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Allmusic (previously All Music Guide or AMG; stylized as allmusic) is a service of music guide, owned by All Media Guide. Allmusic was founded in 1991 by popular-culture archivist Michael Erlewine as a guide for consumers. Its first reference book was published the following year. AMG on the Internet predates the World Wide Web and was first available as a Gopher site.

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All Music Guide to the Blues

All Music Guide to Jazz

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Coordinates	11°47′00″N70°14′00″N
name	Jim Jones
birth name	James W. Jones
birth date	May 13, 1931
birth place	Lynn, Indiana, U.S.
death date	November 18, 1978
death place	Jonestown, Guyana
occupation	Leader, Peoples Temple }}

James Warren "Jim" Jones (May 13, 1931 – November 18, 1978) was the founder and leader of the Peoples Temple, which is best known for the November 18, 1978 mass suicide of more than 900 Temple members in Jonestown, Guyana along with the killings of five other people at a nearby airstrip.

Jones was born in Indiana and started the Temple in that state in the 1950s. Jones and the Temple later moved to California, and both gained notoriety with the move of the Temple's headquarters to San Francisco in the mid-1970s.

The incident in Guyana ranks among the largest mass murders/mass suicides in history, and was the single greatest loss of American civilian life in a non-natural disaster until the events of September 11, 2001. Among the dead was Leo Ryan, who remains the only Congressman assassinated in the line of duty as a Congressman in the history of the United States.

Early life

Jim Jones was born in Crete, Indiana, a rural unincorporated community in Randolph County near the Ohio border, to James Thurman Jones (May 31, 1887 – May 29, 1951), a World War I veteran, and Lynetta Putnam (April 16, 1902 – December 11, 1977). He was of Irish and Welsh descent. Jones would later claim partial Cherokee ancestry through his mother, though this was likely false according to his maternal second cousin Barbara Shaffer. Economic difficulties during the Great Depression necessitated that Jones' family move to nearby Lynn, Indiana in 1934. Jim Jones and a childhood friend both claimed that Jones' father was associated with the Ku Klux Klan.

In interviews for the 2006 documentary ''Jonestown: The Life and Death of Peoples Temple'', childhood acquaintances recalled Jones as being a "really weird kid" who was "obsessed with religion ... obsessed with death". They alleged that as a child, Jones frequently held funerals for small animals and had reportedly stabbed a cat to death.

Jones was a voracious reader as a child and studied Joseph Stalin, Karl Marx, Mahatma Gandhi and Adolf Hitler carefully, noting each of their strengths and weaknesses. After Jones' parents separated, he moved with his mother to Richmond, Indiana. He graduated from Richmond High School early and with honors in December 1948.

Jones married nurse Marceline Baldwin in 1949, and moved to Bloomington, Indiana. He attended Indiana University at Bloomington, where a speech by Eleanor Roosevelt about the plight of African Americans impressed him. Jones' sympathetic statements about communism offended Marceline's grandmother. In 1951, Jones moved to Indianapolis, where he attended night school at Butler University, earning a degree in secondary education in 1961.

Building the Temple

Indiana beginnings

In 1951, Jones became a member of the Communist Party USA, and began attending meetings and rallies in Indianapolis. He became flustered with harassment he received during the McCarthy Hearings, particularly regarding an event he attended with his mother focusing on Paul Robeson, after which she was harassed by the FBI in front of her co-workers for attending. He also became frustrated with what he perceived to be ostracism of open communists in the United States, especially during the trial of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg. This frustration, among other things, provoked a seminal moment for Jones in which he asked himself "how can I demonstrate my Marxism? The thought was, infiltrate the church."

Jones' interest in religion began during his childhood, primarily because he found making friends difficult, though initially he vacillated on his church of choice. Jones was surprised when a Methodist superintendent helped him to get a start in the church even though he knew Jones to be a communist and Jones did not meet him through the Communist Party. In 1952, Jones became a student pastor in Sommerset Southside Methodist Church, but claims he left that church because its leaders barred him from integrating blacks into his congregation. Around this time, Jones witnessed a faith-healing service at the Seventh Day Baptist Church. He observed that it attracted people and their money and concluded that, with financial resources from such healings, he could help accomplish his social goals.

Jones then began his own church, which changed names until it became the Peoples Temple Christian Church Full Gospel. Jones sold pet monkeys door-to-door to raise funds for his church.

Jones moved away from the Communist Party and Maoists when CPUSA members and Mao Tse-tung became critical of some of the policies of former Soviet leader Joseph Stalin.

Integrationist

In 1960, Indianapolis Democratic Mayor Charles Boswell appointed Jones director of the Human Rights Commission. Jones ignored Boswell's advice to keep a low profile, finding new outlets for his views on local radio and television programs. When the mayor and other commissioners asked Jones to curtail his public actions, he resisted and was wildly cheered at a meeting of the NAACP and Urban League when he yelled for his audience to be more militant, and climaxed with "Let my people go!"

During this time, Jones also helped to integrate churches, restaurants, the telephone company, the police department, a theater, an amusement park, and the Methodist Hospital. After swastikas were painted on the homes of two African American families, Jones personally walked the neighborhood comforting African Americans and counseling white families not to move, in order to prevent white flight. He also set up stings to catch restaurants refusing to serve African American customers and wrote to American Nazi leaders then leaked their responses to the media. When Jones was accidentally placed in the black ward of a hospital after a collapse in 1961, he refused to be moved and began to make the beds, and empty the bed pans of black patients. Political pressures resulting from Jones' actions caused hospital officials to desegregate the wards.

Jones received considerable criticism in Indiana for his integrationist views. White-owned businesses and locals were critical of him. A swastika was placed on the Temple, a stick of dynamite was left in a Temple coal pile, and a dead cat was thrown at Jones' house after a threatening phone call. Other incidents occurred, though some suspect that Jones himself may have been involved in at least some of them.

