Abigail (, spelt ''Abigal'' in ) was the wife of Nabal; she became a wife of David after Nabal's death (1 Samuel ).

In the passage, Nabal demonstrates ingratitude towards David, and Abigail attempts to placate David in order to stop him taking revenge. She gives him food, and speaks to him, urging him not to "have on his conscience the staggering burden of needless bloodshed" (verse 31, NIV) and reminding him that God will make him a "lasting dynasty" (verse 28). Jon Levenson calls this an "undeniable adumbration" of Nathan's prophecy in 2 Samuel 7. Alice Bach notes that Abigail pronounces a "crucial prophecy," and the Talmud regards her as one of the Tanakh's seven female prophets. Levenson, however, suggests that she "senses the drift of history" from intelligence rather than from special revelation.

In verse 38, it says that "YHWH struck Nabal and he died," and David subsequently married Abigail. The text explicitly describes Abigail as "intelligent and beautiful" (1 Samuel 25:3, NIV). Indeed, the Talmud mentions her as being one of the "four women of surpassing beauty in the world." Abraham Kuyper argues, moreover, that Abigail's conduct indicates "a most appealing character and unwavering faith." Yet Alice Bach regards her as subversive, while Sandra Williams suggests that Abigail is deceptive and disloyal to her husband and even that she was "sexually turned on by an outlaw and a criminal."

Abigail was the mother of one of David's sons, who is named in the Book of Chronicles as ''Daniel,'' in the Masoretic Text of the Books of Samuel as ''Chileab,'' and in the Septuagint text of 2 Samuel 3:3 as Δαλουια, ''Dalouia''.

Levenson and Halpern suggest that Abigail may, in fact, be the same person as Abigail, mother of Amasa.

Generic use

Abigail's self-styling as a ''handmaid'' led to ''Abigail'' being the traditional term for a waiting-woman, for example as the ''waiting gentlewoman'' in Beaumont and Fletcher's ''The Scornful Lady'', published in 1616. Jonathan Swift and Henry Fielding use ''Abigail'' in this generic sense, as does Charlotte Brontë. Anthony Trollope makes two references to ''the abigail'' (all lower case) in ''The Eustace Diamonds'', at the beginning of Chapter 42. William Rose Benet notes the notoriety of Abigail Hill, better known as "Mrs Masham", a lady-in-waiting to Queen Anne.

Notes

Category:11th-century BC women Category:10th-century BC women Category:Hebrew Bible people Category:Wives of David Category:Books of Samuel

ca:Abigail de:Abigail el:Αβιγαία es:Abigaíl eo:Abigail id:Abigail he:אביגיל sw:Abigaili hu:Abigél nl:Abigaïl (Bijbel) no:Abigajil ja:アビガイル pl:Abigail pt:Abigail (Bíblia) sr:Абигел sv:Abigail

Coordinates	40°26′30″N80°00′00″N
name	Abigail and Brittany Hensel
birth name	Abigail Loraine Hensel Brittany Lee Hensel
birth date	March 07, 1990
birth place	Carver County, Minnesota
residence	St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
nationality	American
education	Lutheran High School in Mayer, Minnesota Bethel University
home town	New Germany, Minnesota, USA
parents	Patty and Mike Hensel
relatives	Dakota (Brother) Morgan (Sister)
website
footnotes	}}

Abigail "Abby" Loraine Hensel and Brittany "Britty" Lee Hensel (born March 7, 1990) are dicephalic parapagus twins, meaning that they are conjoined twins of whom each has a separate head, but whose bodies are joined. They are highly symmetric, giving the appearance of having just a single body with little variation from normal proportion. In fact, several vital organs are doubled up, each woman having a separate heart, stomach, spine and spinal cord.

Each twin controls her half of their body, operating one of the arms and one of the legs. This means that as infants, the initial learning of physical processes that required bodily coordination, such as clapping, crawling, and walking required the cooperation of both children. While each is able to eat and write separately and simultaneously, activities such as running and swimming must be coordinated and alternate symmetrically. Other activities as diverse as brushing hair and driving a car require that each twin perform a sequence of quite separate actions that coordinate with the other.

Despite the curiosity that their condition has generated, the Hensel twins have managed to live private lives with relatively little press attention. At the age of 16, they gave an interview on The Learning Channel on December 17, 2006, in which they discussed aspects of their daily lives and plans for the future.

