Name	Sir Peter Ustinov
Birth name
Birth date	April 16, 1921
Birth place	London, England
Death date	March 28, 2004
Death place	Genolier, Vaud, Switzerland
Occupation	Actor, writer, filmmaker
Years active	1940–2004
Spouse	Isolde Denham (1940–50)Suzanne Cloutier (1954–71)
Parents	Jona von UstinovNadezhda Benois }}

Sir Peter Alexander Ustinov CBE ( or ; 16 April 192128 March 2004) was an English actor, writer and dramatist. He was also renowned as a filmmaker, theatre and opera director, stage designer, author, screenwriter, comedian, humourist, newspaper and magazine columnist, radio broadcaster and television presenter. A noted wit and raconteur, he was, for much of his career, a fixture on television talk shows and lecture circuits, as well as a respected intellectual and diplomat who, in addition to his various academic posts, served as a Goodwill Ambassador for UNICEF and President of the World Federalist Movement.

Ustinov was the winner of numerous awards over his life, including Academy Awards, Emmy Awards, Golden Globes and BAFTA Awards, as well the recipient of governmental honours from, amongst others, the United Kingdom, France and Germany. He displayed a unique cultural versatility that has frequently earned him the accolade of a Renaissance Man. Miklós Rózsa, composer of the music for ''Quo Vadis'' and of numerous concert works dedicated his String Quartet No. 1, Op. 22 (1950) to Ustinov.

After his death in 2004, Durham University renamed its Graduate Society as Ustinov College to show significant contributions Sir Peter Ustinov made while serving as the Chancellor in 1992–2004.

Childhood and early life

Ustinov was born Peter Alexander Baron von Ustinow in Swiss Cottage, London. His father, Jona (born Jonah Freiherr von Ustinow), nicknamed "Klop" (Russian: Клоп, "bed-bug"), was of Russian, German and Ethiopian noble descent, and had served as a lieutenant in the Imperial German Air Force in World War I. Jona's father was Plato von Ustinov. Jona (or Iona) worked as a press officer at the German Embassy in London in the 1930s, and was a reporter for a German news agency. In 1935, two years after Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany, Iona von Ustinov began working for the British intelligence service MI5 and became a British citizen, thus avoiding internment during the war. He was the controller of Wolfgang zu Putlitz, an MI5 spy in the German embassy in London who furnished information on Hitler's intentions before World War II. (Peter Wright mentions in his book ''Spycatcher'' that Klop was possibly the spy known as U35; Ustinov says in his autobiography that his father hosted secret meetings of senior British and German officials at their London home.) Ustinov's great-grandfather Moritz Hall, a Jewish refugee from Krakow and later a convert and collaborator of Swiss and German missionaries in Ethiopia, married into a German-Ethiopian family.

Ustinov's mother, Nadezhda Leontievna "Nadia" Benois, was a painter and ballet designer of Russian, French, and Italian ancestry. Her father Leon Benois was an imperial Russian architect and owner of Leonardo da Vinci's painting ''Madonna Benois''. His brother Alexandre Benois was a stage designer who worked with Stravinsky and Diaghilev. Their paternal ancestor Jules-César Benois was a chef who had left France for St Petersburg during the French Revolution and became a chef to Tsar Paul.

Ustinov was educated at Westminster School and had a difficult childhood because of his parents' constant fighting. One of his schoolmates was Rudolf von Ribbentrop, the eldest son of the Nazi Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop. While at school he considered anglicizing his name to "Peter Austin" but was counselled against it by a fellow pupil who said that he should “Drop the ‘von’ but keep the ‘Ustinov’”. After training as an actor in his late teens, along with early attempts at playwriting, he made his stage début in 1938 at the Players' Theatre, becoming quickly established. He later wrote, "I was not irresistibly drawn to the drama. It was an escape road from the dismal rat race of school."

Career highlights

Ustinov served as a private in the British Army during World War II, including time spent as batman to David Niven. In 1939 he appeared in ''White Cargo'' at the Aylesbury Rep, where he had a different accent every night. He also appeared in propaganda films, debuting in ''One of Our Aircraft Is Missing'' (1942), in which he was required to deliver lines in English, Latin and Dutch. After the war he began writing; his first major success was with the play ''The Love of Four Colonels'' (1951). He starred with Humphrey Bogart and Aldo Ray in ''We're No Angels'' (1955). His career as a dramatist continued, his best-known play being ''Romanoff and Juliet'' (1956). His film roles include Roman emperor Nero in ''Quo Vadis'' (1951), Lentulus Batiatus in ''Spartacus'' (1960), Captain Vere in ''Billy Budd'' (1962), an old man surviving a totalitarian future in ''Logan's Run'' (1976), and, in half a dozen films, Hercule Poirot, a part he first played in ''Death on the Nile'' (1978). Ustinov voiced the anthropomorphic lion Prince John of the 1973 Disney animated film ''Robin Hood''. He also worked on several films as writer and occasionally director, including ''The Way Ahead'' (1944), ''School for Secrets'' (1946), ''Hot Millions'' (1968) and ''Memed, My Hawk'' (1984).

Ustinov won Academy Awards for Best Supporting Actor for his roles in ''Spartacus'' (1960) and ''Topkapi'' (1964). He could arguably be considered the first man of known Russian descent to have won an Oscar for Best Supporting Actor. He also won one Golden Globe award for Best Supporting Actor for the film ''Quo Vadis'' (he set the Oscar and Globe statuettes up on his desk as if playing doubles tennis; the game was also a love of his life, as was ocean yachting). Furthermore, Ustinov was the winner of three Emmys, one Grammy, and was nominated for two Tony Awards.

Between 1952 and 1955, he starred with Peter Jones in the BBC radio comedy ''In All Directions''. The series featured Ustinov and Jones as themselves in a London car journey perpetually searching for Copthorne Avenue. The comedy derived from the characters they met, whom they often also portrayed. The show was unusual for the time as it was improvised rather than scripted. Ustinov and Jones improvised on a tape, which was very difficult then edited for broadcast by Frank Muir and Denis Norden, who also sometimes took part. The favourite characters were Morris and Dudley Grosvenor, two rather stupid East End spivs whose sketches always ended with the phrase "Run for it Morry" (or Dudley as appropriate.)

During the 1960s, with the encouragement of Sir Georg Solti, Ustinov directed several operas including Puccini's ''Gianni Schicchi'', Ravel's ''L'heure espagnole'', Schoenberg's ''Erwartung'' and Mozart's ''The Magic Flute''. Further demonstrating his great talent and versatility in the theatre, Ustinov later did set and costume design for ''Don Giovanni''.

His autobiography, ''Dear Me'' (1977), was well received and saw him describe his life (ostensibly his childhood) while being interrogated by his own ego, with forays into philosophy, theatre, fame, and self-realization. In concluding, Ustinov muses "We have gone through much together, Dear Me, and yet it suddenly occurs to me we don't know each other at all".

In the later part of his life (from 1969 until his death), his acting and writing tasks took second place to his work on behalf of UNICEF, for which he was a Goodwill Ambassador and fundraiser. In this role he visited some of the neediest children and made use of his ability to make just about anybody laugh, including many of the world's most disadvantaged children. "Sir Peter could make anyone laugh," UNICEF Executive Director Carol Bellamy is quoted as saying. "His one-man show in German was the funniest performance I have ever seen — and I don’t speak a word of German."

On October 31, 1984, Ustinov was to meet with Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. She was assassinated on her way to the meeting.

Ustinov also served as President of the World Federalist Movement from 1991 until his death. He once said, "World Government is not only possible, it is inevitable; and when it comes, it will appeal to patriotism in its truest, in its only sense, the patriotism of men who love their national heritages so deeply that they wish to preserve them in safety for the common good."

He is best-known to many Britons as a chat-show guest, a role to which he was ideally suited. Towards the end of his life he undertook some one-man stage shows in which he let loose his raconteur streak — he told the story of his life, including some moments of tension with the national society he was born into (as just one example, he took a test as a child which asked him to name a Russian composer; he wrote Rimsky-Korsakov but was marked down, told the correct answer was Tchaikovsky since they had been studying him in class, and told to stop showing off).

A car enthusiast since the age of four, he owned a succession of interesting machines ranging from a Fiat Topolino, several Lancias, a Hispano-Suiza, a pre-selector Delage and a special-bodied Jowett Jupiter. He made records like Phoney Folklore which included the song of the Russian peasant "whose tractor had betrayed him" and his "Grand Prix of Gibraltar" was a vehicle for his creative wit and ability at car engine sound-effects and voices.

He spoke English, French, Spanish, Italian, German and Russian fluently, as well as some Turkish and modern Greek. He was proficient in accents and dialects in all his languages.

In the late 1960s, he became a Swiss citizen to avoid the British tax system of the time which heavily taxed the earnings of the wealthy. However, he was knighted in 1990, and was appointed Chancellor of Durham University in 1992, having previously served as Rector of the University of Dundee in the late 1970s (a role in which he moved from being merely a figurehead to taking on a political role, negotiating with militant students).

He received an honorary doctorate from the Vrije Universiteit Brussel (Belgium).

Ustinov was a frequent defender of the Chinese government, stating in an address to Durham University in 2000, "People are annoyed with the Chinese for not respecting more human rights. But with a population that size it's very difficult to have the same attitude to human rights." In 2003, Durham's postgraduate college (previously known as the Graduate Society) was renamed Ustinov College.

Ustinov came to Berlin on a UNICEF mission in 2002 to visit the circle of United Buddy Bears that promote a more peaceful world between nations, cultures and religions for the first time. He was determined to ensure that Iraq would also be represented in this circle of about 140 countries. In 2003, he sponsored and opened the second exhibition of the United Buddy Bears in Berlin.

Amongst his lesser known works, Ustinov presented and narrated the official video review of the 1987 Formula One season. His commentary proved highly entertaining. Ustinov also narrated the documentary series ''Wings of the Red Star''.

Ustinov gave his name to the Foundation of the International Academy of Television Arts and Sciences for their prestigious Sir Peter Ustinov Television Scriptwriting Award, given annually to a young television screenwriter.

Ustinov appeared as a guest star during the first season of The Muppet Show in 1976. The theme of the show had Miss Piggy, Fozzie Bear, Hilda ‘The Wardrobe Lady’ and Scooter openly saying to Kermit the Frog how much they admired and wanted to be like Peter Ustinov. Kermit was under the impression that they harboured these feeling towards him but hastily altered them when Ustinov was on the show, and so to cheer himself up Kermit goes off and sings ‘It’s Not Easy Bein' Green’. At the end of the episode Kermit admits to Ustinov that he feels a bit jealous and Ustinov responds by saying ‘...I’m jealous of you. I’ve always wanted to be a frog.’ One of the highlights of the episode is when Ustinov becomes ‘The Robot Politician’, which was Bunsen Honeydew's latest invention. In the sketch when ‘The Robot Politician’ inevitably breaks down, Ustinov accidentally punches Dr. Bunsen Honeydew in the face before blowing up. In a later interview about his time with Jim Henson's creations he said ‘...you took the characters absolutely seriously and paid no attention to the manipulator...’ adding ‘...there's an old theatrical saying...“never work with children or animals”...I would add puppets to that list because they always steal the limelight.’

Personal life

Ustinov was married three times--first to Isolde Denham, daughter of Reginald Denham and Moyna MacGill. The marriage lasted from 1940 to their divorce in 1950, and they had one child, daughter Tamara Ustinov. Isolde was the half-sister of Angela Lansbury.

His second marriage was to Suzanne Cloutier, which lasted from 1954 to their divorce in 1971. They had three children, two daughters, Pavla Ustinov and Andrea Ustinov, and a son, Igor Ustinov.

His third and final marriage was to Helene du Lau d' Allemans, which lasted from 1972 to his death.

