• 
  Adela of Normandy
  :also Adelaide of Normandy sister of William I of England.
  http://wn.com/Adela_of_Normandy
• 
  Afonso I of Portugal
  Afonso I or Alfonso I (c. 1109, Guimarães or Viseu – 6 December 1185, Coimbra), more commonly known as Afonso Henriques (), nicknamed "the Conqueror" (), "the Founder" () or "the Great" () by the Portuguese, and El-Bortukali ("the Portuguese") and Ibn-Arrik ("son of Henry", "Henriques") by the Moors whom he fought, was the first King of Portugal. He achieved the independence of the southern part of the Kingdom of Galicia -County of Portugal- from the León, in 1139, doubling its area with the Reconquista, which he carried until his death, in 1185, after forty-six years of wars against the Moors.
  http://wn.com/Afonso_I_of_Portugal
• al-Ashraf Khalil
  http://wn.com/al-Ashraf_Khalil
• 
  Al-Kamil
  Al-Kamil () (full name: '''al-Malik al-Kamel Naser al-Din Abu al-Ma'ali Muhammed''') (1180–1238) was an Ayyubid sultan of Kurdish descent that ruled Egypt. During his tenure as sultan, the Ayyubids defeated two crusades. In a temporary agreement with the Crusaders, he ceded Jerusalem to the Christians.
  http://wn.com/Al-Kamil
• 
  Alexios I Komnenos
  Alexios I Komnenos, Latinized as Alexius I Comnenus (lang-el|, 1056 – 15 August 1118 -- note that some sources list his date of birth as 1048), was Byzantine emperor from 1081 to 1118, and the founder of the Komnenian dynasty. Inheriting a collapsing empire and faced with constant warfare during his reign against both the Seljuk Turks in Asia Minor and the Normans in the western Balkans, Alexios was able to halt the Byzantine decline and begin the military, financial, and territorial recovery known as the "Komnenian restoration". His appeals to Western Europe for help against the Turks were also the catalyst that triggered the Crusades.
  http://wn.com/Alexios_I_Komnenos
• 
  Almoravid dynasty
  The Almoravids (Berber: Imṛabḍen, Arabic: Al-Murābiṭūn) were a Berber dynasty of North Africa, who lived between the current Senegal and south of Western Sahara.
  http://wn.com/Almoravid_dynasty
• Anna Comnena
  http://wn.com/Anna_Comnena
• 
  Augustine of Hippo
  : For other uses, see Augustine, Augustinus and Saint Augustine.
  http://wn.com/Augustine_of_Hippo
• 
  Austria
  Austria or (), officially the Republic of Austria (German: ), is a landlocked country of roughly 8.3 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by Germany and the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The territory of Austria covers and has a temperate and alpine climate. Austria's terrain is highly mountainous due to the presence of the Alps; only 32% of the country is below , and its highest point is . The majority of the population speaks German, which is also the country's official language. Other local official languages are Croatian, Hungarian and Slovene.
  http://wn.com/Austria
• Ayyubid
  http://wn.com/Ayyubid
• Baibars
  Baibars or Baybars (), nicknamed Abu al-Futuh (Arabic: أبو الفتوح) (1223 – July 1, 1277, Damascus), was a Mamluk Sultan of Egypt. He was one of the commanders of the forces which inflicted a devastating defeat on the Seventh Crusade of King Louis IX of France and he led the vanguard of the Egyptian army at the Battle of Ain Jalut in 1260, which marked the first substantial defeat of the Mongol army and is considered a turning point in history. His reign marked the start of an age of Mamluk dominance in the Eastern Mediterranean and solidified the durability of their military system. He managed to pave the way for the end of the Crusader presence in Syria and to unite Egypt and Syria into one powerful state that was able to fend off threats from both Crusaders and Mongols. As Sultan, Baibars also engaged in a combination of diplomacy and military action which allowed the Mamluks to greatly expand their empire.
  http://wn.com/Baibars
• 
  Balts
  The Balts or Baltic peoples (People who live by the Baltic Sea), defined as speakers of one of the Baltic languages, a branch of the Indo-European language family, are descended from a group of Indo-European tribes who settled the area between the Jutland peninsula in the west and Moscow, Oka and Volga rivers basins in the east. One of the features of Baltic languages is the number of conservative or archaic features retained. Among the Baltic peoples are modern Lithuanians, Latvians (including Latgalians) — all Eastern Balts — as well as the Prussians, Yotvingians and Galindians — the Western Balts — whose languages and cultures are now extinct.
  http://wn.com/Balts
• 
  Bernard of Clairvaux
  Bernard of Clairvaux, O.Cist (1090 – August 20, 1153) was a French abbot and the primary builder of the reforming Cistercian order.
  http://wn.com/Bernard_of_Clairvaux
• Bohemund of Taranto
  http://wn.com/Bohemund_of_Taranto
• Burundai
  http://wn.com/Burundai
• Christopher Columbus
  Christopher Columbus (c. 31 October 1451 – 20 May 1506) was a navigator, colonizer, and explorer from the Republic of Genoa, in northwestern Italy,[http://www.questia.com/library/encyclopedia/columbus_christopher.jsp Questia - COLUMBUS, CHRISTOPHER] "Columbus, Christopher". Questia - The Online Library of Books and Journals. 2010[http://books.google.it/books?id=dX4G3Q22UicC&pg;=PR9&dq;=Columbus+born+Genoa&lr;=&cd;=45#v=onepage&q;&f;=true Memorials Of Columbus: Or, A Collection Of Authentic Documents Of That Celebrated Navigator (page 9)] Country of origin: USA. Pages: 428. Publisher: BiblioBazaar. Publication Date: 2010-01-01.[http://books.google.it/books?id=Jvf2Zj_czhIC&pg;=PA127&dq;=Columbus+born+genoa&lr;=&cd;=174#v=onepage&q;&f;=true Native American History for Dummies (page 127)] Authors: Dorothy Lippert, Stephen J. Spignesi and Phil Konstantin. Paperback: 364 pages. Publisher: For Dummies. Publication Date: 2007-10-29.[http://books.google.it/books?id=XNbqUR_IoOMC&pg;=PA67&lpg;=PA68&dq;=Columbus+between+25+August+and+31+October+1451&lr;=&cd;=7#v=onepage&q;&f;=true The peoples of the Caribbean: an encyclopedia of archeology and traditional culture (page 67)] Author: Nicholas J. Saunders. Hardcover: 399 pages. Publisher: ABC-CLIO. Publication Date: 2006-07-15. whose voyages across the Atlantic Ocean led to general European awareness of the American continents in the Western Hemisphere. With his four voyages of exploration and several attempts at establishing a settlement on the island of Hispaniola, all funded by Isabella I of Castile, he initiated the process of Spanish colonization which foreshadowed general European colonization of the "New World".
  http://wn.com/Christopher_Columbus
• 
  Curonians
  :The Kursenieki are also known as Curonians.
  http://wn.com/Curonians
• 
  Edward I of England
  Edward I (17 June 1239 – 7 July 1307), also known as Edward Longshanks and the Hammer of the Scots, was King of England from 1272 to 1307. The first son of Henry III, Edward was involved early in the political intrigues of his father's reign, which included an outright rebellion by the English barons. In 1259, he briefly sided with a baronial reform movement, supporting the Provisions of Oxford. After reconciliation with his father, however, he remained loyal throughout the subsequent armed conflict, known as the Second Barons' War. After the Battle of Lewes, Edward was hostage to the rebellious barons, but escaped after a few months and joined the fight against Simon de Montfort. Montfort was defeated at the Battle of Evesham in 1265, and within two years the rebellion was extinguished. With England pacified, Edward left on a crusade to the Holy Land. The crusade accomplished little, and Edward was on his way home in 1272 when he was informed that his father had died. Making a slow return, he reached England in 1274 and he was crowned king at Westminster on 19 August.