Background

Abigail and Brittany Hensel were born in Carver County, Minnesota, the daughters of Patty, a registered nurse, and Mike Hensel, a carpenter and landscaper. The twins have a younger brother named Dakota, or Koty for short, a younger sister named Morgan, and a dog named Sadie. They were raised in New Germany and attended Lutheran High School in Mayer, Minnesota.

Physiology

The Hensel twins have a single body with separate heads and necks, a chest that is wider than normal, two arms and two legs. At birth they had a rudimentary arm attached to a shoulder blade at the back. The arm was removed, leaving the shoulder blade.

Abigail's head tilts laterally outward about 5 degrees to the right while Brittany's head tilts laterally at about 15 degrees to the left, causing Brittany to appear shorter. At age 12, they underwent surgery at Gillette Children's Specialty Healthcare to correct scoliosis and to expand their chest cavity to prevent future difficulties with breathing.

Each of the twins manages one side of their conjoined body. The sense of touch of each is restricted to her body half; this shades off at the midsagittal plane such that there is a small amount of overlap at the midline. They are effective in cooperatively using their limbs when both hands or both legs are required. By coordinating their efforts, they are able to walk, run, swim and ride a bicycle normally — all tasks that they learned at a normal speed. Together, they can type on a computer keyboard at a normal speed and drive a car.

Organ distribution

Abigail and Brittany have individual organs in the upper part of their body while most of the organs located at or below the level of the navel are shared, the exception being the spinal cord.

2 heads

2 spines merging at the coccyx, and joined at the thorax by sections of ribs. Surgery was employed to correct scoliosis

2 completely separate spinal cords

2 arms (originally 3, but rudimentary central arm was surgically removed, leaving central shoulder blade in place)

1 broad ribcage with 2 highly fused sternums and traces of bridging ribs. Surgery was employed to expand the pleural cavities

2 breasts

2 hearts in a shared circulatory system (nutrition, respiration, medicine taken by either affects both)

4 lungs with the medial lungs moderately fused, not involving Brittany's upper right lobe; three pleural cavities

1 diaphragm with well-coordinated involuntary breathing, slight central defect

2 stomachs

2 gallbladders

1 liver, enlarged and elongated right lobe

Y-shaped small intestine which experiences a slightly spastic double peristalsis at the juncture

1 large intestine with one colon

3 kidneys: 2 left, 1 right

1 bladder

1 set of reproductive organs

2 separate half-sacrums, which converge distally

1 slightly broad pelvis

2 legs

Separation

Upon their birth, their parents rejected the option to attempt surgical separation after hearing from doctors that it was not likely that both girls would survive the operation. As the girls grew and learned to walk and develop other skills, the parents confirmed their decision against separation, arguing that the quality of life for the surviving twin or twins living separately would be less than their quality of life as conjoined beings.

Adulthood

The Hensel twins both successfully passed their driver's license exam, both the written and driving tests. They had to take the tests twice, once for each twin. Abby controls the pedals, radio, heat, defogger, and other devices located to the right of the driver's seat, while Brittany controls the turn signal and lights; together, they control the steering wheel.

They both graduated from high school in 2008. They began college at Bethel University in St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.

In conversation, the twins are clearly distinct persons, with distinct likes and dislikes. Their preferences in food, clothing color, etc. differ. Some of their clothes are altered by their seamstress so that they have two separate necklines in order to emphasize their individuality. They will usually have separate meals, but sometimes will share a single meal for the sake of convenience (e.g., each takes a bite of the same hamburger). Abigail is better at mathematics and Brittany is better at writing. For tasks such as responding to e-mail, they type and respond as one, anticipating each other's feelings with little verbal communication between them. In such cases as the latter, their choice of grammatical person is to use the first person singular out of habit when they agree, but when their responses do differ, they use their names in the third person singular.

There is some concern about their ability to have continued good health because only four known sets of conjoined twins who share an undivided torso and two legs have ever survived into adulthood, and most have congenital heart defects or other organ anomalies. None have shown up in the Hensels' case. They have so far had no desire to make themselves available for any medical studies. They intend to make a rather limited number of media appearances in the future, primarily just to appease the world's curiosity and to reduce the number of people who might otherwise be taken aback by their unusual body configuration. They intensely dislike being stared at or photographed by strangers while going about their private lives. They expect to date, get married, and have children. They hope that by providing some information about themselves they will be able to lead otherwise fairly typical social lives as together they continue to make new friends.