He died on 28 March 2004 of heart failure in a clinic in Genolier, near his home in Bursins, Vaud, Switzerland. He was so well regarded as a goodwill ambassador that UNICEF Executive Director Carol Bellamy spoke at his funeral and represented United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan.

World politics

Peter Ustinov was the President of the World Federalist Movement from 1991 to 2004, the time of his death. WFM is a global NGO that promotes the concept of global democratic institutions. WFM wish to lobby those in powerful positions to establish a unified human government based on democracy and civil society. The United Nations and other world agencies would become the institutions of a World Federation. The UN would be the federal government and nation states would become like provinces.

He was also unintentionally a part witness to the assassination of India's Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. She was on her way to be interviewed by him for a documentary for Irish television, at her residence, when two of her bodyguards, Satwant Singh and Beant Singh, opened fire and riddled her with bullets.

Novels and plays

{| |- | valign="top" |

''Abelard and Heloise''

''Add a Dash of Pity and Other Short Stories''

''Brewer's Theatre'' with Isaacs et al.

''The Comedy Collection''

''Dear Me''

''Disinformer: Two Novellas''

''Frontiers of the Sea''

''Generation at Jeopardy: Children in Central and Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union'' with United Nations Children's Fund

''God and the State Railways''

''Half Way Up a Tree''

''The Indifferent Shepherd''

''James Thurber'' with Thurber

''Klop and the Ustinov Family'' with Nadia B. Ustinov

''Krumnagel''

''The Laughter Omnibus''

''Life is an Operetta: And Other Short Stories''

''Loser''

''The Love of Four Colonels''

| valign="top" |

''The Methuen Book of Theatre Verse'' with Jonathan and Moira Field

''Monsieur Rene''

''My Russia''

''Niven's Hollywood'' with Tom Hutchinson

''Old Man & Mr.Smith''

''Photo Finish''

''Quotable Ustinov''

''Romanoff and Juliet''

''Still at Large''

''The 13 Clocks'' with James Thurber

''The Unicorn in the Garden and Other Fables for Our Time'' with James Thurber

''The Unknown Soldier and His Wife''

''Ustinov at Eighty''

''Ustinov at Large''

''Ustinov in Russia''

''Ustinov Still at Large''

''Beethoven's Tenth''

|}

Television Work

''Doctor Snuggles''

''Jesus of Nazareth (miniseries)''

Filmography

''Hullo Fame'' (1940) (documentary)

''Mein Kampf — My Crimes'' (1940) (documentary)

''One of Our Aircraft Is Missing'' (1942)

''Let the People Sing'' (1942)

''The Goose Steps Out'' (1942)

''The New Lot'' (1943)

''The Way Ahead'' (1944)

''The True Glory'' (1945) (documentary)

''School for Secrets'' (1946) (director and writer)

''Carnival'' (1946) (screenwriter)

''Vice Versa'' (screenwriter, director, and producer)

''Private Angelo'' (1949)

''Odette'' (1950)

''Hotel Sahara'' (1951)

''The Magic Box'' (1951)

''Quo Vadis'' (1951)

''The King and the Mockingbird'' (1952) (voice)

''Pleasure'' (1952) (narrator of English version)

''The Egyptian'' (1954)

''Beau Brummell'' (1954)

''We're No Angels'' (1955)

''Lola Montès'' (1955)

''The Wanderers'' (1956)

''The Spies'' (1957)

''An Angel Passed Over Brooklyn'' (1957)

''Spartacus'' (1960)

''The Sundowners'' (1960)

''Romanoff and Juliet'' (1961) (director)

''Billy Budd'' (1962)

''Alleman'' (1963) (documentary) (narrator)

''Women of the World'' (1963) (documentary) (narrator)

''Topkapi'' (1964)

''The Peaches'' (1964) (narrator)

''John Goldfarb, Please Come Home'' (1965)

''Lady L'' (1965)

''The Comedians'' (1967)

''The Comedians in Africa'' (1967)

''Blackbeard's Ghost'' (1968)

''Hot Millions'' (1968)

''Viva Max!'' (1969)

''The Festival Game'' (1970) (documentary)

''Hammersmith Is Out'' (1972)

''Robin Hood'' (1973) (voice)

''One of Our Dinosaurs is Missing'' (1975)

''Logan's Run'' (1976)

''Treasure of Matecumbe'' (1976)

''The Muppet Show'' (1976)

''The Purple Taxi'' (1977)

''The Last Remake of Beau Geste'' (1977)

''Jesus of Nazareth'' (1977) (Herod the Great)

''The Mouse and His Child'' (1977)

''Double Murder'' (1977)

''Winds of Change'' (1978) (narrator)

''Death on the Nile'' (1978)

''Thief of Baghdad'' (1978 film) (The Calif)

''Tarka the Otter'' (1979) (narrator)

''Morte no Tejo'' (1979) (documentary)

''My Friend as the Alien'' (1999) (voice)

''Ashanti'' (1979)

''We'll Grow Thin Together'' (1979)

''Charlie Chan and the Curse of the Dragon Queen'' (1981)

''The Great Muppet Caper'' (1981) (cameo)

''Grendel Grendel Grendel'' (1981) (voice)

''Evil Under the Sun'' (1982)

''Memed, My Hawk'' (1984)

''Thirteen at Dinner'' (1985)

''Dead Man's Folly'' (1986)

''Peter Ustinov's Russia (documentary)'' (1986)

''Murder in Three Acts'' (1986)

''Appointment with Death'' (1988)

''Peep and the Big Wide World'' (1988) (narrator)

''La Révolution française'' (1989)

''Granpa'' (pencil animation) (1989) (voice talent)

''Around the World in 80 Days'' (1989)

''There Was a Castle with Forty Dogs'' (1990)

''Lorenzo's Oil'' (1992)

''The Phoenix and the Magic Carpet'' (1995)

''The Old Curiosity Shop'' (1995)

''Paths of the Gods'' (1995) (documentary)

''Stiff Upper Lips'' (1998)

''The Bachelor'' (1999)

''Alice in Wonderland'' (1999)

''Animal Farm'' (1999) (voice)

''My Khmer Heart'' (2000) (documentary)

''Majestät brauchen Sonne'' (2000) (documentary)

''Stanley Kubrick: A Life in Pictures'' (2001) (documentary)

''The Will to Resist'' (2002)

''Luther'' (2003)

''Winter Solstice (film)'' (2003)

''Siberia: Railroad Through the Wilderness'' (2004) (narrator)

Awards

Academy Award

1952 nominated: Best Supporting Actor (''Quo Vadis'')

1961 won: Best Supporting Actor (''Spartacus'')

1965 won: Best Supporting Actor (''Topkapi'')

1969 nominated: Best Original Screenplay (''Hot Millions'')

BAFTA Award

1962 nominated: Best British Screenplay (''Billy Budd'')

1978 nominated: Best Actor in a Leading Role (''Death on the Nile'')

1992 won: Britannia Award

1995 nominated: Best Light Entertainment Performance (''An Evening with Sir Peter Ustinov'')

Berlin International Film Festival

1961 nominated: Golden Bear (''Romanoff and Juliet'') 1972 won: Silver Bear for an outstanding artistic contribution (''Hammersmith Is Out'')

Emmy Award

1958 won: Best Single Performance by a Leading or Supporting Actor (''Omnibus: The Life of Samuel Johnson'')

1967 won: Outstanding Single Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role (''Barefoot in Athens'')

1970 won: Outstanding Single Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role (''A Storm in Summer'')

1982 nominated: Outstanding Individual Achievement in Informational Programming (''Omni: The New Frontier'')

1985 nominated: Outstanding Classical Program in the Performing Arts (''The Well-Tempered Bach with Peter Ustinov'')

Golden Globe Award

1952 won: Best Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture (''Quo Vadis'')

1961 nominated: Best Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture (''Spartacus'')

1965 nominated: Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy (''Topkapi'')

Grammy Award

1960 won: Best Recording for Children (''Prokofiev: Peter and the Wolf'') with the Philharmonia Orchestra directed by Herbert von Karajan

Tony Award

1958 nominated: Best Play (''Romanoff and Juliet'')

1958 nominated: Best Actor in a Play (''Romanoff and Juliet'')

References

External links

''YouTube video: P. Ustinov meets F. Dostoyevsky in "Russia"

Obituary (UNICEF)

Obituary (BBC)

An address by Ustinov to the Durham History Society 2000 conference on The United Nations: Past, Present and Future.

"In All Directions"

Peter Ustinov interviewed by Mike Wallace on ''The Mike Wallace Interview'' March 29, 1958

Critical viewpoints

Category:1921 births Category:2004 deaths Category:Actors awarded British knighthoods Category:Best Supporting Actor Academy Award winners Category:Best Supporting Actor Golden Globe (film) winners Category:British Army personnel of World War II Category:Chancellors of Durham University Category:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire Category:Deaths from heart failure Category:Emmy Award winners Category:English humorists Category:English dramatists and playwrights Category:English film actors Category:English film directors Category:English people of Italian descent Category:English Lutherans Category:English people of Russian descent Category:English screenwriters Category:English television actors Category:English voice actors Category:English people of French descent Category:English-language film directors Category:English people of German descent Category:Grammy Award winners Category:Hercule Poirot Category:Knights Bachelor Category:Actors from London Category:Music hall performers Category:Old Westminsters Category:Parlophone artists Category:People from Swiss Cottage Category:British people of Ethiopian descent Category:Rectors of the University of Dundee Category:Royal Sussex Regiment soldiers Category:UNICEF people Category:World federalists Category:Benois family Category:Recipients of the Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany

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name	Michael Aspel
birth name	Michael Terence Aspel
birth date	January 12, 1933
birth place	Battersea, London, England, U.K.
occupation	TV presenter
spouse	Dian Sessions (1957-61)Ann Reed (1962-67)Elizabeth Power(1977-1994)Irene Clarke (1994-) (partnered)
awards	}}

Michael Terence Aspel, OBE (born 12 January 1933) is an English television presenter, known for his reserved demeanour and rich speaking voice. He has been a high-profile TV personality in the United Kingdom since the 1960s, presenting programmes such as ''Crackerjack'', ''Aspel and Company'', ''This is Your Life'', ''Strange But True?'' and ''Antiques Roadshow''. Aspel is married to but separated from the actress Elizabeth Power, best known for her role in ''EastEnders''. His current partner is Irene Clarke. In April 2008 he was made a Freeman of the Borough of Elmbridge, Surrey.

Early life

Aspel was born in Battersea, in the London Borough of Wandsworth. During the Second World War he was evacuated and spent nearly five years in Chard, Somerset. He had been packed on a train, aged just seven, with a label tied to his clothes - 'like a parcel' and like so many of his generation (3.5 million British children were evacuated to the countryside, away from the threat of Nazi German bombs), the young Michael spent the formative years of his life with strangers, many miles from his home.

He then attended Emanuel School after passing his eleven-plus in 1944. He served as a National Service conscript in the ranks of the King's Royal Rifle Corps from 1951-53.

Early career

He worked as a drainpipe-layer and gardener, and sold advertising space for Western Mail newspaper in Cardiff. He also took up jobs at publishing houses, before his National Service. In his words:

"National Service was the catalyst that got me to Wales. Before that I was a teaboy in William Collins publishers, in London, serving tea to all these famous authors like Peter Cheyney."

He then took up a job at the David Morgan department store in Cardiff, which was shortlived as he spent most of his time pursuing a job as a radio actor for a children's play on BBC Wales, before working as newsreader for the BBC in Cardiff in 1957:

"I only got into news broadcasting because Richard Baker had a cold one day and I was asked to pop up for that weekend and ended up staying for eight years, until 1968. But that was because it was such bloody good fun with such a wonderful team which made me so thoroughly happy."