  http://wn.com/Edward_I_of_England
• 
  Eleanor of Aquitaine
  Eleanor of Aquitaine (in French: Aliénor d’Aquitaine, Éléonore de Guyenne) (1122 – 1 April 1204) was one of the wealthiest and most powerful women in Western Europe during the High Middle Ages. As well as being Duchess of Aquitaine in her own right, she was queen consort of France 1137–1152 and queen consort of England 1154–1189. She was the patroness of such literary figures as Wace, Benoît de Sainte-More, and Chrétien de Troyes.
  http://wn.com/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine
• Emperor Frederick II
  http://wn.com/Emperor_Frederick_II
• 
  Enrico Dandolo
  Enrico Dandolo (1107? – 21 June 1205) — anglicised as Henry Dandolo and Latinized as Henricus Dandulus — was the 41st Doge of Venice from 1195 until his death. Remembered for his blindness, piety, longevity, and shrewdness, and is infamous for his role in the Fourth Crusade which he, at age ninety, directed against the Byzantine Empire, sacking Constantinople in the process.
  http://wn.com/Enrico_Dandolo
• Estonians
  Estonians (, previously ) are a Finnic people closely related to the Finns and inhabiting, primarily, the country of Estonia. The Estonians speak a Finno-Ugric language, known as Estonian. Although Estonia is traditionally grouped as one of the Baltic countries, Estonians are linguistically and ethnically unrelated to the Baltic peoples of Latvia and Lithuania.
  http://wn.com/Estonians
• 
  Francis of Assisi
  Saint Francis of Assisi (Giovanni Francesco di Bernardone; 1181/1182October 3, 1226) was a Catholic deacon and preacher. He also was the founder of the Order of Friars Minor, more commonly known as the Franciscans.
  http://wn.com/Francis_of_Assisi
• Frisians
  The Frisians are an ethnic group of the Germanic people living in coastal parts of The Netherlands, Denmark and Germany. They are concentrated in the Dutch provinces of Friesland and Groningen and, in Germany, East Frisia and North Frisia. They inhabit an area known as Frisia. Frisians have a reputation for being exceptionally tall, contributing to the Netherlands' ranking as the tallest nation, large boned and blond-haired. The Frisians have rich history and folklore.
  http://wn.com/Frisians
• Germans
  |ref15 =
  http://wn.com/Germans
• 
  Great Seljuq Empire
  The Great Seljuq Empire () was a medieval Turko-Persian Sunni Muslim empire, originating from the Qynyq branch of Oghuz Turks. The Seljuq Empire controlled a vast area stretching from the Hindu Kush to eastern Anatolia and from Central Asia to the Persian Gulf. From their homelands near the Aral sea, the Seljuqs advanced first into Khorasan and then into mainland Persia before eventually conquering eastern Anatolia.
  http://wn.com/Great_Seljuq_Empire
• 
  Guy of Lusignan
  Guy of Lusignan (c. 1150 – 18 July 1194) was a Poitevin knight, son of Hugh VIII of the prominent Lusignan dynasty. He was king of the crusader state of Jerusalem from 1186 to 1192 by right of marriage to Sibylla of Jerusalem, and of Cyprus from 1192 to 1194. Having arrived in the Holy Land in the 1170s, Guy rose to prominence within the royal courts of Baldwin IV before marrying Sybilla in 1180 to prevent a political incident within the kingdom. As Baldwin's health deteriorated, Guy was appointed regent of Jerusalem; upon Sybilla's succession to the throne, Guy was crowned king-consort in 1186. Guy's reign was marked by increased hostilities with the Ayyubids ruled by Saladin, culminating in the disastrous Battle of Hattin in July 1187—during which Guy was captured—and the fall of Jerusalem itself three months later.
  http://wn.com/Guy_of_Lusignan
• 
  Ibn Jubayr
  Ibn Jubayr (1145-1217; ) was a geographer, traveler and poet from al-Andalus.
  http://wn.com/Ibn_Jubayr
• 
  Jan Hus
  Jan Hus also known as Jan Huss, John Hus, John Huss (; ca. 1369 Husinec, Bohemia – 6 July 1415 Constance (today Konstanz, Germany)), often referred to in English as John Huss or variations thereof, was a Czech priest, philosopher, reformer, and master at Charles University in Prague.
  http://wn.com/Jan_Hus
• 
  Jews
  :For the Jewish way of life, including religion, law, culture, and philosophy, see Judaism. "Jew" redirects here; for other uses, see Jew (disambiguation).
  http://wn.com/Jews
• 
  John Hunyadi
  John Hunyadi (Hungarian: Hunyadi János , Medieval Latin: Ioannes Corvinus, Romanian: Iancu (Ioan) de Hunedoara, Slovak: Ján Huňady, Croatian: Janko Hunjadi, Serbian: Сибињанин Јанко / Sibinjanin Janko) (c. 1407 – 11 August 1456), nicknamed The White Knight was a general (1444–1446) and Regent-Governor (1446–1453) of the Kingdom of Hungary.
  http://wn.com/John_Hunyadi
• Joshua Prawer
  Joshua Prawer (; November 22, 1917–April 30, 1990) was a notable Israeli historian and a scholar of the Crusades and Kingdom of Jerusalem.
  http://wn.com/Joshua_Prawer
• 
  Kilij Arslan I
  Kilij Arslan (, Qilij Arslān; ) was the Seljuq Sultan of Rum from 1092 until his death in 1107. He ruled the Sultanate during the time of the First Crusade and thus faced the brunt of the entire attack. He also re-established the Sultanate of Rum after the death of Malik Shah I of Great Seljuk and soundly defeated the Crusaders in three separate battles during the Crusade of 1101 which arose as a well-managed response to the First Crusade.
  http://wn.com/Kilij_Arslan_I
• 
  Latgalians
  ''This article is about ancient Baltic people. For modern ethnic group of Latvians see Latgalians (modern).
  http://wn.com/Latgalians
• 
  Louis IX of France
  Louis IX (25 April 1214 – 25 August 1270), commonly Saint Louis, was King of France from 1226 until his death. He was also styled Louis II, Count of Artois from 1226 to 1237. Born at Poissy, near Paris, he was a member of the House of Capet, the son of Louis VIII and Blanche of Castile. He worked with the Parliament of Paris in order to improve the professionalism of his administration in regards to legal actions.
  http://wn.com/Louis_IX_of_France
• 
  Louis VII of France
  Louis VII (called the Younger or the Young) () (1120 – 18 September 1180) was King of France, the son and successor of Louis VI (hence his nickname). He ruled from 1137 until his death. He was part of the genetic ascendancy of the House of Capet. His reign was dominated by feudal struggles (in particular with the Angevin family), and saw the beginning of the long feud between France and England. It also saw the beginning of construction on Notre-Dame de Paris, the founding of the University of Paris and the disastrous Second Crusade.