Jones' "Rainbow Family"

Jim and Marceline Jones adopted several children of at least partial non-Caucasian ancestry; he referred to the clan as his "rainbow family," and stated: "Integration is a more personal thing with me now. It's a question of my son's future." Jones portrayed the Temple overall as a "rainbow family."

The couple adopted three children of Korean-American ancestry: Lew, Suzanne and Stephanie. Jones had been encouraging Temple members to adopt orphans from war ravaged Korea. Jones had long been critical of the United States' opposition to communist leader Kim Il-Sung's 1950 invasion of South Korea, calling it the "war of liberation" and stating that "the south is a living example of all that socialism in the north has overcome." In 1954, he and his wife also adopted Agnes Jones, who was partly of Native American descent. Agnes was 11 at the time of her adoption. Suzanne Jones was adopted at the age of six in 1959. In June 1959, the couple had their only biological child, Stephan Gandhi Jones.

Two years later, in 1961, the Joneses became the first white couple in Indiana to adopt a black child, James Warren Jones, Jr. Marceline was once spat upon while she carried Jim Jr.

The couple also adopted another son, who was white, named Tim. Tim Jones, whose birth mother was a member of the Peoples Temple, was originally named Timothy Glen Tupper.

Asylum

After a 1961 Temple speech about nuclear apocalypse, and a January 1962 ''Esquire Magazine'' article listing Belo Horizonte, Brazil, as a safe place in a nuclear war, Jones traveled with his family to the Brazilian city with the idea of setting up a new Temple location.

On his way to Brazil, Jones made his first trip into Guyana. After arriving in Belo Horizonte, the Joneses rented a modest three bedroom home. Jones studied the local economy and receptiveness of racial minorities to his message, though language remained a barrier. Jones was careful not to portray himself as a communist in a foreign territory, and spoke of an apostolic communal lifestyle rather than of Castro or Marx.

After becoming frustrated with the lack of resources in the locale, in mid-1963, the Joneses moved to Rio de Janeiro. There, they worked with the poor in Rio's slums. Jones also explored local Brazilian religion.

Jones was plagued by guilt for leaving behind the Indiana civil rights struggle and possibly losing what he had struggled to build there. When Jones' associate preachers in Indiana told him that the Temple was about to collapse without him, Jones returned.

California Eden

After Jones' return to Indiana from Brazil, in 1965, Jones claimed that the world would be engulfed in a nuclear war on July 15, 1967, that would then create a new socialist Eden on earth, and that the Temple must move to Northern California for safety. Accordingly, the Temple began moving to Happy Valley, California, near Ukiah.

While Jones always spoke of the social gospel's virtues, before the late 1960s Jones chose to conceal that his gospel was actually communism. By the late 1960s, Jones began at least partially openly revealing in Temple sermons his "Apostolic Socialism" concept. Specifically, "those who remained drugged with the opiate of religion had to be brought to enlightenment — socialism." Jones often mixed those concepts, such as preaching that "If you're born in capitalist America, racist America, fascist America, then you're born in sin. But if you're born in socialism, you're not born in sin."

By the early 1970s, Jones began deriding traditional Christianity as "fly away religion," rejecting the Bible as being white men’s justification to subordinate women and subjugate people of color and stating that it spoke of a "Sky God" who was no God at all. Jones authored a booklet titled "The Letter Killeth," criticizing the King James Bible. Jones also began preaching that he was the reincarnation of Jesus of Nazareth, Mahatma Gandhi, Buddha, Vladimir Lenin, and Father Divine. In the documentary ''Jonestown: The Life and Death of Peoples Temple'', former Temple member Hue Fortson, Jr. quoted Jones as saying, "What you need to believe in is what you can see ... If you see me as your friend, I'll be your friend. As you see me as your father, I'll be your father, for those of you that don't have a father ... If you see me as your savior, I'll be your savior. If you see me as your God, I'll be your God."

By the spring of 1976, Jones began openly admitting even to outsiders that he was an atheist. Despite the Temple's fear that the IRS was investigating its religious tax exemption, by 1977 Marceline Jones admitted to the ''New York Times'' that, as early as age 18 when he watched his then idol Mao Zedong overthrow the Chinese government, Jim Jones realized that the way to achieve social change through Marxism in the United States was to mobilize people through religion. She stated that "Jim used religion to try to get some people out of the opiate of religion," and had slammed the Bible on the table yelling "I've got to destroy this paper idol!" In one sermon, Jones said that, "You're gonna help yourself, or you'll get no help! There's only one hope of glory; that's within you! Nobody's gonna come out of the sky! There's no heaven up there! We'll have to make heaven down here!"

Move to San Francisco

The move of Peoples Temple headquarters to San Francisco in 1975 invigorated Jones' political career. After the Temple served an important role in the mayoral election victory of George Moscone in 1975, Moscone appointed Jones as the Chairman of the San Francisco Housing Authority Commission.

Unlike most other figures deemed as cult leaders, Jones was able to gain public support and contact with prominent local and national United States politicians. For example, Jones and Moscone met privately with vice presidential candidate Walter Mondale on his campaign plane days before the 1976 election and Mondale publicly praised the Temple. First Lady Rosalynn Carter also personally met with Jones on multiple occasions, corresponded with him about Cuba, and spoke with him at the grand opening of the San Francisco Democratic Party Headquarters where Jones garnered louder applause than Mrs. Carter.

In September 1976, Willie Brown served as master of ceremonies at a large testimonial dinner for Jones attended by Governor Jerry Brown and Lieutenant Governor Mervyn Dymally and other political figures. At that dinner, while introducing Jones, Willie Brown stated "Let me present to you what you should see every day when you look in the mirror in the early morning hours ... Let me present to you a combination of Martin King, Angela Davis, Albert Einstein ... Chairman Mao." Harvey Milk, who spoke at political rallies at the Temple, and wrote to Jones after a visit to the Temple: "Rev Jim, It may take me many a day to come back down from the high that I reach today. I found something dear today. I found a sense of being that makes up for all the hours and energy placed in a fight. I found what you wanted me to find. I shall be back. For I can never leave."

