:''For the Boston City Council member, see Tito Jackson (politician)''

name	Tito Jackson
background	solo_singer
birth name	Toriano Adaryll Jackson
born	October 15, 1953Gary, Indiana, U.S.
genre	R&B;, blues
occupation	Musician, singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist
instrument	Guitar, vocals
years active	1964–present
label	Epic, Motown
associated acts	The Jackson 5 }}

Toriano Adaryll "Tito" Jackson (born October 15, 1953) is an American singer and lead guitarist and original member of The Jackson 5. He is the older brother of American pop stars Michael Jackson and Janet Jackson.

Early life and rise to stardom

Tito was born the third of ten children of Joseph and Katherine Jackson. Growing up in a large family, young Tito originally hid his musical talent from his father. While his father was at work, Jackson would play his father's guitar while his siblings danced and sang. It was not until the young Jackson broke a string on the guitar that father Joseph learned about his musical aspirations. Joseph was then inspired to form a group around Tito and his two brothers, Jackie and Jermaine into a band in 1964 called ''The Jackson Brothers''; eventually, younger brothers Marlon and Michael joined the group, and the brothers formed The Jackson 5 in 1964. During the group's tenure at Motown, public relations teams termed Tito as "the quiet Jackson" though he lived a different life out of the spotlight. Despite his talents as a guitarist, Motown refused to allow him or Jermaine, who played bass guitar, to play electric guitar for the duration of the Jackson Five's releases on Motown. Tito did not play guitar on his brothers' records until the group left for Philadelphia International in 1976 and changed their name to The Jacksons. Tito also started to contribute lead vocals and co-write several hit songs for his brothers after the release of the 1978 hit album, ''Destiny''. The Jacksons followed up with an album titled ''Triumph'' which sold 3 million copies in the US and 10 million copies worldwide. In 1984, the group released ''Victory'' (reuniting the group with Jermaine) and followed it up with a tour. Tito sang lead on "We Can Change The World," and played many of the instruments; his other contributions to the album were limited to backing vocals. The subsequent tour would be one of the Jacksons' greatest successes, but almost immediately afterward, lead singer Michael Jackson resigned from the group. Brother Marlon also quit following the Victory Tour.

In 1985, Tito, along with other members of the Jackson family, participated in USA for Africa's famine-relief fund-raising single "We Are the World".

The Jacksons' final release, ''2300 Jackson Street'' was a more "New Jack Swing"-oriented album, whose title song reunited all of the members of the Jackson family (minus LaToya). Tito did not contribute guitar parts to the record; however, he did contribute vocals, including a narration that precedes the first song.

He served as executive producer for the show ''The Jacksons: A Family Dynasty'' along with the rest of his brothers. The show has yet to see a second season.

Tito continues to tour with his original music, with various band members including producer/guitarist Angelo Earl and a management team that includes Ed Tate.

Personal life

Tito married Delores "Dee Dee" Martes (April 1, 1955 – August 27, 1994) in June 1972 at the age of 18, and later divorced in 1993. The couple had three sons, who compose the musical group 3T:

Toriano Adaryll Jackson II. ("Taj") (born August 4, 1973)

Taryll Adren Jackson (born August 8, 1975)

Tito Joseph Jackson ("TJ") (born July 16, 1978)

During the summer of 2008, the Jackson family (including Tito) stayed at a holiday let (rental) for six weeks in Appledore, in Devon, England while searching for a house to buy in the area. The project was filmed for a Channel 4 documentary called "The Jacksons are Coming", which was aired in 2008.

In popular culture

Tito was portrayed by Gerrick Winston in the 2004 film ''Man in the Mirror: The Michael Jackson Story'', the biopic of Michael Jackson which first aired on VH1.

Discography

(2003) ''I Gotta Play'' #''Call My Job'' #''Caldonia'' #''I Gotta Play'' #''Stormy Monday'' #''Big Legged Woman''

(2011) ''So Far So Good'' #''So Good'' (feat. 3T) #''We Made It'' #''Cruisin''

References

External links

Official Website

Category:1953 births Category:African American musicians Category:African American singers Category:American baritones Category:American blues guitarists Category:American male singers Category:American pop singers Category:American rhythm and blues guitarists Tito Jackson Category:Living people Category:Musicians from Indiana Category:People from Gary, Indiana Category:Reality television judges Tito Jackson

az:Tito Cekson de:Tito Jackson es:Tito Jackson fa:تیتو جکسون fr:Tito Jackson ko:티토 잭슨 it:Tito Jackson hu:Tito Jackson nl:Tito Jackson ja:ティト・ジャクソン nn:Tito Jackson pl:Tito Jackson pt:Tito Jackson fi:Tito Jackson sv:Tito Jackson tr:Tito Jackson zh:狄托·傑克森

Name	Josip Broz Tito
Honorific-prefix	Marshal
Birth date	25 May 1892
Birth place	Kumrovec, Croatia-Slavonia, Austria-Hungary(modern Croatia)
Ethnicity	Croat
Nationality	Yugoslav
Religion	None (Atheist)(formerly Roman Catholic)
Death date	May 04, 1980
Death place	Ljubljana, Slovenia, Yugoslavia
Restingplace	House of Flowers
Restingplacecoordinates
Spouse	Pelagija Broz (1919–1939), div.Herta Haas (1940–43) Jovanka Broz (1952–1980)
Partner	Davorijanka Paunović
Children	Zlatica Broz, Hinko Broz, Žarko Leon Broz and Aleksandar Broz
Occupation	Machinist, revolutionary, resistance commander, statesman
Party	League of Communists of Yugoslavia (SKJ)
Office1	President of Yugoslavia
Order1	1st
Primeminister1	''Himself'' (1953–1963)Petar Stambolić (1963–1967)Mika Špiljak (1967–1969)Mitja Ribičič (1969–1971)Džemal Bijedić (1971–1977)Veselin Đuranović (1977–1980)
Term start1	14 January 1953
Term end1	4 May 1980
Predecessor2	Ivan Ribar(as President of the Presidency of the People's Assembly)
Successor1	Lazar Koliševski(as President of the Presidency of SFR Yugoslavia)
Office2	1st Secretary-Generalof the Non-Aligned Movement
Term start2	1 September 1961
Term end2	5 October 1964
Predecessor2	''Position created''
Successor2	Gamal Abdel Nasser
Office3	Prime Minister of Yugoslavia
Order3	22nd
President3	Ivan Ribar (1945–1953)Himself (1953–1963)
Term start3	29 November 1943
Term end3	29 June 1963
Predecessor3	Ivan Šubašić
Successor3	Petar Stambolić
Order4	1st Federal Secretary of People's Defence
Primeminister4	Himself
Term start4	7 March 1945
Term end4	14 January 1953
Predecessor4	''Position created''
Successor4	Ivan Gošnjak
Order5	7th Chairman of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia
Term start5	November 1936
Term end5	4 May 1980
Predecessor5	Milan Gorkić
Successor5	Branko Mikulić
Allegiance	Austria-Hungary Yugoslavia
Branch	Yugoslav People's Army''All'' (supreme commander)
Serviceyears	1913–19151941–1980
Rank	Marshal of Yugoslavia
Commands	Yugoslav PartisansYugoslav People's Army
Battles	World War ISpanish Civil WarWorld War II
Awards	98 international and 21 Yugoslav decorations, including20px Order of the Yugoslav Star20px ''Légion d'honneur''20px Order of the Bath20px Order of Lenin20px Order of Merit of Italy(short list below, full list in the article)
Signature	Tito signature.svg

Josip Broz Tito (; born Josip Broz; Cyrillic script: Јосип Броз Тито; 7 May 1892 – 4 May 1980) was a Yugoslav revolutionary and statesman. While his presidency has been criticized as authoritarian, Tito was a popular public figure both in Yugoslavia and abroad, viewed as a unifying symbol for the nations of the Yugoslav federation. He gained international attention as the chief leader of the Non-Aligned Movement, working with Jawaharlal Nehru of India and Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt.

Josip was born as the seventh child of Franjo and Marija Broz in the village of Kumrovec within Austria-Hungary (modern-day Croatia). Drafted into the army, he distinguished himself, becoming the youngest Sergeant Major in the Austro-Hungarian Army. Josip was sent to a work camp in the Ural Mountains, after being seriously wounded and captured by the Russians. He participated in the October Revolution, and later joined a Red Guard unit in Omsk. Upon his return home, Broz found himself in a newly created Kingdom of Yugoslavia, where he joined the Communist Party of Yugoslavia.

He was Secretary-General (later President) of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (1939–80), and went on to lead the World War II Yugoslav guerrilla movement, the Yugoslav Partisans (1941–45). After the war, he was the Prime Minister (1943–63) and later President (1953–80) of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY). From 1943 to his death in 1980, he held the rank of Marshal of Yugoslavia, serving as the supreme commander of the Yugoslav military, the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA). With a highly favourable reputation abroad in both Cold War blocs, Josip Broz Tito received some 98 foreign decorations, including the Legion of Honour and the Order of the Bath.

Tito was the chief architect of the "second Yugoslavia", a socialist federation that lasted from World War II until 1991. Despite being one of the founders of Cominform, he was also the first (and the only successful) Cominform member to defy Soviet hegemony. A backer of independent roads to socialism (sometimes referred to as "national communism" or "Titoism"), he was one of the main founders and promoters of the Non-Aligned Movement, and its first Secretary-General. He supported the policy of nonalignment between the two hostile blocs in the Cold War. Such successful diplomatic and economic policies allowed Tito to preside over the Yugoslav economic boom and expansion of the 1960s and '70s. His internal policies included the suppression of nationalist sentiment and the promotion of the "brotherhood and unity" of the six Yugoslav nations. After Tito's death in 1980, tensions between the Yugoslav republics emerged and in 1991 the country disintegrated and went into a series of civil wars and unrest that lasted the rest of the decade and continue to impact most of the former Yugoslav republics to this day. He remains a controversial figure in the Balkans.

