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Wednesday, 22 February 2012
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1st Short Chess Game: De Bolster - NN
  • Order:
  • Duration: 1:10
  • Uploaded: 05 Jun 2007
Interesting chess game presented by Serguei Vorojtsov. Subscribe to my channel & newsletter at www.vorojtsov.net High resolution videos are available here stores.lulu.com...
http://web.archive.org./web/20120222181844/http://wn.com/1st Short Chess Game: De Bolster - NN
Broilers
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  • Duration: 2:51
  • Uploaded: 25 May 2006
The video is taken from the Broilers "Good Fellas never split EP". The Song "Ich sah kein Licht" was released 2004 on the "Lofi" LP/CD...
http://web.archive.org./web/20120222181844/http://wn.com/Broilers "Ich sah kein Licht"
sah live
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  • Duration: 6:25
  • Uploaded: 18 Jul 2006
sah playing live at the 231 house of muses in Marquette MI...
http://web.archive.org./web/20120222181844/http://wn.com/sah live
Coiling Aneurysm/SAH
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  • Duration: 2:10
  • Uploaded: 16 Jul 2009
Aneurysms are small outpouchings from of vessel wall. It is believed that the vessel is weak at this area. This small outpouching has a tendency to grow reducing an extremely friable or which is liable to burst at any moment. When an aneury...
http://web.archive.org./web/20120222181844/http://wn.com/Coiling Aneurysm/SAH
Kay Sah Ma She Bu (It Doesn't Matter)
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  • Duration: 7:19
  • Uploaded: 25 Sep 2007
An award winning music video about an American who expresses his heart felt appreciation for the culture of Myanmar (Burma). All the video footage was taken in Myanmar and woven into the lyrics of this original song for the People of Myanma...
http://web.archive.org./web/20120222181844/http://wn.com/Kay Sah Ma She Bu (It Doesn't Matter)
Anaheim Ballet Dancer Profile: Vanessa Sah
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  • Duration: 2:18
  • Uploaded: 13 Oct 2007
Anaheim Ballet: More Than Dance... 10/13/07 www.MySpace.com...
http://web.archive.org./web/20120222181844/http://wn.com/Anaheim Ballet Dancer Profile: Vanessa Sah
Sah ein Knab ein Röslein stehen
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  • Duration: 3:23
  • Uploaded: 05 May 2007
ARD broadcast "Deutschland singt" from 5/5/2007 John Kelly & Maite Itoiz "Sah ein Knab ein Röslein stehn" - a delight for the ears! Their youtube profile can be found at www.youtube.com Their official myspace si...
http://web.archive.org./web/20120222181844/http://wn.com/Sah ein Knab ein Röslein stehen
K. Alexi Shelby - All For Lee-Sah 1989
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  • Duration: 5:13
  • Uploaded: 28 May 2008
Request for:6robski8 Artist:K. Alexi Shelby Title:All For Lee-Sah Label:Transmat Records Year:1989 Style:Chicago Acid Comment:- Wild K.Alexi Shelby Chicago Acid classic on Derrick May's Transmat imprint! Must-have! However... the only b...
http://web.archive.org./web/20120222181844/http://wn.com/K. Alexi Shelby - All For Lee-Sah 1989
Die Pest - Ich sah...
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  • Duration: 0:55
  • Uploaded: 28 Feb 2007
Die Pest rockt eine Schippe Sand ins Getriebe vegetarisch-militant mafiöser Strukturen!...
http://web.archive.org./web/20120222181844/http://wn.com/Die Pest - Ich sah...
Helen Schneider - Sah ein Knab' ein Röslein steh'n (Heideröslein)
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  • Duration: 1:30
  • Uploaded: 16 Jul 2009
Alfred Biolek erinnert sich an einen seiner Lieblingsmomente innerhalb seiner Fernsehkarriere: Helen Schneiders Zugabe "Sah ein Knab' ein Röslein steh'n" in Bioleks Show BIOS BAHNHOF (1978-1982). Sah ein Knab ein R&ou...;
http://web.archive.org./web/20120222181844/http://wn.com/Helen Schneider - Sah ein Knab' ein Röslein steh'n (Heideröslein)
sah
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  • Duration: 4:25
  • Uploaded: 29 Apr 2007
moulin rougeeee yee acee and rioo ahha for fun!!...
http://web.archive.org./web/20120222181844/http://wn.com/sah
Interesting chess game presented by Serguei Vorojtsov. Subscribe to my channel & newsletter at www.vorojtsov.net High resolution videos are available here stores.lulu.com...
1st Short Chess Game: De Bol­ster - NN
1:10
Broil­ers "Ich sah kein Licht"
2:51
sah live
6:25
Coil­ing Aneurysm/SAH
2:10
Kay Sah Ma She Bu (It Doesn't Mat­ter)
7:19
Ana­heim Bal­let Dancer Pro­file: Vanes­sa Sah
2:18
Shiva in Exile - Sah'de
7:02
Nass el ghi­wane ya sah
9:17
Sah ein Knab ein Röslein ste­hen
3:23
K. Alexi Shel­by - All For Lee-Sah 1989
5:13
Die Pest - Ich sah...
0:55
Helen Schnei­der - Sah ein Knab' ein Röslein steh'n (Hei­deröslein)
1:30
sah
4:25
taeguk 4
5:29
remove add to playlist video results for: sah
Hei­denröslein - Sah ein Knab ein Röslein stehn
2:25
Or­rawee Sut­janon - Sah La Wun Song Sarn Jai
4:32
Baba Balak Nath - Aarti Kara Main Teri Sah Ta­laiya Wale
6:39
Jess Sah Bi & Peter One - Katin
3:45
Lovin Spoon­ful - Sum­mer In The City (Promo film)
2:39
''''''''''chaabi dial sah Chikhat maroc''''''''''
2:58
Shiva in exile (Nour) - Sah´de
7:02
cheb bi­lal____niya hiya sah------khouya
6:06
Sah Te Sa­jan- Kaler Kanth Love Songs 2012 Full Song HD
4:06