By the early sixties, he had become one of four regular newseaders on BBC national television, along with Richard Baker, Corbet Woodall and Robert Dougall.

At the BBC he began presenting a number of other programmes such as the series ''Come Dancing'', ''Crackerjack'', ''Ask Aspel'', and Miss World, a beauty contest, which he covered 14 times. He narrated the now cult BREMA cartoon documentary, ''The Colour Television Receiver'' (aka ''Degaussing''), a film to "familiarise engineers of some differences between a mono receiver and a colour receiver, from the point of view of adjustment and installation..", which was shown regularly on BBC2 between August 1967 and January 1971. He also provided narration for the BBC nuclear war documentary ''The War Game'', which was judged too horrifying and politically charged to be shown on BBC TV. It won the Best Documentary Feature Oscar in 1966, but it was not shown on British television until 1985.

In 1969 and 1976 he hosted the BBC's ''A Song for Europe'' contest and provided the UK commentary twice at the ''Eurovision Song Contest'' in 1969 and 1976, also presenting the contest previews. He also had a regular joke slot on the Kenny Everett radio show on Capital Radio, and guest-starred twice on ''The Goodies'', appearing as himself, notably in the episode "Kitten Kong", which won the Silver Rose at the Montreux Light Entertainment Festival.

In 1977 Aspel appeared with a number of other newsreaders and presenters in a song-and-dance routine ("There ain't Nothing Like a Dame") on ''The Morecambe and Wise Show''. The sketch, in which the presenters were dressed as traditional sailors, is often cited as one of the classic moments of British TV comedy. In another episode, Morecambe refers to him as "Michael Aspirin". Aspel also presented a mid-morning music and phone-in programme on Capital Radio in London, In the 1970s and 1980s he appeared in popular ITV programmes such as ''Give Us a Clue'', ''Child's Play'' and ''The 6 O'Clock Show'', a live current affairs and entertainment programme shown only in the London Weekend Television region.

During the early 1990s, Aspel presented two documentaries on BBC Radio 2 written by Terence Pettigrew, on subjects with which they shared a personal knowledge. ''Caught In The Draft'' was a nostalgic look back at compulsory National Service. Both had served, at different times, in West Germany, Aspel in the Kings Royal Rifle Corps and Pettigrew in the REME. Also taking part in the programme were comedian/compere Bob Monkhouse, Leslie Thomas, author of ''The Virgin Soldiers'', and BBC Radio 2 drivetime host John Dunn.

This was followed by ''Nobody Cried When The Trains Pulled Out'', a documentary about the evacuation of children from major British cities during World War 2. Again, the writer and presenter compared evacuation experiences. Aspel had been sent with his younger brother and sister to Chard in Somerset, whilst Pettigrew was shipped along with his older brother to maternal grandparents in Co Waterford, Ireland. Aspel admitted later that the experience had left deep scars on the family. Also taking part in the programme were champion boxer Henry Cooper, actor Derek Nimmo and author Ben Wicks. Both documentaries were produced by Harry Thompson.

''Aspel and Company''

One of his best-known roles was as host of his own chat show, ''Aspel and Company'', which ran for several series in the 1980s and 1990s on ITV. ''Aspel and Company'' was successful in attracting high-profile guests, including then-Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher giving a rare non-political interview, and George Harrison and Ringo Starr together in a unique post-Beatles Q&A.;

In 1993, ''Aspel and Company'' was censured by the Independent Television Commission over a deal with the restaurant chain Planet Hollywood and Matthew Freud's PR company to secure an interview with Arnold Schwarzenegger, Bruce Willis and Sylvester Stallone. The trio effectively hijacked the programme, and at one point Aspel started reading from the menu, asking the guests if hamburgers and fries were really the way to "body beautiful".

For a time, ''Aspel and Company'' performed well for ITV in the highly competitive Saturday night ratings. After the Planet Hollywood controversy, Aspel vowed never to host a chat show again.

Later career

Aspel was featured on the show ''This is Your Life'' in 1980, and when host Eamonn Andrews died in 1987 he became presenter of the programme until its run ended in 2003. Although he had guested on ''The Goodies'' (see above), Bill Oddie did not return the favour - when Aspel approached him, big red book in hand, and uttered the famous line: “Bill Oddie, this is your life”, Oddie replied: "No it f****** isn’t."

In 1993, Aspel began presenting the ITV supernatural programme ''Strange But True?'', a series exploring supernatural phenomena and unexplained mysteries. The programme ran between 1993 and 1997. He presented a new version of the ITV gameshow ''Blockbusters'' for the BBC in 1997; 60 programmes were made.

He presented BBC's ''Antiques Roadshow'' from 2000 until 2008, his last programme (recorded at Kentwell Hall, Suffolk) was shown on 30 March 2008 being a tribute to himself.

In 2003, Aspel starred in a BBC Three spoof documentary which claimed he had affairs with Pamela Anderson, Valerie Singleton and Angie Best, among others. Several well known celebrities were claimed to be love children from these and other conquests, including Daniella Westbrook (with Pamela), Shane Lynch (with Valerie), Mel B (with a West German Eurovision Song Contest entrant), Melinda Messenger, Gail Porter, Michelle Heaton and Ben Shephard.

He has guest hosted the topical quiz show ''Have I Got News for You'' on two occasions (October 2005 and November 2007).

In 2006, he played the role of the narrator in the UK tour of Richard O'Brien's ''The Rocky Horror Show''.

He was at one point favourite to be the new host of ''Countdown'', though on 16 October 2006 the ''Daily Express'' reported that he had told an audience at a book launch he had already turned the job down.

During July and August 2008, Michael Aspel filmed ''Evacuees Reunited'', a five-part documentary series made by Leopard Films for ITV1, which aired from 15–19 December 2008. Along with fifteen other wartime evacuees, he returned to the locations of his own youth, including his wartime home in Chard, Somerset. He was reunited with his childhood gang of evacuees at Forde Abbey, just outside the town. Later he caught up with his 96 year-old former school teacher, Audrey Guppy.

Personal life

He has been married three times, first to Dian Sessions a "stunning domestic science student" in 1957. "She was particularly fecund," he says, "and we had two children [Greg and Richard] in barely the time it takes to have two [sic]." They divorced in 1961 and, on a whim - "I suggested a holiday become a honeymoon" - he married Anne Reed, a TV scriptwriter, in 1962. They had twins, Tom and Jane, but divorced in 1967.

His third marriage was to actress Lizzie Power and lasted 17 years. Lizzie gave birth to a stillborn daughter, then a baby boy who lived only three days. Finally son Patrick was born 11 weeks premature and had cerebral palsy and Lizzie then suffered a miscarriage before giving birth to a second son, Daniel.

Since 1994, when their affair made headlines and ended his marriage to Lizzie, an affair which he revealed to Lizzie by telephone when she was hundreds of miles away on tour, he has lived with Irene Clark, a production assistant on ''This Is Your Life''. Aspel also has family in Milton Keynes, Bedfordshire.

In 2004, Aspel announced that he had been diagnosed with Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

His sanguine attitude toward his health is borne of family tragedy. One of his brothers was killed in a motorbike accident; his son James died at three days old; another son, Patrick, suffers from cerebral palsy. Most poignantly he watched his son Greg fight a long battle against cancer of the sinuses through the second half of his 20s, succumbing to the disease just weeks after turning 30 in 1989. He said:.

"It has made everything else seem no more than a vague toothache. In remission, Greg was reinstated as the handsome, healthy person he had been before, but then it came back to get him. He went through dreadful operations and fought so hard, but he was a ruin when he died. If I'd gone a week later myself, I'd have not cared. It has put my own illnesses into perspective."

Honours

In 1993, Aspel became an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) "for services to broadcasting", and has been voted ''TV Times'' and Variety Club Television Personality of the Year. He was also voted into the Royal Television Society Hall of Fame for outstanding services to television.

He is a supporter of the charity Cancer Research UK and on 9 April 2008 Elmbridge Borough Council, Surrey, appointed him an Honorary Freeman of the Borough:

"...in recognition of the eminent service to the community and local charities, which he has given consistently for more than 30 years. In addition to being very involved with cancer charities, he has continued to support local events, whether to celebrate a resident’s 100th birthday or give his time freely to help raise the profile of local charities."

References

External links

Michael Aspel biography at BFI Screenonline

Interview with Michael Aspel about leaving the Antiques Roadshow

Category:1933 births Category:English journalists Category:English television presenters Category:Eurovision Song Contest commentators Category:Living people Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire Category:People from Battersea Category:King's Royal Rifle Corps soldiers Category:People educated at Emanuel School

cy:Michael Aspel fr:Michael Aspel

name	Peter Cook
birth date	November 17, 1937
birth place	Torquay, Devon, England
death date	January 09, 1995
death place	Hampstead, London, England
birth name	Peter Edward Cook
occupation	Comedian, satirist, writer
years active	1958–1994
spouse	Wendy Snowden (1963–1971)Judy Huxtable (1973–1989)Lin Chong (1989–1995)
website	}}

Peter Edward Cook (17 November 1937 – 9 January 1995) was an English satirist, writer and comedian. An extremely influential figure in modern British comedy, he is regarded as the leading light of the British satire boom of the 1960s. He has been described by Stephen Fry as "the funniest man who ever drew breath," although Cook's work was also controversial. Cook is closely associated with anti-establishment comedy that emerged in Britain and the USA in the late 1950s.

Early life

Cook was born at Shearbridge, Middle Warberry Road, Torquay, Devon, the only son and eldest of the three children of Alexander Edward (Alec) Cook (1906–1984), a colonial civil servant, and his wife Ethel Catherine Margaret, ''née'' Mayo (1908–1994). He was educated at Radley College and Pembroke College, Cambridge, where he read French and German. As a student, Cook meant to become a career diplomat like his father, but Britain "had run out of colonies", as he put it. Although politically largely apathetic, he did join Cambridge University Liberal Club.

It was at Pembroke that he performed and wrote comedy sketches as a member of the Cambridge Footlights Club, of which he became president in 1960. His hero was fellow Footlights writer and Cambridge magazine writer David Nobbs

Whilst still at university, Cook wrote for Kenneth Williams, for whom he created a West End comedy revue called ''One Over the Eight'', before finding prominence in his own right in a four-man group satirical stage show, ''Beyond the Fringe'', with Jonathan Miller, Alan Bennett and Dudley Moore.

The show became a great success in London after being first performed at the Edinburgh Festival, and included Cook impersonating the Prime Minister, Harold Macmillan. This was one of the first occasions satirical political mimicry had been attempted in live theatre, and it shocked audiences. During one performance, Macmillan was in the theatre, and Cook departed from his script and attacked him verbally.

Career

1960s

In 1961 he opened The Establishment Club at 18 Greek Street in Soho, presenting fellow comedians in a nightclub setting, including American Lenny Bruce. Cook said it was a satirical venue modelled on "those wonderful Berlin cabarets... which did so much to stop the rise of Hitler and prevent the outbreak of the Second World War"; as a members-only venue it was outside the censorship restrictions. Cook befriended and supported Australian comedian and actor Barry Humphries, who began his British solo career at the club. Humphries said in his autobiography, ''My Life As Me'', that he found Cook's lack of interest in art and literature off-putting. Cook's chiselled looks and languid manner led Humphries to observe that whereas most people take after their father or mother, Cook reminded one of one's auntie. Dudley Moore's jazz trio played in the basement of the club for many years during the early 1960s.

In 1962, the BBC commissioned a pilot for a television series of satirical sketches based on The Establishment Club, but it was not picked up straight away, and Cook went to New York for a year to perform in ''Beyond The Fringe'' on Broadway. When he returned, the pilot had been re-fashioned as ''That Was The Week That Was'' and had made a star of David Frost, something Cook resented. The 1960s satire boom was closing and Cook said Britain would "sink into the sea under the weight of its own giggling". He complained that Frost's success was based on copying Cook's own stage persona, and that his only regret in life had been once saving Frost from drowning.