Early life

Pre World War I

Josip Broz was born on 7 May 1892 in Kumrovec, Croatia-Hrvatsko Zagorje, Austria-Hungary. He was the seventh child of Franjo and Marija Broz. His father, Franjo Broz, was a Croat, while his mother Marija (born Javeršek) was a Slovene. After spending part of his childhood years with his maternal grandfather in village of Podsreda, he entered primary school in 1900 at Kumrovec, he failed the 2nd grade and graduated in 1905. In 1907 he moved out of the rural environment and started working as a machinist's apprentice in Sisak. There, he became aware of the labour movement and celebrated 1 May – Labour Day for the first time. In 1910, he joined the union of metallurgy workers and at the same time the Social-Democratic Party of Croatia and Slavonia. Between 1911 and 1913, Broz worked for shorter periods in Kamnik, Cenkovo, Munich and Mannheim, where he worked for the Benz car factory; he then went to Wiener Neustadt, Austria, and worked as a test driver for Daimler.

In the autumn of 1913, he was conscripted into the Austro-Hungarian Army. He was sent to a school for non-commissioned officers and became a sergeant, serving in the 25th Croatian Regiment based in Zagreb. In May 1914, Broz won a silver medal at an army fencing competition in Budapest. At the outbreak of World War I in 1914, he was sent to Ruma, where he was arrested for anti-war propaganda and imprisoned in the Petrovaradin fortress. In January 1915, he was sent to the Eastern Front in Galicia to fight against Russia. He distinguished himself as a capable soldier, becoming the youngest Sergeant Major in the Austro-Hungarian Army. For his bravery in the face of the enemy, he was recommended for the Silver Bravery Medal but was taken prisoner of war before it could be formally presented. On Easter 25 March 1915, while in Bukovina, he was seriously wounded and captured by the Russians.

Prisoner and revolutionary

After 13 months at the hospital, Broz was sent to a work camp in the Ural Mountains where prisoners selected him for their camp leader. In February 1917, revolting workers broke into the prison and freed the prisoners. Broz subsequently joined a Bolshevik group. In April 1917, he was arrested again but managed to escape and participate in the July Days demonstrations in Petrograd (St. Petersburg) on 16–17 July 1917. On his way to Finland, Broz was caught and imprisoned in the Petropavlovsk fortress for three weeks. He was again sent to Kungur, but escaped from the train. He hid out with a Russian family in Omsk, Siberia where he met his future wife Pelagija Belousova. After the October Revolution, he joined a Red Guard unit in Omsk. Following a White counteroffensive, he fled to Kirgiziya and subsequently returned to Omsk, where he married Belousova. In the spring of 1918, he joined the Yugoslav section of the Russian Communist Party. By June of the same year, Broz left Omsk to find work and support his family, and was employed as a mechanic near Omsk for a year. In January 1920, he and his wife made a long and difficult journey home to Yugoslavia where he arrived in September.

Upon his return, Broz joined the Communist Party of Yugoslavia. The CPY's influence on the political life of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia was growing rapidly. In the 1920 elections the Communists won 59 seats in the parliament and became the third strongest party. Winning numerous local elections, they even gained a stronghold in the second largest city of Zagreb, electing Svetozar Delić for mayor. However, after the assassination of Milorad Drašković, the Yugoslav Minister of the Interior, by a young communist on 2 August 1921, the CPY was declared illegal under the Yugoslav State Security Act of 1921. During 1920 and 1921 all Communist-won mandates were nullified. Broz continued his work underground despite pressure on Communists from the government. As 1921 began he moved to Veliko Trojstvo near Bjelovar and found work as a machinist. In 1925, Broz moved to Kraljevica where he started working at a shipyard. He was elected as a union leader and a year later he led a shipyard strike. He was fired and moved to Belgrade, where he worked in a train coach factory in Smederevska Palanka. He was elected as Workers' Commissary but was sacked as soon as his CPY membership was revealed. Broz then moved to Zagreb, where he was appointed secretary of Metal Workers' Union of Croatia. In 1928, he became the Zagreb Branch Secretary of the CPY. In the same year he was arrested, tried in court for his illegal communist activities, and sent to jail. During his five years at Lepoglava prison he met Moša Pijade, who became his ideological mentor. After his release, he lived ''incognito'' and assumed a number of ''noms de guerre'', among them "Walter" and "Tito".

In 1934 the Zagreb Provincial Committee sent Tito to Vienna where all the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia had sought refuge. He was appointed to the Committee and started to appoint allies to him, among them Edvard Kardelj, Milovan Đilas, Aleksandar Ranković and Boris Kidrič. In 1935, Tito travelled to the Soviet Union, working for a year in the Balkans section of Comintern. He was a member of the Soviet Communist Party and the Soviet secret police (NKVD). In 1936, the Comintern sent "Comrade ''Walter''" (i.e. Tito) back to Yugoslavia to purge the Communist Party there. In 1937, Stalin had the Secretary-General of the CPY, Milan Gorkić, murdered in Moscow. Subsequently Tito was appointed Secretary-General of the still-outlawed CPY.

World War II leader

People's Liberation War

On 6 April 1941, German, Italian and Hungarian forces launched an invasion of Yugoslavia. On 10 April 1941, Slavko Kvaternik proclaimed the Independent State of Croatia, Tito responded by forming a Military Committee within the Central Committee of the Yugoslav Communist Party. Attacked from all sides, the armed forces of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia quickly crumbled. On 17 April 1941, after King Peter II and other members of the government fled the country, the remaining representatives of the government and military met with the German officials in Belgrade. They quickly agreed to end military resistance. On 1 May 1941, Tito issued a pamphlet calling on the people to unite in a battle against the occupation. On 27 June 1941, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia appointed Tito Commander in Chief of all project national liberation military forces. On 1 July 1941, the Comintern sent precise instructions calling for immediate action.

Despite conflicts with the collaborating Chetnik movement, Tito's Partisans succeeded in liberating territory, notably the "Republic of Užice". During this period, Tito held talks with Chetnik leader Draža Mihailović on 19 September and 27 October 1941. It is said that Tito ordered his forces to assist escaping Jews, and that more than 2,000 Jews fought directly for Tito.

On 21 December 1941, the Partisans created the First Proletarian Brigade (commanded by Koča Popović) and on 1 March 1942, Tito created the Second Proletarian Brigade. In liberated territories, the Partisans organised People's Committees to act as civilian government. The Anti-Fascist Council of National Liberation of Yugoslavia (AVNOJ) convened in Bihać on 26–27 November 1942 and in Jajce on 29 November 1943. In the two sessions, the resistance representatives established the basis for post-war organisation of the country, deciding on a federation of the Yugoslav nations. In Jajce, a 67-member "presidency" was elected and established a nine-member National Committee of Liberation (five communist members) as a de facto provisional government. Tito was named President of the National Committee of Liberation.

With the growing possibility of an Allied invasion in the Balkans, the Axis began to divert more resources to the destruction of the Partisans main force and its high command. This meant, among other things, a concerted German effort to capture Josip Broz Tito personally. On 25 May 1944, he managed to evade the Germans after the Raid on Drvar (''Operation Rösselsprung''), an airborne assault outside his Drvar headquarters in Bosnia.

After the Partisans managed to endure and avoid these intense Axis attacks between January and June 1943, and the extent of Chetnik collaboration became evident, Allied leaders switched their support from Draža Mihailović to Tito. King Peter II, American President Franklin Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill joined Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin in officially recognising Tito and the Partisans at the Tehran Conference. This resulted in Allied aid being parachuted behind Axis lines to assist the Partisans. On 17 June 1944 on the Dalmatian island of Vis, the Treaty of Vis (''Viški sporazum'') was signed in an attempt to merge Tito's government (the AVNOJ) with the government in exile of King Peter II. The Balkan Air Force was formed in June 1944 to control operations that were mainly aimed at aiding his forces.

On 12 September 1944, King Peter II called on all Yugoslavs to come together under Tito's leadership and stated that those who did not were "traitors." On 28 September 1944, the Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union (TASS) reported that Tito signed an agreement with the U.S.S.R. allowing "temporary entry" of Soviet troops into Yugoslav territory which allowed the Red Army to assist in operations in the northeastern areas of Yugoslavia. With their strategic right flank secured by the Allied advance, the Partisans prepared and executed a massive general offensive which succeeded in breaking through German lines and forcing a retreat beyond Yugoslav borders. After the Partisan victory and the end of hostilities in Europe, all external forces were ordered off Yugoslav territory.

Aftermath of World War II

On 7 March 1945, the provisional government of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia (''Demokratska Federativna Jugoslavija'', DFY) was assembled in Belgrade by Josip Broz Tito, while the provisional name allowed for either a republic or monarchy. This government was headed by Tito as provisional Yugoslav Prime Minister and included representatives from the royalist government-in-exile, among others Ivan Šubašić. In accordance with the agreement between resistance leaders and the government-in-exile, post-war elections were held to determine the form of government. In November 1945, Tito's pro-republican People's Front, led by the Communist Party of Yugoslavia, won the elections with an overwhelming majority, the vote having been boycotted by monarchists. During the period, Tito evidently enjoyed massive popular support due to being generally viewed by the populace as the liberator of Yugoslavia. The Yugoslav administration in the immediate post-war period managed to unite a country that had been severely affected by ultra-nationalist upheavals and war devastation, while successfully suppressing the nationalist sentiments of the various nations in favor of tolerance, and the common Yugoslav goal. After the overwhelming electoral victory, Tito was confirmed as the Prime Minister and the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the DFY. The country was soon renamed the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (FPRY) (later finally renamed into Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, SFRY). On 29 November 1945, King Peter II was formally deposed by the Yugoslav Constituent Assembly. The Assembly drafted a new republican constitution soon afterwards.