  • Shri Suvarna Sah.Bank -Bank -Pune
    WN / Sayali Santosh Kadam
  • Shri Suvarna Sah.Bank -Bank -Pune -Maharashtra -India
    WN / Sayali Santosh Kadam
  • Lebanon's most famous singer Fairouz performs with her theater group the famous play Sah Al-Naoum in Amman, Jordan
    AP / Ramzi Haider
  • US Marine Corps (USMC) Marines assigned to the 31st Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU), Expeditionary Strike Group Three (ESG-3) file aboard the US Navy (USN) Landing Craft Utility (LCU-1634), from Assault Craft Unit one (ACU-1), at the port of Sah Shuaiba,
    US DoD
  • Two US Navy (USN) Beach Masters, Seamen (SN) Jinhan Chen (left) and (SN) Michael Kincade, both assigned to Assault Craft Unit One (ACU-1), safely direct the USN Landing Craft Utility (LCU 1634) craft into the pier docks at the port of Sah Shuaiba, at Kuwa
    US DoD
  • US Marine Corps (USMC) Marines assigned to the 15th Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU) disembark from a US Navy (USN) Landing Craft Air-Cushion (LCAC) craft, assigned to Assault Craft Unit 5 (ACU-5), at the Port of Sah Shuaiba, at Kuwait Naval Base (KNB), Ku
    US DoD
  • US Navy (USN) Beach Master, Construction Mechanic Second Class (CM2), Mikel S. Irvine, assigned to Assault Craft Unit One (ACU-1) directs a Landing Craft Air-Cushion (LCAC) craft, from Assault Craft Unit 5 (ACU- 5), safely ashore at the port of Sah Shuaib
    US DoD
photo: WN / Marzena Jazowska
Today in History
Newsday
21 Feb 2012
Today is Tuesday, Feb. 21, the 52nd day of 2012. There are 314 days left in the year. Today's Highlight in History: On Feb. 21, 1912, a new phrase entered the American political lexicon as former...

