor, the first group managed by future recording industry executive Damon Dash. In the mid-90s, Ski was working on duo Camp Lo's debut album ''Uptown Saturday Night'' when Dash called him in to work on the debut album of his own artist, Jay-Z. Jay's album, ''Reasonable Doubt'', was released in 1996, marking Ski's first major production placement. Ski produced four tracks off the album, including the singles "Dead Presidents" and "Feelin' It".

After the critical success of ''Reasonable Doubt'', Ski formed Roc-A-Blok Productions in affiliation with Jay and Dame's label, Roc-A-Fella Records, working with Camp Lo and Sporty Thievz. The producer crafted most of Camp Lo's debut, which dropped in 1997, and produced the Fat Joe single "John Blaze"; Ski continued to work with Jay-Z, on his second album ''In My Lifetime, Vol. 1'' as well as non-solo albums and compilation projects, until 1998, when Jay released his third project ''Vol. 2... Hard Knock Life'' without beats from any of his former producers except for DJ Premier.

Though Roc-A-Blok Productions had since folded, Ski stayed somewhat active in music. Relocating to his home state of North Carolina for a break from New York City's fast-paced lifestyle, he continued producing for artists such as Nature, members of the New Jersey crew The Outsidaz, Lil' Kim, Foxy Brown, Ras Kass and Proof. The producer has continued to produce for Camp Lo, providing most of the production for their second album ''Let's Do it Again'', as well as their third album, ''Black Hollywood''.

Recently, Ski linked back up with Dame Dash, joining the entrepreneur's DD172 collective, subsequently nicknamed the 24-Hour Karate School. Since the foundation of the studio enclave, Ski has worked with Mos Def, Jay Electronica, Jean Grae and others; on April 30, 2010, he announced that he will be producing upcoming albums for Jean Grae, Joell Ortiz, Ras Kass and others, and will be producing all but three songs on the rapper Curren$y's 3rd album Pilot Talk ; these artists are also all featured on the producer's upcoming solo debut, entitled ''24 Hour Karate School'' in honor of the collective.

Discography

Ski Beatz production discography

; Studio albums

''24 Hour Karate School'' (2010)

''24 Hour Karate School Pt. 2'' (2011)

References

External links

Ski Hip Hop Pow Interview

Interview, HitQuarters Nov 08

Category:Year of birth missing (living people) Category:American hip hop record producers Category:American businesspeople Category:American music industry executives Category:Hip hop record producers Category:Living people Category:People from Greensboro, North Carolina Category:Musicians from North Carolina

Coordinates	41°52′55″N87°37′40″N
birth name	Dan Trejo
birth date	May 16, 1944
birth place	Los Angeles, California
years active	1984–present
occupation	Actor
spouse	Debbie Shreve }}

Dan "Danny" Trejo (; born May 16, 1944) is a Mexican-American actor who has appeared in numerous Hollywood films, most notably in roles as an antagonist, or anti-hero.

Early life

Trejo was born Dan Trejo in Echo Park, California, a community in Los Angeles. He is the son of Alice Rivera and Dan Trejo, a construction worker. He is of Mexican descent. He is a second cousin of filmmaker Robert Rodriguez, though the two were unaware that they were related until the filming of ''Desperado''. Trejo was raised in the Pacoima neighborhood of the San Fernando Valley. As a youth, he roamed the streets around his home area, committing various petty crimes with his uncle and eventually became addicted to heroin. He was arrested numerous times as an adolescent.

While on the streets Trejo developed talent as a boxer and considered taking it up as a profession. That ambition was dashed by a lengthy prison sentence. While serving time in San Quentin State Prison he became the California state prison champion in both the lightweight and welterweight divisions. During this time Trejo became a member of a twelve-step program which he credits with his success in overcoming drug addiction.