Yugoslavia organized the Yugoslav People's Army (''Jugoslavenska narodna armija'', or JNA) from the Partisan movement and became the fourth strongest army in Europe at the time. The State Security Administration (''Uprava državne bezbednosti''/''sigurnosti''/''varnosti'', UDBA) was also formed as the new secret police, along with a security agency, the Department of People's Security (''Organ Zaštite Naroda (Armije)'', OZNA). Yugoslav intelligence was charged with imprisoning and bringing to trial large numbers of Nazi collaborators; controversially, this included Catholic clergymen due to the widespread involvement of Croatian Catholic clergy with the Ustaša regime. Draža Mihailović was found guilty of collaboration, high treason and war crimes and was subsequently executed by firing squad in July 1946.

Prime Minister Josip Broz Tito met with the president of the Bishops' Conference of Yugoslavia, Aloysius Stepinac on 4 June 1945, two days after his release from imprisonment. The two could not reach an agreement on the state of the Catholic Church. Under Stepinac's leadership, the bishops' conference released a letter condemning alleged Partisan war crimes in September, 1945. The following year Stepinac was arrested and put on trial. In October 1946, in its first special session for 75 years, the Vatican excommunicated Tito and the Yugoslav government for sentencing Stepinac to 16 years in prison on charges of assisting Ustaše terror and of supporting forced conversions of Serbs to Catholicism. Stepinac received preferential treatment in recognition of his status and the sentence was soon shortened and reduced to house-arrest, with the option of emigration open to the archbishop. At the conclusion of the "Informbiro period", reforms rendered Yugoslavia considerably more religiously liberal than the Eastern Bloc states.

In the first post war years Tito was widely considered a communist leader very loyal to Moscow, indeed, he was often viewed as second only to Stalin in the Eastern Bloc. Yugoslav forces shot down American aircraft flying over Yugoslav territory, and relations with the West were strained. In fact, Stalin and Tito had an uneasy alliance from the start, with Stalin considering Tito too independent.

President of Yugoslavia

Tito-Stalin split

Unlike the other new communist states in east-central Europe, Yugoslavia liberated itself from Axis domination with limited direct support from the Red Army. Tito's leading role in liberating Yugoslavia not only greatly strengthened his position in his party and among the Yugoslav people, but also caused him to be more insistent that Yugoslavia had more room to follow its own interests than other Bloc leaders who had more reasons (and pressures) to recognize Soviet efforts in helping them liberate their own countries from Axis control. This had already led to some friction between the two countries before World War II was even over. Although Tito was formally an ally of Stalin after World War II, the Soviets had set up a spy ring in the Yugoslav party as early as 1945, giving way to an uneasy alliance.

In the immediate aftermath of World War II, there occurred several armed incidents between Yugoslavia and the Western Allies. Following the war, Yugoslavia acquired the Italian territory of Istria as well as the cities of Zadar and Rijeka. Yugoslav leadership was looking to incorporate Trieste into the country as well, which was opposed by the Western Allies. This led to several armed incidents, notably attacks by Yugoslav fighter planes on US transport aircraft, causing bitter criticism from the west. From 1945 to 1948, at least four US aircraft were shot down. Stalin was opposed to these provocations, as he felt the USSR unready to face the West in open war so soon after the losses of World War II. In addition, Tito was openly supportive of the Communist side in the Greek Civil War, while Stalin kept his distance, having agreed with Churchill not to pursue Soviet interests there, although he did support the Greek communist struggle politically, as demonstrated in several assemblies of the UN Security Council. In 1948, motivated by the desire to create a strong independent economy, Tito modeled his economic development plan independently from Moscow, which resulted in a diplomatic escalation followed by a bitter exchange of letters in which Tito affirmed that

}} The Soviet answer on 4 May admonished Tito and the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (CPY) for failing to admit and correct its mistakes, and went on to accuse them of being too proud of their successes against the Germans, maintaining that the Red Army had saved them from destruction. Tito's response on 17 May suggested that the matter be settled at the meeting of the Cominform to be held that June. However, Tito did not attend the second meeting of the Cominform, fearing that Yugoslavia was to be openly attacked. At this point the crisis nearly escalated into an armed conflict, as Hungarian and Soviet forces were massing on the northern Yugoslav frontier. On 28 June, the other member countries expelled Yugoslavia, citing "nationalist elements" that had "managed in the course of the past five or six months to reach a dominant position in the leadership" of the CPY. The expulsion effectively banished Yugoslavia from the international association of socialist states, while other socialist states of Eastern Europe subsequently underwent purges of alleged "Titoists". Stalin took the matter personally – for once, and attempted, unsuccessfully, to assassinate Tito on several occasions. In a correspondence between the two leaders, Tito openly wrote: }}

However, Tito used the estrangement from the USSR to attain US aid via the Marshall Plan, as well as to involve Yugoslavia in the Non-Aligned Movement, in which he assured a leading position for Yugoslavia. The event was significant not only for Yugoslavia and Tito, but also for the global development of socialism, since it was the first major split between Communist states, casting doubt on Comintern's claims for socialism to be a unified force that would eventually control the whole world, as Tito became the first (and the only successful) socialist leader to defy Stalin's leadership in the COMINFORM. This rift with the Soviet Union brought Tito much international recognition, but also triggered a period of instability often referred to as the Informbiro period. Tito's form of communism was labeled "Titoism" by Moscow, which encouraged purges against suspected "Titoites'" throughout the Eastern bloc.

On 26 June 1950, the National Assembly supported a crucial bill written by Milovan Đilas and Tito about "self-management" (''samoupravljanje''): a type of independent socialism that experimented with profit sharing with workers in state-run enterprises. On 13 January 1953, they established that the law on self-management was the basis of the entire social order in Yugoslavia. Tito also succeeded Ivan Ribar as the President of Yugoslavia on 14 January 1953. After Stalin's death Tito rejected the USSR's invitation for a visit to discuss normalization of relations between two nations. Nikita Khrushchev and Nikolai Bulganin visited Tito in Belgrade in 1955 and apologized for wrongdoings by Stalin's administration. Tito visited the USSR in 1956, which signaled to the world that animosity between Yugoslavia and USSR was easing. However, the relationship between the USSR and Yugoslavia would reach another low in the late 1960s. Commenting on the crisis, Tito concluded that: }}

Non-aligned Yugoslavia

Under Tito's leadership, Yugoslavia became a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement. In 1961, Tito co-founded the movement with Egypt's Gamal Abdel Nasser, India's Jawaharlal Nehru, Indonesia's Sukarno and Ghana's Kwame Nkrumah, in an action called The Initiative of Five (Tito, Nehru, Nasser, Sukarno, Nkrumah), thus establishing strong ties with third world countries. This move did much to improve Yugoslavia's diplomatic position. On 1 September 1961, Josip Broz Tito became the first Secretary-General of the Non-Aligned Movement.

On 7 April 1963, the country changed its official name to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Reforms encouraged private enterprise and greatly relaxed restrictions on freedom of speech and religious expression. Tito subsequently went on a tour of the Americas. In Chile, two government ministers resigned over his visit to that country. Tito spoke at the United Nations General Assembly in New York, with his visit being protested by both Croat and Serb emigrants. US Senator Thomas Dodd subsequently said Tito had "bloodied hands." Prior to his visit to California at the invitation of Governor Pat Brown, protesters in San Pedro drowned an effigy of Tito.

In 1966 an agreement with the Vatican, spawned by the death of Stepinac in 1960 and the decisions of the Second Vatican Council, was signed according new freedom to the Yugoslav Roman Catholic Church, particularly to teach the catechism and open seminaries. The agreement also eased tensions, which had prevented the naming of new bishops in Yugoslavia since 1945. Tito's new socialism met opposition from traditional communists culminating in conspiracy headed by Aleksandar Ranković. In the same year Tito declared that Communists must henceforth chart Yugoslavia's course by the force of their arguments (implying a granting of freedom of discussion and an abandonment of dictatorship). The state security agency (UDBA) saw its power scaled back and its staff reduced to 5000.

On 1 January 1967, Yugoslavia was the first communist country to open its borders to all foreign visitors and abolish visa requirements. In the same year Tito became active in promoting a peaceful resolution of the Arab-Israeli conflict. His plan called for Arabs to recognize the state of Israel in exchange for territories Israel gained.

In 1967, Tito offered Czechoslovak leader Alexander Dubček to fly to Prague on three hours notice if Dubček needed help in facing down the Soviets. In April 1969, Tito sacked generals Ivan Gošnjak and Rade Hamović in the aftermath of the invasion of Czechoslovakia due to the unpreparedness of the Yugoslav army to respond to a similar invasion of Yugoslavia. In 1971, Tito was re-elected as President of Yugoslavia for the sixth time. In his speech in front of the Federal Assembly he introduced 20 sweeping constitutional amendments that would provide an updated framework on which the country would be based. The amendments provided for a collective presidency, a 22 member body consisting of elected representatives from six republics and two autonomous provinces. The body would have a single chairman of the presidency and chairmanship would rotate among six republics. When the Federal Assembly fails to agree on legislation, the collective presidency would have the power to rule by decree. Amendments also provided for stronger cabinet with considerable power to initiate and pursue legislature independently from the Communist Party. Džemal Bijedić was chosen as the Premier. The new amendments aimed to decentralize the country by granting greater autonomy to republics and provinces. The federal government would retain authority only over foreign affairs, defense, internal security, monetary affairs, free trade within Yugoslavia, and development loans to poorer regions. Control of education, healthcare, and housing would be exercised entirely by the governments of the republics and the autonomous provinces.