  http://wn.com/Louis_VII_of_France
• Michael VII
  http://wn.com/Michael_VII
• 
  Mongols
  The name Mongol (Mongolian: Mongγol; Cyrillic script: Mongol) specifies one or several ethnic groups, now mainly located in Mongolia, China, and Russia.
  http://wn.com/Mongols
• 
  Muhammad
  Muhammad ibn ‘Abdullāh (; ; also spelled Muhammed or Mohammed) (ca. 570/571 Mecca[مَكَةَ ]/[ مَكَهْ ] – June 8, 632), was the founder of the religion of Islam, and is regarded by Muslims as a messenger and prophet of , the greatest law-bearer in a series of Islamic prophets, and, by most Muslims, the last prophet as taught by the . Muslims thus consider him the restorer of an uncorrupted original monotheistic faith (islām) of Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus and other prophets. He was also active as a diplomat, merchant, philosopher, orator, legislator, reformer, military general, and, according to Muslim belief, an agent of divine action. In Michael H. Hart's The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History, Muhammad is described as the most influential person in history. Hart asserted that Muhammad was "supremely successful" in both the religious and secular realms.
  http://wn.com/Muhammad
• Napoleon
  http://wn.com/Napoleon
• 
  Napoleon I
  Napoleon Bonaparte (French: Napoléon Bonaparte , Italian: Napoleone di Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) was a military and political leader of France and Emperor of the French as Napoleon I, whose actions shaped European politics in the early 19th century.
  http://wn.com/Napoleon_I
• Nogai Khan
  Nogai (died 1299), also called Isa Nogai, was a general and de facto ruler of the Golden Horde and a great-great-grandson of Genghis Khan. His grandfather was Baul/Teval Khan, the 7th son of Jochi. His name is also spelled Nogay and Nogaj.
  http://wn.com/Nogai_Khan
• Norman F. Cantor
  http://wn.com/Norman_F_Cantor
• Nur ad-Din Zangi
  Nur ad-Din (February 1118 – 15 May 1174), also known as Nur ed-Din or Nur al-Din ( / ISO 233: / ), full name Nur ad-Din Abu al-Qasim Mahmud ibn Imad ad-Din Zangi, was a member of the Turkish Zengid dynasty which ruled the Syrian province of the Seljuk Empire. He reigned from 1146 to 1174.
  http://wn.com/Nur_ad-Din_Zangi
• 
  Oeselians
  The Oeselians (or Osilians) were a historical Finnic people inhabiting Saaremaa ( or ), an Estonian island in the Baltic Sea. They are first thought to be mentioned as early as the 2nd century BC in Ptolemy's Geography III. The Oeselians along with Curonians were known in the Old Norse Icelandic Sagas and in Heimskringla as Víkingr frá Esthland (). Their sailing vessels were called pirate ships by Henry of Livonia in his Latin chronicles from the beginning of the 13th century.
  http://wn.com/Oeselians
• 
  Ottoman Empire
  The Sublime Ottoman State (Ottoman Turkish, Persian: دَوْلَتِ عَلِيّهٔ عُثمَانِیّه Devlet-i ʿAliyye-yi ʿOsmâniyye, Modern Turkish: Yüce Osmanlı Devleti or Osmanlı İmparatorluğu) was an empire that lasted from 1299 to 1923.
  http://wn.com/Ottoman_Empire
• 
  Peter III of Aragon
  Peter the Great (, , ; 1239, Valencia – 2 November 1285) was the King of Aragon (as Peter III) of Valencia and of Majorca (as Peter I), and Count of Barcelona (as Peter II) from 1276 to his death. He conquered Sicily and became its king in 1282. He was one of the greatest of medieval Aragonese monarchs.
  http://wn.com/Peter_III_of_Aragon
• 
  Philip II of France
  Philip II Augustus (; 21 August 1165 – 14 July 1223) was the King of France from 1180 until his death. A member of the House of Capet, Philip Augustus was born at Gonesse in the Val-d'Oise, the son of Louis VII and his third wife, Adela of Champagne. He was originally nicknamed Dieudonné—the God-given—as he was the first son of Louis VII late in his father's life.
  http://wn.com/Philip_II_of_France
• 
  Polabian Slavs
  Polabian Slavs is a collective term applied to a number of West Slavic tribes who lived along the Elbe, between the Baltic Sea to the north, the Saale and Limes Saxonicus to the west, the Sudetes and Franconia to the south, and Poland to the east. They have also been known as the Elbe Slavs and as Wends. Their name derives from the Slavic po, meaning "by/next to/along", and the Slavic name for Elbe (Labe in Czech and Łaba in Polish).
  http://wn.com/Polabian_Slavs
• 
  Pope Alexander II
  Alexander II (died April 21, 1073), born Anselmo da Baggio, was Pope from 1061 to 1073.
  http://wn.com/Pope_Alexander_II
• 
  Pope Alexander IV
  Pope Alexander IV (1199 or ca. 1185 – May 25, 1261) was Pope from 1254 until his death.
  http://wn.com/Pope_Alexander_IV
• 
  Pope Boniface IX
  Pope Boniface IX (1356 – October 1, 1404), born Piero Tomacelli, was the second Roman Pope of the Western Schism from November 2, 1389 until October 1, 1404. During his time the antipope Clement VII (1378–94) continued to hold court as pope in Avignon under the protection of the French monarchy.
  http://wn.com/Pope_Boniface_IX
• 
  Pope Gregory IX
  Pope Gregory IX, born Ugolino di Conti, was pope from March 19, 1227 to August 22, 1241.
  http://wn.com/Pope_Gregory_IX
• 
  Pope Gregory VII
  Pope St. Gregory VII (c. 1015/1028 – May 25, 1085), born Hildebrand of Sovana (), was Pope from April 22, 1073, until his death. One of the great reforming popes, he is perhaps best known for the part he played in the Investiture Controversy, his dispute with Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor affirming the primacy of the papal authority and the new canon law governing the election of the pope by the college of cardinals. He was at the forefront of both evolutionary developments in the relationship between the Emperor and the papacy during the years before becoming pope. He was beatified by Gregory XIII in 1584, and canonized in 1728 by Benedict XIII as Pope St. Gregory VII. He twice excommunicated Henry IV, who in the end appointed the Antipope Clement III to oppose him in the political power struggles between church and Empire. Hailed as one of the greatest of the Roman pontiffs after his reforms proved successful, Gregory was during his own reign despised by many for his expansive use of papal powers. Joseph McCabe describes Gregory VII as a "rough and violent peasant, enlisting his brute strength in the service of the monastic ideal which he embraced."
  http://wn.com/Pope_Gregory_VII
• 
  Pope Innocent III
  Pope Innocent III (1160 or 1161 – 16 July 1216) was Pope from 8 January 1198 until his death. His birth name was Lotario dei Conti di Segni, sometimes anglicised to Lothar of Segni.
  http://wn.com/Pope_Innocent_III
• 
  Pope Martin IV
  Pope Martin IV, born Simon de Brion (between 1210 and 1220, Andrezel – March 28, 1285) held the papacy from February 21, 1281 until his death.
  http://wn.com/Pope_Martin_IV
• 
  Pope Urban II
  Pope Blessed Urban II (ca. 1035 – 29 July 1099), born Otho de Lagery (alternatively: Otto, Odo or Eudes), was Pope from 12 March 1088 until his death. He is most known for starting the First Crusade (1095–1099) and setting up the modern day Roman Curia, in the manner of a royal court, to help run the Church.