Cook married Wendy Snowden in 1963, with whom he had two daughters, Lucy and Daisy. The marriage ended in 1970.

Cook expanded television comedy with Eleanor Bron, John Bird, and John Fortune. Cook's first regular television spot was on Granada Television's ''Braden Beat'' with Bernard Braden, where he featured his most enduring character: the static, dour, and monotonal E.L. Wisty, whom Cook had conceived for Radley College's Marionette Society.

His comedy partnership with Dudley Moore led to ''Not Only... But Also''. This was intended by the BBC for Moore's music, but Moore invited Cook to write sketches and appear with him. Using few props, they created dry and absurd television, which lasted three seasons. Cook played characters such as Sir Arthur Streeb-Greebling and the pair's Pete and Dud. Other sketches included "Superthunderstingcar", a send-up of the Gerry Anderson marionette TV shows, and Cook's pastiche of 1960s trendy arts documentaries – satirised in a parodic TV segment on Greta Garbo.

In the early 1970s the BBC erased most videotapes of the series. This was common television practice at the time, when agreements with actors' and musicians' unions limited the number of repeats. The policy of wiping recordings ceased in 1978. When Cook learned the series was to be destroyed, he offered to buy the tapes but was refused because of copyright issues. He suggested he purchase new tapes so that the BBC would have no need to erase the originals, but this was also turned down.

Of the original programmes, eight of the twenty-two episodes survive complete. These comprise the first series with the exception of the fifth and seventh episodes, the first and last episodes of the second series, and the Christmas special. Of the 1970 third series, only the various film inserts (usually of outdoor scenes) survive. The BBC recovered some shows by approaching overseas television networks and buying back copies. A compilation of six half-hour programmes, ''The Best of What's Left of Not Only...But Also'' was shown on television and released on VHS and DVD.

In 1968, Cook and Moore briefly switched to ATV for four, one-hour programmes entitled ''Goodbye Again'', based on the Pete and Dud characters. They ignored suggestions from the director and cast. Sketches were drawn out to fill the running time. With no interest in the show and a problem with alcohol, Cook relied on cue cards and ended up garbling the script, forcing Moore to ad-lib. The show was not a popular success, owing in part to the publication of the ITV listings magazine, ''TV Times'', being suspended because of a strike. John Cleese was a cast member.

Cook and Moore acted in films together, beginning with ''The Wrong Box'' in 1966. ''Bedazzled'' (1967), though now regarded as a classic, was not financially successful. Directed by Stanley Donen, the film's story is credited to Cook and Moore, and its screenplay to Cook. A comic parody of Faust, it starred Cook as George Spigott (The Devil) who tempts a frustrated, short-order chef called Stanley Moon (Moore) with the promise of gaining his heart's desire – the unattainable beauty Margaret Spencer (Eleanor Bron) – in exchange for his soul, but repeatedly tricks him. The film features appearances by Barry Humphries ('Envy') and Raquel Welch ('Lust'). Moore's jazz trio backed Cook on the theme, a parodic anti-love song, which Cook delivered in a monotonous, deadpan voice, and included his put-down, "You fill me with inertia."

1970s

In 1970, Cook took over a project initiated by David Frost for a satirical film about an opinion pollster who rises to become President of Great Britain. Under Cook's guidance, the character became modelled on Frost. The film, ''The Rise and Rise of Michael Rimmer'', was not a success, although the cast contained notable names.

Cook became a favourite of chat shows but his own effort at hosting one in 1971, ''Where Do I Sit?'', was said by the critics to have been a disappointment. He was replaced after two episodes by Michael Parkinson, the start of Parkinson's career as a chat show host. Parkinson later asked Cook what his ambitions were. Cook replied "[...] in fact, my ambition is to shut you up altogether."

Cook provided financial backing for the satirical magazine ''Private Eye'', supporting it through difficult periods, particularly in libel trials. Cook invested his own money and solicited investment from his friends. For a time, the magazine was produced from the premises of The Establishment Club. Towards the end of the 1960s, Cook's alcoholism placed a strain on personal and professional relationships. He and Moore fashioned sketches from ''Not Only....But Also'' and ''Goodbye Again'' with new material into the stage revue ''Behind the Fridge''. This toured Australia in 1972 before transferring to New York in 1973 as ''Good Evening''. Cook frequently appeared worse for drink. ''Good Evening'' won Tony and Grammy Awards. When it finished, Moore stayed in the U.S., ending his partnership with Cook. Cook returned to England and in 1973 he married the actress and model Judy Huxtable.

Later, the more risqué humour of Pete and Dud went further on long-playing records as "Derek and Clive". The first recording was initiated by Cook to alleviate boredom during the Broadway run of ''Good Evening'', and it used material conceived years before for the two characters but considered too outrageous. One of these audio recordings was also filmed, and tensions between the duo are seen to rise. Chris Blackwell circulated bootleg copies to friends. The popularity of the recording convinced Cook to release it commercially, although Moore was reluctant, fearing that his fame as a Hollywood star would be undermined. Two further ''Derek and Clive'' albums were released, the last accompanied by a film.

In 1978, Cook appeared on British music series ''Revolver'' as the manager of a ballroom where emerging punk and new wave acts played. For some groups, these were their first appearances on television. Cook's acerbic commentary was an aspect of the programme.

In 1979, Cook recorded comedy-segments as B-sides to the Sparks 12-inch singles "Number One In Heaven" and "Tryouts For The Human Race". The main songwriter Ron Mael often started off a banal situation in his lyrics, and then went at surreal tangents in the style of Cook and S.J. Perelman.

Amnesty International performances

Cook appeared at the first three fund-raising galas staged by humourists John Cleese and Martin Lewis on behalf of Amnesty International. The benefits were dubbed ''The Secret Policeman's Balls'' though it wasn't until the third show in 1979 that the title was used. He performed on all three nights of the first show in April 1976, ''A Poke in the Eye (with a Sharp Stick)'', as an individual performer and as a member of the cast of ''Beyond The Fringe'', which reunited for the first time since the 1960s. He also appeared in a Monty Python sketch, taking the place of Eric Idle. Cook was on the cast album of the show and in the film, ''Pleasure At Her Majesty's''. He was in the second Amnesty gala in May 1977, ''An Evening Without Sir Bernard Miles''. It was retitled ''The Mermaid Frolics'' for the cast album and TV special. Cook performed monologues and skits with Terry Jones.

In June 1979, Cook performed all four nights of ''The Secret Policeman's Ball'' – teaming with John Cleese. Cook performed a couple of solo pieces and a sketch with Eleanor Bron. He also led the ensemble in the finale – the "End Of The World" sketch from ''Beyond The Fringe.''

In response to a barb in ''The Daily Telegraph'' that the show was recycled material, Cook wrote a satire of the summing-up by Mr Justice Cantley in the trial of former Liberal Party leader Jeremy Thorpe – a summary condemned for alleged bias in favour of Thorpe. Cook performed it that same night (Friday 29 June – the third of the four nights) and the following night. The nine-minute opus, "Entirely a Matter for You," is considered by many fans and critics to be one of the finest works of Cook's career. Cook and show producer Martin Lewis brought out an album on Virgin Records entitled ''Here Comes the Judge: Live'' of the live performance together with three studio tracks that further lampooned the Thorpe trial.

Although unable to take part in the 1981 gala, Cook supplied the narration over the animated opening title sequence of the 1982 film of the show. With Lewis, he wrote and voiced radio commercials to advertise the film in the UK. He also hosted a spoof film awards ceremony that was part of the world première of the film in London in March 1982.

Following Cook's 1987 stage reunion with Moore for the annual U.S. benefit for the homeless, ''Comic Relief'' (not related to the UK ''Comic Relief'' benefits), Cook repeated the reunion for a British audience by performing with Moore at the 1989 Amnesty benefit ''The Secret Policeman's Biggest Ball''.

''Consequences'' album

Cook played multiple roles on the 1977 concept album ''Consequences'', written and produced by former 10cc members Kevin Godley and Lol Creme. A mixture of spoken comedy and progressive rock with an environmental subtext, ''Consequences'' started as a single that Godley and Creme planned to make to demonstrate their invention, an electric guitar effect called The Gizmo, which they developed in 10cc. The project grew into a triple LP boxed set. The comedy sections were intended to be performed by a cast including Spike Milligan and Peter Ustinov, but Godley and Creme realised he could perform most parts himself.

The storyline centres on the impending divorce of ineffectual Englishman Walter Stapleton (Cook) and his French wife Lulu (Judy Huxtable). While meeting their lawyers – the bibulous Mr Haig and overbearing Mr Pepperman (both played by Cook) – encroaching global catastrophe interrupts proceedings with bizarre and mysterious happenings to Mr Blint (Cook), a musician and composer living in the apartment below Haig's office, connected by a large hole in the floor.

Released as punk was sweeping the UK, the album was a commercial failure and savaged by critics. The script and story appear drawn from Cook's life – his second wife, Judy Huxtable, plays Walter's wife. Cook's problems with alcohol are mirrored in Haig's drinking, and there is a parallel between the fictional divorce of Walter and Lulu and Cook's own divorce from his first wife. The voice and accent Cook used for the character of Stapleton are similar to Cook's Beyond the Fringe colleague, Alan Bennett, and a book on Cook's comedy, ''How Very Interesting'', speculates that the characters Cook plays in ''Consequences'' are caricatures of the four ''Beyond The Fringe'' cast members – the alcoholic Haig represents Cook, the tremulous Stapleton is Bennett, the parodically Jewish Pepperman is Miller, and the pianist Blint represents Moore.

1980s

In 1980, partly spurred by Moore's growing film star status, Cook moved to Hollywood and appeared as an uptight English butler to a wealthy American woman in a short-lived U.S. television sitcom ''The Two of Us'', also making cameo appearances in a couple of undistinguished films. In 1980, Cook starred in the LWT special ''Peter Cook & Co.''. The show included comedy sketches, including a ''Tales of the Unexpected'' spoof "Tales Of The Much As We Expected". This involved Cook as Roald Dahl, explaining his name had been Ronald before he dropped the "n". The cast included John Cleese, Rowan Atkinson, Beryl Reid, Paula Wilcox and Terry Jones. The show has never been repeated.

In 1983 Cook played the role of Richard III in the first episode of ''Blackadder'', "The Foretelling". He narrated the short film "Diplomatix" by Norwegian comedy trio Kirkvaag, Lystad and Mjøen, which went on to win the "Special Prize of the City of Montreux" at the Montreux Comedy Festival in 1985. In 1986 he was sidekick to Joan Rivers on her UK talk show. He appeared as Mr Jolly in 1987 in The Comic Strip Presents' ''Mr Jolly Lives Next Door'', playing an assassin who covers the sound of his murders by playing Tom Jones records. Cook appeared in ''The Princess Bride'' that year as the "Impressive Clergyman". Also that year he spent time working with Martin Lewis on a political satire about the 1988 U.S. presidential elections for HBO, but the script went unproduced. Lewis suggested Cook team with Moore for the U.S. "Comic Relief" telethon for the homeless. The duo reunited and performed their "One Leg Too Few" sketch.

In 1988, Cook appeared as a contestant on the improvisation comedy show, ''Whose Line Is It Anyway?''. Cook was declared winner, his prize being to read the credits in the style of a New York cab driver – a character he'd portrayed in ''Peter Cook & Co.''