Tito's greatest strength, in the eyes of the western communists, had been in suppressing nationalist insurrections and maintaining unity throughout the country. It was Tito's call for unity, and related methods, that held together the people of Yugoslavia. This ability was put to a test several times during his reign, notably during the Croatian Spring (also referred to as ''masovni pokret'', ''maspok'', meaning "mass movement") when the government had to suppress both public demonstrations and dissenting opinions within the Communist Party. Despite this suppression, much of maspok's demands were later realized with the new constitution, heavily backed by Tito himself against opposition from the Serbian branch of the party. On 16 May 1974, the new Constitution was passed, and the aging Tito was named president for life, a status which he would enjoy for five years.

Foreign policy

Tito was notable for pursuing a foreign policy of neutrality during the Cold War and for establishing close ties with developing countries. Tito's strong belief in self-determination caused early rift with Stalin and consequently, the Eastern Bloc. His public speeches often reiterated that policy of neutrality and cooperation with all countries would be natural as long as these countries did not use their influence to pressure Yugoslavia to take sides. Relations with the United States and Western European nations were generally cordial.

Yugoslavia had a liberal travel policy permitting foreigners to freely travel through the country and its citizens to travel worldwide, whereas it was limited by most Communist countries. A number of Yugoslav citizens worked throughout Western Europe. Tito met many world leaders during his rule, such as Soviet rulers Joseph Stalin, Nikita Khrushchev and Leonid Brezhnev; Egypt's Gamal Abdel Nasser, Indian politicians Jawaharlal Nehru and Indira Gandhi; British Prime Ministers Winston Churchill, James Callaghan and Margaret Thatcher; U.S. Presidents Dwight D. Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy, Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter; other political leaders and heads of state Che Guevara, Fidel Castro, Arafat, Willy Brandt, Helmut Schmidt, Georges Pompidou, Queen Elizabeth II, Hua Guofeng, Kim Il Sung, Sukarno, Suharto, Idi Amin, Haile Selassie, Kenneth Kaunda, Gaddafi, Erich Honecker, Ceausescu and Janos Kadar. He also met numerous celebrities.

Tito also developed warm relations with Burma under U Nu, travelling to the country in 1955 and again in 1959, though he didn't receive the same treatment in 1959 from the new leader, Ne Win.

Because of its neutrality, Yugoslavia would often be rare among Communist countries to have diplomatic relations with right-wing, anti-Communist governments. For example, Yugoslavia was the only communist country allowed to have an embassy in Alfredo Stroessner's Paraguay. However, one notable exception to Yugoslavia's neutral stance toward anti-communist countries was Chile under Pinochet; Yugoslavia was one of many left-wing countries which severed diplomatic relations with Chile after Salvador Allende was overthrown. Yugoslavia also provided military aid and arms supplies to staunchly anti-Communist regimes such as that of Guatemala under Kjell Eugenio Laugerud García.

Final years and aftermath

After the constitutional changes of 1974, Tito began reducing his role in the day-to-day running of the state. He continued to travel abroad and receive foreign visitors, going to Beijing in 1977 and reconciling with a Chinese leadership that had once branded him a revisionist. In turn, Chairman Hua Guofeng visited Yugoslavia in 1979. In 1978, Tito traveled to the United States. During the visit strict security was imposed in Washington, D.C. owing to protests by anti-communist Croat, Serb and Albanian groups.

Tito became increasingly ill over the course of 1979. During this time ''Vila Srna'' was built for his use near Morović in the event of his recovery. On 7 January and again on 11 January 1980, Tito was admitted to the Medical Centre Ljubljana (in Ljubljana, SR Slovenia) with circulation problems in his legs. His left leg was amputated soon afterward due to arterial blockages and he died of gangrene at the Medical Centre Ljubljana on 4 May 1980 at 3:05 pm, three days short of his 88th birthday. His funeral drew many world statesmen. Based on the number of attending politicians and state delegations, at the time it was the largest state funeral in history. They included four kings, 31 presidents, six princes, 22 prime ministers and 47 ministers of foreign affairs. They came from both sides of the Cold War, from 128 different countries out of 154 UNO members at the time.

Reporting on his death ''The New York Times'' commented }}

Tito was buried in a mausoleum in Belgrade, which forms part of a memorial complex in the grounds of the Museum of Yugoslav History (formerly called "Museum 25 May" and "Museum of the Revolution"). The actual mausoleum is called House of Flowers (''Kuća Cveća'') and numerous people visit the place as a shrine to "better times". The museum keeps the gifts Tito received during his presidency. The collection also includes original prints of ''Los Caprichos'' by Francisco Goya, and many others. The Government of Serbia has planned to merge it into the Museum of the History of Serbia. At the time of his death, speculation began about whether his successors could continue to hold Yugoslavia together. Ethnic divisions and conflict grew and eventually erupted in a series of Yugoslav wars a decade after his death. During his life and especially in the first year after his death, several places were named after Tito. Several of these places have since returned to their original names, such as Podgorica, formerly Titograd, Užice, formerly Titovo Užice (though Podgorica's international airport is still identified by the code TGD), which reverted to its original name in 1992. Streets in Belgrade, the capital, have all reverted back to their original pre–World War II and pre-communist names as well. In 2004, Antun Augustinčić's statue of Broz in his birthplace of Kumrovec was decapitated in an explosion. It was subsequently repaired. Twice in 2008, protests took place in Zagreb's Marshal Tito Square, organized by a group called Circle for the Square (''Krug za Trg''), with an aim to force the city government to rename it to its previous name, while a counter-protest by Citizens' Initiative Against Ustašism (''Građanska inicijativa protiv ustaštva'') accused the "Circle for the Square" of historical revisionism and neo-fascism. Croatian president Stjepan Mesić criticized the demonstration to change the name. In the Croatian coastal city of Opatija the main street (also its longest street) still bears the name of Marshal Tito, as do streets in numerous towns in Serbia, mostly in the country's north. One of the two main streets in Sarajevo is called Marshal Tito Street.

Family and personal life

Tito carried on numerous affairs and was married several times. In 1918 he was brought to Omsk, Russia as a prisoner of war. There he met Pelagija Belousova who was then thirteen; he married her a year later, and she moved with him to Yugoslavia. Polka bore him five children but only their son Žarko Leon (born 4 February, 1924) survived. When Tito was jailed in 1928, she returned to Russia. After the divorce in 1936 she later remarried.

In 1936, when Tito stayed at the Hotel Lux in Moscow, he met the Austrian comrade Lucia Bauer. They married in October 1936, but the records of this marriage were later erased.

His next relationship was with Herta Haas, whom he married in 1940. Broz left for Belgrade after the April War, leaving Haas pregnant. In May 1941, she gave birth to their son, Aleksandar "Mišo" Broz. All throughout his relationship with Haas, Tito had maintained a promiscuous life and had a parallel relationship with Davorjanka Paunović, who, under the codename "Zdenka", served as a courier in the resistance and subsequently became his personal secretary. Haas and Tito suddenly parted company in 1943 in Jajce during the second meeting of AVNOJ after she reportedly walked in on him and Davorjanka. The last time Haas saw Broz was in 1946. Davorjanka died of tuberculosis in 1946 and Tito insisted that she be buried in the backyard of the Beli Dvor, his Belgrade residence.

His best known wife was Jovanka Broz. Tito was just shy of his 59th birthday, while she was 27, when they finally married in April 1952, with state security chief Aleksandar Ranković as the best man. Their eventual marriage came about somewhat unexpectedly since Tito actually rejected her some years earlier when his confidante Ivan Krajacic brought her in originally. At that time, she was in her early 20s and Tito, objecting to her energetic personality, opted for the more mature opera singer Zinka Kunc instead. Not one to be discouraged easily, Jovanka continued working at Beli Dvor, where she managed the staff of servants and eventually got another chance after Tito's strange relationship with Zinka failed. Since Jovanka was the only female companion he married while in power, she also went down in history as Yugoslavia's first lady. Their relationship was not a happy one, however. It had gone through many, often public, ups and downs with episodes of infidelities and even allegations of preparation for a ''coup d'état'' by the latter pair. Certain unofficial reports suggest Tito and Jovanka even formally divorced in the late 1970s, shortly before his death. However, during Tito's funeral she was officially present as his wife, and later claimed rights for inheritance. The couple did not have any children. Tito's notable grandchildren include Aleksandra Broz, a prominent theatre director in Croatia, Svetlana Broz, a cardiologist and writer in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Josip "Joška" Broz, Edvard Broz and Natali Klasevski, an artisan of Bosnia-Herzegovina.

As the leader of Yugoslavia Tito maintained a lavish lifestyle and kept several mansions. In Belgrade he resided in the official palace, Beli dvor, and maintained a separate private residence; he spent much time at his private island of Brijuni, an official residence from 1949 on, and at his palace at the Bled lake. His grounds at Karadjordjevo were the site of "diplomatic hunts". By 1974 Tito had 32 official residences.