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Business Wire DUBLIN--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Research and Markets (http://www.researchandmarkets.com/research/07ac5d/aneurysmal_subarac) has announced the addition of GlobalData 's new report "Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (SAH) Global Clinical Trials Review, H2, 2011" to their offering. “Aneurysmal...(size: 5.5Kb)
The Himalayan Added At: 2012-01-26 4:14 PM Last Updated At: 2012-01-26 4:20 PM The Himalayan Times - Saved Articles(s)...(size: 4.3Kb)
The Examiner San Antonio Humane Society former Executive Director Kathryn Bice is continuing in questionable practices in seeking income sources elsewhere. Bice resigned from the San Antonio Humane Society after serious allegations of misuse of funds and false reporting. Kathryn (Kathy) Bice lists on her...(size: 5.9Kb)
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The Saigon Times The Po Sah Inu Towers in the southcentral coastal city of Phan Thiet in Binh Thuan Province will organize a program from January 24 to 26 for local and foreign tourists to ring in the...(size: 1.2Kb)
Canada Newswire SAULT STE. MARIE, ON, Jan. 9, 2012 /CNW/ - Concerned that unsafe RN staffing levels and the large geographic size of Sault Area Hospital's new ER have compromised patient safety, registered nursing members of the Ontario Nurses' Association (ONA) have called for an Independent Assessment Committee...(size: 2.9Kb)
The Himalayan Added At: 2012-01-02 7:48 AM Last Updated At: 2012-01-02 7:48 AM The Himalayan Times - Saved Articles(s)...(size: 3.1Kb)
The Times of India SHARE AND DISCUSSTweet PATNA: Acute power shortage is badly affecting trade and indus-tries in the state. The annual general meeting (AGM) of the Bihar...(size: 1.0Kb)
more news on: Sah

The Sahara ( '''', ) is the world's second largest desert, after Antarctica. At over , it covers most of Northern Africa, making it almost as large as Europe or the United States. The Sahara stretches from the Red Sea, including parts of the Mediterranean coasts, to the outskirts of the Atlantic Ocean. To the south, it is delimited by the Sahel, a belt of semi-arid tropical savanna that composes the northern region of central and western Sub-Saharan Africa.

Some of the sand dunes can reach in height. The name comes from the Arabic word for desert: (صَحراء), "ṣaḥrā´" (; ).

Overview

The Sahara's boundaries are the Atlantic Ocean on the west, the Atlas Mountains and the Mediterranean Sea on the north, the Red Sea and Egypt on the east, and the Sudan and the valley of the Niger River on the south. The Sahara is divided into western Sahara, the central Ahaggar Mountains, the Tibesti Mountains, the Air Mountains (a region of desert mountains and high plateaus), Ténéré desert and the Libyan desert (the most arid region). The highest peak in the Sahara is Emi Koussi () in the Tibesti Mountains in northern Chad.

The Sahara is the largest desert on the African continent. The southern border of the Sahara is marked by a band of semiarid savanna called the Sahel; south of the Sahel lies the lusher Sudan and the Congo River Basin. Most of the Sahara consists of rocky hamada; ergs (large sand dunes) form only a minor part.

People lived on the edge of the desert thousands of years ago since the last ice age. The Sahara was then a much wetter place than it is today. Over 30,000 petroglyphs of river animals such as crocodiles survive, with half found in the Tassili n'Ajjer in southeast Algeria. Fossils of dinosaurs, including ''Afrovenator'', ''Jobaria'' and ''Ouranosaurus'', have also been found here.

The modern Sahara, though, is not lush in vegetation, except in the Nile Valley, at a few oases, and in the northern highlands, where Mediterranean plants such as the olive tree are found to grow. The region has been this way since about 4200 years ago. Then, due to a climate change,the savannah changed into the sandy desert as we know it now. Dominant ethnicities in the Sahara are various Berber groups including Tuareg tribes, various Arabized Berber groups such as the Hassaniya-speaking Maure (Moors, also known as Sahrawis), including Toubou, Nubians, Zaghawa, Kanuri, Hausa, Songhai, and Fula/Fulani (; ). Important cities located in the Sahara include Nouakchott, the capital of Mauritania; Tamanrasset, Ouargla, Bechar, Hassi Messaoud, Ghardaia, and El Oued in Algeria; Timbuktu in Mali; Agadez in Niger; Ghat in Libya; and Faya-Largeau in Chad.

Geography

The Sahara covers large parts of Algeria, Chad, Egypt, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Western Sahara, Sudan and Tunisia. It is one of three distinct physiographic provinces of the African massive physiographic division.

The desert landforms of the Sahara are shaped by wind or by occasional rains and include sand dunes and dune fields or sand seas (''erg''), stone plateaus (''hamada''), gravel plains (''reg''), dry valleys, and salt flats (''shatt'' or ''chott''). Unusual landforms include the Richat Structure in Mauritania.

Several deeply dissected mountains and mountain ranges, many volcanic, rise from the desert, including the Aïr Mountains, Ahaggar Mountains, Saharan Atlas, Tibesti Mountains, Adrar des Iforas, and the Red Sea hills. The highest peak in the Sahara is Emi Koussi, a shield volcano in the Tibesti range of northern Chad.