  http://wn.com/Pope_Urban_II
• 
  Richard I of England
  Richard I (8 September 1157 – 6 April 1199) was King of England from 6 July 1189 until his death. He also ruled as Duke of Normandy, Duke of Aquitaine, Duke of Gascony, Lord of Ireland, Lord of Cyprus, Count of Anjou, Count of Maine, Count of Nantes, and Overlord of Brittany at various times during the same period. He was known as , or Richard the Lionheart, even before his accession, because of his reputation as a great military leader and warrior. The Muslims (referred to as Saracens at the time) called him ' or ' (King of England).
  http://wn.com/Richard_I_of_England
• 
  Roger Bacon
  Roger Bacon, O.F.M. (c. 1214–1294), also known as Doctor Mirabilis (Latin: "wonderful teacher"), was an English philosopher and Franciscan friar who placed considerable emphasis on empirical methods. He is sometimes credited as one of the earliest European advocates of the modern scientific method inspired by the works of Plato and Aristotle.
  http://wn.com/Roger_Bacon
• 
  Saint Peter
  Simon Peter (, Pétros, "stone, rock"; c. 1 BC – AD 67), sometimes called Simon Cephas (, Symōn Kēphas; ; , Sëmʻān Kêfâ) after his name in Hellenized Aramaic, was a leader of the early Christianity, who is featured prominently in the New Testament Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles. Peter was the son of John or of Jonah, and was from the village of Bethsaida in the province of Galilee. His brother Andrew was also an apostle. Simon Peter is venerated in multiple churches and regarded as the first Pope by the Roman Catholic Church.
  http://wn.com/Saint_Peter
• 
  Saladin
  Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn Yūsuf ibn Ayyūb (Kurdish: سه‌لاحه‌دین ئه‌یوبی, Selah'edînê Eyubî, , Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn Yūsuf ibn Ayyūb) (c. 1138 – March 4, 1193), better known in the Western world as Saladin, was a KurdishA number of contemporary sources make note of this. The biographer Ibn Khallikan writes, "Historians agree in stating that [Saladin's] father and family belonged to Duwin [Dvin]....They were Kurds and belonged to the Rawādiya (sic), which is a branch of the great tribe al-Hadāniya": Minorsky (1953), p. 124. The medieval historian Ibn Athir relates a passage from another commander: "...both you and Saladin are Kurds and you will not let power pass into the hands of the Turks": Minorsky (1953), p. 138. Muslim, who became the first Ayyubid Sultan of Egypt and Syria. He led Islamic opposition to the Franks and other European Crusaders in the Levant. At the height of his power, he ruled over Egypt, Syria, Mesopotamia, Hejaz, and Yemen. He led the Muslims against the Crusaders and eventually recaptured Palestine from the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem after his victory in the Battle of Hattin. As such, he is a notable figure in Kurdish, Arab, and Muslim culture. Saladin was a strict adherent of Sunni Islam and a disciple of the Qadiri Sufi order. His chivalrous behavior was noted by Christian chroniclers, especially in the accounts of the siege of Kerak in Moab, and despite being the nemesis of the Crusaders he won the respect of many of them, including Richard the Lionheart; rather than becoming a hated figure in Europe, he became a celebrated example of the principles of chivalry.
  http://wn.com/Saladin
• 
  Saxons
  The Saxons () were a confederation of Old Germanic tribes. Their modern-day descendants are generally considered ethnic Germans, Dutch or English. They are primarily found in Lower Saxony, Schleswig-Holstein, Saxony-Anhalt, Westphalia, Drenthe, Overijssel and England (the state of Saxony is not inhabited by Saxon descendants, and was so-named because it came to be ruled by Saxon feudal dynasty).
  http://wn.com/Saxons
• Seljuk Turks
  http://wn.com/Seljuk_Turks
• Seljuks
  http://wn.com/Seljuks
• 
  Selonians
  Selonians were a tribe of Baltic peoples who are now extinct. The Selonians lived until the 15th century in Selonia, located in southeastern Latvia and northeastern Lithuania. They merged with the neighbouring tribes participating in the ethnogenesis of Latvians and Lithuanians.
  http://wn.com/Selonians
• 
  Semigallians
  The Semigallians (Latvian Zemgaļi, also Zemgalians, Semigalls, Semigalians) are one of the Baltic tribes that lived in Zemgale, in the southcentral Latvia and northern Lithuania. They are noted for their long resistance (1219-1290) to the German crusaders, the Livonian Brothers of the Sword and the Livonian Order.
  http://wn.com/Semigallians
• 
  Shepherds' Crusade
  The '''Shepherds' Crusade''' refers to separate events from the 13th and 14th century. The first took place in 1251 during the Seventh Crusade; the second occurred in 1320.
  http://wn.com/Shepherds'_Crusade
• 
  Sigurd I of Norway
  :"Sigurd Jorsalfar" redirects here. For the orchestral suite by Edvard Grieg, see Sigurd Jorsalfar (Grieg).
  http://wn.com/Sigurd_I_of_Norway
• 
  Sorbs
  Sorbs (; also known as Wends, Lusatian Sorbs or Lusatian Serbs) are a Western Slavic people of Central Europe living predominantly in Lusatia, a region on the territory of Germany and Poland. In Germany they live in the states of Brandenburg and Saxony. They speak the Sorbian languages (Wendish, Lusatian), closely related to Polish, Kashubian, Czech and Slovak and officially recognized and protected as minority languages of Germany, but due to Germanization only the older generation in Lower Sorbia speak the language at home. Their religions are predominantly Catholicism and Lutheranism.
  http://wn.com/Sorbs
• Steven Runciman
  The Hon. Sir James Cochran Stevenson Runciman CH (7 July 1903 – 1 November 2000) — known as Steven Runciman — was a British historian known for his work on the Middle Ages. His best known work is his three volume A History of the Crusades (1951-54).
  http://wn.com/Steven_Runciman
• Tamerlane
  http://wn.com/Tamerlane
• 
  Thomas Madden
  Thomas F. Madden (born 1960) is an American historian, the Chair of the History Department at Saint Louis University in St. Louis, Missouri, and Director of Saint Louis University's Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies. He is considered one of the foremost historians of the Crusades in the United States, and was often called upon as a historical consultant after the events of September 11, to discuss the connections between the medieval Crusades and modern Islamic terrorism.
  http://wn.com/Thomas_Madden
• 
  Wends
  The term Wends or Wendish (, Old Norse Vindr, , , ) is general and used in Germanic languages for Slavs living near or within Germanic (later German) settlement areas after the migration period as some perceive, particularly and usually between rivers Elbe and Oder. Therefore, this term does not describe a homogeneous people, but is rather applied to various peoples, tribes or groups depending on where and when it is (or was) used.
  http://wn.com/Wends
• 
  Winston Churchill
  Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, (30 November 187424 January 1965) was a British politician and statesman known for his leadership of the United Kingdom during the Second World War (WWII). He is widely regarded as one of the great wartime leaders. He served as prime minister twice (1940–1945 and 1951–1955). A noted statesman and orator, Churchill was also an officer in the British Army, a historian, writer, and an artist. To date, he is the only British prime minister to have received the Nobel Prize in Literature, and the first person to be recognised as an honorary citizen of the United States.
  http://wn.com/Winston_Churchill
• Zengi
  Imad ad-Din Zengi ( 1085 – 14 September 1146) (also Zangi, Zengui, Zenki, or Zanki / / ) was the atabeg of Mosul, Aleppo, Hama and Edessa and founder of the Zengid dynasty, to which he gave his name.