Media appearances

In April 2006, they appeared in ''Joined for Life'', a documentary produced by Advanced Medical, distributed on the Discovery Health Channel. They also appeared on ''The Oprah Winfrey Show'' on April 8 and April 29, 1996. In April 1996, the twins were featured on the cover of ''Life'' under the caption "One Body, Two Souls", and their daily lifestyle was depicted in the corresponding article titled ''The Hensels' Summer''. ''Life'' followed up with another story in September 1998. In 2003, an updated story of them at age 11 (filmed in 2001) was published in ''Time'' and again in ''Life''. They appeared in a follow-up documentary on The Learning Channel on December 17, 2006 filmed around the time of their 16th birthday, in which they discuss dealing with puberty and getting their driver's licenses. In the summer of 2006, they had a vacation in Texas at the home of a family whose dicephalus twin girls had died at a few hours old.

Filmography

Documentaries and other television appearances include:

First aired	Title	Distributor	Produced by
		valign="top" style="font-size:90%"

References

External links

Category:1990 births Category:Articles about multiple people Category:Conjoined twins Category:Living people Category:People from Carver County, Minnesota Category:Twin people from the United States

da:Abigail og Brittany Hensel es:Abigail y Brittany Hensel fr:Abigail et Brittany Hensel hr:Abigail i Brittany Hensel it:Abigail e Brittany Hensel nl:Abigail en Brittany Hensel ja:アビゲイル&ブリタニー・ヘンゼル姉妹 pl:Abigail i Brittany Hensel ru:Хенсел, Эбигейл и Бриттани simple:Abigail and Brittany Hensel sl:Brittany in Abigail Hensel fi:Abigail ja Brittany Hensel sv:Abigail och Brittany Hensel zh:阿比盖尔和布列塔妮·汉瑟尔

Abigail Williams (July 12, 1680 – ?) was an accuser in the Salem witch trials of 1692, which led to the arrest and imprisonment of over 150 innocent people, charged with the crime of witchcraft.

Salem Witch trials

Abigail was born on July 12, 1680. She and her cousin Betty Parris were the two first accusers in the Salem Witch trials of 1692. Williams was 12 (raised to 17 in ''The Crucible'') years old at the time and she was living with her uncle Samuel Parris in Salem. According to Rev. Deodat Lawson, an eyewitness, she and Betty began to have fits in which they ran around rooms flailing their arms, ducking under chairs and trying to climb up the chimney.

Many claim that the girls, later followed by several other pre-teen and teenage girls in Salem, were just inventing the afflictions to draw attention to themselves and to avoid punishment by pretending to be "ill". Another reason may have been food poisoning: the girls may have eaten a "Witch's Stew" as part of their games that may have contained inedible or uncooked ingredients. In 1976, Linnda R. Caporael put forward the theory that these strange symptoms may have been caused by ergotism, the ingestion of fungus-infected rye.

Whatever the cause, Abigail's strange behavior brought attention to her, as they had to Betty Parris. A local doctor, thought to have been William Griggs, suggested bewitchment as the cause. The girls were eventually asked to name their supposed tormentors. They did so, thus bringing about the witch trials, which ended with the deaths of 19 innocent people. Two dogs were also hanged, and one man (Giles Corey) was pressed with large stones until he died. Those who confessed, however, were not put to death. The names of some put to death were John Proctor, Martha Corey, Giles Corey, Rebecca Nurse, and Sarah Good.

As the witch trials were coming to an end, Abigail ran away from Salem. It is not certain what happened to her, but rumor has it that she fled to a city somewhere along the east coast and resorted to prostitution for survival. One reference stated that she "apparently died before the end of 1697, if not sooner, no older than seventeen. "

Appearances in fiction

In Arthur Miller's play ''The Crucible'', Abigail is a girl of seventeen, and the main antagonist. At the beginning of the play, it is gradually revealed that she had been dancing in the woods with the girls of Salem and performing voodoo rituals with her uncle's slave, Tituba, all the girls making wishes for men in the town to marry them. When rumors began to circulate that the girls were performing witchcraft, Abigail and Betty Parris began to name people as having been in league with the devil, which was the most common way a "witch" was identified, to save themselves. Later, the girls of Salem became witnesses in the court trying the "witches". An added plot is that Abigail had previously worked as a maid at the Proctor household and had an affair with John Proctor, and Abigail accuses Goody Proctor, John's wife, of being a witch in order to get to him.

Abigail is also in the 2010 film ''The Sorcerer's Apprentice'' as a minor antagonist. Horvath, the film's main antagonist, releases her from a magical prison called "The Grimhold" and uses her to kidnap the love interest of the main protagonist Dave. After the kidnapping is complete Horvath absorbs Abigail's powers and steals her pentagram amulet which channels her power. By doing so Horvath becomes more powerful and is finally able to free his master, Morgana.