Career

While speaking at a recovery meeting in 1985 Trejo met a young man in the movie business. His newfound friend invited him to the set of ''Runaway Train'' where Trejo was offered a job as an extra. Edward Bunker, himself a former convict and well-respected crime author who was writing the screenplay for the film, recognized Trejo, with whom he had done time at San Quentin. It was widely misreported that Trejo was actually serving time in the prison while filming took place. Bunker remembered Trejo's boxing skills, and offered him $320 per day to train Eric Roberts, one of the movie's stars, for a boxing scene. Director Andrei Konchalovsky liked Trejo's work and decided to offer him a prominent role in the film.

Since then, Trejo has become a prolific actor in both films and television, acting alongside some of Hollywood's most famous actors, including Jean-Claude Van Damme, Johnny Depp, Al Pacino, Nicolas Cage, Charles Bronson, George Clooney, John Malkovich, Robert De Niro, Harrison Ford, Val Kilmer, and Antonio Banderas. Trejo has often appeared in five or more movies per year in various genres. Major releases in which he has acted include ''Machete (film)'', ''Blood in Blood Out'', ''Animal Factory'', ''Bubble Boy'', ''Anaconda'', ''Marked for Death'', ''xXx'', ''Desperado'', ''Once Upon a Time in Mexico'', ''Heat'', ''From Dusk till Dawn'', ''Con Air'', ''Six Days Seven Nights'', ''Spy Kids'', '' The Replacement Killers'', ''Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy'', ''Predators'', ''Urban Justice'', ''The Devil's Rejects'', ''Valley of Angels'', ''Delta Farce'', ''Grindhouse'', ''Rob Zombie's Halloween'' and ''Snoop Dogg's Hood of Horror''.

Trejo is known for his very distinctive appearance. In addition to his heavily lined face (usually sporting a long mustache), he has displayed the large tattoo on his chest for many roles (the tattoo depicts a woman wearing a sombrero). He often plays thugs or lowlife characters, although he has also played protagonists in films such as Robert Rodriguez's ''Spy Kids'' trilogy, ''Bubble Boy'' and a guest appearance on the USA Network series ''Monk'' with art imitating life as a convict roommate to Tony Shalhoub's undercover detective. He also appeared in an episode of ''Desperate Housewives'' in Season 2, sent by Carlos to help Gabrielle deal with her grief of losing her unborn baby (another good-guy character). He voices the character Enrique, and Octavio's character is based on his appearance on ''King of the Hill''. His role on ''King of the Hill'' was referenced in the HBO series ''Unscripted'' in which he appears in a quick cameo. He also is featured in an episode of Tim and Eric Awesome Show, Great Job! and an episode of ''Do IT LIVE'' alongside actors Anna Bennett and Claudia Pickering, shot in Downtown Los Angeles, by the name of ''Sebring feat. Danny Trejo''. Trejo also made guest appearances in the award-winning series ''Breaking Bad'' in 2009 and 2010.

The award-winning independent film, CHAMPION was released in 2005, documenting Trejo's life. It features Dennis Hopper, Val Kilmer, Steve Buscemi and Robert Rodriguez. Trejo appears as a playable character in ''Def Jam: Fight for NY'', a fighting game to which the actor lent his voice and likeness. He had previously lent his voice to ''Grand Theft Auto: Vice City'' and ''Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Stories'' for the character Umberto Robina, who also resembles Trejo. Trejo voiced the character of Rico in Rob Zombie's animated film ''The Haunted World of El Superbeasto'' as well as starring alongside Steven Seagal in ''Urban Justice''. He is now portraying the Mexican bartender in the daytime soap opera ''The Young and the Restless''. He also voices Raul the Ghoul in Fallout: New Vegas.

Regarding his continued growth as a professional actor, Trejo has stated that he still cannot believe how fortunate he has been. "I'm so blessed. I'm still scared that somebody's going to wake me up and say, 'Hey, we're still in prison. Let's go to chow.

Many of Trejo's characters in Robert Rodriguez movies have been named after knives or sharp instruments: Machete in ''Spy Kids'', Razor Eddie in the ''From Dusk till Dawn'' series, Navajas (Spanish for blades) in ''Desperado'', and Cuchillo (Spanish for knife) in ''Predators''. He also plays Machete in a trailer made for Rodriguez's film collaboration with Quentin Tarantino, ''Grindhouse''. In 2010, he starred in a full theatrical version of ''Machete'', based on the character.