  http://wn.com/Zengi

• 
  Acre, Israel
  Acre (, Akko; , ʻAkkā) also Akko, is a city in the Western Galilee region of northern Israel and is situated on a low promontory at the northern extremity of Haifa Bay. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Acre had a population of 46,000 at the end of 2007. Historically Acre has been regarded as the key to the Levant due to its strategic coastal location. The city is predominantly Jewish, with a smaller Arab population.
  http://wn.com/Acre_Israel
• 
  Adriatic Sea
  The Adriatic Sea () is a body of water separating the Italian Peninsula from the Balkan peninsula, and the system of the Apennine Mountains from that of the Dinaric Alps and adjacent ranges. The Adriatic Sea is a part of the Mediterranean Sea.
  http://wn.com/Adriatic_Sea
• 
  Aelia Capitolina
  Aelia Capitolina (Latin in full: Colonia Aelia Capitolina) was a city built by the emperor Hadrian, and occupied by a Roman colony, on the site of Jerusalem, which was in ruins since 70 AD, leading in part to the Bar Kokhba revolt of 132–136.
  http://wn.com/Aelia_Capitolina
• 
  Al-Andalus
  Al-Andalus () was the Arabic name given to a nation in the parts of the Iberian Peninsula and Septimania governed by Muslims (given the generic name of Moors), at various times in the period between 711 and 1492.
  http://wn.com/Al-Andalus
• 
  Alexandria
  Alexandria (Arabic: al-Iskandariyya; Coptic: ; ; ; Egyptian Arabic: اسكندريه ), with a population of 4.1 million, is the second-largest city in Egypt, and is the country's largest seaport, serving approximately 80% of Egypt's imports and exports. Alexandria is also an important tourist resort. Alexandria extends about along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea in north-central Egypt. It is home to the Bibliotheca Alexandrina (the new Library). It is an important industrial centre because of its natural gas and oil pipelines from Suez, another city in Egypt.
  http://wn.com/Alexandria
• 
  Anatolia
  Anatolia (, from Greek '; also Asia Minor, from , ') is a geographic and historical term denoting the westernmost protrusion of Asia, comprising the majority of the Republic of Turkey. The region is bounded by the Black Sea to the north, Georgia to the northeast, the Armenian Highland to the east, Mesopotamia to the southeast, the Mediterranean Sea to the south and the Aegean Sea to the west. Anatolia has been home to many civilizations throughout history, such as the Hittites, Phrygians, Lydians, Persians, Greeks, Assyrians, Armenians, Romans, Byzantines, Anatolian Seljuks and Ottomans. As a result, Anatolia is one of the archeologically richest areas in the world.
  http://wn.com/Anatolia
• 
  Antioch
  Antioch on the Orontes (; ; ; Arabic:انطاکیه, Antakya; also Great Antioch or Syrian Antioch) was an ancient city on the eastern side of the Orontes River. It is near the modern city of Antakya, Turkey.
  http://wn.com/Antioch
• 
  Apulia
  Apulia or Puglia (from Greek Ἀπουλία, in , ) is a region in southeastern Italy bordering the Adriatic Sea in the east, the Ionian Sea to the southeast, and the Strait of Òtranto and Gulf of Taranto in the south. Its southern portion known as Salento, a peninsula, forms a high heel on the "boot" of Italy. The region comprises 19,345 km² (7,469 square miles), and its population is about 4 million. It is bordered by the other Italian regions of Molise to the north, Campania to the west, and Basilicata to the southwest. It neighbors Greece and Albania, across the Ionian and Adriatic Seas, respectively. The region extends as far north as Monte Gargano, and was the scene of the last stages in the Second Punic War.
  http://wn.com/Apulia
• 
  Arsuf
  Arsuf (, ) also known as Arsur or Apollonia, was an ancient city and fortress located in Israel, about 15 kilometres north of modern Tel Aviv, on a cliff above the Mediterranean Sea. The city site, Tel Arsuf, was intensively excavated from 1994. In 2002 it became Apollonia National Park.
  http://wn.com/Arsuf
• 
  Asturias
  The Principality of Asturias (, ; ) is an autonomous community within the kingdom of Spain, former Kingdom of Asturias in the Middle Ages. It is situated on the Spanish north coast (Bay of Biscay) facing the Cantabrian Sea.
  http://wn.com/Asturias
• 
  Austria
  Austria or (), officially the Republic of Austria (German: ), is a landlocked country of roughly 8.3 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by Germany and the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The territory of Austria covers and has a temperate and alpine climate. Austria's terrain is highly mountainous due to the presence of the Alps; only 32% of the country is below , and its highest point is . The majority of the population speaks German, which is also the country's official language. Other local official languages are Croatian, Hungarian and Slovene.
  http://wn.com/Austria
• 
  Battle of Lepanto
  The Battle of Lepanto took place on 7 October 1571 when a fleet of the Holy League, a coalition of Spain (including its territories of Naples, Sicily and Sardinia), the Republic of Venice, the Papacy, the Republic of Genoa, the Duchy of Savoy, the Knights Hospitaller and others, decisively defeated the main fleet of the Ottoman Empire.
  http://wn.com/Battle_of_Lepanto
• 
  Battle of Manzikert
  The Battle of Manzikert, or Malazgirt, was fought between the Byzantine Empire and Seljuq forces led by Alp Arslan on August 26, 1071 near Manzikert (modern Malazgirt in Muş Province, Turkey). The decisive defeat of the Byzantine army and the capture of the Emperor Romanos IV Diogenes played an important role in undermining Byzantine authority in Anatolia and Armenia.
  http://wn.com/Battle_of_Manzikert
• 
  Battle of the Ice
  The Battle of the Ice (; ; ; ), also known as the Battle of Lake Peipus (; ), was a battle between the Republic of Novgorod and the Livonian branch of the Teutonic Knights on April 5, 1242, at Lake Peipus. The battle is notable for its having been fought largely on top of the frozen lake.
  http://wn.com/Battle_of_the_Ice
• 
  Brindisi
  Brindisi ( IPA : / 'Brindizi / , Brindisi Brinnisi, Latin Brundisium, Greek or Brentesion Vrindhision) is a city in the Apulia (or Puglia) region of Italy, the capital of the province of Brindisi, off the coast of the Adriatic Sea.
  http://wn.com/Brindisi
• 
  Cairo
  Cairo (; , literally "The Vanquisher" or "The Conqueror") is the capital of Egypt, the largest city in Africa and the Arab World, and one of the most densely populated cities in the world. Nicknamed "The City of a Thousand Minarets" for its preponderance of Islamic architecture, Cairo has long been a center of the region's political and cultural life. Even before Cairo was established in the 10th century, the land composing the present-day city was the site of national capitals whose remnants remain visible in parts of Old Cairo. Cairo is also associated with Ancient Egypt due to its proximity to the Great Sphinx and the pyramids in adjacent Giza.
  http://wn.com/Cairo
• 
  Catalonia
  Catalonia ( ; , , ) is one of the Kingdom of Spain's seventeen autonomous communities, the administrative divisions that represent the country's historical nationalities and regions. Catalonia comprises four provinces: Barcelona, Girona, Lleida and Tarragona. Its capital city is Barcelona. Catalonia covers an area of 32,114 km² and has an official population of 7,504,881. It borders France and Andorra to the north, Aragon to the west, the Valencian Community to the south, and the Mediterranean Sea to the east (580 km coastline). The official languages are Spanish, Catalan and Aranese.