Arthur Miller's play, 'The Crucible', also gave Arizona-based Melodic Death Metal band, Abigail Williams the inspiration for their name.

Metalcore band Motionless In White named their song "Abigail" after the story of Abigail and the Witch Trials. Motionless In White also made a music video of the song "Abigail."

References

Category:1680 births Category:People of the Salem witch trials Category:Year of death unknown

de:Abigail Williams fr:Abigail Williams (personnage)

Coordinates	40°26′30″N80°00′00″N
Name	Abigail Washburn
Background	solo_singer
Born	November 10, 1979
Origin	Evanston, Illinois
Instrument	Vocals, Clawhammer Banjo
Genre	AmericanaOld-time music
Label	Nettwerk
Website	www.afterquakemusic.com }}

Abigail Washburn (born November 10, 1979 in Evanston, Illinois, USA) is an American clawhammer banjo player and singer. She performs and records as a soloist, as well as with the old-time bands Uncle Earl and Sparrow Quartet.

Biography

Washburn was born in Evanston, Illinois and spent her elementary and part of her junior high school years in a suburb of Washington, D.C.. She attended high school in Minnesota, then attended Colorado College, where she was the school's first East Asian studies major. Following this, she spent some time living in China, where she had dreams of being a lawyer (having first visited that nation in 1996). She then spent three years in Vermont before moving to Nashville, Tennessee.

In Tennessee, she met KC Groves, one of the founding members of the band Uncle Earl and she went on to spend five years touring with the band. The "all G'earl" group has released two records on the Rounder Records record label, ''She Waits for the Night'' (2005) and ''Waterloo, TN'' (2007), which was produced by John Paul Jones of Led Zeppelin.

Washburn entered a songwriting contest at MerleFest (a bluegrass music festival in North Carolina), winning second place for her song "Rockabye Dixie", and gaining the attention of the Nettwerk record label.

Her first solo album, ''Song of the Traveling Daughter,'' was produced by Béla Fleck and features Ben Sollee, a cellist, and Jordan McConnell, guitarist for the Canadian traditional and soul music fusion band The Duhks. Two songs were recorded in the Mandarin Chinese language, which she learned while living in China.

In 2005, Washburn returned to China with a group called the Sparrow Quartet, composed of Sollee, Fleck and Grammy Award nominated fiddler Casey Driessen. The group then recorded an EP, ''Abigail Washburn The Sparrow Quartet.''

In 2008, Washburn and the Sparrow Quartet recorded a full-length album, ''Abigail Washburn and the Sparrow Quartet.'' It was produced by Béla Fleck and composed and arranged by the foursome.

After the release of the album, Washburn and the Sparrow Quartet turned their attention to touring North America, with appearances at festivals including New Orleans Jazz & Heritage, MerleFest, Bonnaroo Music Festival, Vancouver Folk Festival and others. They returned to China for performances during the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. The quartet was later featured on National Geographic Live and, in 2009, each participated in the Clearwater Concert, a benefit concert in honor of Pete Seeger's 90th birthday that featured many of the world's most well-known musicians.

Inspired by a 2008 volunteer experience for Sichuan Quake Relief in China, Abigail joined forces with Shanghai Restoration Project's David Liang in March 2009 to create Afterquake. The benefit EP (a portion of each sale benefits Sichuan Quake Relief) was released on May 12, 2009, the one-year anniversary of the 2008 Sichuan Earthquake. Over the course of two weeks, Washburn & Liang recorded and produced the entire project, which features electronic mixes of student voices and sounds from the disaster zone, in Sichuan, China.

In early 2010, Washburn began recording her second solo album with producer Tucker Martine and collaborator Kai Welch .

Personal life

In August 2007, Washburn was reported as being the "girlfriend" of Béla Fleck. In September 2008, Fleck was alleged to be the "boyfriend" of Abigail Washburn. In May 2009, the ''Bluegrass Intelligencer'' satirized the upcoming wedding of Washburn and Fleck, joking that the couple promise to have a "male heir" who will be the "Holy Banjo Emperor". In February 2010, ''The Aspen Times'' reported that Washburn had become Fleck's wife in the previous year. In a July 2010 interview, Washburn said she first met her husband in Nashville at a square dance—she was dancing and he was playing.