In his San Francisco Temple apartment, Jones regularly hosted San Francisco radical political figures such as Angela Davis for discussions. He spoke with friend and ''San Francisco Sun-Reporter'' publisher Dr. Carlton Goodlett about Jones' remorse regarding not being able to travel to socialist countries such as China and the Soviet Union, speculating that he could be Chief Dairyman of the Soviet Union. After his criticisms caused increased tensions with the Nation of Islam, Jones spoke at a huge rally healing the rift between the two groups in the Los Angeles Convention center attended by many of Jones' closest political acquaintances. Jones also enjoyed a favorable relationship with Warith Deen Mohammed, son of Nation of Islam leader Elijah Muhammad.

While Jones forged media alliances with key columnists and others at the ''San Francisco Chronicle'' and other media outlets, the move to San Francisco also brought increasing media scrutiny. After Chronicle reporter Marshall Kilduff encountered resistance to publishing an exposé, he brought his story to New West Magazine. In the summer of 1977, Jones and several hundred Temple members moved to the Temple's "Agricultural Project" in Guyana after they learned of the contents of Kilduff's article to be published in which former Temple members claimed they were physically, emotionally, and sexually abused. Jones named the settlement Jonestown after himself.

Jonestown's formation and operation

Jones had first started building Jonestown in 1974 as a means to create both a "socialist paradise" and a "sanctuary" from the media scrutiny which had started in 1972. Regarding the former goal, Jones purported to establish Jonestown as a benevolent model communist community stating, "I believe we’re the purest communists there are." In that regard, like the restrictive emigration policies of the then Soviet Union, Cuba, North Korea and other communist states, Jones did not permit members to leave Jonestown.

Religious scholar Mary McCormick Maaga argues that Jones' authority decreased after he moved to the isolated commune, because he was not needed for recruitment and he could not hide his drug addiction from rank and file members. In spite of the allegations prior to Jones' departure to Jonestown, the leader was still respected by some for setting up a racially mixed church which helped the disadvantaged; 68 percent of Jonestown's residents were black.

New children

Jim Jones claimed that he was the biological father of John Victor Stoen, although the birth certificate lists Grace and Timothy Stoen as the parents of the boy. The Temple repeatedly claimed that Jones fathered the child when, in 1971, Temple member Tim Stoen had requested that Jones have sex with Grace Stoen to keep her from defecting. After Grace Stoen later defected in 1976 and began divorce proceedings against Tim Stoen in 1977, in order to avoid potentially giving up the boy in a custody dispute with Grace, Jones ordered Tim to take John to Guyana in February 1977.

After purported father Tim Stoen defected from the Temple in June 1977, the Temple kept John Stoen in Jonestown. The custody dispute over John Stoen would become a linchpin of several battles between the Temple and the Concerned Relatives.

Jim Jones also fathered a son, Jim Jon (Kimo), with Carolyn Louise Moore Layton, a Temple member.

Pressure and waning political support

While most of Jones' political allies broke ties after Jones' departure, some did not. As a show of support, Willie Brown spoke out against enemies at a rally at the Peoples Temple, also attended by Harvey Milk and Art Agnos. Most importantly for Jones and the Temple, Moscone's office shortly thereafter issued a press release saying that Jones had broken no laws. In the Fall of 1977, Tim Stoen and other relatives in Jonestown formed a "Concerned Relatives" group. Stoen traveled to Washington D.C. in January 1978 to visit with Congressmen, including Leo Ryan and State Department officials, and wrote a "white paper" to Congress detailing the dispute and pressing for Congressional correspondence. Stoen's efforts aroused the curiosity of Ryan, who wrote a letter on Stoen's behalf to Guyanese Prime Minister Forbes Burnham.

Amidst growing pressure in the United States to investigate the Temple, on February 19, 1978, Harvey Milk wrote a letter of support for the Peoples Temple to President Jimmy Carter. Therein, Milk wrote that Jones was known "as a man of the highest character." Regarding the leader of those attempting to extricate relatives from Jonestown, Milk wrote he was "attempting to damage Rev. Jones reputation" with "apparent bold-faced lies."

On April 11, 1978, the Concerned Relatives distributed a packet of documents, including letters and affidavits, that they titled an "Accusation of Human Rights Violations by Rev. James Warren Jones" to the Peoples Temple, members of the press and members of Congress. In June 1978, escaped Temple member Deborah Layton provided the group with a further affidavit detailing alleged crimes by the Peoples Temple and substandard living conditions in Jonestown.

Facing increasing scrutiny, in the summer of 1978, Jones also hired noted JFK assassination conspiracy theorists Mark Lane and Donald Freed to help make the case of a "grand conspiracy" by intelligence agencies against the Peoples Temple. Jones told Lane he wanted to "pull an Eldridge Cleaver", referring to a fugitive Black Panther who was able to return to the United States after repairing his reputation.

Visit by Congressman Ryan, murders

In November 1978, U.S. Congressman Leo Ryan led a fact-finding mission to Jonestown to investigate allegations of human rights abuses. Ryan's delegation included relatives of Temple members, Don Harris, an NBC network news reporter, an NBC cameraman and reporters for various newspapers. The group arrived in Georgetown on November 15. On November 17, Ryan's delegation traveled by airplane to Jonestown. The delegation left hurriedly the afternoon of November 18 after Temple member Don Sly attacked Ryan with a knife. The attack was thwarted, bringing the visit to an abrupt end. Congressman Ryan and his people succeeded in taking with them fifteen People's Temple members who had expressed a wish to leave. At that time, Jones made no attempt to prevent their departure.