  http://wn.com/Catalonia
• 
  Caucasus Mountains
  The Caucasus Mountains are a mountain system in Eurasia between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea in the Caucasus region ( ).
  http://wn.com/Caucasus_Mountains
• 
  Constantinople
  Constantinople (, , Turkish: Istanbul) was the imperial capital of the Roman Empire, the Byzantine/Eastern Roman Empire, the Latin Empire and the Ottoman Empire. Throughout most of the Middle Ages, Constantinople was Europe's largest and wealthiest city.
  http://wn.com/Constantinople
• 
  Crimea
  Crimea (), or the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (, Avtonomna Respublika Krym; , Avtonomnaya Respublika Krym; , Къырым Мухтар Джумхуриети), is an autonomous republic under the jurisdiction of Ukraine. It is located on the northern coast of the Black Sea, occupying a peninsula of the same name.
  http://wn.com/Crimea
• 
  Cyprus
  Cyprus (; , Kýpros, ; ), – officially the Republic of Cyprus (, Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía, ; ) – is a Eurasian island country in the Eastern Mediterranean, south of Turkey and west of Syria and Lebanon. It is the third largest island in the Mediterranean Sea and one of its most popular tourist destinations. An advanced, high-income economy with a very high Human Development Index, the Republic of Cyprus was a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement until it joined the European Union on 1 May 2004.
  http://wn.com/Cyprus
• 
  Damascus
  Damascus ( , commonly known as الشام ash-Shām also known as the "City of Jasmin" ) is the capital of Syria as well as one of the country's 14 governorates. The Damascus Governorate is ruled by a governor appointed by the Minister of Interior. In addition to being widely known as the oldest continuously inhabited city in the world, Damascus is a major cultural and religious center of the Levant.
  http://wn.com/Damascus
• 
  Damietta
  Damietta, Damiata, or Domyat () is a port and the capital of the governorate of Domyat, Egypt. It is located at the intersection between the Mediterranean Sea and the Nile, about north of Cairo.
  http://wn.com/Damietta
• 
  Denmark
  Denmark (; , , archaic: ), officially the Kingdom of Denmark (Danish: ) together with Greenland and the Faroe Islands, is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe. It is the southernmost of the Nordic countries, southwest of Sweden and south of Norway, and bordered to the south by Germany. Denmark borders both the Baltic and the North Sea. The country consists of a large peninsula, Jutland (Jylland) and many islands, most notably Zealand (Sjælland), Funen (Fyn), Vendsyssel-Thy (commonly considered a part of Jutland), Lolland, Falster and Bornholm, as well as hundreds of minor islands often referred to as the Danish Archipelago. Denmark has long controlled the approach to the Baltic Sea; before the digging of the Kiel Canal, water passage to the Baltic Sea was possible only through the three channels known as the "Danish straits".
  http://wn.com/Denmark
• 
  Dome of the Rock
  The Dome of the Rock (, translit.: Masjid Qubbat As-Sakhrah, , translit.: Kipat Hasela) is an Islamic shrine and major landmark located on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem. It was completed in 691-692, making it the oldest existing Islamic building in the world. The site's significance stems from the religious beliefs regarding the rock, known as the Foundation Stone, at its heart.
  http://wn.com/Dome_of_the_Rock
• 
  Egypt
  Egypt (; , Miṣr, ; Egyptian Arabic: مصر, Maṣr, ; Coptic: , ; Greek: Αίγυπτος, Aiguptos; Egyptian:
  http://wn.com/Egypt
• 
  Finland
  Finland (pronounced ), officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of Northern Europe. It is bordered by Sweden on the west, Norway on the north and Russia on the east, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland.
  http://wn.com/Finland
• 
  France
  {{Infobox Country
  http://wn.com/France
• 
  Gaza
  Gaza ( , ; also referred to as Gaza City) is a Palestinian city in the Gaza Strip, with a population of about 410,000, making it the largest city in the Palestinian territories.
  http://wn.com/Gaza
• 
  Genoa
  Genoa ( , ; in Genoese and Ligurian: Zena, ; in Latin and, archaically, in English: Genua) is a city and an important seaport in northern Italy, the capital of the Province of Genoa and of the region of Liguria. The city has a population of about 610,000 and the urban area has a population of about 900,000. Genoa's Metropolitan Area has a population of about 1,400,000. It is also called la Superba ("the Superb one") due to its glorious past. Part of the old city of Genoa was inscribed on the World Heritage List (UNESCO) in 2006 (see below). The city's rich art, music, gastronomy, architecture and history, made it 2004's EU Capital of culture.
  http://wn.com/Genoa
• 
  Georgia (country)
  Georgia (, sak’art’velo ; ) is a sovereign state in the Caucasus region of Eurasia. Situated at the juncture of Eastern Europe and Western Asia, it is bounded to the west by the Black Sea, to the north by Russia, to the south by Turkey and Armenia, and to the east by Azerbaijan. Georgia covers a territory of 69,700 km² and its population is more than 4.6 million. Georgia's constitution is that of a representative democracy, organized as a unitary, semi-presidential republic. It is currently a member of the United Nations, the Council of Europe, the World Trade Organization, the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, the Community of Democratic Choice, the GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development, and the Asian Development Bank. The country aspires to join NATO and the European Union.
  http://wn.com/Georgia_(country)
• 
  Hungary
  Hungary ( ), officially the Republic of Hungary (Magyar Köztársaság ), is a landlocked country in the Carpathian Basin in Central Europe, bordered by Austria, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia, and Slovenia. Its capital is Budapest. Hungary is a member of the European Union, NATO, the OECD, the Visegrád Group, and is a Schengen state. The official language is Hungarian, the most widely spoken non-Indo-European language in Europe, being part of the Finno-Ugric family.
  http://wn.com/Hungary
• Iberia
  http://wn.com/Iberia
• 
  Iberian Peninsula
  The Iberian Peninsula is located in the extreme southwest of Europe and includes modern-day states Portugal, Spain, Andorra, the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar and a very small area of France. It is the westernmost of the three major southern European peninsulas—the Iberian, Italian, and Balkan peninsulas. It is bordered on the southeast and east by the Mediterranean Sea, and on the north, west and southwest by the Atlantic Ocean. The Pyrenees form the northeast edge of the peninsula, separating it from the rest of Europe. In the south, it approaches the northern coast of Africa. It is the second-largest peninsula in Europe, with an area of approximately .
  http://wn.com/Iberian_Peninsula
• 
  Jaffa
  Jaffa (, ; , ; ; also Japho, Joppa as transliteration from the Greek "Ιόππη") is an ancient port city believed to be one of the oldest in the world. Jaffa has been incorporated with Tel Aviv creating the city of Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel.
  http://wn.com/Jaffa
• 
  Jerusalem
  Jerusalem ( , ; Arabic: , al-Quds Sharif, "The Holy Sanctuary") is the capital of Israel, though not internationally recognized as such. If the area and population of East Jerusalem is included, it is Israel's largest city in both population and area, with a population of 763,800 residents over an area of . Located in the Judean Mountains, between the Mediterranean Sea and the northern edge of the Dead Sea, modern Jerusalem has grown far beyond the boundaries of the Old City.