As regards knowledge of languages, Tito replied that he spoke Yugoslav, German, Russian, and some English. A biographer also stated that he spoke "Serbo-Croatian ... Russian, Czech, Slovenian ... German (with a Viennese accent) ... understands and reads French and Italian ... [and] also speaks Kirghiz."

Every federal unit had a town or city with historic significance from the World War II period renamed to have Tito's name included. These were mostly smaller towns, with the exception of Titovo Užice and Titograd (now Podgorica), the capital city of Montenegro. Also with the exception of Titograd, the cities were renamed simply by the addition of the adjective "Tito's" ("''Titov''"). The cities were:

! Republic !! City !! Original name
style="width:240px;"
		style="font-size:90%;"
	::	::		: Titova Mitrovica	: Titov Vrbas		Kosovska Mitrovica>Mitrovica	Vrbas (town)>Vrbas

Origin of the name "Tito"

Various explanations exist for the origin of the name ''Tito''. One proposes that ''Tito'' comes from the Serbo-Croatian variation of the name of Roman Emperor Titus. Tito's biographer, Vladimir Dedijer, however claimed that it came from the Croatian romantic writer, Tituš Brezovački. Another popular explanation of the sobriquet claims that it is a conjunction of two Serbo-Croatian words, "''ti''" (meaning "you") and "''to''" (meaning "that"). As the story goes, during the frantic times of his command, he would issue commands with those two words, by pointing to the person, and then task. This explanation for the name's origin is provided in Fitzroy Maclean's 1949 book, ''Eastern Approaches''. Maclean later revisited and dispelled this explanation in his 1957 biography of Tito, ''The Heretic''. There he states, "I have always liked this story. But I am assured by Tito himself, who I suppose should know, that it is apocryphal."

Historical criticism

Despite accusations of culpability in the Bleiburg massacre, Josip Broz Tito repeatedly issued calls for surrender to the retreating column, offering amnesty and attempting to avoid a disorderly surrender. On 14 May he dispatched a telegram to the supreme headquarters Slovene Partisan Army prohibiting "in the sternest language" the execution of prisoners of war and commanding the transfer of the possible suspects to a military court.

During World War II, the German minority in occupied Yugoslavia enjoyed a status of superiority over the Yugoslav population. The ''Volksdeutsche'' (as they were called) were under heavy Nazi influence and served as the fifth column during the invasion of Yugoslavia. The Germans had been given control over the Yugoslav region of Banat in which they ruled over the local Slav majority, forming Waffen SS volunteer formations. This was primarily the 7th SS Volunteer Mountain Division ''Prinz Eugen'', one of the most infamous SS units, responsible for the killing of tens of thousands of Yugoslav civilians, as well as brutal reprisals resulting in the desolation of entire areas. The AVNOJ Presidium signed a decree that ordered the government confiscation of all property of the German Reich and its citizens in Yugoslavia, persons of German nationality (regardless of citizenship), and collaborators. The decision acquired the force of law on 6 February 1945.

Awards and decorations

:''Main article: Awards and decorations of Josip Broz Tito (full list of awards)'' Josip Broz Tito received a total of 119 awards and decorations from 60 countries around the world (59 countries and Yugoslavia). 21 decorations were from Yugoslavia itself, 18 having been awarded once, and the Order of the People's Hero on three occasions. Of the 98 international awards and decorations, 92 were received once, and three on two occasions (Order of the White Lion, Polonia Restituta, and Karl Marx). The most notable awards being the French Légion d'honneur and Ordre national du Mérite, the British Most Honourable Order of the Bath, the Soviet Order of Lenin, the Japanese Supreme Order of the Chrysanthemum, the German Federal Cross of Merit, and the Italian Ordine al Merito della Repubblica Italiana.

The decorations were seldom displayed, however. After the Tito-Stalin split of 1948 and his inauguration as president in 1953, Tito rarely wore his uniform except when present in a military function, and then (with rare exception) only wore his Yugoslav ribbons for obvious practical reasons. The awards were displayed in full number only at his funeral in 1980. Tito's reputation as one of the Allied leaders of World War II, along with his diplomatic position as the founder of the Non-Aligned Movement, was primarily the cause of the favorable international recognition.

Here follows a short list including some of the more notable awards and decorations of Josip Broz Tito.

Award or decoration		Country	Date	Place	Note	! Ref
					style="font-size:90%;"
		style="font-size:90%;"			style="font-size:90%;"|The highest order of Czechoslovakia.
					style="font-size:90%;"
		style="font-size:90%;"
					style="font-size:90%;"
					style="font-size:90%;"|Order of the Netherlands which was first created by the first King of the Netherlands, King William I.
	style="font-size:90%;"
		style="font-size:90%;"
	style="font-size:90%;"			style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;"
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See also

List of places named after Tito

List of Yugoslav politicians

Yugoslav People's Liberation War

References

;Notes ;Footnotes ;Bibliography

Further reading

External links

Josip Broz Tito Reference Archive at the Marxists Internet Archive

Unseen pictures from US Archives

Sign the first virtual memorial of Marshal Tito

Tito's Children – Part One

Tito's Children – Part Two

Tito's Children – Part Three

Tito's Children – Part Four

Tito's Children – Part Five

Category:1892 births Category:1980 deaths Category:Austro-Hungarian military personnel of World War I Category:Bandung Conference attendees Category:Cold War leaders Category:Collars of the Order of the White Lion Category:Croatian communists Category:Croatian partisans Category:Croatian atheists Category:Former Roman Catholics Category:Croatian people of Slovenian descent Category:Croatian people of World War II Category:Croatian politicians Category:Grand Cordons of the Order of Leopold (Belgium) Category:Grand Cordons of the Order of the Nile Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of the Redeemer Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of the Star of Romania Category:Grand Croix of the Légion d'honneur Category:Grand Croix of the Ordre national du Mérite Category:Grand Crosses Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany Category:Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath Category:Knights of the Elephant Category:Knights of the Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion Category:Knights Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of St. Olav Category:League of Communists of Yugoslavia politicians Category:Marshals Category:Members of the Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina Category:Members of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts Category:People excommunicated by the Roman Catholic Church Category:People from Kumrovec Category:Presidents for life Category:Recipients of the Croix de Guerre (France) Category:Recipients of the Croix du combattant volontaire Category:Recipients of the Cross of Grunwald Category:Recipients of the Czechoslovak War Cross Category:Recipients of the Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria Category:Recipients of the Médaille Militaire Category:Recipients of the Nishan-e-Pakistan Category:Recipients of the Order of Al Rafidhain Category:Recipients of the Order of Carol I Category:Recipients of the Order of Independence Category:Recipients of the Order of Karl Marx Category:Recipients of the Order of Lenin Category:Recipients of the Order of Manuel Amador Guerrero Category:Recipients of the Order of Merit (Chile) Category:Knights Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic Category:Recipients of the Order of Michael the Brave Category:Recipients of the Order of Pahlevi Category:Recipients of the Order of Polonia Restituta (1944-1989) Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of Polonia Restituta Category:Recipients of the Order of Prince Henry Category:Recipients of the Order of Saint James of the Sword Category:Recipients of the Order of Suvorov Category:Recipients of the Order of the Aztec Eagle Category:Recipients of the Order of the Chrysanthemum Category:Recipients of the Order of the Condor of the Andes Category:Recipients of the Order of the Liberator Category:Recipients of the Order of the October Revolution Category:Recipients of the Order of the Partisan Star Category:Recipients of the Order of the People's Hero of Yugoslavia Category:Recipients of the Order of the Seraphim Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of the Southern Cross Category:Recipients of the Order of the White Rose of Finland Category:Recipients of the Order of the Yugoslav Star Category:Recipients of the Order of Victory Category:Recipients of the Partisan Cross Category:Recipients of the Royal Order of Cambodia Category:Grand Crosses of the Virtuti Militari Category:Recipients of the Virtuti Militari (1943-1989) Category:World War I prisoners of war held by Russia Category:World War II political leaders Category:Yugoslav partisans Category:Yugoslav soldiers

af:Josip Broz Tito ar:جوزيف بروز تيتو an:Josip Broz Tito ast:Josip Broz Tito az:İosip Broz Tito be:Іосіп Броз Ціта bs:Josip Broz Tito bg:Йосип Броз Тито ca:Josip Broz Tito cs:Josip Broz Tito da:Josip Broz Tito de:Josip Broz Tito dsb:Josip Broz Tito et:Josip Broz Tito el:Γιόσιπ Μπροζ Τίτο es:Josip Broz Tito eo:Josip Broz Tito eu:Josip Broz Tito fa:یوسیپ بروز تیتو fr:Josip Broz Tito fy:Josip Broz Tito ga:Josip Broz Tito gd:Jozip Broz Tito gl:Josip Broz Tito ko:요시프 브로즈 티토 hi:जोसिप बरोज़ टिटो hsb:Josip Broz Tito hr:Josip Broz Tito io:Josip Broz Tito id:Josip Broz Tito it:Josip Broz Tito he:יוסיפ ברוז טיטו la:Iosephus Broz Tito lv:Josips Brozs Tito lb:Josip Broz Tito lt:Josip Broz Tito hu:Josip Broz Tito mk:Јосип Броз - Тито mr:जोसेफ ब्रोझ टिटो arz:تيتو nl:Josip Broz Tito ja:ヨシップ・ブロズ・チトー no:Josip Broz Tito nn:Josip Broz Tito oc:Tito (Josip Broz) pl:Josip Broz Tito pt:Josip Broz Tito ro:Iosip Broz Tito qu:Josip Broz Tito ru:Броз Тито, Иосип sc:Josip Broz Tito sq:Josip Broz Tito simple:Josip Broz Tito sk:Josip Broz Tito sl:Josip Broz - Tito sr:Јосип Броз Тито sh:Josip Broz Tito fi:Josip Broz Tito sv:Josip Broz Tito tl:Josip Broz Tito th:ยอซีป บรอซ ตีโต tg:Йосип Броз Тито tr:Josip Broz Tito uk:Йосип Броз Тіто ur:مارشل ٹیٹو vec:Josip Broz Tito vi:Josip Broz Tito yo:Josip Broz Tito zh:约瑟普·布罗兹·铁托

name	Jackie Jackson
background	solo_singer
birth name	Sigmund Esco Jackson
alias	Jackie Jackson
born	May 04, 1951Gary, Indiana, U.S.
instrument	Vocals, multiple instruments
genre	R&B;, soul, pop
occupation	Musician, singer-songwriter, dancer
years active	1964–present
label	Motown, Epic
associated acts	The Jackson 5 }}

Sigmund Esco "Jackie" Jackson (born May 4, 1951) is an American singer and musician, a member of The Jackson 5, and the second child in the Jackson family.