Port Kaituma Airstrip shootings

As members of Ryan's delegation boarded two planes at the airstrip, Jones' "Red Brigade" armed guards arrived in a tractor-pulled trailer and began shooting at the delegation. The guards killed Congressman Ryan and four others near a twin engine Otter aircraft. At the same time, one of the supposed defectors, Larry Layton, drew a weapon and began firing on members of the party that had already boarded a small Cessna. An NBC cameraman was able to capture footage of the first few seconds of the shooting at the Otter. The five killed at the airstrip were Congressman Ryan; Don Harris, a reporter from NBC; Bob Brown, a cameraman from NBC; San Francisco Examiner photographer Greg Robinson; and Temple member Patricia Parks. Surviving the attack were future Congresswoman Jackie Speier, then a staff member for Ryan; Richard Dwyer, the Deputy Chief of Mission from the U.S. Embassy at Georgetown; Bob Flick, a producer for NBC News; Steve Sung, an NBC sound engineer; Tim Reiterman, a ''San Francisco Examiner'' reporter; Ron Javers, a ''San Francisco Chronicle'' reporter; Charles Krause, a ''Washington Post'' reporter; and several defecting Temple members.

Deaths in Jonestown

Later that same day, 909 inhabitants of Jonestown, 303 of them children, died of apparent cyanide poisoning, mostly in and around a pavilion. This resulted in the greatest single loss of American civilian life in a non-natural disaster until the September 11, 2001 attacks. No video was taken during the mass suicide, though the FBI did recover a 45 minute audio recording of the suicide in progress.

On that tape, Jones tells Temple members that the Soviet Union, with whom the Temple had been negotiating a potential exodus for months, would not take them after the Temple had murdered Ryan and four others at a nearby airstrip. The reason given by Jones to commit suicide was consistent with his previously stated conspiracy theories of intelligence organizations allegedly conspiring against the Temple, that men would "parachute in here on us," "shoot some of our innocent babies" and "they'll torture our children, they'll torture some of our people here, they'll torture our seniors." Parroting Jones' prior statements that hostile forces would convert captured children to fascism, one temple member states "the ones that they take captured, they're gonna just let them grow up and be dummies." Given that reasoning, Jones and several members argued that the group should commit "revolutionary suicide" by drinking cyanide-laced grape flavored Flavor-Aid along with a sedative. One member, Christine Miller, dissents toward the beginning of the tape. When members apparently cried, Jones counseled "Stop this hysterics. This is not the way for people who are Socialists or Communists to die. No way for us to die. We must die with some dignity." Jones can be heard saying, "Don't be afraid to die," that death is "just stepping over into another plane" and that "[death is] a friend." At the end of the tape, Jones concludes: "We didn't commit suicide, we committed an act of revolutionary suicide protesting the conditions of an inhumane world." According to escaping Temple members, children were given the drink first and families were told to lie down together. Mass suicide had been previously discussed in simulated events called "White Nights" on a regular basis. During at least one such prior White Night, members drank liquid that Jones falsely told them was poison.

Jones was found dead in a deck chair with a gunshot wound to his head that Guyanese coroner Cyrill Mootoo stated was consistent with a self-inflicted gun wound. However, Jones' son Stephan believes his father may have directed someone else to shoot him. An autopsy of Jones' body also showed levels of the barbiturate Pentobarbital which may have been lethal to humans who had not developed physiological tolerance. Jones' drug usage (including LSD and marijuana) was confirmed by his son, Stephan, and Jones' doctor in San Francisco.

Other issues

On December 13, 1973, Jones was arrested and charged with soliciting a man for sex in a movie theater bathroom known for homosexual activity, in MacArthur Park in Los Angeles. The man was an undercover Los Angeles Police Department vice officer. Jones is on record as later telling his followers that he was "the only true heterosexual", but at least one account exists of his sexual abuse of a male member of his congregation in front of the followers, ostensibly to prove the man's own homosexual tendencies.

While Jones banned sex among Temple members outside of marriage, he himself voraciously engaged in sexual relations with both male and female Temple members. Jones, however, claimed that he detested engaging in homosexual activity and did so only for the male temple adherents' own good, purportedly to connect them symbolically with him (Jones).

One of Jones' sources of inspiration was the controversial International Peace Mission movement leader Father Divine. Jones had borrowed the term "revolutionary suicide" from Black Panther leader and Peoples Temple supporter Huey Newton who had argued "the slow suicide of life in the ghetto" ought to be replaced by revolutionary struggle that would end only in victory (socialism and self determination) or revolutionary suicide (death).

Family aftermath

Marceline

Jim Jones' wife, Marceline, was found poisoned at the pavilion. On the final morning of Ryan's visit, Marceline had taken reporters on a tour of Jonestown.

Found near Marceline Jones' body was a signed and witnessed will leaving all bank accounts "in my name" to the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and writing that Suzanne Jones Cartmell should receive no assets.

Stephan, Jim Jr. and Tim Jones

Stephan, Jim Jr., and Tim Jones did not take part in the mass suicide because they were playing with the Peoples Temple basketball team against the Guyanese national team in Georgetown. At the time of events in Jonestown, Stephan and Tim were both nineteen and Jim Jones Jr. was eighteen. Tim's biological family, the Tuppers, which consisted of his three biological sisters, biological brother, and biological mother, all died at Jonestown. Three days before the tragedy, Stephan Jones refused, over the radio, to comply with an order by his father to return the team to Jonestown for Ryan's visit.