  http://wn.com/Jerusalem
• 
  Kingdom of Galicia
  The Kingdom of Galicia () existed in some form from the time the conquered Roman diocese of Hispania was divided between the Alans, Suebi and Vandals in 411 until the 1833 territorial division of Spain during the regency of María Cristina. The region of Gallaecia had been a Roman province since the administrative reforms of the Tetrarchy (293), and Galicia has been an administrative subdivision of Spain from 1833 to the present, and semi-autonomous since the Galician Statute of Autonomy of 1981.
  http://wn.com/Kingdom_of_Galicia
• 
  Kingdom of León
  The Kingdom of León was an independent kingdom situated in the northwest region of the Iberian Peninsula. It was founded in 910 AD when the Christian princes of Asturias along the northern coast of the peninsula shifted their main seat from Oviedo to the city of León. The County of Portugal separated to become the independent Kingdom of Portugal in 1139 and the eastern, inland part of León was joined to the Kingdom of Castile in 1230.
  http://wn.com/Kingdom_of_León
• 
  Kingdom of Navarre
  The Kingdom of Navarre (, , ), originally the Kingdom of Pamplona, was a European kingdom which occupied lands on either side of the Pyrenees alongside the Atlantic Ocean.
  http://wn.com/Kingdom_of_Navarre
• 
  Languedoc
  Languedoc (; ; Occitan: Lengadòc ) is a former province of France, now continued in the modern-day régions of Languedoc-Roussillon and Midi-Pyrénées in the south of France, and whose capital city was Toulouse, now in Midi-Pyrénées. It had an area of approximately 42,700 km² (16,490 sq. miles).
  http://wn.com/Languedoc
• 
  Lebanon
  Lebanon ( or ; ; ), officially the Republic of Lebanon (Arabic: ; French: ), is a country on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It is bordered by Syria to the north and east, and Israel to the south. Lebanon's location at the crossroads of the Mediterranean Basin and the Arabian hinterland has dictated its rich history, and shaped a cultural identity of religious and ethnic diversity.
  http://wn.com/Lebanon
• 
  Lithuania
  Lithuania (, U.S. usually ; ), officially the Republic of Lithuania () is a country in Northern Europe, the southernmost of the three Baltic states. Situated along the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea, it shares borders with Latvia to the north, Belarus to the southeast, Poland, and the Russian exclave of Kaliningrad to the southwest.
  http://wn.com/Lithuania
• 
  Mahdia
  :For the Islamic eschatological figure, see Mahdi.
  http://wn.com/Mahdia
• 
  Malta
  Malta , officially the Republic of Malta (), is a southern European country and consists of an archipelago situated centrally in the Mediterranean, 93 km south of Sicily and 288 km east of Tunisia, with the Strait of Gibraltar 1,826 km to the west and Alexandria 1,510 km to the east.
  http://wn.com/Malta
• 
  Pisa
  Pisa (; ) is a city in Tuscany, Central Italy, on the right bank of the mouth of the River Arno on the Ligurian Sea. It is the capital city of the Province of Pisa. Although Pisa is known worldwide for its Leaning Tower (the bell tower of the city's cathedral), the city of over 87,500 residents contains more than 20 other historic churches, several palaces and various bridges across the River Arno. The city is also home of the University of Pisa, which has a history going back to the 12th century.
  http://wn.com/Pisa
• 
  Poland
  Poland (), officially the Republic of Poland (Rzeczpospolita Polska), is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north. The total area of Poland is , making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. Poland has a population of over 38 million people, which makes it the 34th most populous country in the world and the sixth most populous member of the European Union, being its most populous Slavic member.
  http://wn.com/Poland
• 
  Portugal
  Portugal (, ), officially the Portuguese Republic (; ), is a country located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal is the westernmost country of Europe and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south and by Spain to the north and east. The Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira are also part of Portugal.
  http://wn.com/Portugal
• 
  Russia
  Russia (; ), also officially known as the Russian Federation (), is a state in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, the People's Republic of China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the United States by the Bering Strait. At , Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than a ninth of the Earth's land area. Russia is also the ninth most populous nation with 142 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning 9 time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources. It has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
  http://wn.com/Russia
• 
  Siege of Candia
  The Siege of Candia (modern Heraklion, Crete) was a military conflict in which Ottoman forces besieged the Venetian-ruled city and were ultimately victorious. Lasting from 1648 to 1669, it was possibly the longest siege in history.
  http://wn.com/Siege_of_Candia
• Siege of Ruad
  http://wn.com/Siege_of_Ruad
• 
  Spain
  Spain ( ; , ), officially the Kingdom of Spain (), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar; to the north by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the northwest and west by the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal.
  http://wn.com/Spain
• 
  Sweden
  Sweden (pronounced , ), officially the Kingdom of Sweden (Swedish: ), is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden has land borders with Norway to the west and Finland to the northeast, and water borders with Denmark, Germany, and Poland to the south, and Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Russia to the east. Sweden is also connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund.
  http://wn.com/Sweden
• 
  Syria
  Syria ( ; ' or '), officially the Syrian Arab Republic (), is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the West, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest.
  http://wn.com/Syria
• 
  Toledo, Spain
  Toledo (Latin: Toletum, Arabic طليطلة ) is a municipality located in central Spain, 70 km south of Madrid. It is the capital of the province of Toledo. It is also the capital of autonomous community of Castile-La Mancha. It was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1986 for its extensive cultural and monumental heritage as one of the former capitals of the Spanish Empire and place of coexistence of Christian, Jewish and Muslim cultures. Many famous people and artists were born or lived in Toledo, including Al-Zarqali, Garcilaso de la Vega, Eleanor of Toledo, Alfonso X and El Greco. It was also the place of important historic events such as the Visigothic Councils of Toledo. , the city has a population of 82,291 and an area of 232.1 km2 (89.59 square miles).
  http://wn.com/Toledo_Spain
• 
  Toron
  Toron, now Tibnin or Tebnine in southern Lebanon, was a major Crusader castle, built in the Lebanon mountains on the road from Tyre to Damascus.
  http://wn.com/Toron
• 
  Tortosa
  Tortosa (Latin: Dertusa or Dertosa, Arabic: طرطوشة Ṭurṭūšah) is the capital of the comarca of Baix Ebre, in the province of Tarragona, in Catalonia, Spain, located at 12 metres above the sea, by the Ebre river.
  http://wn.com/Tortosa
• 
  Tyre, Lebanon
  Tyre (Arabic: , '; Phoenician: , , '; , Tzor; Tiberian Hebrew , ; Akkadian:
  http://wn.com/Tyre_Lebanon
• 
  Venice
  Venice ( , Venetian: Venesia) is a city in northern Italy known both for tourism and for industry, and is the capital of the region Veneto, with a population of about 272,000 (census estimate 1 January 2004). Together with Padua, the city is included in the Padua-Venice Metropolitan Area (population 1,600,000).
  http://wn.com/Venice
• Vorskla River
  The Vorskla River (, ), located in Russia and northeastern Ukraine, is a south-flowing tributary of the Dnieper River.
  http://wn.com/Vorskla_River
• 
  Wales
  Wales ( ; pronounced ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom, bordered by England to its east and the Atlantic Ocean and Irish Sea to its west. It has an estimated population of three million and is officially bilingual with the Welsh and English languages having equal status. The Welsh language is an important element of Welsh culture. Its decline has reversed over recent years, with Welsh speakers estimated to be around 20% of the population of Wales.