Life and career

Jackson was born the second child of Joseph and Katherine and the oldest male child. He was given the name "Jackie" by relatives and family. Although he wanted to become a professional baseball player, Jackson abandoned that path when his 4 younger brothers and he formed The Jackson 5 in 1964. Jackson and his two younger brothers Tito and Jermaine were part of an early incarnation of the group as ''The Jackson Brothers'' from 1964 to 1966.

The Jackson Five

Jackie's role in the Jackson 5 was as the high tenor singer opposite the lead vocals of Michael and Jermaine. His voice can be heard in the finale of ''I Want You Back'' singing the lines "Forget what happened then" and "Spare me of this cost". During live performances, he stood beside Michael and Marlon, providing backing vocals and occasionally playing the tambourine. During the group's successful years, Jackson recorded his first solo album: the self-titled "Jackie Jackson". Consisting of ballads in typical Motown fashion, the album showcased Jackson's now familiar high tenor singing style. However, due to lack of marketing interest from Motown, the album did not chart or reach a large audience. As a member of the Jackson 5, Jackson continued to see success throughout the early to mid-1970s.

The Jacksons

In 1975, The Jackson 5 became "The Jacksons" when they moved from Motown to CBS. CBS offered the brothers the creative control Motown did not. Along with the move came the addition of younger brother Randy and the departure of Jermaine (who stayed with Motown as a solo artist). With the change in lineup and creative freedom Jackson took a more active role in the group: filling Jermaine's shoes as a lead singer alongside Michael and writing original material for the first time. During these years Jackson also dropped the high tenor voice he was known for and sang in a more natural and soulful style. The first two albums as The Jacksons were not as successful as their past Jackson 5 releases, even with a syndicated TV show to promote them.

The Jacksons 1978 album ''Destiny'' put them back into the charts with the hit single ''Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)''. Two years later The Jacksons followed up Destiny with another successful album ''Triumph'', featuring Jackson's first solo song in the group ''Wondering Who'' as well as co-writing the single ''Can You Feel It''.

In 1984 the brothers released ''Victory'', which saw the return of Jermaine and a more limited contribution from now-superstar Michael. Again, Jackie Jackson took the lead with the song ''Wait'' as well as writing the single, "Torture". This album was not as big a hit as its predecessors, but the subsequent tour by the same name proved to be the group's best attended tour. Jackie missed most of the tour because of a leg injury suffered just before the opening. This was officially described at the time as a knee injury incurred during strenuous rehearsals. However, the author Margaret Maldonado, who is also the mother of two of Jermaines' children, claims that Jackie was in fact injured in an automobile accident. Supposedly, Enid Jackson ran over her husband in the parking lot of a movie theatre, after she caught him with another woman (namely, Paula Abdul, who was the Victory Tour's choreographer.) Happily he made a speedy recovery and was able to participate in the last portion of the tour.

In the years that followed the brothers would go their separate ways after recording a final album in 1989, ''2300 Jackson Street''. Michael and Marlon were very distant from the album leaving Jackie, Jermaine, Tito and Randy to record and promote ''2300 Jackson Street'' as a four-piece. In the same year Jackson released his second solo album ''Be the One''. Although a bigger success than his previous Motown release, ''Be the One'' it still failed to reach a large audience. Jackie Jackson did not reunite with his brothers again until 2001, when he took part in the Michael Jackson's 30th Anniversary show.

Current years

Jackson currently lives in Las Vegas where he runs two record companies, Jesco Records and Futurist Entertainment (founded on February 9, 2001). Artists signed to the label Jesco include rapper Mike Street and Jackson's own son Sigmund Esco Jackson, Jr. (aka DEALZ), who released his first mixtape in August 2007.

Jackson is now an executive producer along with three of his brothers for the show The Jacksons: A Family Dynasty. Additionally, Jackson serves as a mentor for new and unknown artists.

In early November 2010 Jackson appeared on ''The Oprah Winfrey Show'', where she revealed once again that he was her teenage crush.

Personal life

Jackson married Enid Arden Span (June 27, 1954 - December 20, 1997) in November 1974 at the age of 23. Jackson and Span divorced in 1987. In 2001 Jackson married his second wife Victoria Triggers. On Larry King Live Jackie announced his marital status as divorced .

Children

He has two children with Enid Span

Sigmund "Siggy" Esco Jackson, Jr. (born Wednesday, June 29, 1977 in Encino, California)

Brandi Jackson (born Saturday, February 6, 1982)(Adopted)

Discography

The Jackson 5

Solo albums

''Jackie Jackson'' (1973)

Be The One (1989)

Singles

"Love Don't Want To Leave" (1973) (failed to chart)

"Stay" (September 22, 1989, #39 R&B;)

"Cruzin'" (October 7, 1989, #58 R&B;)

"We Know What's Going On" (November 3, 2010, released on iTunes US)

External links

References

Category:Jackson musical family Category:The Jackson 5 members Category:African American singers Category:African American musicians Category:American pop singers Category:Motown artists Category:Epic Records artists Category:American rhythm and blues musicians Category:American soul musicians Category:Musicians from Indiana Category:1951 births Category:Living people Category:People from Gary, Indiana

bar:Jackie Jackson cs:Jackie Jackson de:Jackie Jackson es:Jackie Jackson fa:جکی جکسون fr:Jackie Jackson ko:재키 잭슨 it:Jackie Jackson hu:Jackie Jackson nl:Jackie Jackson ja:ジャッキー・ジャクソン nn:Jackie Jackson pl:Jackie Jackson pt:Jackie Jackson fi:Jackie Jackson sv:Jackie Jackson tr:Jackie Jackson zh:傑奇·傑克森

alt	A mid-twenties African American man wearing a sequined military jacket and dark sunglasses. He is walking while waving his right hand, which is adorned with a white glove. His left hand is bare.
background	solo_singer
birth name	Michael Joseph Jackson
alias	Michael Joe Jackson, MJ, King of Pop
birth date	August 29, 1958
birth place	Gary, Indiana, U.S.
death date	June 25, 2009
death place	Los Angeles, California, U.S.
instrument	vocals, guitar, drums, percussion, keyboards
genre	R&B;, pop, rock, soul, dance, funk, disco, new jack swing
occupation	Singer-songwriter, musician, composer, dancer, choreographer, record producer, actor, businessman, philanthropist
years active	1964–2009
label	Motown, Epic, Legacy
associated acts	The Jackson 5
relatives	Janet Jackson (sister)
website	130pxMichael Jackson's signature }}

Michael Joseph Jackson (August 29, 1958 – June 25, 2009) was an American recording artist, entertainer, and businessman. Often referred to as the King of Pop, or by his initials MJ, Jackson is recognized as the most successful entertainer of all time by Guinness World Records. His contribution to music, dance, and fashion, along with a much-publicized personal life, made him a global figure in popular culture for over four decades. The seventh child of the Jackson family, he debuted on the professional music scene along with his brothers as a member of The Jackson 5, then the Jacksons in 1964, and began his solo career in 1971.

In the early 1980s, Jackson became a dominant figure in popular music. The music videos for his songs, including those of "Beat It", "Billie Jean", and "Thriller", were credited with transforming the medium into an art form and a promotional tool, and the popularity of these videos helped to bring the relatively new television channel MTV to fame. Videos such as "Black or White" and "Scream" made him a staple on MTV in the 1990s. Through stage performances and music videos, Jackson popularized a number of complicated dance techniques, such as the robot and the moonwalk, to which he gave the name. His distinctive musical sound and vocal style have influenced numerous hip hop, post-disco, contemporary R&B;, pop and rock artists.

Jackson's 1982 album ''Thriller'' is the best-selling album of all time. His other records, including ''Off the Wall'' (1979), ''Bad'' (1987), ''Dangerous'' (1991), and ''HIStory'' (1995), also rank among the world's best-selling. Jackson is one of the few artists to have been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame twice. He was also inducted into the Dance Hall of Fame as the first (and currently only) dancer from the world of pop and rock 'n' roll. Some of his other achievements include multiple Guinness World Records; 13 Grammy Awards (as well as the Grammy Legend Award and the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award); 26 American Music Awards (more than any other artist, including the "Artist of the Century"); 13 number-one singles in the United States in his solo career (more than any other male artist in the Hot 100 era); and the estimated sale of over 750 million records worldwide. Jackson won hundreds of awards, which have made him the most-awarded recording artist in the history of popular music.