During the events at Jonestown, Stephan, Tim, and Jim Jones Jr. drove to the American Embassy in Guyana in an attempt to receive help. The Guyanese soldiers guarding the embassy refused to let them in after hearing about the shootings at the Port Kaituma airstrip. Later, the three returned to the Temple's headquarters in Georgetown to find the bodies of Sharon Amos and her three children. Guyanese soldiers kept the Jones brothers under house arrest for five days, interrogating them about the deaths in Georgetown. Stephan Jones was accused of being involved in the Georgetown deaths, and was placed in a Guyanese prison for three months. Tim Jones and Johnny Cobb, another member of the Peoples Temple basketball team, were asked to go to Jonestown and help identify the bodies of people who had died. After returning to the United States, Jim Jones Jr. was placed under police surveillance for several months while he lived with his older sister, Suzanne, who had previously turned against the Temple.

When Jonestown was first being established, Stephan Jones had originally avoided two attempts by his father to relocate to the settlement. He eventually moved to Jonestown after a third and final attempt. He has since said that he gave into his father's wishes to move to Jonestown because of his mother. Stephan Jones is now a businessman, and married with three daughters. He appeared in the documentary ''Jonestown: Paradise Lost'' which aired on the History Channel and Discovery Channel. He stated he will not watch the documentary and has never grieved for his father. Jim Jones Jr., who lost his wife and unborn child at Jonestown, returned to San Francisco. He remarried and has three sons from this marriage, including Rob Jones, a high-school basketball star who went on to play for the University of San Diego before transferring to Saint Mary's College of California.

Lew, Agnes and Suzanne Jones

Lew and Agnes Jones both died at Jonestown. Agnes Jones was thirty-five years old at the time of her death. Her husband and four children all died at Jonestown. Lew Jones, who was twenty-one years old at the time of his death, died alongside his wife Terry and son Chaeoke. Stephanie Jones had died at age five in a car accident. Suzanne Jones married Mike Cartmell; both turned against the Temple and were not in Jonestown on November 18, 1978. After this decision to abandon the Temple, Jones referred to Suzanne openly as "my goddamned, no good for nothing daughter" and stated that she was not to be trusted. In a signed note found at the time of her death, Marceline Jones directed that the Jones' funds were to be given to the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and specified: "I especially request that none of these are allowed to get into the hands of my adopted daughter, Suzanne Jones Cartmell." Cartmell had two children and died of colon cancer in November 2006.

John Stoen and Kimo

Specific references to Tim Stoen, the father of John Stoen, including the logistics of possibly murdering him, are made on the Temple's final "death tape," as well as a discussion over whether the Temple should include John Stoen among those committing "revolutionary suicide." At Jonestown, John Stoen was found poisoned in Jim Jones' cabin.

Both Jim Jon (Kimo) and his mother, Carolyn Layton, died during the events at Jonestown.

See also

Cult suicide

Doomsday cult

List of people who have claimed to be Jesus

List of Buddha claimants

Notes

References

Bibliography

Chidester, David, ''Salvation and Suicide: Jim Jones, the People's Temple and Jonestown (Religion in North America)'', 2nd rev.ed., Indiana University Press, 2004. ISBN 978-0253216328

Klineman, George and Sherman Butler. ''The Cult That Died''. G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1980. ISBN 0-399-12540-X.

Layton, Deborah. ''Seductive Poison''. Anchor Books, 1999. ISBN 0-385-48984-6.

Maaga, Mary McCormick. ''Hearing the voices of Jonestown''. Syracuse University Press, 1998. ISBN 0-8156-0515-3.

Naipaul, Shiva. ''Black & White''. Hamish Hamilton, London, 1980. ISBN 0-241-10337-1.

External links

The Jonestown Institute

FBI No. Q 042 The "Jonestown Death Tape", Recorded 18 November 1978 (Internet Archive)

Transcript of Jones' final speech, just before the mass suicide

The first part of a series of articles about Jim Jones published in the San Francisco Examiner in 1972.

History Channel Video and Stills

Isaacson, Barry. From Silver Lake to Suicide: One Family's Secret History of the Jonestown Massacre

Mass Suicide at Jonestown: 30 Years Later, Time magazine

Jonestown 30 Years Later photo gallery published Friday, October 17, 2008.

American Experience documentary, "Jonestown: The Life And Death Of Peoples Temple", shown on PBS

Jonestown: 25 Years Later How spiritual journey ended in destruction: Jim Jones led his flock to death in jungle by Michael Taylor, San Francisco Chronicle staff writer. Published Thursday, November 12, 1998.

Utopian nightmare Jonestown: What did we learn? Larry D. Hatfield, of The Examiner staff, Gregory Lewis and Eric Brazil of The Examiner staff and Examiner Librarian Judy Canter contributed to this report. Published Sunday, November 8, 1998.

Jones Captivated S.F.'s Liberal Elite: They were late to discover how cunningly he curried favor by Michael Taylor, San Francisco Chronicle staff writer. And [Haunted by Memories of Hell ] by Kevin Fagan, San Francisco Chronicle staff writer. Published Thursday, November 12, 1998. Both stories were included in the first of a two-part series.

The End To Innocent Acceptance Of Sects Sharper scrutiny is Jonestown legacy by Don Lattin, San Francisco Chronicle religion writer. And Most Peoples Temple Documents Still Sealed by Michael Taylor and Don Lattin, San Francisco Chronicle staff writers. And Surviving the Heart of Darkness: Twenty years later, Jackie Speier remembers how her companions and rum helped her endure the night of the Jonestown massacre by Maitland Zane, San Francisco Chronicle staff writer. Published Friday, November 13, 1998. All stories were included in the second part of a two-part series.

Inside Peoples Temple Marshall Kilduff and Phil Tracy, Used by permission of authors for the San Francisco Chronicle. Published Monday, August 1, 1977.