  http://wn.com/Wales
• 
  Zadar
  Zadar is a city in Croatia on the Adriatic Sea. It is the centre of Zadar county and the wider northern Dalmatian region. Zadar faces the islands of Ugljan and Pašman, from which it is separated by the narrow Zadar Strait. The promontory on which the old city stands used to be separated from the mainland by a deep moat which has since become a landfill. The harbor, to the north-east of the town, is safe and spacious. Zadar is the seat of a Catholic archbishop.
  http://wn.com/Zadar

• Acre, Israel
• Adela of Normandy
• Adriatic Sea
• Aelia Capitolina
• Afonso I of Portugal
• Age of Enlightenment
• Aigues-Mortes
• Al-Andalus
• Al-Aqsa Mosque
• al-Ashraf Khalil
• Al-Kamil
• Albigensian Crusade
• Alexandria
• Alexandrian Crusade
• Alexios I Komnenos
• algebra
• Allah
• Almoravid dynasty
• Anatolia
• Anna Comnena
• Antioch
• Apulia
• Aragonese Crusade
• Archibald Lewis
• Arnold Zisserman
• Arsuf
• Art of the Crusades
• Arwad
• Assassin's Creed
• Asturias
• Augustine of Hippo
• Austria
• Ayyubid
• Baibars
• Baldwin IV
• Balkans
• Balts
• Battle of Ain Jalut
• Battle of Hattin
• Battle of La Forbie
• Battle of Lepanto
• Battle of Manzikert
• Battle of Nicopolis
• Battle of the Ice
• Battle of Varna
• Bernard of Clairvaux
• Black Sea
• Blue Horde
• Bohemia
• Bohemund of Taranto
• Brindisi
• Bull of the Crusade
• Burgundy (region)
• Burundai
• Byzantine
• Byzantine Empire
• Byzantine–Arab Wars
• Caernarfon Castle
• Caffa
• Cairo
• Calabria
• Caliph
• cannon
• Catalonia
• Caterina Cornaro
• Cathar
• Catharism
• Cathars
• Catholic Church
• Caucasus Mountains
• Christopher Columbus
• City of God (book)
• city-state
• Constantinople
• Council of Clermont
• Council of Piacenza
• County of Edessa
• County of Tripoli
• Crimea
• crucifixion
• Crusade cycle
• Crusade of 1101
• Crusade of 1456
• Crusade of Nicopolis
• Crusade of Varna
• crusader states
• Curonians
• Cyprus
• Damascus
• Damietta
• Denmark
• Dnieper River
• Doge of Venice
• Dome of the Rock
• Dominican Order
• Duchy of Oldenburg
• Eastern Europe
• Eastern Orthodox
• East–West Schism
• EBSCO
• Edward I of England
• Egypt
• Eighth Crusade
• Eleanor of Aquitaine
• Emperor Frederick II
• Enrico Dandolo
• Estonians
• excommunication
• Fatimid Caliphate
• Fifth Crusade
• Finland
• First Crusade
• Fourth Crusade
• France
• Francis of Assisi
• Franciscan
• Frankokratia
• French language
• Frisians
• Gaza
• Genoa
• Georgia (country)
• Germans
• Golden Horde
• Great Schism
• Great Seljuq Empire
• Guy of Lusignan
• Hafsid dynasty
• Halych-Volynia
• Hashshashin
• heaven
• heresy
• historiography
• History of slavery
• Holy Land
• Hungary
• Hussite
• Hussite Wars
• Iberia
• Iberian Peninsula
• Ibn Jubayr
• Ifriqiya
• Ilkhanate
• indulgence
• Islam
• Islamic culture
• Islamic Golden Age
• Jaffa
• Jan Hus
• Jean Colombe
• Jerusalem
• Jews
• John Hunyadi
• Joshua Prawer
• Just War
• Kerbogha
• Khevsureti
• Khevsurs
• Kiev
• Kilij Arslan I
• king-consort
• Kingdom of Galicia
• Kingdom of Jerusalem
• Kingdom of León
• Kingdom of Navarre
• Knights Hospitaller
• Knights Templar
• Languedoc
• Latgalians
• Latin Empire
• Lebanon
• Levant
• Lithuania
• Livonian Crusade
• Livonians
• Louis IX of France
• Louis VII of France
• Mahdia
• Mahdian Crusade
• Majorca
• Malcolm Barber
• Malta
• Mameluke
• Mamelukes
• Mamluk
• Medieval demography
• Medieval Inquisition
• Mediterranean Sea
• Messiah
• Michael VII
• Middle Ages
• Middle East
• Military order
• Moldavia
• Mongol conquests
• Mongols
• Muhammad
• musket
• Muslim
• Muslim conquests
• Napoleon
• Napoleon I
• nation state
• Nativity of Jesus
• Ninth Crusade
• Nogai Khan
• Norman F. Cantor
• Normans
• Northern Crusades
• Norwich Crusade
• Novgorod
• Novgorod Republic
• Nur ad-Din Zangi
• Occitania
• Oeselians
• Ostsiedlung
• Ottoman Empire
• Outremer
• Papacy
• papal legate
• Pelagio Galvani
• Peter I of Cyprus
• Peter III of Aragon
• Philip II of France
• pilgrimage
• pirate
• Pisa
• plenary indulgence
• Polabian Slavs
• Poland
• Poland, history
• Pope Alexander II
• Pope Alexander IV
• Pope Boniface IX
• Pope Gregory IX
• Pope Gregory VII
• Pope Innocent III
• Pope Martin IV
• Pope Urban II
• Portugal
• Prince of Moldavia
• prophet
• Pskov Republic
• Reconquista
• Red Sea
• religious war
• Renaissance
• Republic of Venice
• Rhodes
• Richard Halliburton
• Richard I of England
• Robert Guiscard
• Roger Bacon
• Roman Empire
• Russia
• Saint Peter
• Saladin
• Saxons
• schism (religion)
• Second Temple
• Seljuk Turks
• Seljuks
• Selonians
• Semigallians
• Seventh Crusade
• Shepherds' Crusade
• Sibylla of Jerusalem
• Sicily
• Siege of Acre (1291)
• Siege of Antioch
• Siege of Candia
• Siege of Lisbon
• Siege of Ma'arra
• Siege of Ruad
• Sigurd I of Norway
• Sixth Crusade
• Slavic peoples
• Sorbs
• Spain
• Spanish language
• Stedingen
• Stefan Musat
• Steven Runciman
• Sultan
• Sultanate of Rûm
• Sweden
• Syria
• Taborite
• Tamerlane
• Tenth Crusade
• Teutonic Knights
• The Holy Land
• Thomas Madden
• Time (magazine)
• Toghtekin
• Tokhtamysh
• Toledo, Spain
• Toron
• Tortosa
• Trade route
• Tyre, Lebanon
• Venice
• Vorskla River
• vow
• Vytautas the Great
• Wales
• War of Barbastro
• Wendish Crusade
• Wends
• Western Europe
• Western Wall
• Winston Churchill
• Zadar
• Zengi

Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989)

"Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989)" Actors

• Sean Connery
• Denholm Elliott
• Alison Doody
• John Rhys-davies
• Julian Glover
• River Phoenix
• Michael Byrne
• Kevork Malikyan
• Robert Eddison
• Richard Young
• Alexei Sayle
• Alex Hyde-white
• Paul Maxwell
• Isla Blair
• Harrison Ford

"Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989)" Director

• Steven Spielberg

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