Most of the rivers and streams in the Sahara are seasonal or intermittent, the chief exception being the Nile River, which crosses the desert from its origins in central Africa to empty into the Mediterranean. Underground aquifers sometimes reach the surface, forming oases, including the Bahariya, Ghardaïa, Timimoun, Kufrah, and Siwah.

The central part of the Sahara is hyper-arid, with little vegetation. The northern and southern reaches of the desert, along with the highlands, have areas of sparse grassland and desert shrub, with trees and taller shrubs in wadis where moisture collects.

To the north, the Sahara reaches to the Mediterranean Sea in Egypt and portions of Libya, but in Cyrenaica and the Magreb, the Sahara borders Mediterranean forest, woodland, and scrub ecoregions of northern Africa, which have a Mediterranean climate characterized by a winter rainy season. According to the botanical criteria of Frank White and geographer Robert Capot-Rey, the northern limit of the Sahara corresponds to the northern limit of Date Palm cultivation and the southern limit of Esparto, a grass typical of the Mediterranean climate portion of the Maghreb and Iberia. The northern limit also corresponds to the isohyet of annual precipitation.

To the south, the Sahara is bounded by the Sahel, a belt of dry tropical savanna with a summer rainy season that extends across Africa from east to west. The southern limit of the Sahara is indicated botanically by the southern limit of ''Cornulaca monacantha'' (a drought-tolerant member of the Chenopodiaceae), or northern limit of ''Cenchrus biflorus'', a grass typical of the Sahel. According to climatic criteria, the southern limit of the Sahara corresponds to the isohyet of annual precipitation (this is a long-term average, since precipitation varies annually).

Climate

The climate of the Sahara has undergone enormous variation between wet and dry over the last few hundred thousand years. During the last glacial period, the Sahara was even bigger than it is today, extending south beyond its current boundaries. The end of the glacial period brought more rain to the Sahara, from about 8000 BC to 6000 BC, perhaps because of low pressure areas over the collapsing ice sheets to the north.

Once the ice sheets were gone, the northern Sahara dried out. In the southern Sahara though, the drying trend was soon counteracted by the monsoon, which brought rain further north than it does today. The monsoon season is caused by heating of air over the land during summer. The hot air rises and pulls in cool, wet air from the ocean, which causes rain. Thus, though it seems counterintuitive, the Sahara was wetter when it received more insolation in the summer. This was caused by a stronger tilt in Earth's axis of orbit than today, and perihelion occurred at the end of July around 7000 BC.

By around 4200 BC, the monsoon retreated south to approximately where it is today, leading to the gradual desertification of the Sahara. The Sahara is now as dry as it was about 13,000 years ago. These conditions are responsible for what has been called the Sahara pump theory.

The Sahara has one of the harshest climates in the world. The prevailing north-easterly wind often causes sand storms and dust devils. When this wind reaches the Mediterranean, it is known as sirocco and often reaches hurricane speeds in North Africa and southern Europe. Half of the Sahara receives less than of rain per year, and the rest receives up to per year. The rainfall happens very rarely, but when it does it is usually torrential when it occurs after long dry periods.

The southern boundary of the Sahara, as measured by rainfall, was observed to both advance and retreat between 1980 and 1990. As a result of drought in the Sahel, the southern boundary moved south overall during that period.

Recent signals indicate that the Sahara and surrounding regions are greening because of increased rainfall. Satellite imaging shows extensive regreening of the Sahel between 1982 and 2002, and in both Eastern and Western Sahara a more than 20 year long trend of increased grazing areas and flourishing trees and shrubs has been observed by climate scientist Stefan Kröpelin.

Snow and ice

On February 18, 1979, snow fell in several places in southern Algeria, including a half-hour snowstorm that stopped traffic in Ghardaïa, and was reported as being "for the first time in living memory". The snow was gone within hours. Several Saharan mountain ranges, however, receive snow on a more regular basis. Although relative humidity is low in the arid environment, the absolute humidity is sufficiently high for moisture to condense when driven up a mountain range. In winter, temperatures drop low enough on the Tahat summit to cause snow on average every three years; the Tibesti Mountains receive snow on peaks over once every seven years on average.

Ecoregions

The Sahara comprises several distinct ecoregions, and with their variations in temperature, rainfall, elevation, and soil, they harbor distinct communities of plants and animals.

The Atlantic coastal desert occupies a narrow strip along the Atlantic coast, where fog generated offshore by the cool Canary Current provides sufficient moisture to sustain a variety of lichens, succulents, and shrubs. It covers 39,900 square kilometers (15,400 square miles) in Western Sahara and Mauritania.