Life and career

Early life and The Jackson 5 (1958–1975)

Michael Jackson was born on August 29, 1958, the eighth of ten children in an African American working-class family who lived in a small 3-room house in Gary, Indiana, an industrial city near Chicago. His mother, Katherine Esther Scruse, was a devout Jehovah's Witness, and his father, Joseph Walter "Joe" Jackson, was a steel mill worker who performed with an R&B; band called The Falcons. Jackson had three sisters: Rebbie, La Toya, and Janet, and five brothers: Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, Marlon, and Randy. A sixth brother, Brandon, died shortly after birth.

Jackson had a troubled relationship with his father, Joe. In 1980, Jackson won three awards at the American Music Awards for his solo efforts: Favorite Soul/R&B; Album, Favorite Soul/R&B; Male Artist, and Favorite Soul/R&B; Single for "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough". That year, he also won Billboard Year-End for Top Black Artist and Top Black Album and a Grammy Award for Best Male R&B; Vocal Performance, also for "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough". Jackson again won at the American Music Awards in 1981 for Favorite Soul/R&B; Album and Favorite Soul/R&B; Male Artist. Despite its commercial success, Jackson felt ''Off the Wall'' should have made a much bigger impact, and was determined to exceed expectations with his next release. In 1980, he secured the highest royalty rate in the music industry: 37 percent of wholesale album profit.

''Thriller'' and ''Motown 25'' (1982–83)

In 1982, Jackson contributed the song "Someone In the Dark" to the storybook for the film ''E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial''; the record won a Grammy for Best Recording for Children in 1984. In the same year he won another seven Grammys and eight American Music Awards (including the Award of Merit, the youngest artist to win it), making him the most awarded in one night for both award shows. The album topped the ''Billboard'' 200 chart for 37 weeks and was in the top 10 of the 200 for 80 consecutive weeks. It was the first album to have seven ''Billboard'' Hot 100 top 10 singles, including "Billie Jean", "Beat It," and "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'." ''Thriller'' was certified for 29 million shipments by the RIAA, giving it Double Diamond status in the United States. The album won also another Grammy for Best Engineered Recording – Non Classical in 1984, awarding Bruce Swedien for his work. Thanks to the ''Bad'' album, Bruce Swedien and Humberto Gatica won one Grammy in 1988 for Best Engineered Recording – Non Classical and Michael Jackson won one Grammy for Best Music Video, Short Form for "Leave Me Alone" in 1989. ''HIStory'' received a Grammy nomination for Album of the Year. However, the sales for ''Invincible'' were lower than those of his previous releases, due in part to a lack of promotion, no supporting world tour and the label dispute. The album also came out at a bad time for the music industry in general. Jackson rehearsed in Los Angeles in the weeks leading up to the tour under the direction of choreographer Kenny Ortega. Most of these rehearsals took place at the Staples Center, which was owned by AEG. With ''Thriller'', Christopher Connelly of ''Rolling Stone'' commented that Jackson developed his long association with the subliminal theme of paranoia and darker imagery. Allmusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine noted this is evident on the songs "Billie Jean" and "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'". In "Billie Jean", Jackson sings about an obsessive fan who alleges he has fathered a child of hers. In "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'" he argues against gossip and the media. "Beat It" decried gang violence in an homage to ''West Side Story'', and was Jackson's first successful rock cross-over piece, according to Huey. He also observed that the title track "Thriller" began Jackson's interest with the theme of the supernatural, a topic he revisited in subsequent years. In 1985, Jackson co-wrote the charity anthem "We Are the World"; humanitarian themes later became a recurring theme in his lyrics and public persona.

In ''Bad'', Jackson's concept of the predatory lover can be seen on the rock song "Dirty Diana". The lead single "I Just Can't Stop Loving You" is a traditional love ballad, while "Man in the Mirror" is an anthemic ballad of confession and resolution. "Smooth Criminal" was an evocation of bloody assault, rape and likely murder. Allmusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine states that ''Dangerous'' presents Jackson as a very paradoxical individual. He comments the album is more diverse than his previous ''Bad'', as it appeals to an urban audience while also attracting the middle class with anthems like "Heal the World". The first half of the record is dedicated to new jack swing, including songs like "Jam" and "Remember the Time". The album is Jackson's first where social ills become a primary theme; "Why You Wanna Trip on Me", for example, protests against world hunger, AIDS, homelessness and drugs. ''Dangerous'' contains sexually charged efforts such as the multifaceted love song, "In the Closet". The title track continues the theme of the predatory lover and compulsive desire. The second half includes introspective, pop-gospel anthems such as "Will You Be There", "Heal the World" and "Keep the Faith"; these songs show Jackson opening up about various personal struggles and worries. In the ballad "Gone Too Soon", Jackson gives tribute to his friend Ryan White and the plight of those with AIDS.

''HIStory'' creates an atmosphere of paranoia. Its content focuses on the hardships and public struggles Jackson went through just prior to its production. In the new jack swing-funk-rock efforts "Scream" and "Tabloid Junkie", along with the R&B; ballad "You Are Not Alone", Jackson retaliates against the injustice and isolation he feels, and directs much of his anger at the media. In the introspective ballad "Stranger in Moscow", Jackson laments over his "fall from grace", while songs like "Earth Song", "Childhood", "Little Susie" and "Smile" are all operatic pop pieces. In the track "D.S.", Jackson launched a verbal attack against Tom Sneddon. He describes Sneddon as an antisocial, white supremacist who wanted to "get my ass, dead or alive". Of the song, Sneddon said, "I have not—shall we say—done him the honor of listening to it, but I've been told that it ends with the sound of a gunshot". ''Invincible'' found Jackson working heavily with producer Rodney Jerkins. It is a record made up of urban soul like "Cry" and "The Lost Children", ballads such as "Speechless", "Break of Dawn" and "Butterflies" and mixes hip-hop, pop and R&B; in "2000 Watts", "Heartbreaker" and "Invincible".

Vocal style

Jackson sang from childhood, and over time his voice and vocal style changed noticeably. Between 1971 and 1975, Jackson's voice descended from boy soprano to high tenor. Jackson first used a technique called the "vocal hiccup" in 1973, starting with the song "It's Too Late to Change the Time" from The Jackson 5's ''G.I.T.: Get It Together'' album. Jackson did not use the hiccup technique— somewhat like a gulping for air or gasping— fully until the recording of ''Off the Wall'': it can be seen in full force in the "Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)" promotional video. With the arrival of ''Off the Wall'' in the late 1970s, Jackson's abilities as a vocalist were well regarded. At the time, ''Rolling Stone'' compared his vocals to the "breathless, dreamy stutter" of Stevie Wonder. Their analysis was also that "Jackson's feathery-timbred tenor is extraordinarily beautiful. It slides smoothly into a startling falsetto that's used very daringly". 1982 saw the release of ''Thriller'', and ''Rolling Stone'' was of the opinion that Jackson was then singing in a "fully adult voice" that was "tinged by sadness".

A distinctive deliberate mispronunciation of "come on", used frequently by Jackson, occasionally spelled "cha'mone" or "shamone", is also a staple in impressions and caricatures of him. The turn of the 1990s saw the release of the introspective album ''Dangerous''. ''The New York Times'' noted that on some tracks, "he gulps for breath, his voice quivers with anxiety or drops to a desperate whisper, hissing through clenched teeth" and he had a "wretched tone". When singing of brotherhood or self-esteem the musician would return to "smooth" vocals. When commenting on ''Invincible'', ''Rolling Stone'' were of the opinion that—at the age of 43—Jackson still performed "exquisitely voiced rhythm tracks and vibrating vocal harmonies". Nelson George summed up Jackson's vocals by stating "The grace, the aggression, the growling, the natural boyishness, the falsetto, the smoothness—that combination of elements mark him as a major vocalist".

Music videos and choreography

Referred to as the King of Music Videos, Steve Huey of Allmusic observed how Jackson transformed the music video into an art form and a promotional tool through complex story lines, dance routines, special effects and famous cameo appearances; simultaneously breaking down racial barriers. Before ''Thriller'', Jackson struggled to receive coverage on MTV, allegedly because he was African American. Pressure from CBS Records persuaded MTV to start showing "Billie Jean" and later "Beat It", leading to a lengthy partnership with Jackson, also helping other black music artists gain recognition. MTV employees deny any racism in their coverage, or pressure to change their stance. MTV maintains that they played rock music, regardless of race. The popularity of his videos on MTV helped to put the relatively young channel "on the map"; MTV's focus shifted in favor of pop and R&B.; His performance on ''Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever'' changed the scope of live stage show; "That Jackson lip-synced 'Billie Jean' is, in itself, not extraordinary, but the fact that it did not change the impact of the performance is extraordinary; whether the performance was live or lip-synced made no difference to the audience" thus creating an era in which artists re-create the spectacle of music video imagery on stage. Short films like ''Thriller'' largely remained unique to Jackson, while the group dance sequence in "Beat It" has frequently been imitated. The choreography in ''Thriller'' has become a part of global pop culture, replicated everywhere from Indian films to prisons in the Philippines. The ''Thriller'' short film marked an increase in scale for music videos, and has been named the most successful music video ever by the ''Guinness World Records''.

In the 19-minute music video for "Bad"—directed by Martin Scorsese—Jackson began using sexual imagery and choreography not previously seen in his work. He occasionally grabbed or touched his chest, torso and crotch. When asked by Oprah in the 1993 interview about why he grabbed his crotch, he replied, "I think it happens subliminally" and he described it as something that was not planned, but rather, as something that was compelled by the music. "Bad" garnered a mixed reception from both fans and critics; ''Time'' magazine described it as "infamous". The video also featured Wesley Snipes; in the future Jackson's videos would often feature famous cameo roles.