Cook occasionally called in to Clive Bull's night-time phone-in radio show on LBC in London. Using the name "Sven from Swiss Cottage", he mused on love, loneliness and herrings in a mock Norwegian accent. Jokes included Sven's attempts to find his estranged wife, in which he often claimed to be telephoning the show from all over the world, and his hatred of the Norwegian obsession with fish. While Bull was clearly aware that Sven was fictional he did not learn Sven's real identity until later.

Revival

In late 1989 Cook married the Malaysian-born property developer Chiew Lin Chong in Torbay, Devon. He reduced his drinking and for a time was teetotal. He lived alone in an 18th-century house in Perrins Lane, Hampstead once owned by H.G. Wells. His third wife lived in another house 100 yards away.

Cook returned as Sir Arthur Streeb-Greebling for an appearance with Ludovic Kennedy in ''A Life in Pieces''. The 12 interviews saw Sir Arthur recount his life based on the Twelve Days of Christmas. Unscripted interviews with Cook as Streeb-Greebling and satirist Chris Morris were recorded in late 1993 and broadcast as ''Why Bother'' on BBC Radio 3, a year before Cook's death. Morris described them:

On 17 December 1993, Cook appeared on ''Clive Anderson Talks Back'' as four characters – biscuit tester and alien abductee Norman House, football manager and motivational speaker Alan Latchley, judge Sir James Beauchamp and rock legend Eric Daley. The following day he appeared on BBC2 performing links for Arena's "Radio Night". He also appeared, on 26 December, in the 1993 Christmas special of ''One Foot in the Grave'' (One Foot in the Algarve), playing a muckraking tabloid journalist. Before the end of the next year his mother died, and Cook returned to heavy drinking. His own death, three months later at 57, was from internal haemorrhaging.

Death

Cook died on 9 January 1995, having suffered a gastrointestinal haemorrhage (a direct result of severe liver damage) in the intensive-care unit of the Royal Free Hospital in Hampstead, North London. He was 57. Days earlier he had been taken in and announced, "I feel a bit poorly." Moore attended Cook's memorial service in London in May 1995 and he and Lewis presented a two-night memorial for Cook in Los Angeles the following November, to mark Cook's birthday.

Legacy

Cook is acknowledged as the main influence on comedians who followed him from amateur dramatic clubs of British universities to the Edinburgh Festival Fringe, and then to the radio and television. Fans include the members of Monty Python and The Goodies. Some critics saw Cook's life as tragic, the brilliance of youth not sustained in later years. Cook said he had no ambitions for sustained success. He assessed happiness by the friendships and enjoyment of life. Eric Idle and Stephen Fry said Cook had not wasted his talent but rather that the newspapers had tried to waste him.

Several friends honoured him with a dedication in the closing credits of ''Fierce Creatures'', a 1997 comedy film written by John Cleese about a zoo in peril of being closed. It starred Cleese, Jamie Lee Curtis, Kevin Kline and Michael Palin. The dedication displays photos and the lifespan dates of Peter Cook and of British naturalist/humorist Gerald Durrell.

In 1999 the minor planet 20468 Petercook, in the main asteroid belt, was named after him.

Ten years after his death, Cook was ranked number one in ''The Comedian's Comedian'', a poll of 300 comics, comedy writers, producers and directors throughout the English speaking world. Channel 4 broadcast ''Not Only But Always'', a television movie dramatising the relationship between Cook and Moore, with Rhys Ifans portraying Cook. At the 2005 Edinburgh Festival Fringe a play, written by Chris Bartlett and Nick Awde, examined the relationship from Moore's view, ''Pete and Dud: Come Again''. Tom Goodman-Hill played Cook.

At the 2007 Edinburgh Festival Fringe, ''Goodbye – the (after)life of Cook & Moore'' by Jonathan Hansler and Clive Greenwood was presented at the Gilded Balloon. The play imagined the newly dead Moore meeting the Cook in Limbo, also inhabited by other comic actors with whom they had worked, including Peter Sellers, Tony Hancock, Frankie Howerd, and Kenneth Williams. In May 2009 the play was seen again in London's West End at The Leicester Square Theatre (formerly "The Venue" and home to Pete and Dud: Come Again) with Jonathan Hansler as Cook, Adam Bampton Smith as Moore, and Clive Greenwood as everyone else.

A green plaque was unveiled by Westminster City Council and The Heritage Foundation at the site of The Establishment Club on 15 February 2009.

Further reading

Filmography

''The Wrong Box'' (1966): Morris Finsbury

''Alice in Wonderland'' (1966): Mad Hatter

''Bedazzled'' (1967): George Spiggott/The Devil

''A Dandy in Aspic'' (1968): Prentiss

''Monte Carlo Or Bust'' (released in the US as ''Those Daring Young Men in Their Jaunty Jalopies'') (1969): Maj. Digby Dawlish

''The Bed-Sitting Room'' (1969): Inspector

''The Rise and Rise of Michael Rimmer'' (1970): Michael Rimmer

''The Adventures of Barry McKenzie'' (1972): Dominic

''Find the Lady'' (1976): Lewenhak

''The Hound of the Baskervilles'' (1978): Sherlock Holmes

''Derek and Clive Get the Horn'' (1979): Clive

''Yellowbeard'' (1983): Lord Percy Lambourn

''Supergirl'' (1984): Nigel

''Whoops Apocalypse'' (1986): Sir Mortimer Chris

''The Princess Bride'' (1987): The Impressive Clergyman

''Without A Clue'' (1988): Norman Greenhough

''Getting It Right'' (1989): Mr. Adrian

''Great Balls of Fire!'' (1989): First English Reporter

''Black Beauty'' (1994): Lord Wexmire

Amnesty

''Pleasure at Her Majesty's'' (1976)

''The Mermaid Frolics'' (1977)

''The Secret Policeman's Ball''

''The Secret Policeman's Private Parts'' (1981)

''The Best of Amnesty: Featuring the Stars of Monty Python'' (1999)

UK chart singles:-

"The Ballad Of Spotty Muldoon" (1965)

"Goodbye-ee" (1965) with Dudley Moore

References

External links

The Establishment

Mr Blint's Attic

Tribute to Peter Cook, with texts and commentary

Good Evening, a Peter Cook Fansite incl. Gallery

The BBC Guide to Comedy: Not Only...But Also

Missing-Episodes.com

One Leg Too Few, script for one of Cook and Moore's most famous and oft-performed sketches.

Category:Alumni of Pembroke College, Cambridge Category:English comedians Category:English film actors Category:English satirists Category:English television actors Category:English television writers Category:Grammy Award winners Category:Old Radleians Category:People from Torquay Category:Private Eye contributors Category:1937 births Category:1995 deaths

de:Peter Cook (Komiker) es:Peter Cook (actor) fr:Peter Cook (acteur) hu:Peter Cook no:Peter Cook pt:Peter Edward Cook ru:Кук, Питер Эдвард simple:Peter Cook fi:Peter Cook

name	Fyodor Dostoyevsky
birth name	Fyodor Mikhaylovich Dostoyevsky
birth date	November 11, 1821
birth place	Moscow, Russian Empire
death date	February 09, 1881
death place	Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire
occupation	Novelist, short story writer, essayist
language	Russian
nationality	Russian
period	1846–1881
religion	Russian Orthodox
notableworks	''Notes from Underground''''Crime and Punishment''''The Idiot''''The Brothers Karamazov''
spouse	Mariya Dmitriyevna Isayeva (1857–64) [her death] Anna Grigoryevna Snitkina (1867–1881) [his death]
children	Sofiya (1868), Lyubov (1869—1926), Fyodor (1875–1878)
signature	Fyodor Dostoyevsky Signature.svg }}

Fyodor Mikhaylovich Dostoyevsky (November 11, 1821 – February 9, 1881) was a Russian writer of novels, short stories and essays. He is best known for his novels ''Crime and Punishment'', ''The Idiot'' and ''The Brothers Karamazov''.

Dostoyevsky's literary works explored human psychology in the troubled political, social and spiritual context of 19th-century Russian society. Considered by many as a founder or precursor of 20th-century existentialism, Dostoyevsky wrote, with the embittered voice of the anonymous "underground man", '' Notes from Underground'' (1864), which was called the "best overture for existentialism ever written" by Walter Kaufmann. Dostoyevsky is often acknowledged by critics as one of the greatest and most prominent psychologists in world literature.

Biography

Early life

thumb|240px|Mariinsky Hospital in Moscow, Dostoyevsky's birthplaceDostoyevsky was born in Moscow, the second of seven children born to Mikhail and Maria Dostoyevsky. Dostoyevsky's father Mikhail was a doctor and a devout Christian, who practiced at the Mariinsky Hospital for the Poor in Moscow. The family lived in a small apartment in the hospital grounds, and it wasn't until he was 16 years old, that Dostoyevsky moved to St Petersburg to attend a Military Engineering Institute. The hospital was located in one of the city's worst areas; local landmarks included a cemetery for criminals, a lunatic asylum, and an orphanage for abandoned infants. This urban landscape made a lasting impression on the young Dostoyevsky, whose interest in and compassion for the poor, oppressed and tormented was apparent in his life and works. Although it was forbidden by his parents, Dostoyevsky liked to wander out to the hospital garden, where the patients sat to catch a glimpse of the sun. The young Dostoyevsky appreciated spending time with these patients and listening to their stories.

There are many stories of Dostoyevsky's father's despotic treatment of his children, but this despotism was tempered by his extreme care for his children and their upbringing. After returning home from work, he would take a nap while his children, ordered to keep absolutely silent, stood by their slumbering father in shifts and swatted the flies that came near his head. But the father was also careful to send his children to private schools where they would not be beaten. In the opinion of Joseph Frank, author of a definitive biography of Dostoyevsky, the father figure in ''The Brothers Karamazov'' is not based on Dostoyevsky's own father. Letters and personal accounts demonstrate that they did have a fairly loving relationship.

In 1837, shortly after his mother died of tuberculosis, Dostoyevsky and his brother were sent to St Petersburg to attend the Nikolayev Military Engineering Institute, nowadays called the Military Engineering-Technical University. Fyodor's father died in 1839. Though it has never been proven, it is believed by some that he was murdered by his own serfs. According to one account, the serfs became enraged during one of his drunken fits of violence, and after restraining him, poured vodka into his mouth until he drowned. A similar account appears in ''Notes from Underground''. Another story holds that Mikhail died of natural causes, and a neighboring landowner invented the story of his murder so that he could buy the estate at a cheaper price. Some, like Sigmund Freud in his 1928 article, "Dostoevsky and Parricide", have argued that his father's personality had influenced the character of Fyodor Pavlovich Karamazov, the "wicked and sentimental buffoon", father of the main characters in his 1880 novel ''The Brothers Karamazov'', but such claims fail to withstand the scrutiny of many critics.

Dostoyevsky suffered from epilepsy and his first seizure occurred when he was nine years old. Epileptic seizures recurred sporadically throughout his life, and Dostoyevsky's experiences are thought to have formed the basis for his description of Prince Myshkin's epilepsy in his novel ''The Idiot'' and that of Smerdyakov in ''The Brothers Karamazov'', among others.

At the Saint Petersburg Institute of Military Engineering Dostoyevsky was taught mathematics, a subject he despised. However, he also studied literature by Shakespeare, Pascal, Victor Hugo and E.T.A. Hoffmann. Though he focused on areas different from mathematics, he did well in the exams and received a commission in 1841. That year, influenced by the German poet/playwright Friedrich Schiller, he wrote two romantic plays: ''Mary Stuart'' and ''Boris Godunov''. The plays have not been preserved. Dostoyevsky described himself as a "dreamer" when he was a young man. He also revered Schiller at that age. However, in the years during which he wrote his great masterpieces, his opinions changed and he sometimes made fun of Schiller.