The North Saharan steppe and woodlands lies along the northern desert, next to the Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub ecoregions of the northern Maghreb and Cyrenaica. Winter rains sustain shrublands and dry woodlands that form a transition between the Mediterranean climate regions to the north and the hyper-arid Sahara proper to the south. It covers 1,675,300 square kilometers (646,800 square miles) in Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Tunisia, and Western Sahara.

The Sahara desert ecoregion covers the hyper-arid central portion of the Sahara where rainfall is minimal and sporadic. Vegetation is rare, and this ecoregion consists mostly of sand dunes (''erg, chech, raoui''), stone plateaus (''hamadas''), gravel plains (''reg''), dry valleys (''wadis''), and salt flats. It covers 4,639,900 square km (1,791,500 square miles) of Algeria, Chad, Egypt, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, and Sudan.

The South Saharan steppe and woodlands ecoregion occupies a narrow band running east and west between the hyper-arid Sahara and the Sahel savannas to the south. Movements of the equatorial Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) bring summer rains during July and August which average but vary greatly from year to year. These rains sustain summer pastures of grasses and herbs, with dry woodlands and shrublands along seasonal watercourses. The ecoregion covers 1,101,700 km2 (425,400 mi2) in Algeria, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, and Sudan.

In the West Saharan montane xeric woodlands, several volcanic highlands provide a cooler, moister environment that supports Saharo-Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands. The ecoregion covers 258,100 km2 (99,700 mi2), mostly in the Tassili n'Ajjer of Algeria, with smaller enclaves in the Aïr of Niger, the Dhar Adrar of Mauritania, and the Adrar des Iforas of Mali and Algeria.

The Tibesti-Jebel Uweinat montane xeric woodlands ecoregion consists of the Tibesti and Jebel Uweinat highlands. Higher and more regular rainfall and cooler temperatures support woodlands and shrublands of palms, acacias, myrtle, oleander, tamarix, and several rare and endemic plants. The ecoregion covers 82,200 km2 (31,700 mi2) in the Tibesti of Chad and Libya, and Jebel Uweinat on the border of Egypt, Libya, and Sudan.

The Saharan halophytics is an area of seasonally flooded saline depressions which is home to halophytic, or salt-adapted, plant communities. The Saharan halophytics cover 54,000 km2 (20,800 mi2), including the Qattara and Siwa depressions in northern Egypt, the Tunisian salt lakes of central Tunisia, Chott Melghir in Algeria, and smaller areas of Algeria, Mauritania, and Western Sahara.

The Tanezrouft is one of the harshest regions on Earth and the driest in the Sahara, with no vegetation and very little life. It is situated along the borders of Algeria, Niger and Mali, west of the Hoggar mountains.

Flora and fauna

Dromedary camels and goats are the domesticated animals most commonly found in the Sahara. Because of its qualities of endurance and speed, the dromedary is the favorite animal used by nomads.

The deathstalker scorpion can be long. Its venom contains large amounts of agitoxin and scyllatoxin and is very dangerous; however, a sting from this scorpion rarely kills a healthy adult.

Several species of fox live in the Sahara, including the fennec fox, pale fox and Rüppell's fox. The addax, a large white antelope, can go nearly a year in the desert without drinking. The dorcas gazelle is a north African gazelle that can also go for a long time without water.

The Saharan cheetah (Northwest African Cheetah) lives in Algeria, Togo, Niger, Mali, Benin, and Burkina Faso. There remain less than 250 mature cheetahs which are very cautious, fleeing any human presence. The cheetah avoids the sun from April to October. It then seeks the shelter of shrubs such as balanites and acacias. They are unusually pale.

Other animals include the monitor lizards, hyrax, Sand vipers, and small populations of African Wild Dog, in perhaps only 14 countries. and ostrich. There exist other animals in the Sahara (birds in particular) such as African Silverbill and Black-throated Firefinch among others. There are also small desert crocodiles in Mauritania and the Ennedi Plateau of Chad.

The central Sahara is estimated to include five hundred species of plants, which is extremely low considering the huge extent of the area. Plants such as acacia trees, palms, succulents, spiny shrubs, and grasses have adapted to the arid conditions, by growing lower to avoid water loss by strong winds, by storing water in their thick stems to use it in dry periods, by having long roots that travel horizontally to reach the maximum area of water and to find any surface moisture and by having small thick leaves or needles to prevent water loss by evapo-transpiration. Plant leaves may dry out totally and then recover.