Category:1931 births Category:1978 deaths Category:African Americans' rights activists Category:American atheists Category:American communists Category:Bisexual people Category:Butler University alumni Category:Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) clergy Category:former Christians Category:Deaths by firearm in Guyana Category:Faith healers Category:Founders of religions Category:History of Guyana Category:LGBT people from the United States Category:Members of the Communist Party USA Category:People from Randolph County, Indiana Category:People from Richmond, Indiana Category:Peoples Temple Category:Suicides in Guyana Category:American emigrants to Guyana ca:Jim Jones cs:Jim Jones de:Jim Jones es:Jim Jones (pastor) fa:جیم جونز fr:Jim Jones (pasteur) ko:짐 존스 hr:Jim Jones id:James Warren Jones is:Jim Jones it:Jim Jones he:ג'ים ג'ונס hu:Jim Jones nl:Jim Jones ja:ジム・ジョーンズ no:Jim Jones nn:Jim Jones pl:Jim Jones (przywódca sekty) pt:Jim Jones ru:Джонс, Джеймс Уоррен simple:Jim Jones fi:Jim Jones sv:Jim Jones th:จิม โจนส์ tr:Jim Jones zh:吉姆·琼斯

Coordinates	11°47′00″N70°14′00″N
Name	Vincenzo da Via Anfossi
Background	solo_singer
Birth name	Vincenzo De Cesare
Origin	MilanItaly
Born	1972
Genre	Hip hop
Occupation	Rapper
Years active	1998–present
Label	Universal Music
Associated acts	Dogo Gang, Marracash
Website	}}

Biography

Vincenzo da Via Anfossi is an Italian rapper, born and living in Milan, Italy. He starts his career as a writer in the half eighties, being part of the 16K, signing with the nickname ''Aken''. In 1998 he is called to be part of Armata 16, a musical band formed by former members of 16K. His unborn qualities as a rapper singer come out, above all, in the work released by the band in 1999, entitled ''Spiriti liberi''. After this short musical experience he becomes part of the Dogo Gang. After various other collaborations either with members and non members of the band he publishes his first work as solo singer, ''L'ora d'aria'', distributed by Universal and produced by Don Joe and Deleterio, both members of the Dogo Gang. In 2008 he collaborates with Marracash in a tour that will see him going around until august 2009. With Marracash he has participated at the MTV European Music Awards together with Finley (band), Baustelle, Fabri Fibra and Sonohra as best artist of the year 2008 representing Italy, Finley (band) won and will participate at the final event in Liverpool the 6 November 2008.

Discography

With Armata 16

1999: ''Spiriti Liberi''

With the Dogo Gang

2004: ''PMC VS Club Dogo The Official Mixtape''

2005: ''Roccia Music''

2008: ''Benvenuti nella giungla''

Solo

2008: ''L'ora d'aria''

Collaborations

2003

*Club Dogo ft. Vincenzo da via Anfossi - ''Sangue e filigrana'' (prod. Don Joe - da ''Mi Fist'')

*Club Dogo ft. Vincenzo da via Anfossi - ''Phra'' (prod. Don Joe - da ''Mi Fist'')

2004

*Tuer ft. Vincenzo da via Anfossi - ''Occhi per vedere'' (prod. Dj Paolino e Don Joe - Da EP)

2005

*Don Joe & Grand Argent ft. Ask, Vincenzo da Via Anfossi & Marracash - ''Hustlebound'' (prod. Don Joe - da ''Regular'')

*Guè Pequeno & Deleterio ft. Vincenzo da Via Anfossi & Marracash - ''Che nessuno si muova'' (prod. Deleterio - da ''Hashishinz Sound Vol. 1'')

2006

*Rischio ft. Jake La Furia, Marracash & Vincenzo da via Anfossi - ''Il giustiziere della notte'' (prod. Dj Shablo - da ''Reloaded - Lo spettacolo è finito pt.II'')

*Thug Team ft. Marracash & Vincenzo da Via Anfossi - ''Grossi calibri'' (da Strategie)

*Club Dogo ft. Mc Mars & Vincenzo da Via Anfossi - ''Don't Test'' (prod. Don Joe - da ''Penna capitale'')

*Gel & Metal Carter ft. Guè Pequeno, Vincenzo da Via Anfossi & Julia - ''Lavaggio del cervello'' (prod. Lou Chano - ''I più corrotti'')

2007

*EnMiCasa ft. Club Dogo, Marracash & Vincenzo da Via Anfossi - ''La gente fa...'' (da ''Senza respiro'')

*Ted Bundy ft. Marracash & Vincenzo da Via Anfossi - ''Che ne sai della gang'' (prod. Strumentale U.S.A. - da ''Molotov Cocktail'')

*Noyz Narcos ft. Guè Pequeno & Vincenzo da Via Anfossi - ''Real Tv'' (prod. Noyz Narcos - da ''Verano zombie'')

*Space One ft. Club Dogo, Marracash & Vincenzo Da Via Anfossi - ''Pallottole nella lettera'' (prod. Don Joe - da ''Il ritorno'')

*Club Dogo ft. Marracash & Vincenzo Da Via Anfossi - ''Puro Bogotà'' (prod. Don Joe - da ''Vile denaro'')

*Fuossera ft. Marracash & Vincenzo da Via Anfossi - ''Solo andata'' (da ''Spirito e materia'')

*Montenero ft. Don Joe & Vincenzo da Via Anfossi - ''No so niente'' (prod. Don Joe & Deleterio - da ''Milano spara'')

*Montenero ft. Don Joe & Vincenzo da Via Anfossi - ''Così e basta'' (prod. Don Joe & Deleterio - da ''Milano spara'')

2008

*Marracash ft. Vincenzo da Via Anfossi & Jake La Furia - ''Quello Che Deve Arrivare - Arriva Arriva'' (da ''Marracash'')

*Sgarra ft. Jake La Furia & Vincenzo da Via Anfossi - ''Sub Zero'' (prod. Jake La Furia - da ''Disco Imperiale'')

*Sgarra ft. Vincenzo da Via Anfossi - ''Libero Arbitrio'' (prod. Jake La Furia - da ''Disco Imperiale'')

References

External links

MySpace official

Videos on YouTube

My Love

Il Primo e l'Ultimo

9mm

Category:1972 births Category:Italian rappers Category:Living people

es:Vincenzo da Via Anfossi fr:Vincenzo da Via Anfossi it:Vincenzo da Via Anfossi

Coordinates	11°47′00″N70°14′00″N
name	Johnny Ace
background	solo_singer
birth name	John Marshall Alexander, Jr.
alias	Johnny Ace
born	June 09, 1929Memphis, Tennessee, U.S.
died	December 25, 1954Houston, Texas U.S.
genre	R&B;
years active	1949–1954
label	Duke Records
notable instruments	}}

Johnny Ace (June 9, 1929 – December 25, 1954), born John Marshall Alexander, Jr. in Memphis, Tennessee, was an American rhythm and blues singer. He scored a string of hit singles in the mid-1950s before dying of an accidental self-inflicted gunshot wound.