Dostoyevsky was made a lieutenant in 1842, and left the Engineering Academy the following year. He completed a translation into Russian of Balzac's novel ''Eugénie Grandet'' in 1843, but it brought him little to no attention. Dostoyevsky started to write his own fiction in late 1844 after leaving the army. In 1846, his first work, the epistolary short novel, ''Poor Folk'', printed in the almanac ''A Petersburg Collection'' (published by N. Nekrasov), was met with great acclaim. As legend has it, the editor of the magazine, poet Nikolai Nekrasov, walked into the office of liberal critic Vissarion Belinsky and announced, "A new Gogol has arisen!" Belinsky, his followers, and many others agreed. After the novel was fully published in book form at the beginning of the next year, Dostoyevsky became a literary celebrity at the age of 24.

In 1846, Belinsky and many others reacted negatively to his novella, ''The Double'', a psychological study of a bureaucrat whose alter ego overtakes his life. Dostoyevsky's fame began to fade. Much of his work after ''Poor Folk'' received ambivalent reviews and it seemed that Belinsky's prediction that Dostoyevsky would be one of the greatest writers of Russia was mistaken.

Exile in Siberia

Dostoyevsky was incarcerated on 23 April 1849 for being part of the liberal intellectual group the Petrashevsky Circle. Tsar Nicholas I, after seeing the Revolutions of 1848 in Europe, was harsh on any type of underground organization which he felt could put autocracy in jeopardy. On November 16 of that year, Dostoyevsky, along with other members of the Petrashevsky Circle, was sentenced to death. After a mock execution, in which he and other members of the group stood outside in freezing weather waiting to be shot by a firing squad, Dostoyevsky's sentence was commuted to four years of exile with hard labour at a katorga prison camp in Omsk, Siberia. Later, Dostoyevsky described his years of suffering to his brother, as being, "shut up in a coffin." In describing the dilapidated barracks which "should have been torn down years ago", he wrote: '' This experience inspired him to write ''The House of the Dead''.

Dostoyevsky was released from prison in 1854, and was required to serve in the Siberian Regiment. He spent the following five years as a private (and later lieutenant) in the Regiment's Seventh Line Battalion, stationed at the fortress of Semipalatinsk, now in Kazakhstan. While there, he began a relationship with Maria Dmitrievna Isayeva, the wife of an acquaintance in Siberia. After her husband's death, they married in February 1857.

Post-prison maturation as a writer

Dostoyevsky's experiences in prison and the army resulted in major changes in his political and religious convictions. First, his ordeal somehow caused him to become disillusioned with "Western" ideas; he repudiated the contemporary Western European philosophical movements, and instead paid greater tribute in his writings to traditional, rustic Russian values exemplified in the Slavophile concept of ''sobornost''. But even more significantly, he had what his biographer Joseph Frank describes as a conversion experience in prison, which greatly strengthened his Christian, and specifically Orthodox, faith. Dostoyevsky would later depict his conversion experience in the short story, ''The Peasant Marey'' (1876).

In his writings, Dostoyevsky started to extol the virtues of humility, submission, and suffering. He now displayed a much more critical stance on contemporary European philosophy and turned with intellectual rigour against the Nihilist and Socialist movements; and much of his post-prison work—particularly the novel, ''The Possessed'', and the essays, ''The Diary of a Writer''—contains both criticism of socialist and nihilist ideas, as well as thinly veiled parodies of contemporary Western-influenced Russian intellectuals (Timofey Granovskiy), revolutionaries (Sergey Nyechayev), and even fellow novelists (Ivan Turgyenyev). In social circles, Dostoyevsky allied himself with well-known conservatives, such as the statesman Konstantin Pobyedonostsyev. His post-prison essays praised the tenets of the Pochvyennichyestvo movement, a late-19th century Russian nativist ideology closely aligned with Slavophilism.

Dostoyevsky's post-prison fiction abandoned the Western European-style domestic melodramas and quaint character studies of his youthful work in favor of dark, more complex storylines and situations, played-out by brooding, tortured characters—often styled partly on Dostoyevsky himself—who agonized over existential themes of spiritual torment, religious awakening, and the psychological confusion caused by the conflict between traditional Russian culture and the influx of modern, Western philosophy. Nonetheless, this does not take from the debt which Dostoyevsky owed to earlier Western-influenced writers such as Gogol whose work grew from the irrational and anti-authoritarian spiritualist ideas contained within the Romantic movement which had immediately preceded Dostoyevsky in West Europe. However, Dostoyevsky's major novels focused on the idea that utopia and positivist ideas were unrealistic and unobtainable.

Later literary career

In December 1859, Dostoyevsky returned to Saint Petersburg, where he ran a series of unsuccessful literary journals, ''Vremya'' (Time) and ''Epokha'' (Epoch), with his older brother Mikhail. The former was shut down as a consequence of its coverage of the Polish Uprising of 1863. That year Dostoyevsky traveled to Europe and frequented gambling casinos. There he met Apollinaria Suslova, the model for Dostoyevsky's "proud women", such as the two characters named Katerina Ivanovna, in ''Crime and Punishment'' and in ''The Brothers Karamazov''.

Dostoyevsky was devastated by his wife's death in 1864, which was followed shortly thereafter by his brother's death. He was financially crippled by business debts; furthermore, he decided to assume the responsibility of his deceased brother's outstanding debts, as well providing for his wife's son from her earlier marriage and his brother's widow and children. Dostoyevsky sank into a deep depression, frequenting gambling parlors and accumulating massive losses at the tables.

Dostoyevsky suffered from an acute gambling compulsion and its consequences. He completed ''Crime and Punishment'', possibly his best known novel, in a mad hurry because he was in urgent need of an advance from his publisher. He had been left practically penniless after a gambling spree. Dostoyevsky wrote ''The Gambler'' simultaneously in order to satisfy an agreement with his publisher Stellovsky who, if he did not receive a new work, would have claimed the copyrights to all of Dostoyevsky's writings.

Motivated by the dual wish to escape his creditors at home and to visit the casinos abroad, Dostoyevsky traveled to Western Europe. There, he attempted to rekindle a love affair with Suslova, but she refused his marriage proposal. Dostoyevsky was heartbroken, but soon met Anna Grigorevna Snitkina, a twenty-year-old stenographer. Shortly before marrying her in 1867, he dictated ''The Gambler'' to her. From 1873 to 1881 he published the ''Writer's Diary'', a monthly journal of short stories, sketches, and articles on current events. The journal was an enormous success.

Dostoyevsky influenced, and was himself influenced, by the philosopher Vladimir Sergeyevich Solovyov. Solovyov was the inspiration for the characters Ivan Karamazov and Alyosha Karamazov.

In 1877, Dostoyevsky gave the keynote eulogy at the funeral of his friend, the poet Nekrasov, to much controversy. On 8 June 1880, shortly before he died, he gave his famous Pushkin speech at the unveiling of the Pushkin monument in Moscow. In his later years, Dostoyevsky lived for an extended period at the resort of Staraya Russa in northwestern Russia, which was closer to Saint Petersburg and less expensive than German resorts.

Death

Dostoyevsky died in St. Petersburg on of a lung hemorrhage associated with emphysema and an epileptic seizure. A copy of the New Testament Bible given to him in Siberia sat on his lap. He was interred in Tikhvin Cemetery at the Alexander Nevsky Monastery in Saint Petersburg. Forty thousand mourners attended his funeral.

His tombstone reads; ''Verily, Verily, I say unto you, Except a corn of wheat fall into the ground and die, it abideth alone: but if it die, it bringeth forth much fruit.'' (Excerpt from John 12:24, which is also the epigraph of his final novel, ''The Brothers Karamazov''.)

The rented apartment where he died and spent the last few years of his life is where he wrote his final novel ''The Brothers Karamazov''. The apartment, situated in a building at 5 Kuznechnyi pereulok, has been restored with old photographs to how it looked when he lived there. It opened in 1971 as the Dostoyevsky House Museum and is a popular tourist attraction in the city.

Influence

Some, like journalist Otto Friedrich, consider Dostoyevsky to be one of Europe's major novelists, while others like Vladimir Nabokov maintain that from a point of view of enduring art and individual genius, he is a rather mediocre writer who produced wastelands of literary platitudes.

Dostoyevsky promoted in his novels religious moralities, particularly those of Eastern Orthodox Christianity. Indeed, "Dostoyevsky and the Religion of Suffering," the essay devoted to Dostoyevsky in Eugène-Melchior de Vogüé's ''Le roman russe'' (1886), is widely considered to be the most influential early analysis of the novelist's work, introducing Dostoyevsky and other Russian novelists to the West. Nabokov argued in his University courses at Cornell, that such religious propaganda, rather than artistic qualities, was the main reason Dostoyevsky was praised and regarded as a 'Prophet' in Soviet Russia.

James Joyce and Virginia Woolf praised his prose. Ernest Hemingway cited Dostoyevsky as a major influence on his work, in his posthumous collection of sketches ''A Moveable Feast''. In a book of interviews with Arthur Power (''Conversations with James Joyce''), Joyce praised Dostoyevsky's prose:

'''' In her essay ''The Russian Point of View'', Virginia Woolf said:

''

Dostoyevsky displayed a nuanced understanding of human psychology in his major works. He created an opus of vitality and almost hypnotic power, characterized by feverishly dramatized scenes where his characters are frequently in scandalous and explosive atmospheres, passionately engaged in Socratic dialogues. The quest for God, the problem of evil and suffering of the innocents haunt the majority of his novels.

His characters fall into a few distinct categories: humble and self-effacing Christians (Prince Myshkin, Sonya Marmeladova, Alyosha Karamazov, Saint Ambrose of Optina), self-destructive nihilists (Svidrigailov, Smerdyakov, Stavrogin, the underground man), cynical debauchees (Fyodor Karamazov, Dmitri Karamazov), and rebellious intellectuals (Raskolnikov, Ivan Karamazov, Ippolit); also, his characters are driven by ideas rather than by ordinary biological or social imperatives. In comparison with Tolstoy, whose characters are realistic, the characters of Dostoyevsky are usually more symbolic of the ideas they represent, thus Dostoyevsky is often cited as one of the forerunners of Literary Symbolism, especially Russian Symbolism (see Alexander Blok). Dostoyevsky's novels are compressed in time (many cover only a few days) and this enables him to get rid of one of the dominant traits of realist prose, the corrosion of human life in the process of the time flux; his characters primarily embody spiritual values, and these are, by definition, timeless. Other themes include suicide, wounded pride, collapsed family values, spiritual regeneration through suffering, rejection of the West and affirmation of the Russian Orthodox Church and of tsarism. Literary scholars such as Mikhail Bakhtin have characterized his work as "polyphonic": Dostoyevsky does not appear to aim for a "single vision", and beyond simply describing situations from various angles, Dostoyevsky engendered fully dramatic novels of ideas where conflicting views and characters are left to develop unevenly into unbearable crescendo.

Dostoyevsky and the other giant of late 19th century Russian literature, Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy, never met in person, even though each praised, criticized, and influenced the other (Dostoyevsky remarked of Tolstoy's ''Anna Karenina'' that it was a "flawless work of art"; Henri Troyat reports that Tolstoy once remarked of ''Crime and Punishment'' that, "Once you read the first few chapters you know pretty much how the novel will end up"). There was a meeting arranged, but there was a confusion about where the meeting was to take place and they never rescheduled. Tolstoy wept when he learned of Dostoyevsky's death. A copy of ''The Brothers Karamazov'' was found on the nightstand next to Tolstoy's deathbed at the Astapovo railway station.