Discography

Year	Album details	Peak positions
		! width="55"	! width="55"
2005		* Release date: August 2, 2005	* Label: Nettwerk Records	3	—
2011		* Release date: January 11, 2011	* Label: New Rounder	2	9

Afterquake Music

''Afterquake'' EP (2009)

The Sparrow Quartet

''The Sparrow Quartet'' EP (2006)

''Abigail Washburn & The Sparrow Quartet'' (2008)

Uncle Earl

''She Waits for Night'' (2005)

''Waterloo, Tennessee'' (2007)

References

External links

Abigail Washburn official site

Afterquake official site

Article on Abigail Washburn's close relationship with China

Bluegrass Over Beijing, by Ron Gluckman

Abigail Washburn interview from Popmatters

Official Myspace

Official Facebook Page

Review of 'City of Refuge' by Folk Radio UK

Profile of Abigail Washburn on PBS NewsHour

Listening

Abigail Washburn at NPR Music

Audio interview from National Public Radio ''Morning Edition'' program

Audio samples from ''Song of the Traveling Daughter''

Category:American singers Category:American banjoists Category:Old-time musicians Category:People from Evanston, Illinois Category:1979 births Category:Living people

it:Abigail Washburn

Coordinates	40°26′30″N80°00′00″N
Name	Tom Novy
Background	non_vocal_instrumentalist
Birth name	Thomas Reichold
Genre	House, trance
Occupation	Record producer, DJ
Years active	1995–present
Label	Kosmo Records, Rulin Records, Data Records, Ministry Of Sound Australia
Website	http://www.tomnovy.de
Past members	}}

Tom Novy (born Thomas Reichold)

Novy started producing music in 1994 when he signed for the Munich based record label, Kosmo Records, with his first record, "I House U", a cover of the Jungle Brothers' "I'll House You", with lyrics by Novy. His original tracks ran more along the subgenre of European-flavoured progressive house, until he started working with Eniac, better known as co-producer of DJ Tomcraft. Since then, Novy has moved to a Chicago-style garage house sound, usually vocalized. After a few more tracks on his own, Novy has once more taken on a studio partner, Adrian Misiewicz of DJ Manga.

Discography

Singles

Tom Novy

1995 "I House U"

1996 "The Odyssey" (with Afrika Islam & Vicky Culhoun)

1997 "Creator" (with Oliver Morgenroth)

1999 "I Rock" (with Adrian Misiewicz & Virginia) - #55 UK

2000 "Now Or Never" (with Adrian Misiewicz & Lima - #64 UK

2000 "My Definition EP"

2000 "Welcome To The Race" (with Adrian Misiewicz & Lima)

2000 "Music Is Wonderful" (with Adrian Misiewicz & Lima)

2001 "Back To The Streets"

2002 "It's Over" (with Sabrynaah Pope)

2003 "Loving You" (with Adrian Misiewicz)

2003 "Without Your Love" (with Adrian Misiewicz & Lima) - #80 AUS

2004 "Your Body" (with Adrian Misiewicz & Michael Marshall) - #36 AUS

2005 "Take It (Closing Time)" (with Adrian Misiewicz, Jan Krause & Lima) - #54 AUS

2006 "Unexpected" (with Adrian Bahil & Robin Felder)

2007 "My House" (with Adrian Bahil & Michael Marshall)

2008 "Runaway" (with Adrian Bahil & Abigail Bailey)

2008 "Ziganje" (with Adrian Bahil)

2009 "(My City Is) My Lab" (with Adrian Bahil & Sandra Nasic)

2009 "Follow Me To Ibiza 2009"

2010 "Touch my Junk" GU Music

Novy vs. Eniac

:''All were collaborations with Eniac

1998 "Smoke Dis"

1998 "Superstar" - #25 Switzerland, #30 Austria, #32 UK, #56 Netherlands

1998 "Someday > Somehow" (with Virginia)

1999 "Pumpin" - #19 UK

Other aliases

2003 "@ Work", as Supermodel DJs (with Phil Fuldner)

2005 "I Need Your Lovin", as Casanovy (with Adrian Misiewicz)

2006 "New Dimension", as Yvonn (with Adrian Bahil and Bill Brown)

2006 "The Power", as Tom Novy vs. TV Rock (with TV Rock)

2007 "Slap That Bitch", as Tom Novy vs. JCA (with Jean-Claude Ades, Patty the Downtownprincess and Simone Anés)

Albums

2000 ''My Definition''

2006 ''Superstar''

References

External links

Official site in German or English

Category:Year of birth missing (living people) Category:Living people Category:German electronic musicians Category:German DJs Category:German record producers

de:Tom Novy nl:Tom Novy pl:Tom Novy