Human activities are more likely to affect the habitat in areas of permanent water (oases) or where water comes close to the surface. Here, the local pressure on natural resources can be intense. The remaining populations of large mammals have been greatly reduced by hunting for food and recreation. In recent years development projects have started in the deserts of Algeria and Tunisia using irrigated water pumped from underground aquifers. These schemes often lead to soil degradation and salinization.

History

Berbers

The Berber people occupied (and still occupy) much of the Sahara. The Garamantes Berbers built a prosperous empire in the heart of the desert. The Tuareg nomads continue, to present day, to inhabit and move across wide Sahara surfaces.

Egyptians

By 6000 BC predynastic Egyptians in the southwestern corner of Egypt were herding cattle and constructing large buildings. Subsistence in organized and permanent settlements in predynastic Egypt by the middle of the 6th millennium BC centered predominantly on cereal and animal agriculture: cattle, goats, pigs and sheep. Metal objects replaced prior ones of stone. Tanning of animal skins, pottery and weaving were commonplace in this era also. There are indications of seasonal or only temporary occupation of the Al Fayyum in the 6th millennium BC, with food activities centering on fishing, hunting and food-gathering. Stone arrowheads, knives and scrapers from the era are commonly found. Burial items included pottery, jewelry, farming and hunting equipment, and assorted foods including dried meat and fruit. Burial in desert environments appears to enhance Egyptian preservation rites, and dead were buried facing due west. By 3400 BC, the Sahara was as dry as it is today, and it became a largely impenetrable barrier to humans, with only scattered settlements around the oases but little trade or commerce through the desert. The one major exception was the Nile Valley. The Nile, however, was impassable at several cataracts, making trade and contact by boat difficult.

Nubians

During the Neolithic, before the onset of desertification, around 9500 BC the central Sudan had been a rich environment supporting a large population ranging across what is now barren desert, like the Wadi el-Qa'ab. By the 5th millennium BC, the peoples who inhabited what is now called Nubia, were full participants in the "agricultural revolution," living a settled lifestyle with domesticated plants and animals. Saharan rock art of cattle and herdsmen suggests the presence of a cattle cult like those found in Sudan and other pastoral societies in Africa today. Megaliths found at Nabta Playa are overt examples of probably the world's first known Archaeoastronomy devices, predating Stonehenge by some 1,000 years. This complexity, as observed at Nabta Playa, and as expressed by different levels of authority within the society there, likely formed the basis for the structure of both the Neolithic society at Nabta and the Old Kingdom of Egypt.

Phoenicians

The people of Phoenicia, who flourished between 1200-800 BC, created a confederation of kingdoms across the entire Sahara to Egypt. They generally settled along the Mediterranean coast, as well as the Sahara, among the people of Ancient Libya, who were the ancestors of people who speak Berber languages in North Africa and the Sahara today, including the Tuareg of the central Sahara.

The Phoenician alphabet seems to have been adopted by the ancient Libyans of north Africa, and Tifinagh is still used today by Berber-speaking Tuareg camel herders of the central Sahara.

Sometime between 633 BC and 530 BC, Hanno the Navigator either established or reinforced Phoenician colonies in Western Sahara, but all ancient remains have vanished with virtually no trace.

Greeks

By 500 BC, Greeks arrived to the desert. Greek traders spread along the eastern coast of the desert, establishing trading colonies along the Red Sea coast. The Carthaginians explored the Atlantic coast of the desert, but the turbulence of the waters and the lack of markets caused a lack of presence further south than modern Morocco. Centralized states thus surrounded the desert on the north and east; it remained outside the control of these states. Raids from the nomadic Berber people of the desert were a constant concern of those living on the edge of the desert.

Urban civilization

An urban civilization, the Garamantes, arose around 500 BC in the heart of the Sahara, in a valley that is now called the Wadi al-Ajal in Fazzan, Libya. The Garamantes achieved this development by digging tunnels far into the mountains flanking the valley to tap fossil water and bring it to their fields. The Garamantes grew populous and strong, conquering their neighbors and capturing many slaves (which were put to work extending the tunnels). The ancient Greeks and the Romans knew of the Garamantes and regarded them as uncivilized nomads. However, they traded with the Garamantes, and a Roman bath has been found in the Garamantes capital of Garama. Archaeologists have found eight major towns and many other important settlements in the Garamantes territory. The Garamantes civilization eventually collapsed after they had depleted available water in the aquifers and could no longer sustain the effort to extend the tunnels further into the mountains.