Dostoyevsky on Jews in Russia

Several writers (including Joseph Frank, Stephen Cassedy, David I. Goldstein, Gary Saul Morson, and Felix Dreizin) have offered various insights and suppositions regarding Dostoyevsky’s views on Jews and organized Jewry in Russia — one such view is that Dostoyevsky perceived Jewish ethnocentrism and Jewish influence to be directly threatening the Russian peasantry in the border regions. In ''A Writer's Diary'', Dostoyevsky wrote:

Thus, Jewry is thriving precisely there where the people are still ignorant, or not free, or economically backward. It is there that Jewry has a champ libre. And instead of raising, by its influence, the level of education, instead of increasing knowledge, generating economic fitness in the native population—instead of this the Jew, wherever he has settled, has still more humiliated and debauched the people; there humaneness was still more debased and the educational level fell still lower; there inescapable, inhuman misery, and with it despair, spread still more disgustingly. Ask the native population in our border regions: What is propelling the Jew—and has been propelling him for centuries? You will receive a unanimous answer: mercilessness. He has been prompted so many centuries only by pitilessness to us, only by the thirst for our sweat and blood.

And, in truth, the whole activity of the Jews in these border regions of ours consisted of rendering the native population as much as possible inescapably dependent on them, taking advantage of the local laws. They have always managed to be on friendly terms with those upon whom the people were dependent. Point to any other tribe from among Russian aliens which could rival the Jew by his dreadful influence in this connection! You will find no such tribe. In this respect the Jew preserves all his originality as compared with other Russian aliens, and of course, the reason therefore is that status of status of his, that spirit of which specifically breathes pitilessness for everything that is not Jew, with disrespect for any people and tribe, for every human creature who is not a Jew...

Dostoyevsky has been noted as both having expressed antisemitic sentiments as well as standing up for the rights of the Jewish people. In a review of Joseph Frank's book, ''The Mantle of the Prophet'', Orlando Figes notes that ''A Writer's Diary'' is "filled with politics, literary criticism, and pan-Slav diatribes about the virtues of the Russian Empire, [and] represents a major challenge to the Dostoyevsky fan, not least on account of its frequent expressions of anti-semitism." Frank, in his foreword for David I. Goldstein's book ''Dostoevsky and the Jews'', attempts to place Dostoyevsky as a product of his time. Frank notes that Dostoyevsky made antisemitic remarks, but that Dostoyevsky's writing and stance, by and large, was one where Dostoyevsky held a great deal of guilt for his comments and positions that were antisemitic.

Steven Cassedy alleges in his book, ''Dostoevsky's Religion'', that much of the depiction of Dostoyevsky's views as antisemitic omits that Dostoyevsky expressed support for the equal rights of the Russian Jewish population, an unpopular position in Russia at the time. Cassedy also notes that this criticism of Dostoyevsky also appears to deny his sincerity when he said that he was for equal rights for the Russian Jewish populace and the serfs of his own country (since neither group at that point in history had equal rights). Cassedy again notes when Dostoyevsky stated that he did not hate Jewish people and was not antisemitic. Even though Dostoyevsky spoke of the potential negative influence of Jewish people, Dostoyevsky advised Czar Alexander II of Russia to give them rights to positions of influence in Russian society, such as allowing them access to Professorships at Universities. According to Cassedy, labeling Dostoyevsky anti-Semitic does not take into consideration Dostoyevsky's expressed desire to peacefully reconcile Jews and Christians into a single universal brotherhood of all mankind.

Dostoyevsky and existentialism

With the publication of ''Crime and Punishment'', in 1866, Dostoyevsky became one of Russia's most prominent authors. Will Durant, in ''The Pleasures of Philosophy'' (1953), called Dostoyevsky one of the founding fathers of the philosophical movement known as existentialism, and cited ''Notes from Underground'' in particular as a founding work of existentialism. For Dostoyevsky, war is the people's rebellion against the idea that reason guides everything, and thus, reason is not the ultimate guiding principle for either history or mankind. After his 1849 exile to the city of Omsk, Siberia, Dostoyevsky focused heavily on notions of suffering and despair in many of his works.

Frederich Nietzsche referred to Dostoyevsky as "the only psychologist from whom I have something to learn: he belongs to the happiest windfalls of my life, happier even than the discovery of Stendhal." He said that ''Notes from Underground'' "cried truth from the blood." According to Mihajlo Mihajlov's "The Great Catalyzer: Nietzsche and Russian Neo-Idealism", Nietzsche constantly refers to Dostoyevsky in his notes and drafts throughout the winter of 1886–1887. Nietzsche also wrote abstracts of several of Dostoyevsky's works.

Freud wrote an article titled ''Dostoevsky and Parricide'', asserting that the greatest works in world literature are all about parricide; though he is critical of Dostoyevsky's work overall, his inclusion of ''The Brothers Karamazov'' among the three greatest works of literature is remarkable.

Bibliography

Fiction

Dostoyevsky's works of fiction includes 15 novels and novellas and 17 short stories. Many of his longer novels were first published in serialized form in various literary magazines and journals (see the individual articles). The years given below indicate the year in which the novel's final part or first complete book edition was published. Because English translations of Dostoyevsky's works have differentiated throughout the years, many of his novels and short stories are known by several titles.

Novels and novellas

''Poor Folk'' (Бедные люди [''Bednye lyudi''], 1846)

''The Double: A Petersburg Poem'' (Двойник: Петербургская поэма [''Dvoynik: Peterburgskaya poema''], 1846)

''Netochka Nezvanova'' (Неточка Незванова [''Netochka Nezvanova''], 1849)

''Uncle's Dream'' (Дядюшкин сон [''Dyadyushkin son''], 1859)

''The Village of Stepanchikovo'' (Село Степанчиково и его обитатели [''Selo Stepanchikovo i ego obitateli''], 1859)

''Humiliated and Insulted'' (Униженные и оскорбленные [''Unizhennye i oskorblennye''], 1861)

''The House of the Dead'' (Записки из мертвого дома [''Zapiski iz mertvogo doma''], 1862)

''Notes from Underground'' (Записки из подполья [''Zapiski iz podpolya''], 1864)

''Crime and Punishment'' (Преступление и наказание [''Prestuplenie i nakazanie''], 1866)

''The Gambler'' (Игрок [''Igrok''], 1867)

''The Idiot'' (Идиот [''Idiot''], 1869). Translated into English by Henry Carlisle and Olga Carlisle.

''The Eternal Husband'' (Вечный муж [''Vechnyj muzh''], 1870)

''Demons'' (Бесы [''Besy''], 1872)

''The Adolescent'' (Подросток [''Podrostok''], 1875)

''The Brothers Karamazov'' (Братья Карамазовы [''Brat'ya Karamazovy''], 1880)

Short stories

"Mr. Prokharchin" ("Господин Прохарчин" ["Gospodin Prokharchin"], 1846)

"Novel in Nine Letters" ("Роман в девяти письмах" ["Roman v devyati pis'mah"], 1847)

"The Landlady" ("Хозяйка" ["Hozyajka"], 1847)

"The Jealous Husband" ("Чужая жена и муж под кроватью" ["Chuzhaya zhena i muzh pod krovat'yu"], 1848)

"A Weak Heart" ("Слабое сердце" ["Slaboe serdze"], 1848)

"Polzunkov" ("Ползунков" ["Polzunkov"], 1848)

"The Honest Thief" ("Честный вор" ["Chestnyj vor"], 1848)

"The Christmas Tree and a Wedding" ("Елка и свадьба" ["Elka i svad'ba"], 1848)

"White Nights" ("Белые ночи" ["Belye nochi"], 1848)

"A Little Hero" ("Маленький герой" ["Malen'kij geroj"], 1849)

"A Nasty Anecdote" ("Скверный анекдот" ["Skvernyj anekdot"], 1862)

"The Crocodile" ("Крокодил" ["Krokodil"], 1865)

"Bobok" ("Бобок" ["Bobok"], 1873)

"The Heavenly Christmas Tree" ("Мальчик у Христа на ёлке" ["Mal'chik u Hrista na elke"], 1876)

"The Meek One" ("Кроткая" ["Krotkaja"], 1876)

"The Peasant Marey" ("Мужик Марей" ["Muzhik Marej"], 1876)

"The Dream of a Ridiculous Man" ("Сон смешного человека" ["Son smeshnogo cheloveka"], 1877)

Non-fiction

In addition to fiction, Dostoyevsky wrote occasional essays, most of which have been collected in ''A Writer's Diary''.

''Winter Notes on Summer Impressions'' (1863)

''A Writer's Diary'' (Дневник писателя [''Dnevnik pisatelya''], 1873–1881)

Letters (collected in English translations in five volumes of ''Complete Letters'')

See also

Albert Camus

Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn

Existentialism

List of Russian philosophers

Lev Shestov

Nikolai Berdyaev

Nikolay Strakhov

Russian Orthodox Church

Vasily Rozanov

References

Bibliography

External links

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Category:1821 births Category:1881 deaths Category:Fyodor Dostoyevsky Category:Christian existentialists Category:Christian novelists Category:Christian writers Category:Christian philosophers Category:Deaths from emphysema Category:Deaths from epilepsy Category:Eastern Orthodox Christians from Russia Category:Existentialists Category:People from Moscow Category:People with epilepsy Category:Russian Orthodox Christians Category:Russian essayists Category:Russian-language writers Category:Russian monarchists Category:Russian novelists Category:Russian people of Belarusian descent Category:Russian people of Ukrainian descent Category:Russian short story writers Category:Russian writers Category:Ukrainian writers Category:Christian radicals Category:Magazine editors Category:Russian translators Category:Russian prisoners and detainees

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name	Sir Anthony Hopkins
birth date	December 31, 1937
birth place	Port Talbot, Glamorgan, Wales
birth name	Philip Anthony Hopkins
occupation	Actor
years active	1967–present
spouse	}}

Sir Philip Anthony Hopkins, CBE (born 31 December 1937), best known as Anthony Hopkins, is a Welsh actor of film, stage and television. Considered to be one of the greatest living actors, Hopkins is perhaps best known for his portrayal of cannibalistic serial killer Hannibal Lecter in ''The Silence of the Lambs'' (for which he received the Academy Award for Best Actor), its sequel ''Hannibal'', and its prequel ''Red Dragon''. Other prominent film credits include ''The Lion in Winter'', ''Magic'', ''The Elephant Man'', ''84 Charing Cross Road'', ''Dracula'', ''Legends of the Fall'', ''The Remains of the Day'', ''Amistad'', ''Nixon'', and ''Fracture''. Hopkins was born and brought up in Wales. Retaining his British citizenship, he became a U.S. citizen on 12 April 2000. Hopkins' films have spanned a wide variety of genres, from family films to horror. As well as his Academy Award, Hopkins has also won three BAFTA Awards, two Emmys, a Golden Globe and a Cecil B. DeMille Award.

Hopkins was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II in 1993 for services to the arts. He received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 2003, and was made a Fellow of the British Academy of Film and Television Arts in 2008.

Early life

Hopkins was born in Margam, Port Talbot, Wales, the son of Muriel Anne (née Yeats) and Richard Arthur Hopkins, a baker. His schooldays were unproductive; he found that he would rather immerse himself in art, such as painting and drawing, or playing the piano, than attend to his studies. In 1949, to instill discipline, his parents insisted he attend Jones' West Monmouth Boys' School in Pontypool, Wales. He remained there for five terms and was then educated at Cowbridge Grammar School in the Vale of Glamorgan, Wales.

Hopkins was influenced and encouraged to become an actor by Welsh compatriot Richard Burton (who was also born at Neath Port Talbot), whom he met briefly at the age of 15. To that end, he enrolled at the Royal Welsh College of Music & Drama in Cardiff, Wales, from which he graduated in 1957. After two years in the British Army doing his national service, he moved to London where he trained at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art.

Career

Roles

Hopkins made his first professional stage appearance in the Palace Theatre, Swansea in 1960 with Swansea Little Theatre's production of ''Have A Cigarette''.