He has also made cameo appearances in music videos such as, in rapper Tech N9ne's video for the single, "Like Yeah," from his 2008 release Killer, Rehab's 2007 song "Bartender", Jay Chou's short movie-music video "Double Blade" from his 2003 album Ye Hui Mei, and the Jonas Brothers' "Burnin' Up" from their album A Little Bit Longer and in Sepultura video "Attitude" in 1996.

He also appeared in the PlayStation Move game The Fight: Lights Out as an instructor for the player's character, and as himself in the second map pack for Call of Duty: Black Ops; Escalation map pack, on the zombie map: Call of the Dead.

Personal life

Trejo is married to Debbie Shreve. He has three children: Danny Boy (b. 1981), Gilbert (b. 1988), Danielle (b. 1990), who are all from previous relationships.

Trejo has said that he is amazed when he walks the streets where he used to commit crimes and children ask him for autographs. He also pointed out that he often chooses to play bad guys to teach younger audiences that bad guys often die or go to prison, and that one should try to live a decent life.

Trejo often speaks in front of youth groups and at colleges and encourages young people to avoid making the same mistakes he did while growing up.

Partial filmography

''Penitentiary III'' ''Bulletproof (1988 film) ''Kinjite: Forbidden Subjects'' ''Drug Wars: The Camarena Story'' ''The Last Hour'' ''Reasonable Doubts'' ''Sunset Grill (film) ''Criminal Passion'' ''Dead Badge'' ''From Dusk till Dawn'' ''Los Locos'' ''Tracey Takes On...'' ''From Dusk till Dawn 2: Texas Blood Money'' ''From Dusk till Dawn 3: The Hangman's Daughter'' ''Spy Kids'' ''13 Moons'' ''Spy Kids 3-D: Game Over'' ''Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy'' ''All Souls Day (film) ''Furnace (film) ''Smiley Face (film) ''Valley of Angels'' ''The Grind (2009 U.S. film) ''The Killing Jar (2010 film) ''Young Justice (TV series)

Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
1985 in film	1985	Runaway Train (film)>Runaway Train''	Boxer
rowspan=3	1987	|	See Veer
''The Hidden''	Prisoner
''Death Wish 4: The Crackdown''	Art Sanella
1988 in film	1988	Bulletproof'' ||	Sharkey
rowspan=4	1989	|	Prison Inmate
''Lock Up (film)	Lock Up''	Chink's Gang Member
''Bail Out''	Mean
''Cage (film)	Cage''	Costello's Bodyguard
rowspan=4	1990	|	Gabriel	TV mini-series
''Guns (film)	Guns''	Tong
''Maniac Cop 2''	Prisoner
''Marked for Death''	Hector
rowspan=8	1991	|	Spider
''Mi Vida Loca''	Frank/Casual Dreamer
''Whore (1991 film)	Whore''	Tattoo Artist
''Wedlock (film)	Wedlock''	Tough Prisoner #1
''Femme Fatale''	Toshi
''Carnal Crimes''	Chandra
''Lonely Hearts''	Angry Client
''Baywatch''	Carlos Urueta
rowspan=3	1992	|	Cholo #2	TV; episode ''The Shadow of Death''
''Nails''	Las Virgenes bartender
''Baywatch''	Chulo
rowspan=7	1993	Sunset Grill'' ||	Young Mexican
''Blood in Blood Out''	Geronimo
''Doppelganger (1993 film)	Doppelganger''	Hard Hat
''Mi Vida Loca''	Frank
''12:01 (1993 film)	12:01''
''Last Light (film)	Last Light''	2nd Inmate
''Love, Cheat & Steal''	Cuban
rowspan=2	1994	|	Construction Worker
''Against The Wall''	Luis
rowspan=5	1995	|	El Tango Bartender
''The Stranger''	Hawk
''Desperado (film)	Desperado''	Navajas
''Fallen Angels (TV series)	Fallen Angels''	Boxer
''Heat (1995 film)	Heat''	Trejo
rowspan=4	1996	|	Razor Charlie
''Renegade (TV series)	Renegade''	Freddie
''NYPD Blue''	Gabriel Mota
''Le Jaguar''	Kumare
rowspan=5	1997	|	Manuel Batista
''Anaconda (film)	Anaconda''	Poacher
''Con Air''	Johnny 23
''Trojan War (film)	Trojan War''	Scarface
''Dilemma''	Rudy Salazar
rowspan=9	1998	|	Hispanic Man	TV; two episodes
''Brooklyn South''	Louis
''Walker, Texas Ranger''	Joe Lopez
''Point Blank (1998 film)	Point Blank''	Wallace
''The Replacement Killers''	Collins
''Six Days Seven Nights''	Pierce
''Champions''	Max Brito
''Soundman''	Duce's Father
''NYPD Blue''	Frankie Soto
rowspan=3	1999	|	Razor Eddie
''Inferno (1999 film)	Inferno''	Johnny Six Toes
''Walker, Texas Ranger''	José Rodriguez
rowspan=4	2000	|	Razor Charlie
''Animal Factory''	Vito
''Reindeer Games''	Jumpy
''The X-Files''	Spider-Man/Cesar Ocampo
rowspan=3	2001	|	Isador "Machete" Cortez
''Bubble Boy''	Slim
''Skippy''	Hitman
rowspan=9	2002	|	Hoodlum #2
''The Salton Sea''	Little Bill
''Do It for Uncle Manny''	Pedro
''The District''	Danny
''Spy Kids 2: The Island of Lost Dreams''	Isador "Machete" Cortez
''xXx''	El Jefe
''Grand Theft Auto: Vice City''	Umberto Robina (voice only)
''The Hire: Beat the Devil''	Bob
''Nightstalker''	Officer Frank Luis
rowspan=7	2003	|	Machete
''Once Upon a Time in Mexico''	Cucuy
''Kingpin (TV series)	Kingpin''	Manny
''Alias (TV series)	Alias''	Emilio Vargas
''The Brothers García''	Eduardo 'Ed' Garcia
''Double Blade''	El Patron
''King of the Hill''	Enrique (voice only)
rowspan=6	2004	|	Bartender
''Def Jam: Fight for NY''	Trejo (voice only)
''Lost (2004 film)	Lost''	Edward James Archer
''Grounded for Life''	Raul
''Monk (TV series)	Monk''	Spyder Rudner
''Wake Up, Ron Burgundy: The Lost Movie''	Bartender
rowspan=12	2005	All Souls Day'' ||	Vargas Diaz	a.k.a. ''All Souls Day: Dia de los Muertos''
''Tennis, Anyone...?''	Hector
''The Curse of El Charro''	El Charro (voice only)
''George Lopez (TV series)	George Lopez''	Bobby
''Chasing Ghosts''	Carlos Santiago
	''High Hopes''	Shady
''Champion.''	Himself
''The Devil's Rejects''	Rondo
''The Crow: Wicked Prayer''	Harold
''Venice Underground''	Papi
''Dreaming on Christmas''	Train Driver
''Desperate Housewives''	Hector Ramos
rowspan=12	2006	Furnace'' ||	Fury
''TV: The Movie''	Crow
''Propensity''	Roy
''Sherrybaby''	Dean Walker
''Living the Dream (film)	Living the Dream''	Chuck
''Danny Roane: First Time Director''	Hector
''Heist (TV series)	Heist''	Ernesto
''Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Stories''	Umberto Robina (voice only)