Trans-Saharan trade

Following the Islamic conquest of North Africa in the mid-seventh to early eighth centuries, trade across the desert intensified. The kingdoms of the Sahel, especially the Ghana Empire and the Mali Empire, grew rich and powerful exporting gold and salt to North Africa. The emirates along the Mediterranean Sea sent south manufactured goods and horses. From the Sahara itself, salt was exported. This process turned the scattered oasis communities into trading centres and brought them under the control of the empires on the edge of the desert. A significant slave trade crossed the desert. It has been estimated that from the 10th to the 19th century some 6,000 to 7,000 slaves were transported north each year. This trade persisted for several centuries until the development in Europe of the caravel allowed ships, first from Portugal but soon from all Western Europe, to sail around the desert and gather the resources from the source in Guinea. The Sahara was rapidly marginalized.

European imperialism

At the beginning of the 19th century, most of the northern Sahara, including most of present-day Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, and Egypt, was part of the Ottoman Empire. The Sahel and southern Sahara were home to several independent states.

European colonialism in the Sahara began in the 19th century. France conquered Algeria from the Ottomans in 1830, and French rule spread south from Algeria and eastwards from Senegal into the upper Niger to include present-day Algeria, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco (1912), Niger, and Tunisia (1881).

Egypt, under Muhammad Ali and his successors, conquered Nubia in 1820–22, founded Khartoum in 1823, and conquered Darfur in 1874. Egypt, including the Sudan, became a British protectorate in 1882. Egypt and Britain lost control of the Sudan from 1882 to 1898 as a result of the Mahdist War. After its capture by British troops in 1898, the Sudan became a Anglo-Egyptian condominium.

Spain captured present-day Western Sahara after 1874. In 1912, Italy captured Libya from the Ottomans. To promote the Roman Catholic religion in the desert, the Pope in 1868 appointed a delegate Apostolic of the Sahara and the Sudan; later in the 19th century his jurisdiction was reorganized into the Vicariate Apostolic of Sahara.

Modern times

Egypt became independent of Britain in 1936, although the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936 allowed Britain to keep troops in Egypt and maintained the British-Egyptian condominium in the Sudan. British military forces were withdrawn in 1954.

Most of the Saharan states achieved independence after World War II: Libya in 1951, Morocco, Sudan, and Tunisia in 1956, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, and Niger in 1960, and Algeria in 1962. Spain withdrew from Western Sahara in 1975, and it was partitioned between Mauritania and Morocco. Mauritania withdrew in 1979, but Morocco continues to hold the territory.

In the modern era several mines and communities have developed to utilize the desert's natural resources. These include large deposits of oil and natural gas in Algeria and Libya and large deposits of phosphates in Morocco and Western Sahara.

A number of Trans-African highways have been proposed across the Sahara, including the Cairo-Dakar Highway along the Atlantic coast, the Trans-Sahara Highway from Algiers on the Mediterranean to Kano in Nigeria, the Tripoli-Cape Town Highway from Tripoli in Libya to Ndjamena in Chad, and the Cairo-Cape Town Highway which follows the Nile. Each of these highways is partially complete, with significant gaps and unpaved sections.

People and languages

Arabic is the most widely spoken language in the Sahara, from the Atlantic to the Red Sea. Berber people are found from western Egypt to Morocco, including the Tuareg pastoralists of the central Sahara. The Beja live in the Red Sea Hills of southeastern Egypt and eastern Sudan. The Arabic, Berber, and Beja languages are part of the Afro-Asiatic language family.

See also

  • List of deserts by area
  • Arid Lands Information Network
  • Sahara Conservation Fund
  • Saharan explorers
  • Green Sahara
  • Communities

  • Azaouad
  • Iler
  • Notes

    References

  • Michael Brett and Elizabeth Frentess. ''The Berbers''. Blackwell Publishers, 1996.
  • Charles-Andre Julien. ''History of North Africa: From the Arab Conquest to 1830''. Praeger, 1970.
  • Abdallah Laroui. ''The History of the Maghrib: An Interpretive Essay''. Princeton, 1977.
  • Hugh Kennedy. ''Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of al-Andalus''. Longman, 1996.
  • Richard W. Bulliet. ''The Camel and the Wheel''. Harvard University Press, 1975. Republished with a new preface Columbia University Press, 1990.
  • External links