In 1965, after several years in repertory, he was spotted by Sir Laurence Olivier, who invited him to join the Royal National Theatre. Hopkins became Olivier's understudy, and filled in when Olivier was struck with appendicitis during a production of August Strindberg's ''The Dance of Death''. Olivier later noted in his memoir, ''Confessions of an Actor'', that, "A new young actor in the company of exceptional promise named Anthony Hopkins was understudying me and walked away with the part of Edgar like a cat with a mouse between its teeth."

Despite his success at the National, Hopkins tired of repeating the same roles nightly and yearned to be in films. He made his small-screen debut in a 1967 BBC broadcast of ''A Flea in Her Ear''. In 1968, he got his break in ''The Lion in Winter'' playing Richard I, along with Peter O'Toole, Katharine Hepburn, and future James Bond star Timothy Dalton, who played Philip II of France.

Although Hopkins continued in theatre (most notably at the National Theatre as Lambert Le Roux in ''Pravda'' by David Hare and Howard Brenton and as Antony in ''Antony and Cleopatra'' opposite Judi Dench as well as in the Broadway production of Peter Shaffer's ''Equus'', directed by John Dexter) he gradually moved away from it to become more established as a television and film actor. His Pierre Bezukhov for the BBC War and Peace (1972) was particularly memorable. He has since gone on to enjoy a long career, winning many plaudits and awards for his performances. In 1980 he starred opposite Shirley MacLaine in ''A Change of Seasons'' and famously said “she was the most obnoxious actress I have ever worked with." Hopkins was made a Commander of the British Empire (CBE) in 1987, and a Knight Bachelor in 1993. In 1996, Hopkins was awarded an honorary fellowship from the University of Wales, Lampeter. Hopkins received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 2003.

Hopkins has stated that his role as Burt Munro, whom he portrayed in his 2005 film ''The World's Fastest Indian'', was his favourite. He also asserted that Munro was the easiest role that he had played because both men have a similar outlook on life.

In 2006, Hopkins was the recipient of the Golden Globe Cecil B. DeMille Award for lifetime achievement. In 2008, he received the BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award.

Hopkins portrayed Odin, the father of Thor, in the film adaptation of Marvel Comics' ''Thor''. On 24 February 2010, it was announced that Hopkins had been cast in the supernatural thriller ''The Rite'', which was released on 28 January 2011. He played a priest who is "an expert in exorcisms and whose methods are not necessarily traditional". An agnostic, he wrote a line--"Some days I don't know if I believe in God or Santa Claus or Tinkerbell"--into his character in order to identify with it.

Acting style

Hopkins is renowned for his preparation for roles. He has indicated in interviews that once he has committed to a project, he will go over his lines as many times as is needed (sometimes upwards of 200) until the lines sound natural to him, so that he can "do it without thinking". This leads to an almost casual style of delivery that belies the amount of groundwork done beforehand. While it can allow for some careful improvisation, it has also brought him into conflict with the occasional director who departs from the script, or demands what the actor views as an excessive number of takes. Hopkins has stated that after he is finished with a scene, he simply discards the lines, not remembering them later on. This is unlike others who usually remember their lines from a film even years later. Richard Attenborough, who has directed Hopkins on five occasions, found himself going to great lengths during the filming of ''Shadowlands'' (1993) to accommodate the differing approaches of his two stars (Hopkins and Debra Winger), who shared many scenes. Whereas Hopkins, preferring the spontaneity of a fresh take, liked to keep rehearsals to a minimum, Winger rehearsed continuously. To allow for this, Attenborough stood in for Hopkins during Winger's rehearsals, only bringing him in for the last one before a take. The director praised Hopkins for "this extraordinary ability to make you believe when you hear him that it is the very first time he has ever said that line. It's an incredible gift."

Renowned for his ability to remember lines, Hopkins keeps his memory supple by learning things by heart such as poetry, and Shakespeare. In Steven Spielberg's ''Amistad'', Hopkins astounded the crew with his memorisation of a seven-page courtroom speech, delivering it in one go. An overawed Spielberg couldn't bring himself to call him Tony, and insisted on addressing him as Sir Anthony throughout the shoot.

In addition, Hopkins is a gifted mimic, adept at turning his native Welsh accent into whatever is required by a character. He duplicated the voice of his late mentor, Laurence Olivier, for additional scenes in ''Spartacus'' in its 1991 restoration. His interview on the 1998 relaunch edition of the British TV talk show ''Parkinson'' featured an impersonation of comedian Tommy Cooper. Hopkins has said acting "like a submarine" has helped him to deliver credible performances in his thriller movies. He said, "It's very difficult for an actor to avoid, you want to show a bit. But I think the less one shows the better."

Hannibal Lecter

Perhaps Hopkins' most famous role is as the cannibalistic serial killer Hannibal Lecter in ''The Silence of the Lambs'', for which he won the Academy Award for Best Actor in 1991, opposite Jodie Foster as Clarice Starling, who won for Best Actress. The film won Best Picture, Best Director and Best Adapted Screenplay. It is one of the shortest lead performances to win an Oscar, as Hopkins only appears on screen for little over 16 minutes. Hopkins reprised his role as Lecter twice in ''Hannibal'' (2001) and ''Red Dragon'' (2002). His original portrayal of the character in ''The Silence of the Lambs'' has been labelled by the American Film Institute as the number-one film villain. At the time he was offered the role, Hopkins was making a return to the London stage, performing in ''M. Butterfly''. He had come back to Britain after living for a number of years in Hollywood, having all but given up on a career there, saying, "Well that part of my life's over; it's a chapter closed. I suppose I'll just have to settle for being a respectable actor poncing around the West End and doing respectable BBC work for the rest of my life."

Hopkins played the iconic villain in adaptations of the first three of the Lecter novels by Thomas Harris. The author was reportedly very pleased with Hopkins' portrayal of his antagonist. However, Hopkins stated that ''Red Dragon'' would feature his final performance as the character, and that he would not reprise even a narrative role in the latest addition to the series, ''Hannibal Rising''.

Personal life

As of 2007, Hopkins resides in Los Angeles. He had moved to the United States once before during the 1970s to pursue his film career, but returned to London in the late 1980s. However, he decided to return to the US following his 1990s success. Retaining his British citizenship, he became a naturalised US citizen on 12 April 2000, and celebrated with a 3,000-mile road trip across the country.

Hopkins has been married three times. His first two wives were Petronella Barker (1967–1972) and Jennifer Lynton (1973–2002). He is now married to Colombian-born Stella Arroyave. He has a daughter from his first marriage, Abigail Hopkins (b. 20 August 1968), who is an actress and singer.

He has offered his support to various charities and appeals, notably becoming President of the National Trust's Snowdonia Appeal, raising funds for the preservation of the Snowdonia National Park in North Wales, and to aid the Trust's efforts to purchase parts of Snowdon. A book celebrating these efforts, ''Anthony Hopkins' Snowdonia,'' was published together with Graham Nobles. Hopkins has been a patron of the YMCA centre in his hometown of Port Talbot, South Wales for more than 20 years, having first joined the YMCA in the 1950s. Hopkins also takes time to support other various philanthropic groups. He was a Guest of Honour at a Gala Fundraiser for Women in Recovery, Inc., a Venice, California-based non-profit organisation offering rehabilitation assistance to women in recovery from substance abuse. Although he resides in Malibu, California he is also a volunteer teacher at the Ruskin School of Acting in Santa Monica, California.

Hopkins has attended Alcoholics Anonymous meetings, since suddenly stopping drinking in 1975. As stated to TMZ in October 2010, Hopkins is a vegetarian. In 2008, he embarked on a weight loss program, and by 2010, he had lost 80 pounds.

Hopkins is a prominent member of environmental protection group Greenpeace and as of early 2008 featured in a television advertisement campaign, voicing concerns about Japan's continuing annual whale hunt. Hopkins has been a patron of RAPt (Rehabilitation for Addicted Prisoners Trust) since its early days and helped open their first intensive drug and alcohol rehabilitation unit at Downview (HM Prison) in 1992.

He is an admirer of the comedian Tommy Cooper. On 23 February 2008, as patron of the Tommy Cooper Society, the actor unveiled a commemorative statue in the entertainer's home town of Caerphilly, South Wales. For the ceremony, Hopkins donned Cooper's trademark fez and performed a comic routine.

Other work

In 1986, he released a single called "Distant Star", which peaked at No.75 in the UK Singles Chart. In 2007, he announced he would retire temporarily from the screen to tour around the world. Hopkins has also written music for the concert hall, in collaboration with Stephen Barton as orchestrator. These compositions include ''The Masque of Time'', given its world premiere with the Dallas Symphony Orchestra in October 2008, and ''Schizoid Salsa''.

In 1990, Hopkins directed "Dylan Thomas: Return Journey" which was his directing debut for the screen. In 1996, he directed ''August'', an adaptation of Chekhov's ''Uncle Vanya'' set in Wales. His first screenplay, an experimental drama called ''Slipstream'', which he also directed and scored, premiered at the Sundance Film Festival in 2007.

Hopkins is a fan of the BBC sitcom ''Only Fools and Horses'', and once remarked in an interview how he would love to appear in the series. Writer John Sullivan saw the interview, and with Hopkins in mind created the character Danny Driscoll, a local villain. However, filming of the new series coincided with the filming of ''The Silence of the Lambs'', making Hopkins unavailable. The role instead went to Roy Marsden.

Awards

Besides his win for ''The Silence of the Lambs'', Hopkins has been Oscar-nominated for ''The Remains of the Day'' (1993), ''Nixon'' (1995) and ''Amistad'' (1997).

Hopkins won the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in 1973 for his performance as Pierre Bezukhov in the BBC's production of ''War and Peace'', and additionally for ''The Silence of the Lambs'' and ''Shadowlands''. He received nominations in the same category for ''Magic'' and ''The Remains of the Day'' and as Best Supporting Actor for ''The Lion in Winter''.

He won Emmy Awards for his roles in ''The Lindbergh Kidnapping Case'' and ''The Bunker'', and was Emmy-nominated for ''The Hunchback of Notre Dame'' and ''Great Expectations''. He won the directing and the acting award, both for ''Slipstream'', at Switzerland's Locarno International Film Festival.

Hopkins became a Fellow of the British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA) at the Orange British Academy Film Awards in February 2008.

In 1979, Anthony Hopkins became an Honorary Member of the Royal Academy of Music, London.

Filmography

References

External links

Anthony Hopkins at BBC Wales

Anthony Hopkins, Giant of the Valley — By Michael Feeney Callan, 2007 Voyager Magazine

Anthony Hopkins interviewed on HTV-Wales program Elinor in the 1980s

An Evening with Anthony Hopkins HTV-Wales

Early voice-over on HTV-Wales programme

Anthony Hopkins, BAFTA Fellow in 2008

Fellow Man – Anthony Hopkins, BAFTA profile by film writer Quentin Falk

Category:1937 births Category:Living people Category:Alumni of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art Category:Alumni of the Royal Welsh College of Music & Drama Category:Welsh film actors Category:Welsh stage actors Category:Welsh television actors Category:Royal National Theatre Company members Category:Welsh emigrants to the United States Category:Naturalized citizens of the United States Category:BAFTA winners (people) Category:Best Actor BAFTA Award winners Category:Best Actor Academy Award winners Category:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire Category:Drama Desk Award winners Category:Emmy Award winners Category:Cecil B. DeMille Award Golden Globe winners Category:Knights Bachelor Category:Welsh vegetarians Category:Actors awarded British knighthoods Category:People self-identifying as alcoholics Category:People from Port Talbot Category:Honorary Members of the Royal Academy of Music Category:Welsh actors Category:People from Malibu, California Category:People educated at Cowbridge Grammar School Category:People educated at West Monmouth School

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