}} ;Bibliography

George, Nelson (2004). ''Michael Jackson: The Ultimate Collection'' booklet. Sony BMG.

Further reading

External links

Michael Jackson Live: Best Pics – slideshow by ''Life magazine''

Michael Jackson at MTV

FBI file on Michael Jackson

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Name	Rebbie Brown
Married to	Lonnie Brown
Background	just a sister of a singer
Birth name	Maureen Reillette Jackson
Born	May 29, 1950Gary, Indiana, U.S.
Genre	R&B;, pop, soul
Occupation	Singer, actress
Years active	1974–1998
Label	ColumbiaMJJ Productions?MJJ Music
Associated acts	The Jackson 5 }}

Maureen Reillette "Rebbie" Brown (née Jackson; born May 29, 1950) is an American singer professionally known as Rebbie Jackson (). Born and raised in Gary, Indiana, she is the eldest child of the Jackson family of musicians. She first performed on stage with her siblings during shows in Las Vegas, Nevada, at the MGM Grand Hotel and Casino in 1974, before subsequently appearing in the television series ''The Jacksons''.

At age 34, Jackson released her debut album ''Centipede'' (1984). The album featured songs written by Smokey Robinson, Prince and her younger brother Michael, whose contribution (the title track "Centipede") became Rebbie's most successful single release. By the end of the 1980s, the singer had released two more albums in quick succession: ''Reaction'' (1986) and ''R U Tuff Enuff'' (1988).

Following a 10-year hiatus in her musical career, Jackson returned with the 1998 album ''Yours Faithfully''. The production of the album, her last to date, had the singer collaborate with artists and producers such as Men of Vizion's Spanky Williams, Keith Thomas and Eliot Kennedy. It also featured contributions from her children. Nathaniel Brown is Jackson's husband and the two have been married since 1968.

Life and career

Childhood and youth

Maureen Reillette "Rebbie" Jackson was born in Gary, Indiana to a working-class family on May 29, 1950. The daughter of Joseph Walter "Joe" and Katherine Esther (née Scruse), she is the eldest of their ten children. Her siblings are Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, La Toya, Brandon (d. 1957), Marlon, Michael (d. June 25, 2009), Randy and Janet. Joseph was a steel mill employee who often performed in a rhythm and blues (R&B;) band called The Falcons with his brother Luther. His wife, Katherine, is a Jehovah's Witness and raised her children to follow the religion. Rebbie, La Toya and Michael became the most devout of the children as time progressed. Reflecting on her early life, Rebbie acknowledged in a 1980s magazine interview that her role within the family had been that of a "second mother" to her younger siblings, who she would often babysit.

Marriage

18-year-old Rebbie's announcement that she wanted to marry her childhood love Lonnie Brown in 1968 created a division in the Jackson family. Jackson expressed her feelings for the man and proclaimed that she wanted to move with him to Kentucky. Katherine encouraged her daughter to proceed with the union; she felt that being a wife and mother was an important role for all of her daughters to play. Joseph, however, was against the marriage; he wanted Rebbie to follow in the footsteps of her brothers (The Jackson 5) and become a singer. Her father felt that married life would stop her from becoming a success in the entertainment business. Though Rebbie had taken clarinet, piano and dance lessons in her childhood, she had no interest in a music career. The teenager thought that a happy home was more comforting and secure than the instability of show business. She also wanted to leave her family's drama-filled home on Jackson Street. Arguments ensued for several weeks before her father relented and allowed Rebbie to wed Brown. Having the last word on the matter, Joseph refused to walk his daughter down the aisle. Brown and Jackson would go on to have three children together: daughters Stacee (born May 5, 1971) and Yashi (born October 4, 1977), and son Austin (born November 22, 1985).

Early career

Jackson began her singing career in 1974, performing with her siblings at the MGM Grand Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas, Nevada. The Vegas shows had initially begun in April, without Rebbie. Her five brothers were the main draws, with herself, Randy, Janet and La Toya serving as filler for the performances. Due to a sprained ankle, Rebbie's debut was postponed until June, several months later.

When The Jackson 5 parted with their record label Motown in 1976, they signed to CBS Records and rebranded themselves as The Jacksons. In addition, the brothers were signed to CBS-TV to star with their family in a variety series called ''The Jacksons''. The shows premiered in June 1976, and featured all of the siblings excluding Jermaine, who had chosen to stay with Motown. The initial series run of the 30-minute programs was four weeks. Due to ratings success, more episodes were ordered in January 1977. The shows marked the first time that an African-American family had ever starred in a television series. The run of programs concluded shortly afterward.

Prior to the series, Jackson had thought of her singing as merely a private hobby. ''The Jacksons''—as well as an early love of musicals—motivated her to become a professional recording artist, and the show's producer encouraged her to sing. Jackson served as a backing vocalist for several musicians around this time, as well as a cabaret singer. She contributed her voice for songs by artists such as The Emotions, Sonny Bono and Betty Wright before Jackson's second pregnancy stalled her musical career for a short time.

''Centipede''

Following years of preparation, Jackson's debut album ''Centipede'' was distributed in October 1984 by CBS Records, who had signed her as a solo artist two years previously. "Centipede" marked Michael's first effort at writing and producing since the release of his successful ''Thriller'' (1982).

Other tracks from Rebbie's album included cover versions of songs by Prince ("I Feel for You") and Smokey Robinson and the Miracles ("A Fork in the Road"). According to the magazine ''Jet'', ''Centipede'' marked Jackson's emergence as a "legitimate recording artist" and "cleared the major hurdle of demonstrating that she [was] talented and marketable".

Rebbie later revealed that there was a lot of discussion at the time of the release of ''Centipede'' over whether she should use the Jackson surname professionally or not. To begin with Rebbie did not want to use her pre-marriage surname, but later reasoned that it was silly to deny her heritage. Jackson explained that she did, however, compromise with the use of her family name on the ''Centipede'' album cover - "Rebbie is large and Jackson is small". Her brother Tito produced ''Reaction'' along with David Conley and David Townsend of the R&B; group Surface. Duets were featured on the album, including one with Cheap Trick lead singer Robin Zander and another with Isaac Hayes. By mid-June 1988, ''R U Tuff Enuff'' had reportedly sold 300,000 copies. MTV later concluded that the album "struggled". Jackson later stated that she performed around the world during this hiatus, and recorded another album that was shelved after its completion.}} Following a 10-year break from music, Jackson signed with her brother Michael's record label, MJJ Music, in 1997. From the label, ''Yours Faithfully'' was released on March 31, 1998. The album featured a remixed version of Jackson's successful "Centipede". The album also featured a duet with Men of Vizion's Spanky Williams on The Spinners' "I Don't Want to Lose You", which ''Jet'' described as being a "sizzling" rendition.

Death of Michael Jackson

Jackson's brother Michael died in June 2009, after suffering a cardiac arrest. His memorial service was held several days later on July 7, and the finale featured group renditions of the Jackson anthems "We Are the World" and "Heal the World". The singalong featured Michael's siblings (including Rebbie) and the late singer's children. Following the service—which was held at Los Angeles' Staples Center—Rebbie, along with sisters Janet and La Toya, addressed fans at the nearby L.A. Live entertainment complex. "We are extremely grateful for all the support. We love you all." In the weeks following Michael's death, it was speculated by media sources that Rebbie would be the primary caregiver for her late brother's three children; Prince Michael, Prince Michael II and Paris. It was stated that even if Michael and Rebbie's mother Katherine was granted custody of her grandchildren, Rebbie would care for the three siblings on a day-to-day basis at the Jackson family's Encino home. In late 2010, Rebbie announced she's begun recording for a new album her first in 13 years. She's also been performing throughout the states with a set list that contains her best known songs, some of her brothers songs, and some Motown classics.

Discography

Albums

{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center; ! rowspan=2| Year ! rowspan=2| Album ! colspan=2| Peak chart positions ! rowspan=2| Worldwide sales |- style=font-size:smaller; ! width=55| U.S. Top 200 ! width=55| U.S. R&B; |- | 1984 | align=left| ''Centipede''

Released: October 10, 1984

Labels: CBS Records

| 63 | 13 | — |- | 1986 | align=left| ''Reaction''

Released: March 9, 1986

Labels: CBS Records

| — | 54 | — |- | 1988 | align=left| ''R U Tuff Enuff''

Released: July 12, 1988

Labels: CBS Records

| — | 58 | 300,000 units ! width=55| RIANZ |- | 1984 | align=left| "Centipede" | 4 | 24 | 4 | rowspan=2| ''Centipede'' | US: Gold |- | 1985 | align=left| "A Fork in the Road" | 40 | — | — | — |- | 1986 | align=left| "Reaction" | 16 | — | — | rowspan=2| ''Reaction'' | — |- | 1987 | align=left| "You Send the Rain Away" | 50 | — | — | — |- | rowspan=2| 1988 | align=left| "Plaything" | 8 | — | — | rowspan=2| ''R U Tuff Enuff'' | — |- | align=left| "R U Tuff Enuff" | 78 | — | — | — |- | 1998 | align=left| "Yours Faithfully" | 76 | — | — | rowspan=1| ''Yours Faithfully'' | — |- |}

Footnotes

References

External links

Rebbie Jackson at Allmusic

Rebbie Jackson at the Internet Movie Database

Category:1950 births Category:American pop singers Category:American rhythm and blues singers Category:American soul musicians Category:People from Gary, Indiana Category:Musicians from Indiana Rebbie Jackson Category:Living people Category:African American female singers

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