Career

Alexander's father was a preacher in Tennessee. After serving in the navy during the Korean War, Alexander joined Adolph Duncan's Band as a pianist. He then joined the B. B. King band. Soon King departed for Los Angeles and vocalist Bobby Bland joined the army. Alexander took over vocal duties and renamed the band The Beale Streeters, also taking over King's WDIA radio show.

Becoming "Johnny Ace", he signed to Duke Records (originally a Memphis label associated with WDIA) in 1952. Urbane 'heart-ballad' "My Song," his first recording, topped the R&B; charts for nine weeks in September. ("My Song" was covered in 1968 by Aretha Franklin, on the flipside of "See Saw".)

Ace began heavy touring, often with Willa Mae "Big Mama" Thornton. In the next two years, he had eight hits in a row, including "Cross My Heart," "Please Forgive Me," "The Clock," "Yes, Baby," "Saving My Heart for You," and "Never Let Me Go." In December, 1954 he was named the Most Programmed Artist Of 1954 after a national DJ poll organized by U.S. trade weekly Cash Box.

Ace's recordings sold very well for those times. Early in 1955, Duke Records announced that the three 1954 Johnny Ace recordings, along with Thornton's "Hound Dog", had sold more than 1,750,000 records.

Death

After touring for a year, Ace had been performing at the City Auditorium in Houston, Texas on Christmas 1954. During a break between sets, he was playing with a .22 cal revolver. Members of his band said he did this often, sometimes shooting at roadside signs from their car.

It was widely reported that Ace killed himself playing Russian roulette. Big Mama Thornton's bass player Curtis Tillman, however, who witnessed the event, said, "I will tell you exactly what happened! Johnny Ace had been drinking and he had this little pistol he was waving around the table and someone said ‘Be careful with that thing…’ and he said ‘It’s okay! Gun’s not loaded…see?’ and pointed it at himself with a smile on his face and ‘Bang!’ – sad, sad thing. Big Mama ran outta that dressing room yelling ‘Johnny Ace just killed himself!"

Thornton said in a written statement (included in the book ''The Late Great Johnny Ace'') that Ace had been playing with the gun, but not playing Russian roulette. According to Thornton, Ace pointed the gun at his girlfriend and another woman who were sitting nearby, but did not fire. He then pointed the gun toward himself. The gun went off, shooting him in the side of the head.

Ace's funeral was on January 2, 1955, at Memphis' Clayborn Temple AME church. It was attended by an estimated 5000 people.

"Pledging My Love" became a posthumous R&B; #1 hit for ten weeks beginning February 12, 1955. As ''Billboard'' bluntly put it, Ace's death "created one of the biggest demands for a record that has occurred since the death of Hank Williams just over two years ago." His single sides were compiled and released as ''The Johnny Ace Memorial Album''.

Edit: According to Nick Tosches' book ''Unsung Heroes of Rock 'n' Roll'', Johnny Ace actually shot himself with a .32 pistol, not a .22, and it happened only a little more than an hour after he had bought a brand new 1955 Oldsmobile.

ISBN 0-684-18149-5 (Paperback)(c) 1984 pg. 136 Chapter - "Number One With a Bullet"

Tributes

Bob Dylan and Joan Baez performed "Never Let Me Go" on the Rolling Thunder Revue Tour late in 1975.

Elvis Presley covered "Pledging My Love" on his last studio session in 1976. The song appeared on the ''Moody Blue'' album in 1977 at the time of his death.

Paul Simon wrote and performed the song "The Late Great Johnny Ace", in which a boy, upon hearing of the death of Ace, orders a photograph of the deceased singer, describing: "It came all the way from Texas / With a sad and simple face / And they signed it on the bottom / From the Late Great Johnny Ace."

David Allen Coe covered "Pledging My Love", introducing the song with his own recollections of hearing the news of Ace's death.

Johnny Ace is also namechecked by Root Boy Slim in "House Band in Hell" as well as by Dash Rip Rock in the song "Johnny Ace".

Ace's song "Pledging My Love" appears in the 1973 Martin Scorsese film ''Mean Streets'' and John Carpenter's 1983 movie ''Christine'', based on Stephen King's novel. The song also appears in the Abel Ferrara film ''Bad Lieutenant''. The Song Also appears in the movie "Back To the Future" It is playing in the background of the scene with Marty and his mother in the yellow car. It is, however not credited.

The Teen Queens song "Eddie My Love" was originally titled "Johnny My Love" and was written in Johnny's memory.

the Swiss Singer Polo Hofer and the Schmetterband wrote the Song ``Johnny Ace`` in 1985 - it was released on the album Giggerig.

Dave Alvin's 2011 release, Eleven Eleven, contains a song describing his death, called "Johnny Ace is Dead."