  • hydrology and planned usage of the aquifers">About Sahara subsurface hydrology and planned usage of the aquifers
  • Tassili and Ahaggar National Parks
  • Category:Deserts Category:Palearctic Category:Deserts and xeric shrublands Category:Arabic words and phrases Category:Geography of the Arab League Category:Physiographic provinces Category:Geography of Africa

    af:Sahara am:ሰሃራ በረሃ ar:الصحراء الكبرى an:Disierto d'o Sahara arc:ܨܚܪܐܐ ast:Desiertu del Sáḥara az:Saxara bn:সাহারা মরুভূমি zh-min-nan:Sahara Soa-bô͘ be:Пустыня Сахара be-x-old:Сахара bar:Sahara bs:Sahara br:Sahara bg:Сахара ca:Sàhara cv:Сахара cs:Sahara cy:Sahara da:Sahara de:Sahara et:Sahara el:Σαχάρα es:Desierto del Sahara eo:Saharo ext:Sáhara eu:Sahara fa:صحرای بزرگ آفریقا hif:Sahara fo:Sahara fr:Sahara fy:Sahara fur:Desert dal Sahara ga:An Sahára gd:Fàsach Sahara gl:Deserto do Sáhara gan:撒哈拉沙漠 ko:사하라 사막 hy:Սահարա hi:सहारा मरुस्थल hr:Sahara io:Sahara id:Gurun Sahara os:Сахарæ is:Sahara it:Deserto del Sahara he:סהרה jv:Ara-ara Sahara kn:ಸಹಾರ ka:საჰარა kk:Сахара kbd:Сахара sw:Sahara ku:Sahara lad:Desyerto del Sahara lbe:Сахара krc:Сахара la:Sahara lv:Sahāra lb:Sahara lt:Sachara li:Sahara jbo:sa'aras.zei kutytu'a lmo:Sahara hu:Szahara mk:Сахара ml:സഹാറ mt:Saħara mr:सहारा ms:Gurun Sahara mn:Сахарын цөл my:ဆဟာရ သဲကန္တာရ nl:Sahara ne:सहारा मरुभूमी new:सहारा ja:サハラ砂漠 pih:Sahara no:Sahara nn:Sahara oc:Sahara pnb:صحراۓ اعظم pms:Sahara pl:Sahara pt:Deserto do Saara kaa:Saxara sho'listanlıg'ı ro:Sahara qu:Sahara rue:Сагара ru:Сахара sah:Саhаара sa:सहारा stq:Sahara sq:Sahara scn:Sahara simple:Sahara sk:Sahara sl:Sahara szl:Sahara so:Saxaara sr:Сахара sh:Sahara fi:Sahara sv:Sahara tl:Sahara ta:சகாரா tt:Сахра te:సహారా ఎడారి th:ทะเลทรายสะฮารา tg:Саҳрои бузург tr:Sahra Çölü tk:Sahara uk:Сахара ur:صحرائے اعظم vec:Sahara vi:Sa mạc Sahara fiu-vro:Sahara wa:Sara war:Disyerto Sahara wo:Saara yi:סאהארא yo:Sahara zh-yue:撒哈拉沙漠 bat-smg:Sachara zh:撒哈拉沙漠

    This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.



    Stefan Hertrich is the lead vocalist and composer for the band ''Shiva in Exile''. The band is quoted as a "new age/oriental/gothic project" started in 2003 by the former PC game soundtrack composer from Munich, Germany. In 2003 ''Ethnic'', the debut album was released by Canadian label Trostlos Records. In 2004, the album won the Just Plain Folks Music Award in the category "Best New Age/World Album 2004".

    Darkseed

    Hertrich first started his music career as the lead vocalist of the band Darkseed. Darkseed is a German gothic metal band, formed in 1992. Darkseed, beginning as a death metal band, took a more unconventional song writing method that aimed more towards the gothic experimental route.

    Shiva in Exile

    Hertrich has stated bands name imparts a spiritual view about the world. He has stated that its meaning intends the world lacks a spiritual point-of-view or morale and that "Shiva" or "Spirituality" is in Exile. However; he has also stated that the name "is a bit too negative" and has noticed more people integrating spiritual aspects into their life.

    Discography

  • ''Ethnic'' (2003)
  • ''Nour'' (2008)
  • References

    Category:Year of birth missing (living people) Category:Living people Category:German male singers Category:German singer-songwriters Category:German heavy metal singers

    lt:Shiva in Exile

    This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.



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