''Hood of Horror''	Derelict
''Seven Mummies''	Apache
''Slayer (film)	Slayer''
''Haunted Prison''	Priest
rowspan=11	2007	Smiley Face'' ||	Albert
''Grindhouse (film)	Grindhouse''	Machete
''Delta Farce''	Carlos Santana
''The Knights of Prosperity''	Hector
''Halloween (2007 film)	Halloween''	Ismael Cruz
''Battle for Terra''	Elder Barum (voice only)
''The Blue Rose''	Junk
''Urban Justice''	El Chivo
''Stargate: Atlantis''	Omal
''On Bloody Sunday''	The Ref
''Blood Ties (TV series)	Blood Ties''	Pacha Kamaq
rowspan=11	2008	|	Hector
''Through the Valley''	Don Reyes
''Richard III (2008 film)	Richard III''	Major
''The Art of Travel''	Limo Driver
''Jake's Corner''	Clint
''Ranchero''	Capone
''Toxic (2008 film)	Toxic''	Antoine
''Alone in the Dark II''	Perry
''La Linea (film)	La Linea''	Mario
''Necessary Evil''	Barro
''The Young and the Restless''	Bartender
rowspan=8	2009	The Grind'' ||	Nicholi Guzman
''Fanboys (2009 film)	Fanboys''	The Chief
''The Spectacular Spider-Man (TV series)	The Spectacular Spider-Man''	Ox (comics)>Ox (voice only)
''The Haunted World of El Superbeasto	Rico (voice only)
''Modus Operandi (film)	Modus Operandi''	Director Holiday
''The Boys of Ghost Town''	Father
''Eyeborgs''	G-Man
''Breaking Bad''	Tortuga
rowspan=24	2010	The Killing Jar'' ||	Jimmy
''Shoot the Hero''	Crazy Joe
''Burn Notice''	Vega
''Breaking Bad''	Tortuga
''Shadows in Paradise (2010 film)	Shadows in Paradise''	Matador
''Boston Girls''	Uncle Reggie
''Pastor Shepherd''	Phil Harrison
''Saint John of Las Vegas''	Bismarck
''The Bill Collector''	Uncle Frankie
''Lean Like a Cholo''	The O.G.
''Fallout: New Vegas''	Raul Alfonso Tejada
''Food Stamps''	Mr. Fernandez
''Sebring feat. Danny Trejo''	Danny Trejo
''Dark Games''	Archie
''Project x27''	Mondo
''Tim and Eric Awesome Show, Great Job!''	Suspect
''The Good Guys''	Mexican Drug Dealer
''Predators (film)	Predators''	Cuchillo
''North by El Norte''	Uncle John
''Beatdown''	Marcus
''Machete (film)	Machete''	Machete Cortez
''Justin Time''	Mardok
''The Fight: Lights Out''	As a trainer named Duke
''Modern Family''	Gus
rowspan=9	2011	Young Justice'' ||	Bane (comics)>Bane	Voice
''Death Race 2''	Goldberg
''Call of Duty: Black Ops''	Himself
''Franklin & Bash''	"Ultimo" A professional Wrestler
''Spy Kids 4: All the Time in the World''	Isador "Machete" Cortez
''A Very Harold and Kumar Christmas''
''Vengeance (2011 film)	Vengeance''	Jack
''The Muppets (film)	The Muppets''	Himself
''Haunted High School''	Mortiz

Cultural references

Plastilina Mosh, a Mexican alternative rock band, paid tribute to Trejo with their song "Danny Trejo", featured in their album ''All U Need Is Mosh''. Trejo is also featured in the 2004 hip-hop fighting game Def Jam: Fight for NY as a soldier to Crow's side. Crow is voiced by and his looks are captured by Snoop Dogg. Danny Trejo can also be seen in the intro of Greg Hastings Tournament Paintball Max'd ("Play for Real", B-Real & DJ Lethal). He also is featured in the downloadable content pack called Escalation Map Pack in the video game ''Call of Duty: Black Ops'' on the map "Call of the Dead" as himself.

ITN Clothing

In addition to his acting career, Trejo is also the founder of ITN Clothing, which offers hip-hop style T-shirts and accessories.

References

External links

Danny Trejo: The illustrated man

Official site for ''Champion'' a documentary about Trejo

Random Roles: Danny Trejo

Category:1944 births Category:Actors from Los Angeles, California Category:American film actors Category:American people of Mexican descent Category:American television actors Category:American voice actors Category:Hispanic and Latino American actors Category:Living people Category:People from Echo Park, Los Angeles Category:People self-identifying as alcoholics

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