Discography

Singles

Original singles issued by Duke Records

"My Song" / "Follow the Rule" (1952)

"Cross My Heart" / "Angel" (1953)

"The Clock" / "Aces Wild" (1953)

"Midnight Hours Journey" / "Trouble and Me" (1954)

"Saving My Love For You" / "Yes, Baby" (duet with Willie Mae "Big Mama" Thornton) (1954)

"Please Forgive Me" / "You've Been Gone So Long" (1954)

"Never Let Me Go" / "Burley Cutie" [Instrumental] (1954)

"Pledging My Love" / "Anymore" (on 78rpm) / "No Money" (on 45rpm) (1955) #1 on U.S. R&B; Chart for 10 weeks, peaked at #17 on U.S. Pop Chart

"Anymore" / "How Can You Be So Mean" (1955)

"So Lonely" / "I'm So Crazy, Baby" (1956)

"Don't You Know" / "I Still Love You So" (1956)

Albums

Studio albums and compilations containing only/mostly Johnny Ace material

''Johnny Ace Memorial Album'' Duke (1955)

''Johnny Ace: Pledging My Love'' Universal Special Products (1986)

''Johnny Ace: The Complete Duke Recordings'' Geffen (2004)

''Blues & Rhythm Series: The Chronological Johnny Ace 1951-1954'' Classics (2005)

''Johnny Ace: Essential Masters'' Burning Fire (digital download) (2008)

Notes and references

Rolling Stone, ''Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll''. New York: 1995. ISBN 0-684-81044-1

Dafydd Rees and Luke Crampton. ''Rock Movers and Shakers''. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 1991. ISBN 0-87436-661-5

''Rock On: The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Rock n' Roll: The Solid Gold Years: 1974'', 1982: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, Harper & Row: New York, New York; ISBN 0-06-181642-6: p001.

*

External links

Hip-O biography

Category:American rhythm and blues singers Category:Flair Records artists Category:Apex Records artists Category:Duke Records artists Category:Suicides by firearm in Texas Category:Musicians who committed suicide Category:People from Memphis, Tennessee Category:Rhythm and blues pianists Category:Musicians from Tennessee Category:1929 births Category:1954 deaths

cs:Johnny Ace de:Johnny Ace es:Johnny Ace fr:Johnny Ace pt:Johnny Ace fi:Johnny Ace sv:Johnny Ace

Coordinates	11°47′00″N70°14′00″N
name	Jason Weaver
birth name	Jason Michael Weaver
birth date	July 18, 1979
birth place	Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
other names	J-Weav
occupation	Actor, singer
website	}}

Jason Michael Weaver (born July 18, 1979) also known by his stage name J-Weav, is an American actor and singer. He is perhaps best known for his television roles as a pre-teenage Michael Jackson in the Emmy Award-winning 1992 miniseries ''The Jacksons: An American Dream'', and as the older brother Marcus Henderson on the WB sitcom ''Smart Guy''.

Early life and career

Weaver attended Illiana Christian High School in Lansing, Illinois and Thornwood High School in South Holland, Illinois. One of Weaver's earliest acting roles was on Oprah Winfrey's 1990 television series ''Brewster Place''. Among Weaver's most notable acting roles have been his portrayal of The Jackson 5-era Michael Jackson in the 1992 miniseries ''The Jacksons: An American Dream'', and his roles on the television sitcoms ''Thea'' (1993–1994) and ''Smart Guy'' (1997–1999).

In 2002, he appeared in ''Drumline'' with Nick Cannon, followed by a role in the ''The Ladykillers'' in 2004. In 2006, Weaver was featured in a supporting role in the film ''ATL'' starring rappers T.I. and Big Boi from OutKast. He also appears as an extra in the music video "Rock Yo Hips" by Crime Mob featuring Lil Scrappy and "Make Up Bag" by The-Dream featuring T.I.

Music career

In addition to acting, Weaver is also a recording artist. He provided the vocals for the singing voice for the cub Simba in the 1994 film ''The Lion King''. The following year, he released his debut album, ''Love Ambition'', on Motown Records which was released on June 27, 1995.

In 2003, he collaborated with rapper Chingy on the track "One Call Away". The single was a Top 5 hit single in the United States.

Discography

Albums

1995: ''Love Ambition''

1996: ''Stay with Me (EP)''

Singles

"Love Ambition (Call on Me)" (1995)

"I Can't Stand the Pain" (1995)

"Stay with Me" (1996)

"Wish That I May" (1999)

Filmography

Film
Year	Film	Role	Notes
1990	''The Long Walk Home''	Franklin Cotter
1994	''The Lion King''	Young Simba	Cub singing voice
2002		Ernest
2004	''The Ladykillers''	Weemack Funthes
2006		Teddy
		Jamal
	Vince
''Diary of a Champion''	TJ Lawson
2010		Ray Ray
Television
Year	Title	Role	Notes
	''The Kid Who Loved Christmas''	Ernie	Television movie
''Brewster Place''	Matthew Thomas	Unknown episodes
1992	''The Jacksons: An American Dream''	Michael Jackson (aged 9–14)	Miniseries
1993–1994		Jerome Turrell	19 episodes
1994	''Summertime Switch''	Fast Freddie Egan	Television movie
1996		DarnellNicky	2 episodes
1997–1999	''Smart Guy''	Marcus Henderson	51 episodes
2000	''Freedom Song''	Isaac Hawkins	Television movie

Awards and nominations

Year	Award	Result	Category	Film or series
1993		Won	Outstanding Young Performers Starring in a Mini-Series	''The Jacksons: An American Dream'' (Shared with Alex Burrall)
1994	Nominated	Outstanding Youth Ensemble in a Television Series	''Thea'' (Shared with Brenden Richard Jefferson
1995	Won	Best Performance by a Young Actor in a Voiceover - TV or Movie	''The Lion King''

References

External links

[[Category:Actors from Chicago, Illinois Category:African American actors Category:American child actors Category:American child singers Category:American film actors Category:American male singers Category:American pop singers Category:American rhythm and blues singers Category:American television actors Category:English-language singers Category:People from Chicago, Illinois Category:1979 births Category:Living people

fr:Jason Weaver